1. Microalgae contain large amounts of useful carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and antioxidants. This makes them an essential food source in the rearing of all stages of marine bivalve molluscs (clams, oysters, scallops), the larval stages of some marine gastropods (abalone, conch), larvae of several marine fish species and penaeid shrimp, and zooplankton.
2.Shrimp are infected by more than 20 virus-caused diseases, these viruses being classified within more than 10 families that are quite diverse in their genetic material, infection cycles, geographic distribution, host range and pathogenesis. The emergence and spread of these pathogenic agents have led to considerable economic losses, threatening the economic viability and long-term sustainability of the shrimp aquaculture industry worldwide. For some countries, the economic and social impacts of these pandemics have been sometimes so important that shrimp production has never fully recovered. As a consequence, the need for better control and understanding of viral diseases has prompted an increasing interest in the study of the shrimp immune system, and significant advances into the molecular bases for antiviral immunity in these animals have been gained in the last years.
3.The effects of recent global climate change have devastated some commercial aquatic organisms, which has resulted in considerable economic losses. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors to consider when growing organisms in aquaculture. Temperature affects many chemical and biological processes including: the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, chemical reactions, photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, the mobility and metabolism of organisms as well as their sensitivity to toxic substances, parasites and disease. Any change in the culture water temperature can have a dramatic effect on the growth and survival of aquatic organisms, and low temperature stress has deleterious effects on many aquatic animals. For example, fish farming in southern China has been adversely affected by winter mortality for several decades, especially in 2008.
4. Accumulating evidences indicate that low temperature can induce oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. When cells are exposed to low temperature, the rate of enzymatic reactions falls down, leading to a decrease in the demand for ATP and accumulation of electrons in certain points of the respiratory chain. The situation promotes a sudden increase in the production of a number of ROS which remove the burden of excess reducing potential. ROS are continuously generated by aerobic metabolism or oxidative stress and can damage important biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins and lipids. Due to the potentially serious effects of ROS, organisms have evolved defense mechanisms that act at various levels and can prevent, ameliorate or repair the damage caused by ROS.Water temperature is one of the most important environmental factors which directly affect the survival, growth, and metabolism of shrimp. Shrimp farming in southern China has been adversely affected by winter mortality for several decades, especially in 2008. Recent studies of shrimp have shown that acute low temperature stress would induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hemocyte apoptosis, increase caspase-3 transcription and activity levels, cause DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, reduce the immune functions and resistance against pathogen infection. These studies conducted acute low temperature
stress experiment by transferring rapidly from a suitable temperature to a low temperature. However, in the natural environment, water temperature fluctuation is more complicated, and shrimp may suffer in the process of water temperature decrease. So far, only few study focus on the effects of temperature decrease on shrimp.
5. Hemocytes play an essential role in physiology and immune defense of shrimp. Loss and damage of circulating hemocytes would depress the immune ability, increase the susceptibility against pathogens, and even endanger the survival. Rapid low temperature transfer has been reported to cause total hemocyte count (THC) reduction which resulted from increased apoptotic hemocytes.
6. Streptococcosis has become a major problem for tilapia farmers and there is still no effective commercial vaccine available that can be used to prevent streptococcosis in tilapia. Tilapia growers must therefore focus on prevention and treatment of the disease. Streptococcosis can cause mass death in tilapia farms, and unlike many other tilapia diseases it will affect even large and otherwise healthy fish. Fish weighing at least 100 grams are actually more susceptible to streptococcosis than small fish. Streptococcosis outbreaks are known to take place primarily when the fish has been subjected to some form a stress, e.g. due to overcrowding, improper water chemistry or changing water temperatures.
7.Streptococcosis can be acute or chronic. Acute streptococcosis normally occurs during the warm season when the water temperature is high and will typically result in peaks of mortality that goes on for 2-3 weeks. Chronic streptococcosis occurs when the water temperature is lower and does not cause any peaks of mortality. The mortality rate will be low but the amount of dead fish will become high in the long run since the mortality level tends to be really persistent.
In farmed tilapia, the major cause of streptococcosis is Streptococcus agalactiae. The closely related bacterium Streptococcus iniae can also cause streptococcosis in tilapia, but is normally not as lethal as Streptococcus agalactiae. All species of Streptococcus are gram-positive, non-acid fast, non-motile, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative cocci.
