The Minister’s Black Veil 牧师的黑面纱（中英文）
一个寓言
米尔福礼拜堂的门廊上，司事正忙着扯开钟绳。村里的老人们弯腰驼背顺街走来，孩子们喜笑颜开，活蹦乱跳地跟着父母，要不就一本正经地迈步，浑身礼拜天打扮的神气。衣冠楚楚的小伙子们侧目偷看好看的姑娘，觉得安息日的阳光使她们比平日更漂亮啦。人流大都涌进门廊，司事开始打钟，一面盯着胡珀牧师的门口。牧师一露头，他就该停打召唤的钟声了。
“牧师脸上这是啥呀？”司事失惊大叫。
听到的人都立刻回过身来，只见一位貌似胡珀先生的人，正若有所思地缓步朝礼拜堂走来。人们全呆了，即算来了位生人到胡珀牧师布道坛上动手给垫子掸灰尘，他们也不至于如此大惊小怪。
“你敢肯定这是俺们那位牧师？”古德曼·格雷问司事。
“错不了，是胡珀先生。”司事应道，“今儿他本该跟韦斯特伯雷的舒特牧师对换的，
可昨天舒特牧师捎信儿说不来了，得去给一场丧事做祈祷。”
如此大惊小怪的理由好像并不充分。胡珀牧师年届三十，一派绅士风度，虽仍未成家，却不失牧师该有的整洁干净。仿佛有位周到的妻子已为他浆洗过领箍，刷净了一周来落在礼拜天这身法衣上的灰尘。浑身上下只有一样东西刺眼，这就是箍住额头，低垂盖脸，随呼吸颤动的一块黑面纱。近些看，面纱似有两层，除了嘴和下巴，一张脸给遮得严严实实。不过，也许并没挡住他的视线，只给看到的一切有生命无生命的东西蒙上了一层黑影。带着这片黑影，善良的胡珀先生朝前走着，步子缓慢沉静，像心不在焉的人惯常那样，微微驼背，两眼看地，但对等候在礼拜堂台阶上的教友们仍和气地点头致意，然而众人只顾吃惊打怪，竟忘了还礼。
“俺真不敢相信那面纱后头就是胡珀先生的脸。”司事道。
“俺可不喜欢那玩意儿。”一位老妪蹒跚而入，嘀嘀咕咕地说，“把脸一蒙，他就变得
让人害怕啦。”
“俺们的牧师疯啦！”古德曼·格雷边说边跟着他跨进门槛。
胡珀牧师还没进门，这件不可思议的怪事就在礼拜堂传了开来。教友们纷纷骚动，扭头
朝门口张望。不少人干脆站起来，转过身子。几个小家伙爬上椅背，又跌了下来，乱成一片。堂里女人的衣裙沙沙作响，男人的脚步拖来拖去，一扫恭候牧师驾到该有的肃静。可是胡珀牧师好像对这混乱视而不见。他几乎悄无声息地走了进来，朝两侧一排排的会众微微点头，走过最年长的教友时还鞠了一躬。老人满头华发，坐在通道中间的扶手椅上。年高德劭的老人对牧师外表的异常反应真是迟钝，好像压根儿不曾感受四周的惊诧，直到胡珀沿台阶上了讲坛，戴着那块黑面纱与众人面对面时，方才有所觉察。牧师先生这神秘的标志一刻也不曾除下。领唱赞美诗，它随呼吸起伏；朗读《圣经》它就在他与圣书之间抛下黑影。他祈祷，它就沉沉地贴在他仰起的面孔上。莫非他想向可畏的上帝隐藏自己的面孔？
小小一块黑纱，怵目惊心，害得不止一位神经脆弱的女人被迫提前离开教堂。可是在牧师眼中，面无人色的教友们没准儿就跟他的黑面纱一样令人胆寒呢。
胡珀布道有方，远近闻名。他不以力量取胜，对教民们总是尽量好言相劝，导引大家朝向天国，而不靠雷霆般的圣谕驱赶人们奔向那里。此刻，他讲道的风格、方式，一如既往。可是要么由于讲道本身的情绪，要么出于听众的想象，总之，大家感到从未听过他这么有力的一番告诫。与平日相比，今天的布道更是蒙上了一层胡珀性情的温良与忧郁。主题涉及隐秘的罪孽，及那些我们对最亲近的人，对自己的良心都想隐藏的秘密，甚至忘记全能的上帝洞察一切。有种难以捉摸的力量渗透了他的字字句句。全体教友，不论纯洁如水的少女还是心如铁石的男子汉，无不感到躲在可怕面纱后面的牧师正悄悄逼近，发现了他们思想与行为中深藏的罪恶。许多人双手交叉紧握，按住胸膛。胡珀牧师的话并不可怕，至少并不激烈。然而，那忧郁声调的每一个颤音都令听者发抖，莫名的悲怆与畏惧结伴而来。听众对牧师的反常感觉强烈，真盼一阵清风能把那块面纱掀开，简直认为露出来的会是一张陌生的面孔，尽管那身体、姿势、声音，分明是胡珀牧师的。
礼拜刚完，众人便不守规矩，争先恐后往外挤，急于交流按捺不住的惊异，且感到眼前不见了那块黑面纱，心情为之一松。有的人挤作一堆交头接耳，有的人独自回家，一路默默沉思。还有几位摇头晃脑，自作聪明，吹嘘他们能揭穿这个秘密。可有的人却肯定此事根本毫无秘密可言，不过因为牧师先生熬夜，给灯光弄伤了眼睛，需要遮挡罢了。片刻之后，胡珀牧师也跟在教民们后头走了出来。他蒙着面纱的脸从这群人转向那群人，向白发苍苍的长者致意，又作为中年人的朋友与精神导师，和善庄重地跟他们打招呼。对年轻人则露出爱护与威严，还把手放到孩子们头上，为他们祝福。这样做是他安息日的老习惯，但今天回报他
好意的只有奇怪与迷惑的目光。没人照往常那样，以与牧师比肩而行为荣。桑德斯老爷记性无疑出了毛病，竟忘了邀请胡珀牧师去他家用膳。自打牧师就职此地，几乎每个礼拜天都是去他家饭桌上祝福的呀。今天，牧师只好回到自己寓所，正要关门，回头一望，众人的目光全都盯在他身上。黑面纱下面露出一丝忧伤的苦笑，隐约掠过牧师嘴角，随他一起消失不见。
“怪呀，”一位妇人道，“一块普普通通的黑面纱，跟咱女人家系在帽子上的没啥两
样，可一到胡珀先生脸上就变得这么吓人！”
“胡珀牧师的脑筋一准出了毛病。”她丈夫，村里的医生道，“不过，这件怪事怪就怪
在它带来的威力，连我这么个精明强悍的人都受到震动。那块黑纱虽说只遮住了牧师的脸，可给他整个人从头到脚都罩上了一层鬼气，你不觉得么？”
“可不是呐，”女人道，“俺说啥也不敢单独跟他在一起。
俺都纳闷，他自己怕不怕自己哩！”
“人有时候是会自己怕自己的。”她丈夫道。
下午的礼拜式跟上午情形相似。收场时，为一位年轻姑娘的葬礼敲起了丧钟。亲友们聚集在屋里，关系远些的熟人站在门口，议论着死者的长处。突然谈话中断，胡珀牧师来了，依然蒙着那块黑面纱，此刻这标志倒恰当不过。牧师走进停放遗体的房间，朝棺材俯下身去，向他死去的教民最后告别。弯腰时，面纱从额头直垂下来，要是姑娘不曾永远合上了双眼，就能看到他的面孔。莫不是牧师害怕她的目光，这才赶紧把面纱往后一拉？有人亲眼目睹了这场生者与死者的照面，毫不顾忌地说，牧师露出真相的刹那间，姑娘的遗体微微一动，打了个寒战，尸衣和薄纱帽都窸窣作响，虽说死者的面容纹丝不动。一个迷信的老太婆是这个奇迹的唯一见证。牧师离开遗体，走到哀悼者们的屋子，然后走到楼梯口，为死者祈祷。祷文饱含深情，感人肺腑，哀哉痛哉，但又倾注着天堂的希望，仿佛姑娘的纤手在拨动着天堂的琴弦乐声在牧师悲怆的腔调之间依稀可闻。人们不寒而栗，虽然并不理解祷文深意。牧师祷告说，但愿他们和他自己，以及芸芸众生，都能像这位姑娘一样，泰然面对被撕去面纱的那一刻。抬棺材的人沉重地前行，送葬的人们尾随其后。死者打头，胡珀牧师戴着面纱殿后，哀伤了一条街。
“你干嘛朝后看？”送葬队伍中有人问同伴。
“俺好像觉得，方才牧师跟这姑娘的魂儿手拉手，一块儿走呐。”她回答。
“俺也觉得，也是方才那会儿。”另一位应道。
是夜，米尔福村里最漂亮的一对人儿要行婚礼。虽说胡珀牧师生性忧郁，逢这种场合，倒有一种平和的快乐。这种场合比热烈的作乐更能激起他和谐的微笑。他性格中的这一点比什么都更能赢得教民们的爱戴。参加婚礼的宾客急切地等待他的光临，满以为笼罩了牧师一整天的那种奇异的恐惧，现在一定会烟消云散。可惜，结果并非如此。胡珀牧师进得门来，人们头一眼看到的还是那块可怕的黑面纱。这东西给葬礼平添了更深的忧伤，但给婚礼带来的只是凶兆。客人们顿时感到，仿佛有朵乌云从黑纱下面滚滚而来，遮住了花烛的光亮。一对新人站在牧师面前，可新娘子冰凉的手指在新郎瑟瑟发抖的掌心战栗，脸色死一般苍白，引起人们唧唧咕咕，说是几个钟头前才下葬的那姑娘打墓穴里钻出来入洞房啦。要是还有比这更阴沉的喜事，只能数响起丧钟的那场著名婚礼了①。
①霍桑著有短篇小说《婚礼上的丧钟》
主持完仪式，胡珀牧师举杯向新婚夫妇祝酒，语气温和诙谐。他的话本该犹如炉中欢跳的火光，照亮客人们的面庞，但就在那一瞬间，牧师从镜中瞥见了自己的形象，黑面纱也将他的心灵卷进了震慑众人的恐惧之中。他浑身颤抖，双唇失色，把未曾沾唇的喜酒溅洒在地毯上，转身冲入茫茫黑夜，因为大地也戴着它的黑面纱啊。
第二天，米尔福全村上下只议论一件事，那就是胡珀牧师的黑面纱。那纱及纱后面隐藏的秘密成为人们街头巷尾的热门话题，也给女人们敞开的窗前提供了饶舌的材料。小店老板把此事当做头条新闻向顾客报道，孩子们上学的路上也叽叽喳喳没个完。一个爱学样的小淘气，用一块旧的黑手巾把自己的脸也遮了起来，结果恶作剧不但把同伴们吓得要命，他自己也吓得颠三倒四。
说也怪，教区里所有好管闲事、莽撞冒失之辈，就没一个敢直截了当向胡珀牧师打听，他为何这么做。从前，他若有半点儿事情需要人干预，出主意的总有一大群，而他也一向欣然从命。要说他有错的话，那就是太缺乏自信，连最轻描淡写的指责也会使他把芝麻小事当成罪过。然而，虽说他这种过分随和的毛病人尽皆知，却没人愿意就黑面纱的事向他一尽忠言。有种既不明说，又不用心遮掩的恐惧感，使得众人互相推诿。最后只好想出一条权宜之计，由教民们推选出一个代表团与胡珀牧师面谈，免得此事引起公愤。再没有这么不会办事的代表团了。牧师友好客气地接待了他们，但待众人落座之后便一言不发，把挑开这番来意
的全部重担都压在了代表们肩头。话题实在明白不过，胡珀牧师额上就裹着那块黑面纱，遮住了他的脸，只看得见两片安详的嘴唇。人们发现这嘴角时而闪过一丝忧伤的微笑，而那块黑纱，照他们想象，简直挂到了他胸前，成为一件可怕秘密的象征，横在他与他们中间。只要拉开面纱，他们就能自在地对此事发表议论，但不拉开它就无法启齿。结果众人枯坐良久，哑口无言，心烦意乱，畏畏缩缩地躲避牧师的目光，觉得这看不见的目光就盯在他们身上。最后，代表们尴尬地收兵回营，对推选他们的人交代说，事关重要，若不召开全体教民大会的话，也至少得举行教会会议。
村里人为黑纱胆战心惊，但有个人除外。代表们空手而归，连要求牧师解释都不敢。这个人却以自己沉静个性的力量，决心驱散聚集在牧师头顶的奇异乌云。这朵云变得越来越黑啦。作为牧师的未婚妻，她有权知道黑面纱掩藏的是什么。牧师头回造访，她就单刀直入挑明话题，这倒使双方都好办多了。牧师落座之后，她就目不转睛地盯住那块面纱，并没发现威慑众人的骇然气象啊，不过是一块两层的绢纱，从他额前垂到嘴际，还随着他呼吸微微颤动。