8. The fish gut microbiota contributes to digestion and can affect the nutrition, growth, reproduction, overall population dynamics and vulnerability of the host fish to disease; therefore, this microbial community is highly relevant for aquaculture practice. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatic analysis have allowed us to develop a broader understanding of the complex microbial communities associated with various habitats, including the fish gut microbiota. These recent advances have substantially improved our knowledge of bacterial community profiles in the fish intestinal microbiota in response to a variety of factors affecting the host, including variations in temperature, salinity, developmental stage, digestive physiology and feeding strategy.
9.The immune system in fish is customary divided into innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific) system. Superoxide anion production and lysozyme activity are widely used as non-specific immune parameters in fish. Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by fish phagocytes during the respiratory burst. Once
bacteria or fungi are engulfed by leucocytes, the host’s NADPH-oxidase is activated, which in turn increases oxygen consumption and subsequently produces ROS such as superoxide anion (O2?). The release of superoxide anion is known as the respiratory burst, and together its derivates are bactericidal.
10.Tilapia is widely cultured in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The production of tilapia has increased from 332,186 MT in 1990 to 4,080,898 MT in 2012 (FAO, 2014) and has been recognized by FAO as the most potent culture fish species in supplying human protein source of the Century. Feed is the most expensive cost item in aquaculture industry, often ranging from 50 to 60% of the total variable expenses. Fish meal is the major dietary protein source, comprising between 20 and 60% of fish diet in general. Due to increasing demand, limited supply, and the dramatic increase in fish meal price, efforts to replace fish meal by other plant protein source such as soybean meal have been increasing in aquafeed.
11. As aquaculture becomes more important for feeding the growing world population, so too do the required natural resources needed to produce aquaculture feed. While there is potential to replace fish meal and fish oil with terrestrial feed ingredients, it is important to understand both the positive and negative implications of such a development. The use of feed with a large proportion of terrestrial feed may reduce the pressure on fisheries to provide feed for fish, but at the same time it may significantly increase the pressure on freshwater resources, due to water consumption and pollution in crop production for aquafeed.
12. Mediterranean marine aquaculture has been dominated by two leading species, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). However, risk of market saturation and reduced prices led to consider species diversification as a priority. Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) presents a very good potential for large scale farming in Mediterranean countries. Meagre adapts easily to captivity, exhibits high growth rates reaching 1.2 kg in less than 2 years in cages, and tolerates wide temperature (2–38 °C) and salinity (5–39‰) variations. Meagre has good market characteristics, namely an attractive body shape for selling as whole-fish, good processing yield and nutritional values, low fat content, excellent taste and firm texture. Currently, meagre is produced in small scale with a global aquaculture production of 10,221 tons in 2012, and it is sold at high prices in niches. Countries like Spain, France, Greece, Italy, and Egypt, stand out as main juvenile producers. Due to its recent introduction in the aquaculture industry, little data is available about nutritional requirements, and potential of feed ingredients for the species. In fact, diets currently used for feeding meagre are similar to those used for European sea bass and gilthead sea bream
13.Fish meal (FM) has been the main protein source in feeds for carnivorous species such as meagre. However, the increasing demand, high price and supply fluctuations, makes it a priority to replace dietary FM by alternative protein sources. Soybean meal (SBM) is by far the most used plant protein source in fish diets, followed by other oleaginous such as rapeseed and sunflower meal. Leguminous seeds are also good dietary protein sources, particularly if they are locally produced, contributing to the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of fish-farming.Among leguminous seeds,
soybean, peas and lupines are the most widely used in aquafeeds.
14. Many different terrestrial protein and oil sources have been evaluated for potential fish meal replacements in aquaculture diets.The soybean (Glycine max), when processed, produces a high quality source of protein with a balanced amino acid profile and can replace fish meal as an economically and nutritious alternative.In some species such as tilapia, soybean meal can replace a majority of the fish meal in a diet with no adverse impacts on growth or health.However, in most commonly farmed carnivorous species such as Atlantic salmon, coho salmon, and Japanese flounder, soybean meal can only be incorporated into diets at much less than 50% due to the presence of antinutritional factors in soybean meal that cause enteritis and significant negative health implications and reductions in growth. However, replacing fish meal with soy protein has shown promising results for many species of flatfish, such as Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), Egyptian sole (Solea aegyptiaca), and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Soy protein concentrate is a refined soy product in which many of the antinutritional factors have been removed; therefore it can replace the majority or all of the fish meal in diets for carnivorous species.
15.Apoptosis is involved in all fundamental processes in the immune system of animals. It is a mechanism to regulate the course of an immune response and to establish immunological memory as well as central and peripheral tolerance. The host immune system and viral anti-immune strategies during virus infection have evolved to create a suitable environment for virus replication in vertebrates. The cellular perturbation caused by virus infection can inadvertently trigger any one of many diverse cellular detectors to initiate an innate apoptotic response. In many cases, apoptosis has an adverse effect on virus replication, and, in these situations, viruses frequently express proteins that block the death response of hosts. It is revealed that the antiviral immune response of invertebrates requires the participation of immune system. The p53-dependent apoptosis may take great effects on the immune responses of invertebrates.
16.One of the most important aspects in aquaculture is the nutrition, as for optimum development of organisms, it is essential to have all the necessary nutrients, in terms both of quantity and quality. Nutrients are important for species in culture to stay alive, be healthy and to grow. Even though nutritional principles are similar for all animals, the required level of nutrients varies between species. Animals in production systems need a diet that is properly balanced for the specific requirements of species; however it must also be considered that nutritional requirements are affected by the growth rate, growing conditions, and environmental factors. Knowledge of these allows the formulation of well-balanced and cost-effective feeds.
17.The identification, evaluation, and development of ingredients is a key step in the development of effective formulation strategies for all aquaculture feeds. Traditionally there has been much reliance on the use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture diets and because of this intensive aquaculture has been perceived as a net fish user rather than producer. However, in addition to alleviating concerns about the reliability of aquaculture as a food provider, and also the long-term sustainability of aquaculture as an industry, the use of alternative ingredients also empowers the formulator with
additional options. These options include improving the technical qualities of pellets and also introducing certain nutrients and nutraceuticals to increase the value of the resultant compound diet in which the ingredients are included.
18.The concept of functional aquafeeds represents an evolving concept for fish and crustaceans diets. In the design of functional feeds, a wide range of feed additives can be used to extend beyond the satisfying basic nutritional requirements of the target species to improve growth and feed utilization, but also to support the health and stress resistance of the animals. The nature and characteristics of these feed additives is quite diverse, and their application into diet formulations targets a specific purpose. Some additives, such as acidifiers, exogenous enzymes, are used to improve the an imals’ performance by providing enhanced digestibility of the feed materials, or counteracting the negative effects of antinutrients. Other additives, such as probiotics, prebiotics, phytogenics, and immune-stimulants target the improvement of intestinal health, stress, and disease resistance.
19. Shrimp farming was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1985. By the early 90s the industry was booming with production rates of up to 9000 kg/ha/year. High export volumes contributed significantly (48–70%) to the total foreign exchange earnings during this period. However, in 1993 the first outbreak of the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) dealt a heavy blow to many farmers. The industry revived, but a second disease outbreak in 1998 caused severe economic losses to all shrimp farmers in Sri Lanka. The final and most devastating outbreak came in 2004 and caused a permanent reduction in the productivity of the industry. Production reduced to under 4000 kg/ha/year and export of shrimps in 2012 (volume and value) dropped by more than 65% compared to 1999. Currently, an estimated 90% of the shrimp farms are abandoned, leaving the coast dotted with areas that are unsuitable for other forms of agricultural/aquaculture production, mainly due to changes in the hydrology and polluted residual matter.
20. The environmental costs that accompanied the establishment of shrimp farming in Sri Lanka are significant. For the establishment of shrimp farms in Puttalam District, over 50% of healthy mangrove forest in the area was removed. With the loss of mangroves, an important buffer zone and habitat for marine life has disappeared. The construction of shrimp farms also led to the removal of above and below ground carbon, along with the potential for future carbon sequestration. Other impacts include pollution of surface and ground water, in addition to the depletion of wild stocks and healthy broodstocks for coastal fisheries. As a result, rather than providing permanent economic benefits, the establishment of shrimp farms has led to unstable livelihoods and has increased the vulnerability of coastal populations to climate change impacts.