“不，”她笑着大声说，“这纱没啥好怕的，只不过挡住了我爱着的一张脸罢了。来
吧，好人，让太阳从乌云后面闪光吧。先把面纱摘下来，再告诉我你干嘛要戴着它。”
胡珀牧师微微一笑。
“时候会到的，”他说，“到时候咱们全都得摘下面纱。在那之前，我要是一直戴着它
的话，亲爱的教友，请别见怪。”
“你的话也神秘兮兮，”姑娘道，“至少该把遮住你真话的这层纱去掉啊。”
“伊丽莎白，我愿意，只要不违背我的誓言。那就告诉你吧，这块面纱是个记号和标
志，我受誓言约束，得永远佩戴。不论身处光明还是黑暗，独自一人还是众目睽睽，也不论与陌生人还是亲朋好友共处，世人休想见到它摘下来。这凄凉的帘幕必须将我与世人隔开，就连你，伊丽莎白，也永不能看到它后面！”
“是什么沉重的苦难降到你头上，害你永远遮暗自己的眼睛？”她诚恳地问。
“它要是哀悼标记的话，”胡珀回答，“也许我跟多数世人一样，也有足够的悲伤，得
用它来做个记号。”
“可要是世人不相信这只是清白哀伤的标记呢？”伊丽莎白劝道，“虽说你受人尊重和
爱戴，可是没准儿别人会飞短流长，说你自知犯了不可告人的罪过，这才遮住自己的面孔。
为你的圣职着想，赶走这些谣言吧。”
说起村中已经传开的谣言，她脸都涨红了。可胡珀牧师安之若素，甚至还笑了——相同的苦笑，似一道微光，从面纱的暗影下闪现出来。
“我若是因悲伤遮住面孔，自有足够的理由。我若是因不可告人的罪过遮住它，那么哪个凡夫俗子不可以这么做呢？”
他就这样温文有礼，却又执拗不移地拒绝了她的一切恳求。最后伊丽莎白沉默了。她好像陷入沉思，大概在寻思还有什么办法可以试试，把心上人从这么阴暗的妄想中拉回来。此事若无其它含义，不定是神经错乱的症候。即使她个性比他更坚强，此刻也珠泪涟涟。不过，刹那间，有种新感觉取代了忧伤。她不知不觉盯住那块黑纱，突然，仿佛空中出现一道微光，黑纱的恐惧攫住了她。她蓦地起身，对着他直发抖。
“你到底也感觉到啦？”牧师口气悲哀。
她不回答，双手掩面，转身欲走。他冲上前一把抓住她胳膊。
“对我忍耐些，伊丽莎白！”他激动地叫道，“别抛弃我，虽说这块面纱今生今世必得
隔开咱们。做我的人吧，来世我脸上就不会有面纱了，咱俩的灵魂也不会被黑暗相隔！这不过是现世的面纱——不是永恒的呀！噢！你不知道我有多么孤独，有多么害怕，一个人待在这块黑纱后面。别把我永远抛在这痛苦的黑暗后头！”
“那就把面纱掀开一回，让我看看你的脸。”她说。
“不行！绝不行！”胡珀回答。
“那就再见！”伊丽莎白道。
她抽出胳膊，缓步走开，在门口停下，回首对他久久凝望。这目光几乎穿透了黑面纱的秘密。即使心情沮丧，胡珀牧师仍在微笑，觉得把他与幸福拆开的，不过是一种物质的标记罢了，虽说这东西投下的恐怖阴影，必然会给最亲近的情侣造成隔阂。
打那以后，再没法要牧师除去面纱，或直率地要求他说出面纱掩藏的秘密。那些自以为比世俗偏见高明的人，将此事仅仅看作一种怪癖，说这种怪癖经常会与正常人的理智行为混合在一起，结果使他们的所有行为都显得疯疯癫癫。但是，多数人眼中，胡珀已无可救药地成为怪物。他无法心安理得地走路，发现善良胆小的人们扭脸躲他，胆大皮厚者则故意挡他的路。后者的无礼迫使他放弃了黄昏时去墓地散步的老习惯，因为只要他靠在墓地的大门上沉思，墓碑后面就会有人探出头来，窥视他的黑面纱。另有谣言四起，说是死人的凝望招他
去那儿的。他仁慈的心被深深刺痛，因为小孩子们一见他就中断欢乐的游戏，四下逃散，其实，他忧郁的身影还离得远远。他们本能的恐惧比什么都使他更强烈地感到，一种不可思议的恐怖已深深交织在面纱之中。事实上，大伙儿知道，他自己对黑面纱也极为厌恶。除非不得已，他绝不打镜子面前走过，也不肯俯身去饮静静的泉水，免得在它宁静的怀中被自己的形象吓一跳。由此引发了似有道理的谣传，说胡珀牧师的良心备受熬煎，因为他犯下了无法隐瞒只好如此朦胧暗示的大罪。于是，黑纱下面滚出一团乌云，挡住了阳光。这罪过与哀伤的不明不白，从头到脚裹住了可怜的牧师先生，使他永远得不到爱心与同情。人们议论说，幽灵与魔鬼在黑纱后面与他作伴。他就这样继续走在黑纱的阴影当中，内心战栗，外表恐惧，在自己灵魂的黑暗中摸索，或透过面纱，注视着被它弄得满目凄凉的世界。据说连无法无天的风也敬畏牧师可怕的秘密，从不把那块面纱吹起来。不过，胡珀牧师走过熙熙攘攘的人群时，依然向众人苍白的面孔凄楚而笑。
黑面纱危害多多，却产生了一种合乎需要的效果，它使胡珀牧师格外胜任。借助于这神秘的标记——因为再没有其它明显的原因——他对因罪过而受苦的灵魂具有特殊的威慑力。在他感召下皈依的人们对他尤为害怕，以委婉的方式断言，被他引到神圣的光明中间之前，他们曾和他一道陷在那块黑纱后面。说真的，黑纱的暗影使他怜悯一切阴郁的感情。濒死的罪人大声呼唤胡珀牧师，他不到场就不肯咽气，虽然待他弯腰要对他们轻声抚慰，蒙着黑纱的面孔一靠近，他们就浑身战栗起来。黑面纱如此可怕，连死神露面也威风不减！陌生人远道而来，参加他的礼拜，虽见不到真容，只为一睹他的身影。但许多人为消遣而来，却尚未离去就已吓得胆战心惊！有一回，在贝尔彻任总督期间，胡珀牧师被指定为选举布道。他戴着黑面纱站在首席法官、市政会成员、议员们面前，给众人留下深刻印象，连那年通过的法案都具有早期统治的黑暗与虔诚。
就这样，胡珀牧师度过了漫长的一生。他的行为无可指责，但却笼罩在阴沉的疑云之中。慈爱和善，却得不到爱戴，反而可悲地令人畏惧。他与世隔绝，分享不到人们的健康与快乐，却总被召去帮助临死的受难者。岁月如流，给他黑面纱下的两鬓洒下一层白霜。他的声名传遍新英格兰一带的教会，且获得了胡珀教长的尊称。他到任时已成年的那代人如今几乎相继作古，他的教民礼拜堂里有不少，葬入黄土的则更多。眼下，油干灯尽，功成名就，轮到胡珀教长安息了。
老教长临终的床前，烛光惨淡，人影可辨。他无亲无故，但到场的有周到庄重却不动声
色的大夫，只想尽力减轻死者的最后痛苦。教堂执事，教区几位德高望重的教友也在场。还有韦斯特伯雷教区的克拉克牧师，一位热心肠的年轻人，飞马赶到垂危的教长床前，为他祈祷。还有那位看护，不是雇来照料垂危病人的女仆，而是漫漫岁月中甘忍寂寞，诸尽凄凉初衷不改，直至这临终一刻的人儿。不是别人，正是伊丽莎白啊！胡珀教长的满头华发压在死亡之枕上，额前黑纱依旧，遮住面庞，衰弱气息的每一番挣扎都使黑纱微微颤动。这块黑纱横在他与世人之间整整一生，隔绝了愉悦的人情，女人的爱恋，将他禁锢在最可悲的囹圄之中，这就是他自己的心灵。它依然蒙在他脸上，使这阴凄凄的屋子更凄凉，并挡住了他来世的阳光。
他神志不清已有些时，灵魂在过去与现在之间犹疑不定，时不时似乎翱翔于来世的混沌之中。发高烧时辗转反侧，耗尽残剩的点点气力。但即使处于最剧烈的痉挛挣扎，最荒诞的奇思怪想，别的一切念头都已混乱不清，他仍提心吊胆，生怕面纱滑落一旁。就算他迷乱的灵魂一时疏忽，枕边还守着一位忠实的女人，会背过脸去，为他盖好那张苍老的脸。这张脸她最后一次见到时还充满盛年的英俊。最后，被死神打败的老人静静躺在灵肉衰竭的麻木之中，脉搏几乎感觉不到，气息更见微弱，只有突如其来深长而不规律的呼吸，在预报着他灵魂的逃逸。
韦斯特伯雷教区的牧师走近床头。
“尊敬的胡珀教长，”他道，“您解脱的时刻就要到了。您是否已准备好揭开这块拦住
今生与来世的面纱呢？”
胡珀教长起先只微微动了一下头以示回答，接着大概担心意思不够明确，便强打精神开口说话。
“是的，”他奄奄一息，“我的灵魂困乏不堪，耐性十足，就等着揭开面纱了。”
“那么，”克拉克牧师接着说，“像您这么个潜心祷告的人，思想行为圣洁高尚，以凡
人尺度衡量堪称无可挑剔的榜样，身为教会长老，怎能给自己的记忆留下阴影，玷污一个如此纯洁的生命呢？我请求您，尊敬的兄长，别把事情弄成这样！在您得到善报之前，请允许我们一睹您喜悦的容颜吧，撤掉来世的屏障之前，让我先为您揭去这块黑面纱吧！”
说着，克拉克牧师弯下腰，去揭开这个多年的秘密。突然，胡珀牧师令床边所有的人目瞪口呆。他奋力挣扎，从床单下面抽出双手，一把用力按住了面纱，决心拼斗到底。倘若韦斯特伯雷的牧师要跟快死的人较量的话。
“不行！”戴面纱的教长喊道，“今生今世绝不行！”
“邪恶的老头！”吓坏了的牧师叫道，“你的灵魂要带着何等可怕的罪孽去接受最后的
审判呵？”
胡珀苟延残喘，一口气在喉咙里格格作响。但是，他竭力挣扎，双手向前乱抓，抓住那即将弃他而去的生命，好把话讲完。他甚至抬身坐了起来，在死神的怀抱中瑟瑟发抖。而那块黑纱低垂，凝聚了整整一生的恐怖，在这最后的时刻显得分外狰狞。那时常浮现的隐隐约约的一丝苦笑，此刻又仿佛从黑面纱后面闪了出来，在教长的唇边久久不去。
“你们为什么单单见了我就怕得发抖？”他转动戴着黑纱的脸，环顾面无人色的围观
者。“你们彼此也该互相发抖呢！男人躲着我，女人不同情我，孩子们又叫又逃，就因为我的黑面纱吗？要不是它黑乎乎地象征着神秘，一块纱有什么好怕的？等到有一天，朋友之间，爱人之间坦诚相见，等人们不再妄想逃开造物主的目光，令人恶心地掩藏自己的罪孽，到那时再把我看成怪物吧。因为我活时戴着它，死也不离开它！
我看着你们，瞧哇！你们个个脸上都有一块黑面纱！”
听的人互相躲避，互相畏惧，胡珀教长却一头倒在枕上，成了一具蒙面纱的死尸，嘴角还挂着一丝冷笑。人们将蒙着面纱的他装殓入棺，再将蒙着面纱的他埋进坟墓。年复一年，青草在这座坟茔上生发枯萎，墓碑上青苔遍布。胡珀牧师的面庞已化作尘土，可一想到它是在那块黑面纱下发霉发烂，人们仍心惊胆战！
A Parable By Nathaniel Hawthorne
The sexton stood in the porch of Milford meeting-house，pulling busily at the bell-rope. The old people of the village came stooping along the street. Children，w ith bright faces，tripped merrily beside their parents，or mimicked a graver gait，in the conscious dignity of their Sunday clothes. Spruce bachelors looked sidelong at the pretty maidens，and fancied that the Sabbath sunshine made them prettier th an on week days. When the throng had mostly streamed into the porch，the sexto n began to toll the bell，keeping his eye on the Reverend Mr. Hooper's door. The first glimpse of the clergyman's figure was the signal for the bell to cease its summ ons.
“But what has good Parson Hooper got upon his face？” cried the sexton in as tonishment.
All within hearing immediately turned about，and beheld the semblance of Mr. Hooper，pacing slowly his meditative way towards the meetinghouse. With one acc ord they started，expressing more wonder than if some strange minister were comi ng to dust the cushions of Mr. Hooper's pulpit.
“Are you sure it is our parson？”inquired Goodman Gray of the sexton.
“Of a certainty it is good Mr. Hooper，” replied the sexton. “He was to have ex changed pulpits with Parson Shute，of Westbury；but Parson Shute sent to excuse himself yesterday，being to preach a funeral sermon.”
The cause of so much amazement may appear sufficiently slight. Mr. Hooper，a gentlemanly person，of about thirty，though still a bachelor，was dressed with due clerical neatness，as if a careful wife had starched his band，and brushed th e weekly dust from his Sunday's garb. There was but one thing remarkable in his a ppearance. Swathed about his forehead，and hanging down over his face，so low as to be shaken by his breath，Mr. Hooper had on a black veil. On a nearer view it seemed to consist of two folds of crape，which entirely concealed his features，except the mouth and chin，but probably did not intercept his sight，further than to give a darkened aspect to all liv ing and inanimate things. With this gloomy shad e before him，good Mr. Hooper walked onward，at a slow and quiet pace，stoop ing somewhat，and looking on the ground，as is customary with abstracted men，yet nodding kindly to those of his parishioners who still waited on the meeting-hou se steps. But so wonder-struck were they that his greeting hardly met with a retur n.
“I can't really feel as if good Mr. Hooper's face was behind that piece of crap e，” said the sexton.
“I don't like it，” muttered an old woman，as she hobbled into the meeting-ho use. “He has changed himself into something awful，only by hiding his face.”
“Our parson has gone mad！” cried Goodman Gray，following him across the t hreshold.
A rumor of some unaccountable phenomenon had preceded Mr. Hooper into the meeting-house，and set all the congregation astir. Few could refrain from twisting their heads towards the door；many stood upright，and turned directly about；w hile several little boys clambered upon the seats，and came down again with a ter rible racket. There was a general bustle，a rustling of the women's gowns and shu ffling of the men's feet，greatly at variance with that hushed repose which should attend the entrance of the minister. But Mr. Hooper appeared not to notice the per turbation of his people. He entered with an almost noiseless step，bent his head m ildly to the pews on each side，and bowed as he passed his oldest parishioner，a
white-haired great grandsire，who occupied an arm-chair in the centre of the aisle. It was strange to observe how slowly this venerable man became conscious of so mething singular in the appearance of his pastor. He seemed not fully to partake of the prevailing wonder，till Mr. Hooper had ascended the stairs，and showed hims elf in the pulpit，face to face with his congregation，except for the black veil. Th at mysterious emblem was never once withdrawn. It shook with his measured breat h，as he gave out the psalm；it threw its obscurity between him and the holy pa ge，as he read the Scriptures；and while he prayed，the veil lay heavily on his uplifted countenance. Did he seek to hide it from the dread Being whom he was a ddressing？
Such was the effect of this simple piece of crape，that more than one woman of delicate nerves was forced to leave the meeting-house. Yet perhaps the pale-face d congregation was almost as fearful a sight to the minister，as his black veil to t hem.