Fast Reading Materials for Senior I完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5，满分 30 分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从 36~55 各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C 和 D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 While I studied at school, I felt a great difficulty in learning my Latin translations. I was always very 36 in using a dictionary, and 37 it most difficult, while to other boys it seemed no 38 . I formed an alliance（盟友）with a boy in the Sixth Grade .He was very clever and 39 read Latin as easily as English .My friend for his part was almost as 40 troubled by the English essays he had to write for the headmaster as I was 41 these Latin words .We agreed together that he would 42 me my Latin translations and that I should do his essays. The arrangement 43 wonderfully. The headmaster seemed quite 44 with my work, and I had more time to myself in the morning. On the other hand, once a week 45 I had to compose the essays of my friend. For several months no difficulty 46 , but once we were nearly caught out. One afternoon, the headmaster 47 my friend to discuss one essay with him in a lively spirit. “I was interested in this48 you make here. I think you might have gone further .Tell me 49 you had in your mind.” The headmaster continued in this50 for some time to the fear of my friend. However the headmaster, not wishing to 51 an occasion of praise into 52 of fault-finding, finally. 53 him go. He came back to me like a man who had had a very narrow 54 and I made up my mind to make every effort to study my 55 . 36．A．quick B．slow C．hard D．good 37．A．made B．got C．found D．left 38．A．trouble B．difference C．labor D．worry 39．A．might B．would C．should D．could 40．A．very B．little C．much D．few 41．A．for B．by C．in D．to 42．A．change B．take C．forgive D．tell 43．A．worked B．tried C．happened D．developed 44．A．angry B．satisfied C．frightened D．sad 45．A．or so B．or else C．as usual D．as far 46．A．became B．seemed C．lay D．appeared 47．A．called B．taught C．arranged D．sent 48．A．aim B．goal C．point D．opinion 49．A．why B．how C．which D．what 50．A．excitement B．way C．meaning D．disappointment 51．A．turn B．leave C．grow D．become 52．A．none B．one C．either D．some 53．A．ordered B．asked C．took D．let 54．A．surprise B．escape C．hope D．chance 55．A．reading B．writing C．translations D．essays II 阅读理解
Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.
《分析化学》阅读材料03 摘自Analytical Chemistry (FECS) ●In the Br?sted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor. Each acid is related to its conjugate base and vice versa: Acid = base + proton Therefore, the conjugate base of a strong acid must be a weak base and the conjugate base of a weak acid must be a strong base. Together they form a couple, and an acid without its conjugate base is a meaningless concept. In order to release a proton, the acid must find a base to accept it. In an aqueous solution, the proton, H+, having an extremely small ionic radius, cannot exist as such. It is hydrated, forming the hydronium ion H3O+ and higher hydrates. Thus, an acid-base equilibrium is not a simple dissociation equilibrium, but the result of a proton transfer reaction in which there are at least two reagents and two products. Such a process is also called protolysis. The overall reaction is expressed by: HX + H2O = H3O+ + X-. The overall equilibrium constant is K = [H3O+][X-]/[HX][H2O]. The acid dissociation constant Ka is given by: Ka = K[H2O] = [H3O+][X-]/[HX]. Ka reflects not only the acid strength of HX, but also the base strength of water. This why different acid dissociation constants are observed for the same acid in different solvent. ●Similar proton transfer reactions exist in all solvents possessing proton donor and acceptor properties. Proton transfer reactions are extremely fast. This makes them very suitable for analytical applications and acid-base reactions have found wide use in volumetric methods and other analytical techniques. ●The pH value is a measure for the acidity or basicity of a solution, aqueous or nonaqueous. ●Acid-base indicators are chemical substances with acid-base properties, having different colors in their protonated and deprotonated forms. ● A most important application of acid-base systems is related to the property of such a system to act as a buffer. Many chemical reactions produce protons (in aqueous solutions hydroniums) or hydroxide ions. If these products remain in the system, a corresponding pH change is observed. However, if a buffer is present in the solution it reacts with the liberated hydrogen or hydroxide ions so that only a relative small change of pH occurs. Buffer consist of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. The most efficient buffer for a given pH consists of a 1:1 ratio of the protonated