Mr. Hooper had the reputation of a good preacher，but not an energetic one：he strove to win his people heavenward by mild，persuasive influences，rather t han to drive them thither by the thunders of the Word. The sermon which he now delivered was marked by the same characteristics of style and manner as the gene ral series of his pulpit oratory. But there was something，either in the sentiment of the discourse itself，or in the imagination of the auditors，which made it greatly the most powerful effort that they had ever heard from their pastor's lips. It was ti nged，rather more darkly than usual，with the gentle gloom of Mr. Hooper's temp erament. The subject had reference to secret sin，and those sad mysteries which we hide from our nearest and dearest，and would fain conceal from our own cons ciousness，even forgetting that the Omniscient can detect them. A subtle power wa s breathed into his words. Each member of the congregation，the most innocent gi rl，and the man of hardened breast，felt as if the preacher had crept upon them，behind his awful veil，and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought. M any spread their clasped hands on their bosoms. There was nothing terrible in what Mr. Hooper said，at least，no violence；and yet，with every tremor of his mel ancholy voice，the hearers quaked. An unsought pathos came hand in hand with a we. So sensible were the audience of some unwonted attribute in their minister，t hat they longed for a breath of wind to blow aside the veil，almost believ ing that a stranger's visage would be discovered，though the form，gesture，and voice w ere those of Mr. Hooper.
At the close of the serv ices，the people hurried out with indecorous confusion，eager to communicate their pent-up amazement，and conscious of lighter spirits t he moment they lost sight of the black veil. Some gathered in little circles，huddle d closely together，with their mouths all whispering in the centre；some went ho meward alone，wrapt in silent meditation；some talked loudly，and profaned the Sabbath day with ostentatious laughter. A few shook their sagacious heads，intimat ing that they could penetrate the mystery；while one or two affirmed that there w
as no mystery at all，but only that Mr. Hooper's eyes were so weakened by the m idnight lamp，as to require a shade. After a brief interval，forth came good Mr. H ooper also，in the rear of his flock. Turning his veiled face from one group to anot her，he paid due reverence to the hoary heads，saluted the middle aged with kin d dignity as their friend and spiritual guide，greeted the young with mingled author ity and love，and laid his hands on the little children's heads to bless them. Such was always his custom on the Sabbath day. Strange and bewildered looks repaid hi m for his courtesy. None，as on former occasions，aspired to the honor of walkin g by their pastor's side. Old Squire Saunders，doubtless by an accidental lapse of memory， neglected to invite Mr. Hooper to his table，where the good clergyman had been wont to bless the food，almost every Sunday since his settlement. He re turned，therefore，to the parsonage，and，at the moment of closing the door，was observed to look back upon the people，all of whom had their eyes fixed up on the minister. A sad smile gleamed faintly from beneath the black veil，and flick ered about his mouth，glimmering as he disappeared.
“How strange，” said a lady，“that a simple black veil，such as any woman might wear on her bonnet，should become such a terrible thing on Mr. Hooper's f ace！”
“Someth ing must surely be amiss with Mr. Hooper's intellects，” observed her h usband，the physician of the village. “But the strangest part of the affair is the eff ect of this vagary，even on a sober-minded man like myself. The black veil，thou gh it covers only our pastor's face，throws its influence over his whole person，a nd makes him ghostlike from head to foot. Do you not feel it so？”
“Truly do I，” replied the lady；“and I would not be alone with him for the w orld. I wonder he is not afraid to be alone with h imself！”
“Men sometimes are so，” said her husband.
The afternoon service was attended with similar circumstances. At its conclusio n，the bell tolled for the funeral of a young lady. The relatives and friends were a ssembled in the house，and the more distant acquaintances stood about the door，speaking of the good qualities of the deceased，when their talk was interrupted b y the appearance of Mr. Hooper，still covered with his black veil. It was now an a ppropriate emblem. The clergyman stepped into the room where the corpse was lai d，and bent over the coffin，to take a last farewell of his deceased parishioner. A s he stooped，the veil hung straight down from his forehead，so that，if her ey elids had not been closed forever，the dead maiden might have seen his face. Cou ld Mr. Hooper be fearful of her glance，that he so hastily caught back the black v eil？A person who watched the interview between the dead and living，scrupled n ot to affirm，that，at the instant when the clergyman's features were disclosed，the corpse had slightly shuddered，rustling the shroud and muslin cap，though th e countenance retained the composure of death. A superstitious old woman was the only witness of this prodigy. From the coffin Mr. Hooper passed into the chamber
of the mourners，and thence to the head of the staircase，to make the funeral p rayer. It was a tender and heart-dissolving prayer，full of sorrow，yet so imbued with celestial hopes，that the music of a heavenly harp，swept by the fingers of t he dead，seemed faintly to be heard among the saddest accents of the minister. T he people trembled，though they but darkly understood him when he prayed that t hey，and himself，and all of mortal race，might be ready，as he trusted this y oung maiden had been，for the dreadful hour that should snatch the veil from thei r faces. The bearers went heavily forth，and the mourners followed，saddening all the street，with the dead before them，and Mr. Hooper in his black veil behind.
“Why do you look back？” said one in the procession to his partner.
“I had a fancy，” replied she，“that the minister and the maiden's spirit were walking hand in hand.”
“And so had I，at the same moment，” said the other.
That night，the handsomest couple in Milford village were to be joined in wedl ock. Though reckoned a melancholy man，Mr. Hooper had a placid cheerfulness for such occasions，which often excited a sympathetic smile where livelier merriment would have been thrown away. There was no quality of his disposition which made him more beloved than this. The company at the wedding awaited his arrival with impatience，trusting that the strange awe，which had gathered over him through out the day，would now be dispelled. But such was not the result. When Mr. Hoop er came，the first thing that their eyes rested on was the same horrible black veil，which had added deeper gloom to the funeral，and could portend nothing but evi l to the wedding. Such was its immediate effect on the guests that a cloud seemed to have rolled duskily from beneath the black crape，and dimmed the light of the candles. The bridal pair stood up before the minister. But the bride's cold fingers q uivered in the tremulous hand of the bridegroom，and her deathlike paleness cause d a whisper that the maiden who had been buried a few hours before was come fr om her grave to be married. If ever another wedding were so dismal，it was that famous one where they tolled the wedding knell. After performing the ceremony，Mr. Hooper raised a glass of wine to his lips，wishing happiness to the newmarried couple in a strain of mild pleasantry that ought to have brightened the features of the guests，like a cheerful gleam from the hearth. At that instant，catching a gli mpse of his figure in the looking-glass，the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others. His frame shuddered，his lips grew white，he spilt the untasted wine upon the carpet，and rushed forth into the dark ness. For the Earth，too，had on her Black Veil.
The next day，the whole village of Milford talked of little else than Parson Hoo per's black veil. That，and the mystery concealed behind it，supplied a topic for d iscussion between acquaintances meeting in the street，and good women gossiping at their open windows. It was the first item of news that the tavern-keeper told to his guests. The children babbled of it on their way to school. One imitative little i
mp covered his face with an old black handkerchief，thereby so affrighting his play mates that the panic seized himself，and he well-nigh lost his wits by his own wag gery.
It was remarkable that all of the busybodies and impertinent people in the pari sh，not one ventured to put the plain question to Mr. Hooper，wherefore he did t his thing. Hitherto，whenever there appeared the slightest call for such interferenc e，he had never lacked advisers，nor shown himself averse to be guided by their judgment. If he erred at all，it was by so painful a degree of self-distrust，that e ven the mildest censure would lead him to consider an indifferent action as a crime. Yet，though so well acquainted with this amiable weakness，no indiv idual among his parishioners chose to make the black veil a subject of friendly remonstrance. Th ere was a feeling of dread，neither plainly confessed nor carefully concealed，whi ch caused each to shift the responsibility upon another，till at length it was found expedient to send a deputation of the church，in order to deal with Mr. Hooper ab out the mystery，before it should grow into a scandal. Never did an embassy so ill discharge its duties. The minister received then with friendly courtesy，but became silent，after they were seated，leaving to his visitors the whole burden of introdu cing their important business. The topic，it might be supposed，was obvious enou gh. There was the black veil swathed round Mr. Hooper's forehead，and concealing every feature above his placid mouth，on which，at times，they could perceive the glimmering of a melancholy smile. But that piece of crape，to their imaginatio n，seemed to hang down before his heart，the symbol of a fearful secret betwee n him and them. Were the veil but cast aside，they might speak freely of it，but not till then. Thus they sat a considerable time，speechless，confused，and shrin king uneasily from Mr. Hooper's eye，which they felt to be fixed upon them with a n invisible glance. Finally，the deputies returned abashed to their constituents，pr onouncing the matter too weighty to be handled，except by a council of the churc hes，if，indeed，it might not require a general synod.
But there was one person in the village unappalled by the awe with which the black veil had impressed all beside herself. When the deputies returned without an explanation，or even venturing to demand one，she，with the calm energy of he r character，determined to chase away the strange cloud that appeared to be settli ng round Mr. Hooper，every moment more darkly than before. As his plighted wife，it should be her privilege to know what the black veil concealed. At the minister's first visit，therefore，she entered upon the subject with a direct simplicity，which made the task easier both for him and her. After he had seated himself，she fixe d her eyes steadfastly upon the veil，but could discern nothing of the dreadful glo om that had so overawed the multitude：it was but a double fold of crape，hangi ng down from his forehead to his mouth，and slightly stirring with his breath.
“No，” said she aloud，and smiling，“there is nothing terrible in this piece of crape，except that it hides a face which I am always glad to look upon. Come，g
ood sir，let the sun shine from behind the cloud. First lay aside your black veil：t hen tell me why you put it on.”
Mr. Hooper's smile glimmered faintly.
“There is an hour to come，” said he，“when all of us shall cast aside our vei ls. Take it not amiss，beloved friend，if I wear this piece of crape till then.”
“Your words are a mystery，too，” returned the young lady. “Take away the v eil from them，at least.”
“Elizabeth，I will，” said he，“so far as my vow may suffer me. Know，then，this veil is a type and a symbol，and I am bound to wear it ever，both in light and darkness，in solitude and before the gaze of multitudes，and as with stranger s，so with my familiar friends. No mortal eye will see it withdrawn. This dismal sh ade must separate me from the world：even you，Elizabeth，can never come be hind it！”
“What grievous affliction hath befallen you，” she earnestly inquired，“that you should thus darken your eyes forever？”
“If it be a sign of mourning，” replied Mr. Hooper，“I，perhaps，like most o ther mortals，have sorrows dark enough to be typified by a black veil.”
“But what if the world will not believe that it is the type of an innocent sorro w？” urged Elizabeth. “Beloved and respected as you are，there may be whispers t hat you hide your face under the consciousness of secret sin. For the sake of your holy office，do away this scandal！”
The color rose into her cheeks as she intimated the nature of the rumors that were already abroad in the village. But Mr. Hooper's mildness did not forsake him. He even smiled again——that same sad smile，which always appeared like a faint glimmering of light，proceeding from the obscurity beneath the veil.
“If I hide my face for sorrow，there is cause enough，” he merely replied；“a nd if I cover it for secret sin，what mortal might not do the same？”
And with this gentle，but unconquerable obstinacy did he resist all her entreati es. At length Elizabeth sat silent. For a few moments she appeared lost in thought，considering，probably，what new methods might be tried to withdraw her lover f rom so dark a fantasy，which，if it had no other meaning，was perhaps a symp tom of mental disease. Though of a firmer character than his own，the tears rolled down her cheeks. But，in an instant，as it were，a new feeling took the place of sorrow：her eyes were fixed insensibly on the black veil，when，like a sudden twilight in the air，its terrors fell around her. She arose，and stood trembling bef ore him.
“And do you feel it then，at last？” said he mournfu lly.
She made no reply，but covered her eyes with her hand，and turned to leav e the room. He rushed forward and caught her arm.
“Have patience with me，Elizabeth！” cried he，passionately. “Do not desert me，though this veil must be between us here on earth. Be mine，and hereafter there shall be no veil over my face，no darkness between our souls！It is but a mortal veil——it is not for eternity！O！ you know not how lonely I am，and how frightened，to be alone behind my black veil. Do not leave me in this miserable o bscurity forever！”
“Lift the veil but once，and look me in the face，” said she.
“Never！It cannot be！” replied Mr. Hooper.
“Then farewell！” said Elizabeth.
She withdrew her arm from his grasp，and slowly departed，pausing at the d oor，to give one long shuddering gaze，that seemed almost to penetrate the mys tery of the black veil. But，even amid his grief，Mr. Hooper smiled to think that only a material emblem had separated him from happiness，though the horrors，which it shadowed forth，must be drawn darkly between the fondest of lovers.
From that time no attempts were made to remove Mr. Hooper's black veil，or，by a direct appeal，to discover the secret which it was supposed to hide. By pers ons who claimed a superiority to popular prejudice，it was reckoned merely an ecc entric whim，such as often mingles with the sober actions of men otherwise ration al，and tinges them all with its own semblance of insanity. But with the multitude，good Mr. Hooper was irreparbly a bugbear. He could not walk the street with any peace of mind，so conscious was he that the gentle and timid would turn aside to avoid him，and that others would make it a point of hardihood to throw themselve s in his way. The impertinence of the latter class compelled him to give up his cust omary walk at sunset to the burial ground；for when he leaned pensively over the gate，there would always be faces behind the gravestones，peeping at his black v eil. A fable went the rounds that the stare of the dead people drove him thence. It grieved him，to the very depth of his kind heart，to observe how the children fl ed from his approach，breaking up their merriest sports，while his melancholy figu re was yet afar off. Their instinctive dread caused him to feel more strongly than a ught else，that a preternatural horror was interwoven with the threads of the black crape. In truth，his own antipathy to the veil was known to be so great，that h e never willingly passed before a mirror，nor stooped to drink at a still fountain，lest，in its peaceful bosom，he should be affrighted by himself. This was what ga ve plausibility to the whispers，that Mr. Hooper's conscience tortured him for some great crime too horrible to be entirely concealed，or otherwise than so obscurely i ntimated. Thus，from beneath the black veil，there rolled a cloud into the sunshi ne，an ambiguity of sin or sorrow，which enveloped the poor minister，so that l ove or sympathy could never reach him. It was said that ghost and fiend consorted with him there. With self-shudderings and outward terrors，he walked continually i
n its shadow，groping darkly within his own soul，or gazing through a medium th at saddened the whole world. Even the lawless wind，it was believed，respected his dreadful secret，and never blew aside the veil. But still good Mr. Hooper sadly smiled at the pale visages of the worldly throng as he passed by.
Among all its bad influences，the black veil had the one desirable effect，of making its wearer a very efficient clergyman. By the aid of his mysterious emblem ——for there was no other apparent cause——he became a man of awful power ov er souls that were in agony for sin. His converts always regarded him with a dread peculiar to themselves，affirming，though but figuratively，that，before he brou ght them to celestial light，they had been with him behind the black veil. Its gloo m，indeed，enabled him to sympathize with all dark affections. Dying sinners crie d aloud for Mr. Hooper，and would not yield their breath till he appeared；though ever，as he stooped to whisper consolation，they shuddered at the veiled face s o near their own. Such were the terrors of the black veil，even when Death had b ared his visage！Strangers came long distances to attend service at his church，wi th the mere idle purpose of gazing at his figure，because it was forbidden them to behold his face. But many were made to quake ere they departed！Once，during Governor Belcher's administration，Mr. Hooper was appointed to preach the electio n sermon. Covered with his black veil，he stood before the chief magistrate，the council，and the representatives，and wrought so deep an impression，that the l egislative measures of that year were characterized by all the gloom and piety of o ur earliest ancestral sway.
In this manner Mr. Hooper spent a long life，irreproachable in outward act，y et shrouded in dismal suspicions；kind and loving，though unloved，and dimly fe ared；a man apart from men，shunned in their health and joy，but ever summo ned to their aid in mortal anguish. As years wore on，shedding their snows above his sable veil，he acquired a name throughout the New England churches，and th ey called him Father Hooper. Nearly all his parishioners，who were of mature age when he was settled，had been borne away by many a funeral：he had one cong regation in the church，and a more crowded one in the churchyard；and having wrought so late into the evening，and done his work so well，it was now good F ather Hooper's turn to rest.
Several persons were v isible by the shaded candlelight，in the death chamber of the old clergyman. Natural connections he had none. But there was the decorous ly grave，though unmoved physician，seeking only to mitigate the last pangs of t he patient whom he could not save. There were the deacons，and other eminently pious members of his church. There，also，was the Reverend Mr. Clark，of West bury，a young and zealous divine，who had ridden in haste to pray by the bedsi de of the expiring minister. There was the nurse，no hired handmaiden of death，but one whose calm affection had endured thus long in secrecy，in solitude，ami d the chill of age，and would not perish，even at the dying hour. Who， but Eliz abeth！And there lay the hoary head of good Father Hooper upon the death pillo
w，with the black veil still swathed about his brow，and reaching down over his f ace，so that each more difficult gasp of his faint breath caused it to stir. All throu gh life that piece of crape had hung between him and the world：it had separated him from cheerful brotherhood and woman's love，and kept him in that saddest of all prisons，his own heart；and still it lay upon his face，as if to deepen the glo om of his darksome chamber，and shade him from the sunshine of eternity.
For some time previous，his mind had been confused，wavering doubtfully be tween the past and the present，and hovering forward，as it were，at intervals，into the indistinctness of the world to come. There had been feverish turns，whic h tossed him from side to side，and wore away what little strength he had. But in his most convulsive struggles，and in the wildest vagaries of his intellect，when no other thought retained its sober influence，he still showed an awful solicitude le st the black veil should slip aside. Even if his bewildered soul could have forgotten，there was a faithful woman at this pillow，who，with averted eyes，would have covered that aged face，which she had last beheld in the comeliness of manhood. At length the death-stricken old man lay quietly in the torpor of mental and bodily exhaustion，with an imperceptible pulse，and breath that grew fainter and fainter，except when a long，deep，and irregular inspiration seemed to prelude the flight of his spirit.
The minister of Westbury approached the bedside.
“Venerable Father Hooper，” said he，“the moment of your releas e is at hand. Are you ready for the lifting of the veil that shuts in time from eternity？”
Father Hooper at first replied merely by a feeble motion of his head；then，a pprehensive，perhaps，that his meaning might be doubted，he exerted himself t o speak.
“Yea，” said he，in faint accents，“my soul hath a patient weariness until tha t veil be lifted.”
“And is it fitting，” resumed the Reverend Mr. Clark，“that a man so given to prayer，of such a blameless example，holy in deed and thought，so far as mort al judgment may pronounce；is it fitting that a father in the church should leave a shadow on his memory，that may seem to blacken a life so pure？I pray you，my venerable brother，let not this thing be！Suffer us to be gladdened by your tr iumphant aspect as you go to your reward. Before the veil of eternity be lifted，let me cast aside this black veil from your face！”
And thus speaking，the Reverend Mr. Clark bent forward to reveal the mystery of so many years. But，exerting a sudden energy，that made all the beholders s tand aghast，Father Hooper snatched both his hands from beneath the bedclothes，and pressed them strongly on the black veil，resolute to struggle，if the minister of Westbury would contend with a dying man.