and deprotonated forms of a weak acid (with pKa = pH). This cannot always be achieved, but if we wish to prepare a solution of a certain pH, we select a weak acid with a pKa value close to the desired pH. Buffer solution resists changes in pH upon adding of strong acids or strong bases. Depending on the relative concentrations of the acid and base forms of the buffer, the system can resist small or large additions of strong acid or base. This buffer capacity is defined as the number of moles of strong acid of base required to change the pH of 1 L of buffer solution by one pH unit. Solutions with high or low pH values, formed as a result of dissolution of large quantities of a strong base or acid, are characterized by a large buffer capacity, although the electrolyte practically consists of only one of the conjugate forms (e.g., HCl or NaOH solutions). ● A general requirement for all volumetric methods is that the titration process is fast and that it proceeds in a definite stoichiometric ratio, the endpoint of the reaction must by easy to detect and the reaction should be specific and not influenced by other constituents of the solution, i.e., there should be no interference. Question: 1. A H3PO4 solution is brought to pH = 7.00 by the addition of NaOH. Calculate the concentration of the various forms of orthophosphate if the total phosphate concentration in buffer is 0.200 mol /L. pKa1 = 2.16, pKa2 = 7.21, pKa3 = 12.32. 2. A buffer solution is prepared from acid, HA, Ka = 5 10-5, and its salt. The concentration of HA in the buffer is 0.25 mol / L. To 100 mL of the buffer added 5.0 mmol of NaOH, and the pH of the resulting solution is 5.60. What was the pH of the original buffer? 3.It is desired to change the pH of 100 mL of 0.100 mol / L HCl from 1.00 to 4.40 by the addition of sodium acetate, CH3COONa3H2O. How much solid sodium acetate salt must be added in grams? Assume no volume change for the solution as the result of the addition. 4.What is the buffer capacity of a solution which is 0.100 mol / L of NH3 and 0.200 of NH4Cl? 5.Calculate the pH of each of the following solution: (a) Water in equilibrium with CO2 of the air; pKa1 = 6.38, pKa2 = 10.25. (b) Water as in part (a) brought to pH = 7.00 with NaOH and allowed to regain equilibrium with CO2. 6. Derive the following expression for the pH at the first stoichiometric point in the titration of a mixture of two weak acid: HA, the stronger, Ka1, concentration C1; HB, the weaker, Ka2, concentration C2: pH = 1/2 (pKa1 + pKa2) – 1/2 lg (C1/C2)
第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 2009-11-15 23:36:27| 分类：我的世界| 标签：|字号大中小订阅 第六章阅读理解与阅读技能 P249（1）记叙文 Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. He’s a world famous scientist and expert on space and time. Stephen is trying to find the answers to some very big questions, such as: how did the universe being? How will it end? 斯蒂芬在1942年出生。他是研究空间和时间领域的一位举世闻名的科学家和专家。斯蒂芬设法发现一些非常大问题的答案，例如：宇宙未来会怎样？它会怎样结束？ Stephen was a student at Oxford University. He studied math and science. Then, at the age of twenty, he became very ill. He was so young, but the doctor said to his family, “He has only two years to live.” The doctors were wrong-he didn’t die. He can’t walk now but he uses a wheelchair. He talks with the help of a computer. After Oxford, Stephen went to Cambridge University. Three years later, in 1963, he became a doctor of philosophy. 斯蒂芬曾经是牛津大学的学生。他学习数学和科学。然而，在20岁时，他生病了。他是如此年轻，但医生告诉他的家人，“他只活两年。”医生是错误的，他没有死。他现在虽然不能走路，但他可以使用了轮椅。随着计算机的帮助，他可以通过计算机举行会谈。牛津大学毕业后，斯蒂芬前往剑桥大学学习。3 年后，在1963年，他成为哲学博士。 Because of his health problems, it was difficult for him to draw diagrams or to write. So he started to think in pictures. With this new way of thinking, he became one of the most famous scientists in the world. In 1981, he met Pope in Rome. They talked about his ideas. Then, in 1988, he wrote his first important book, A Brief History of Time. It sold more than 5.5 million copies in 33 different countries. 由于他的健康问题，出图或写作对于他是很难的。因此他在图片上开始思考。这种新的思维方式，使他在世界上成为了一位最著名的科学家。在1981年，他在罗马遇见了教皇。他们谈论了他的想法。然后，在1988年他写了他的第一本重要的书，《时间的简史》。它在33个不同国家卖了超过550万本。 （2）说明文 One type of solar collector is not very expensive. It is put on the roof of a building. It is usually put on the sunny side of the roof. The sun is most direct in this side, and the unit will collect more heat. The surface is black because black collects more heat from the sun. Inside, there are pipes with water. The top is a piece of glass. The sun shines through the glass and air inside. It heats the water that is also inside. A pump, a machine to move the water, starts when water is warm enough. Then hot water goes into a storage tank. This tank stores or keeps the hot water. Then there is hot water to use for washing clothes or taking baths and showers.