“Never！” cried the veiled clergyman. “On earth，never！”
“Dark old man！” exclaimed the affrighted minister，“with what horrible crime upon your soul are you now passing to the judgment？”
Father Hooper's breath heaved；it rattled in his throat；but，with a mighty e ffort，grasping forward with his hands，he caught hold of life，and held it back till he should speak. He even raised himself in bed；and there he sat，shivering with the arms of death around him，while the black veil hung down，awful，at t hat last moment，in the gathered terrors of a lifetime. And yet the faint，sad smi le，so often there，now seemed to glimmer from its obscurity，and linger on Fat her Hooper's lips.
“Why do you tremble at me alone？” cried he，turning his veiled face round t he circle of pale spectators. “Tremb le also at each other！Have men avoided me，and women shown no pity，and children screamed and fled，only for my black ve il？What，but the mystery which it obscurely typifies，has made this piece of cra pe so awful？When the friend shows his inmost heart to his friend；the lover to his best beloved；when man does not vainly shrink from the eye of his Creator，l oathsomely treasuring up the secret of his sin；then deem me a monster，for the symbol beneath which I have lived，and die！I look around me，and，lo！on every visage a Black Veil！”
While his auditors shrank from one another，in mutual affright，Father Hooper fell back upon his pillow，a veiled corpse，with a faint smile lingering on the lips. Still veiled，they laid him in his coffin，and a veiled corpse they bore him to the grave. The grass of many years has sprung up and withered on that grave，the burial stone is moss-grown，and good Mr. Hooper's face is dust；but awful is still the thought that it mouldered beneath the Black Veil！
J2EE文献及翻译 1 引言 本文分析了Hibernate和Struts的机制，提出了一种基于Hibernate和Struts 的J2EE应用开发策略。在这种策略中，模型层用Hibernate实现，视图和控制器则用Struts框架实现。这样可大大降低代码的耦合性以及提高系统的开发效率。关键字 Hibernate，Struts，MVC，持久层。 随着Java技术的逐渐成熟与完善，作为建立企业级应用的标准平台，J2EE平台得到了长足的发展。借助于J2EE规范中包含的多项技术：EnterpriseJavaBean(EJB)、Java Servlets(Servlet)、Java Server Pages(JSP)、Java Message Service(JMS)等，开发出了许多应用系统。但是，在传统J2EE应用的开发过程中也出现了一些问题：1）数据模型和逻辑模型之间的矛盾。目前使用的数据库基本上都是关系型数据库，而Java本质上是一种面向对象的语言，对象在存储和读取时使用SQL和JDBC进行数据库操作，降低了编程的效率以及系统的可维护性；2）传统的J2EE应用多采用基于EJB的重量级框架，这种框架适合于开发大型企业应用，但是使用EJB容器进行开发和调试需要耗费大量时间。为了降低代码的耦合性，提高系统的开发效率，本文提出了一种基于Struts框架和Hibernate框架的J2EE应用开发策略。 2 J2EE开源技术介绍 数据持久层及Hibernate，Hibernate是一个数据持久层框架，是一种实现对象和关系之间映射（O/R Mapping）的工具，它对JDBC进行了轻量级的对象封装，使程序员可以使用对象编程思想来操作数据库。它不仅提供了从Java类到数据表的映射，也提供了数据查询和恢复机制。相对于使用JDBC和SQL来操作数据库，使用Hibernate能大大的提高实现的效率。Hibernate框架用配置文件的形式来定义Java对象和数据表之间的映射关系，同时在更深的层面将数据表之间的关系解释为Java对象之间的继承及包含等关系。通过使用HQL语句将复杂的关系算法用
通信工程常用专业英语简写中英文翻译 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 第三代合作伙伴计划 1x RTT cdma2000 1x Radio Transmission Technology cdma2000 第一代无线接入技术 ACK Acknowledge 确认 ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Radio 邻信道泄露功率比 ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity 邻信道选择性 AMC Adaptive Modulation and Codeing自适应编码调制 A-MPR Additional Maximum Power Reduction 额外最大功率回退 AoA Angle of Arrival 到达角 AoD Angle of Departure 离开角 ARQ Automatic Repeat request自动重传请求 AS Angel Spread 角度扩展 AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise 加性高斯白噪声 B3G Beyond 3rd Generation 后三代 BCCH Broadcast Control Channel 广播控制信道 BCH Broadcast Channel 广播信道 BD Block Diagonalization块状对角化 BER Bit Error Rate 误比特率 BLER Block Error Rate误块率 BM-SC Broadcast-Multicast Service Centre 广播/多播业务中心 BSR Buffer Status Reports 缓存状态报告 CA Carrier Aggregation 载波聚合 CBRM Circular Buffer Rate Matching 循环缓存速率匹配 CC Component Carrier 成员载波 CC Chase Combine Chase聚合 CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道 CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道 CCE Control Channel Element 控制信道单元 CCO Coverage and Capacity Optimization 容量与覆盖优化 CCO Cell Change Order 小区改变命令 CCSA China Communication Standards Association 中国通信标准化协会 CDD Cyclic Delay Diversity 循环延迟分集 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址接入 cdma2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000码分多址2000接入系统 CFI Control format Indicator 控制格式指示 CGI Cell Global Identifier 全球小区标识 CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point transmission 协调多点传输 CP Cylic Prefix 循环前缀 CPM Conference Preparing Meeting 大会准备会议 CQI Channel Quality Indicator 信道质量指示 CRC Channel Redundancy Check 信道冗余校验 B-RNTI Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identifier 小区无线网络临时标识
Unit1 Section A 公交司机和乘客一起救护老人 昨天上午9点钟，当26路公交车在中华路行驶的途中，司机看到一位老人正躺在路中，一位妇女正在老人身边大声呼救。 这位24岁的公交司机王平，没有丝毫的犹豫就停下了车。他从车上下来，询问那位妇女发生了什么事。她说这位老人有心脏病，需要送往医院。王先生知道他必须马上行动起来。他告诉（车上的）乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大多数或者全部乘客下车等下一班车。但令他惊讶的是，所有的乘客都同意和他一起去（医院）。部分乘客帮助王先生把老人搬到车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生们及时挽救了那位老人。一位乘客说：“许多人不想帮助别人是令人痛心的，因为他们不想惹上麻烦。但是这位公交车司机没有考虑自己，他只考虑去救人。” SectionB 他失去了胳膊但是仍然登山 阿伦罗尔斯顿是一位对登山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是他做的刺激的危险运动之一。有好多次因为事故，阿伦险些丢掉性命。在2003年的4月26日，当他在尤他州登山的时候，他发现自己陷入了非常危险的境地。 在那一天，当阿伦独自在山里登山时，他的胳膊被一块2000千克的石头压在了下面。因为他的胳膊拿不出来，所以他在那里困了五天，希望有人能够发现他。但是当他的水喝光以后，他知道他将不得不做点事情来挽救自己的生命。那时他还不准备死。所以他用刀子切除了自己一半的右臂。然后，用左胳膊对自己进行了包扎，以至于不会失血过多。完成这些以后，他爬下山，寻求帮助。 失去胳膊以后，他写了一本书《在顽石与绝境之间》。这就意味着你在一个艰难的似乎无法走出的境地中。在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做正确决定的重要性，以及掌握命运的重要性。他对登山的挚爱如此的强烈以至于经过这次经历后，他仍然继续登山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗？让我们在发现自己处在一个“顽石与绝地间”的境地前考虑一下，在我们不得不做出生与死的选择前考虑一下。 Unit2 SectionA 学生志愿者 来自河畔高中的马里奥格林和玛丽布朗每周拿出几小时去帮忙朋友。 马里奥喜欢动物，想成为一名兽医。每周六的上午，他在一家动物医院做义工。马里奥相信通过做义工能够帮助他得到将来梦想的工作。他说：“做义工是一项艰苦的工作，但是我想了解更多关于如何照顾动物的知识。当我看到动物们变得健康以及它们的主人脸上的快乐表情时，我就有一种强烈的满足感。” 玛丽是一位读书爱好者。在她四岁的时候，就能够自己读书。去年，她决定尝试做一个课后读书活动的志愿者。她仍然在那里一周一次帮助儿童们学习读书。“儿童们坐在图书馆里，但是你能在他们眼睛里看到，通过每一本新书，他们正在踏上不同的旅途。在这里做义工，对我来说实现了梦想。我能做我喜欢做的事情并且同时可以帮助比尔呢。”
河北理工大学轻工学院 COLLEGE OF LIGHT INDUSTRY, HEBEI POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY 本科毕业设计 资料翻译（汉译英） 论文题目：在线考试系统 学生姓名： 学号： 专业班级： 学部： 指导教师： 2013年05月25日
摘要 系统采用https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4286110.html,和SQL Server 2008数据库，开发了基于B/S三层体系结构的C#在线考试系统。第一层客户层，该层是位于客户端的Web浏览器，用户由Web浏览器访问Web服务器, 在客户端的Web浏览器上显示所需要的主页。第二层应用层,是具有应用程序扩展功能的Web服务器。该层的任务是接受用户的请求,执行相应的程序与数据库的连接,通过SQL方式向数据库提出数据处理请求,等待数据库服务器将数据处理的结果提交给Web服务器,再由Web服务器传回客户端。第三层数据库层,就是数据库服务器。它的任务是接受Web服务器对数据库操纵的请求,实现对数据库查询,修改,更新等功能,把运行结果交给Web服务器。 系统分为三大模块：系统管理模块、用户注册模块和考试模块。其中系统管理模块是进行用户、试题、试卷等的添加、修改和删除，是系统运行的基础；用户注册模块实现了学生用户的注册，学生注册后才有资格参加考试；考试模块是客户端用户通过自己的账号以及密码登陆系统，进入界面时由系统按照管理员预先设置好的试卷结构从题库中随机抽取适合的题目，形成试卷。 系统对提高了教学质量，改进了学生的考核手段，实现了由传统考试方式向网络无纸化考试方式的转变。 关键字https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4286110.html,；考试；组卷； SQL Server 2008
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
M1U2Home alone Act One Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter. Dad: It’s so nice to be home! Mom: Yes, I can’t wait to surprise the boys! Suddenly the door opens and a soccer ball flies through the room. Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly. Eric: Mom! Dad! You’re back early! (looking around room, sounding frightened) But, but … you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! The dog slowly walks to Mom and Dad. Mom: (bending to touch dog) Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! (looking at table) The money for dog food is gone, but Spot looks like he is starving! What did you do with the cash we left? Dad: And look at this room—garbage all over the place! Where is your brother? (shouting angrily) Daniel! Daniel: (running into room) Mom, Dad, I can explain … Dad opens the curtains and light comes into the room. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad both turn towards Daniel. Dad: (sounding very angry) Listen to me, young man—we left you in charge! We thought you could act like an adult, but look at the mess! I don’t know why the house is so dirty ... Mom: Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person who would make good decisions ... Dad: How can we trust you any mo re? We won’t tolerate such behavior in our house! Daniel: (shouting) Stop shouting at me. I’m still a teenager! Why is everything always my fault? Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. End of Act One Act Two, Scene One Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. Daniel: They never even gave me a chance to defend myself. I hate them! Eric: You don’t h ate them. I can tell them we had an emergency. Then they won’t be mad any more. Daniel: No, don’t tell them anything. Anyhow, they didn’t trust me. They don’t deserve an explanation. Let them think what they want. Eric: But Daniel, if they knew that Spot was sick and we used the money to take him to the clinic ... Daniel: And that we spent all of yesterday waiting there for him, and that is why we had no time to clean the house ... but no, Eric, why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? Act Two, Scene Two
西班牙全国大学入学考试中在线语言考试的实 PAULEX UNIVERSITAS项目 作者：安娜吉梅诺 - 桑斯*＆何塞马卡里奥德斯奎拉CAMILLE研究小组，应用语言学系，瓦伦西亚理工大学，卡米诺维拉14，46022 摘要 本文详细介绍了PAULEX UNIVERSITAS项目，一个在线系统，用来设计、发表和评估西班牙大学入学考试中的一个必要部分即国外语言考试。外语考试对想要接受高等教育的所有学生都是强制性的。学生们可以选择下面语言之一考试：英语，法语，德语，意大利语或葡萄牙语。每年，大约有27000名学生同时在巴伦西亚自治区（包括3个省：阿利坎特，卡斯特利翁和瓦伦西亚）参加考试，并且25000多名学生选择英语考试。本文参照当前西班牙形势政策的变化，介绍此次大学入学考试的背景，包括来自平台阐述，以及关于系统管理工具，数据安全性和用户交互问题的讨论。论文通过呈现200多名学生在瓦伦西亚进行试验得出的一些结果，并通过处理有关PAULEX在线考试区域平台的实施所遇到的一些问题，进而得出结论。 1 介绍 2008年12月西班牙教育部颁布了一项新的法律来规范国家大学入学考试。这项新的法律规定：基于阅读理解题和写作的传统英语考试，现在应该包括对听力理解和口语技能的测试。这恰巧与提交给西班牙科学和创新部的一个项目建议书目标一致，就是要设计一个网络平台正式发表高考外语考试。以CAMILLE研发组在瓦伦西亚理工大学开展的前期研究即INGENIO创作工具和传送环境（吉梅诺2008A和2008B ）为起点，小组成员着手设计了一个完整的网上平台，包括设计外语考试，网上发表，评估所有考试，提供考试成绩给当地学校。该三年期项目从2007年9月运行至2010年底。 2 PAULEX UNIVERSITAS 该PAULEX在线考试传送平台是由一个位于大学核心信息和通信系统单元内
第二部分控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展，我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程。在充满活力的20世纪中，控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实。控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大。回首过去，控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人，航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆，航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制，船舶与潜水艇控制系统，水翼船、气垫船、高速铁路自动控制系统，现代铁路控制系统。 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密，控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的，此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行，如飞机自控驾驶，汽车的巡航控制系统。对于控制系统，特别是工业控制系统，我们通常面对的是一系列的器件，自动控制是一个复合型的学科。控制工程师的工作需要具有力学，电子学，机械电子，流体力学，结构学，无料的各方面的知识。计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用，并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展。 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统，两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置。 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单，图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统， 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h在水流出流量V1变化的情况下保持在一定可接受的范围内，可以通过调节入口流量V2实现。这个系统不是精确的系统，本系统无法精确地检测输出流量V2，输入流量V1以及容器液位高度。图2.2描述了这个系统存在的输入（期望的液位）与输出（实际液位）之间的简单关系， 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图。箭头用来描述输入进入系统，以及
四年级下学期英语课文中文翻译 Lesson 1: Sara：你喜欢音乐吗，阳阳？ 阳阳：是的，我喜欢。我非常喜欢音乐。我听各种各样的音乐。但我最喜欢流行歌曲。 Sara：我也喜欢流行歌曲。但我最喜欢高雅音乐。我会钢琴。 阳阳：我会小提琴。有时间我们一起玩。 Lesson 2： 果果：你养宠物吗，玲玲？ 玲玲：不，我不养。但我喜欢猫。猫都很安静。猫也很可爱。 果果：我喜欢狗。狗是我们的好朋友。狗对我们帮助很大。 玲玲：是的。但狗太吵了。狗见了陌生人会叫。 Lesson 3： 爸爸：放学后你喜欢做什么，麦克？ 麦克：我喜欢做飞机模型。 爸爸：将来你想做什么? 麦克：我长大后想开真飞机。有朝一日我想飞到月球和火星。 爸爸：那也就是说你想当宇航员。你真棒！ Lesson 5： 妈妈：你怎么了，宝宝？ 宝宝：我觉得不舒服。我头很疼，妈妈。 妈妈：恐怕你是病了。你需要去看病。 宝宝：今天我不能上学了，太糟糕了。 Lesson 6： 宝宝：医生，我觉得不舒服。我头疼得厉害。 医生：唉！你发高烧了。张开嘴说“啊---”。 宝宝：你需要给我验血吗？ 医生：恐怕需要。你得了流感。这种药每天吃三次。你很快就会康复的。Lesson 7： 医生：你怎么了？ 麦克：我的右腿伤得很严重，医生。 医生：我来看看。哪疼啊？ 麦克：膝盖附近疼。 医生：恐怕我们需要拍一个X光片。