2020年高三英语材料之阅读理解精品版
高三英语材料之阅读理解 阅读理解1 A Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival ,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour. We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods. The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers(桂花), rose petals, sweetened tangerine（橘子）peel, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣子酱）. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat（肉末儿）, vegetables or a mixture. The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size. The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers. 1.Which of the following is NOT true? A．The custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century. B．Sugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao. C．Sweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China. D．People in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball. 2.Which country does the Lantern Festival come from? A．China B．South Korea C．Jin Dynasty D．Tang and Song periods. 3.Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces. ① make a hole and insert the filling ② roll the dough between your hands ③ shape the dough of rice flour into balls ④ close the hole ⑤ prepare some rice flour A．⑤③②①④ B．③⑤①②④ C．③①④②⑤ D．⑤③①④② 4.What is the best title of this passage? A．The Lantern Festival
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/403906626.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址）Passage 14 Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do-especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,”he says. “Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, ”Crossley concludes. If they cannot take of these details. “Why should we trust them with a job?” Can we pay too much attention to detail? Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,”says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.” Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.”Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for other’s success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. 66. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected________ A) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications D) because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves 67. The word “perfectionists”(Line 1, Para 3)refers to those who________ A) demand others to get everything absolutely right B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances C) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do 68. Which of the following is the author’s advice to the reader? A) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked B) Don’t forget details when drawing pictures
计算机专业英语阅读材料 计算机英语（1） Desktop Pattern In the graphical user interface of Microsoft Windows 98,a graphical pattern-called wallpaper-displayed on the desktop (the background "beneath" windows, icons, and dialog boxes). The pattern or picture in the screen background that can be chosen by the user. To change the desktop pattern, choose Display from the Control Panel. 桌面图案 在Microsoft Windows 98的图形用户界面中,一种显示在桌面上称为壁纸(Wallpaper )的图形图案(窗口、图标和对话框后面的背景),屏幕背景可由用户选择图案样式或画面。要改变桌面图案时,从控制面板上选择显示方式。 计算机英语（2） Federated Database In scientific networking ,a collaborative database (part of a collaborator) in which scientists pool their knowledge and discoveries .Federated databases are one proposed solution to the Grand Challenges——problems that are so complex that they far outstrip the capabilities of individual scientists ,or even individual research institutions ,to tackle them independently. 联合式数据库 在科学联网中,科学家们汇集其知识和发现的一种合作数据库(合作的一部分)。联合数据库是对种种重大挑战问题(Grand Challenges)的一种建议性的解决方案——这些问题太复杂,以致于超出单个科学家的能力,甚至单个研究所都无法来单独解决它们。 计算机英语（3） Collapse When creating an outline or viewing a directory tree (such as in the Windows Explorer ),the process of hiding all the outline levels or subdirectories below the selected outline heading or directory. 折叠 当生成一个题纲或观察一个目录树(如在Windows资源管理器中)时,在选定的题纲标题或目录下隐藏所有的题纲层或子目录的过程。 计算机英语（4） Collision In local area networks (LANs) ,a garbled transmission that results when two or more workstations transmit to the same network cable at exactly the same time . Networks have means of preventing collisions. 冲突 在局域网(LANs)中,当两个或多个工作站恰好在同时向同一个网络线路上传送(数据)时产生的错乱传输。网络拥