Lesson 9： 麦克：对不起，你能告诉我去图书馆的路吗？ 男人：哦，好的。就在那栋棕色楼的五层。 麦克：是在楼梯的右边还是左边呢？ 男人：在右边的第三个房间。 麦克：太谢谢你了。 男人；我很乐意。 Lesson 10： 女人：对不起。我正在找医院。我怎么才能到那呢？ 毛毛：就在附近。你看到那座有一个白色十字的灰色大楼了吗？ 女人：看到了。在那座红色大楼的右边。 毛毛：我正好顺路。我带你去吧。 女人：你太好了。真谢谢你。 毛毛：不客气。 Lesson 11： 女人：对不起，请问车站在哪啊？远吗？ 果果：不远。继续往前开车然后左转。你会在你的右边看见一个标志。 女人：我看到了。我应该先往前开然后左转。我会在我的右边看见一个标志。果果：是的。那个标志是红色和黄色的。你一定能看见。 女人：多谢。祝你一天过得愉快。 果果：你也是。 Lesson 15： 果果：五一就要到了。我们也叫它劳动节。在五月一日。 Sara：但是在美国劳动节是在九月的第一个星期一。 果果：在中国，劳动节是一个劳动人民的节日。那天你要干什么？ Sara：我们要去参观长城。 Lesson 16： 玲玲：儿童节就要到了。在六月一号。 麦克：儿童节你干什么？ 玲玲：全国的孩子们都庆祝这个节日。在那一天我们去电影院，公园，和博物馆。我们也会收到父母送的礼物。 麦克：我们学校每年都举办聚会吗？ 玲玲：是的。你们肯定会过得很愉快的。 Lesson 17：
在线考试系统方 案 书
概述 传统的考试方式组织一次考试至少要经过人工出卷、考生考试、人工阅卷、成绩统计和试卷分析五个步骤。随着考试规模的不断扩大，工作量将会越来越大而且容易出错。因此开发一套在线考试系统具有重要的现实意义： 1、在线考试突破了时空限制。在线考试系统突破了传统考试模式的时间、空间的限制，有利于组织大规模异地实时考试，可以满足任何授权的考生在规定的时间段内在任意时间和可用地点参加考试，大大提高了教学内容和考核方式的灵活性。 2、提高了工作效率。在线考试系统减轻了考试主管部门人员尤其是教师在命题、组卷、阅卷等方面繁重的工作量，提高了工作效率。 3、节省财政开支。在线考试真正实现了无纸化办公，节省了纸张、印刷等考核费用。 系统总体设计思想 1、以提高教学效率为主要目的 在线考试系统提高了教学内容和考核方式的灵活性，减轻了出题、组卷、阅卷、试卷统计等繁重的工作量，增强了试卷批阅及试卷数据统计的客观公平性，实现了考试信息管理以及考试流程的系统化、规范化和自动化，大大提高了教学效率。 2、以安全稳定为系统设计指导思想 安全性是考试系统质量高低一个重要的检测标准。测试系统中的重要内容如试题、试卷、成绩、身份等信息都应高度保密，必须采取相关措施，为系统设置安全的入口，防止非法访问和非法攻击。 3、以智能便捷为系统设计原则 考试系统应融入智能化思想，组卷、阅卷等较繁琐的工作过程需要以较智能的形式呈现给用户，把大量的信息适当的分解后呈现给用户，使用户的操作有章可循，提高系统的便捷性。 主要模块设计及系统管理功能说明： 一、我的考试功能模块
我的考试分为参加考试，历史考试 1、参加考试功能分析：参加考试这块是给学生们考试用的，学生可以通过学号， 密码进入考试系统，并选择要考试的科目进行考试。实现了无纸化考试，提高了工作效率。考生点击“开始答题”按钮后，显示试卷内容，并且开始计时，考生在规定时间内没有交卷，时间到时就会强迫交卷；在规定时间内交卷，交卷后自动阅卷，考生可直接看到自己本次考试的成绩。 2、历史考试功能分析：历史考试是学生们以前考过的试卷以及成绩存档，方便学 生查看自己的成绩以及试卷具体的内容，使学生知道自己哪方面的知识掌握不牢错了。 并可以对自己成绩进行分析。 二、我的练习功能模块 我的练习功能就分为一个日常练习，这是供学生们在闲暇时间在线练习，巩固知识，这里面可以分科目进行练习。 三、考试管理功能模块 考试管理功能分为科目管理、题库管理、试卷管理、评分阅卷、成绩查询。 1、科目管理功能分析：在线考试时可以分科目进行的，在科目管理里面可以添加 科目，修改科目，删除科目。 2、题库管理功能分析：管理员对题库中科目，系别，题型进行添加，删除，修改，并对科目进行分类。老师可以对题库添加、删除、修改试题，可以选中对应的系别，科目，题型，添加试题进入题库，客观题可以输入正常答案。可以删除自己对应系别，科目下的试题和答案，可以修改自己对应系别，科目下的试题，答案。 扩展：1.即时检查一些主要信息是否为空，是否符合格式 2.可用excel导入试题 3、试卷管理功能分析：试卷管理是供教师管理的，教师可以在里面添加、修改、删除试卷的题型、科目、以及适合哪些班级考试。 4、评分阅卷功能分析：客观题部分，可以根据题库中的答案对比，直接算出学生得到的分数。系统对主观题有自动判分功能，但人为可以干预，在系统自动判分的基础上进行加分或减分。系统会地明细一一记录。对一些考试主观题进行批卷而设计，在本系统主要体现在“问答题”上。只有批改权限的人员才可以查看到相关数据。 注：考生信息：批卷人员无法查看到，为了防止打人情分作弊。
第一部分：电子技术 第一章电子测量仪表 电子技术人员使用许多不同类型地测量仪器.一些工作需要精确测量面另一些工作只需粗略估计.有些仪器被使用仅仅是确定线路是否完整.最常用地测量测试仪表有：电压测试仪,电压表,欧姆表,连续性 测试仪,兆欧表,瓦特表还有瓦特小时表.b5E2RGbCAP 所有测量电值地表基本上都是电流表.他们测量或是比较通过他们地电流值.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同地量程,以便读出期望 地数值.p1EanqFDPw 1．1安全预防 仪表地正确连接对于使用者地安全预防和仪表地正确维护是非常重 要地.仪表地结构和操作地基本知识能帮助使用者按安全工作程序来对他们正确连接和维护.许多仪表被设计地只能用于直流或只能用于交流,而其它地则可交替使用.注意：每种仪表只能用来测量符合设 计要求地电流类型.如果用在不正确地电流类型中可能对仪表有危险并且可能对使用者引起伤害.DXDiTa9E3d 许多仪表被设计成只能测量很低地数值,还有些能测量非常大地数值. 警告：仪表不允许超过它地额定最大值.不允许被测地实际数值 超过仪表最大允许值地要求再强调也不过分.超过最大值对指针有伤害,有害于正确校准,并且在某种情况下能引起仪表爆炸造成对作用 者地伤害.许多仪表装备了过载保护.然而,通常情况下电流大于仪表设计地限定仍然是危险地.RTCrpUDGiT 1．2基本仪表地结构和操作
许多仪表是根据电磁相互作用地原理动作地.这种相互作用是通过流过导体地电流引起地<导体放置在永久磁铁地磁极之间）.这种类型地仪表专门适合于直流电.5PCzVD7HxA 不管什么时候电流流过导体,磁力总会围绕导体形成.磁力是由在永久磁铁力地作用下起反应地电流引起.这就引起指针地移 动.jLBHrnAILg 导体可以制成线圈,放置在永久磁铁磁极之间地枢钮 人教版七年级上册英语课文翻译 P4 Daming and I’ｍin Class One. I’ｍfrom China and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Beiji My name’ｓ my friend. ng. Beijing is a big city. Lingling’ｓ in my class. She’ｓ Lingling. I’ｍnot from England and I’ｍnot English. I’ｍChinese. I’ｍin Class O My name’ｓ in my class. W from Beijing and he’ｓ ne. Daming is my friend. We’re twelve years old. He’ｓ e’re good friends. Wang Hui and I’ｍChinese. I’ｍfrom Shanghai. I’ｍthirteen years old. I’ｍin Cl My name’ｓ ass One with Daming and Lingling. They are my friends. 我的名字叫大明，和我在一班。我来自中国，和我是中国人。我来自北京。北京是个大城市。 玲玲在我的班。她是我的朋友。 我的名字叫玲玲。我不是来自英国，和我也不是英国人。我是中国人。我在一班。大明是我 的朋友。我们12岁了。他来自北京，和他在我的班。我们是好朋友。 我的名字叫王辉，和我是中国人。我不是来自北京。我来自上海。我13岁了。我在一班和大明、玲玲。他们是我的朋友。 P8 Miss Li: Please welcome Betty and Tony to our school. They are from Beijing International School. This is Betty. Betty. I’ｍfrom America. I’ｍ13 years old and I’ｍ a student. I ca Betty: Hello. My name’ｓ speak Chinese. Th n play football and I can play basketball. I can speak English but I can’ｔ my friend. is is Tony. He’ｓ Tony. I’ｍ11 years old. I’ｍfrom England and I can speak English Tony: Hello. My name’ｓ . I can play football and table tennis, and I can ride a bike. Lingling: Can you swim? speak Chinese! Tony: No, I can’t. And I can’ｔ 李小姐：请欢迎贝蒂和托尼来我们学校。他们来自北京国际学校。这是贝蒂。 贝蒂：你好。我的名字叫贝蒂。我来自美国。我十三岁，和我是一个学生。我能踢足球，和 我能打篮球。我能说英语但是我不能说汉语。这是托尼。他是我的朋友 托尼：你好。我的名字叫托尼。我十一岁了。我来自英国，和我能说英语。我能踢足球和打 乒乓球，和我能骑一辆车。 软件工程课程设计设计说明书 考试系统的设计与开发 学生姓名 学号 班级 成绩 指导教师 数学与计算机科学学院 2012年12月26日 软件工程课程设计评阅书 课程设计任务书 2012 —2013 学年第一学期 专业：学号：姓名： 课程设计名称：软件工程课程设计 设计题目：考试系统的设计与开发 完成期限：自2012 年12 月17 日至2012 年12 月28 日共 2 周设计依据、要求及主要内容（可另加附页）： 指导教师（签字）：教研室主任（签字）： 批准日期：年月日 在线考试系统旨在实现考试的无纸化管理，对一些科目的考试可以通过互联网络或局域网进行，方便校方考务的管理，也方便了考生，尤其适合考生分布广，不易集中的远程教育。我主要开发系统的后台管理系统—JAVA在线考试管理子系统，它包括试题管理、考生管理、在线制作试卷、控制学生考试的设置、试卷审批等功能。本论文主要介绍了对JAVA在线考试管理子系统的分析、设计和开发的全部过程。运用ER图，程序流程图等对在线管理子系统的设计过程进行详细的说明。 关键词：在线考试；j2EE 1 课题描述 (3) 1.1 开发背景 (4) 1.2 系统开发目标 (4) 1.3 开发工具的选择 (4) 2 需求分析 (2) 2.1 背景分析 (2) 2.2 可行性分析 (2) 2.2.1 技术可行性分析 (2) 2.2.2 经济可行性 (2) 2.2.3 方案可行性 (2) 2.3 概要设计 (2) 2.4 总体设计 (3) 2.4.1 系统的功能模块图 (3) 2.4.2 系统功能模块 (4) 3 数据库设计 (5) 3.1数据字典 (5) 3.2 数据库的连接 (7) 4 详细设计 (8) 4.1 公共类设计 (8) 4.2 在线考试模块设计 (9) 4.3 查看考生试卷模块设计 (10) 4.4 考试设置信息维护模块设计 (10) 4.5 用户管理模块设计 (11) 5 程序调试与测试 (1) 5.1 系统运行环境 (1) 5.2 测试目的 (1) 5.3 各功能模块测试 (1) 5.3.1 在线考试模块测试 (1) 5.3.2 查看试卷测试 (2) 5.3.3 管理员模块 (3) 5.3.4 用户管理模块测试 (5) 总结 (7) 参考文献 (8) 韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分： 第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7) 第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced人教版英语七年级上册全册课文中文翻译
在线考试系统的设计和实现(毕设参考)
中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译
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