王若平精讲2012英语语法
说起主语，大家似乎很熟悉，实际上，主语是很复杂的，请同学们思考一下：什么词可
以充当句子的主语？可以充当英语句子主语的成分有：一、名词；二、名词化的形容词；三、
代词；四、数词；五、动词不定式；六、动名词；七、名词化的现在分词、过去分词；
八、短语；九、句子。如：
○Pessimists say that the human is facing extinction
主谓宾从
the human is facing extinction
主谓宾
（名词作主语）
○ Now，keeping pets is more and more prevalent in many developed countries.
状主系表状
（名词作主语）
○When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago，it crashed in the
状从主谓状
mountains and its pilot was killed.（代词作主语）
连主谓
When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago
连主谓状状
○To commit suicide is a cowardly behavior. （动词不定式短语作主语）
主系表
○It is impossible for most learners to learn English abroad.
形主系表真主
（不定式短语为真正主语，it 为形式主语）
○ That haste makes waste is a proverb full of logic. The haste makes waste
主从
系表定主谓宾
（句子作主语）
○However adverse the circumstance，the strong in life firmly believes action is more
主定状谓宾从
状从
reliable than luck.
However adverse the circumstance (may be)
连表主系
action is more reliable than luck (is reliable)
主系表状从
（名词化的形容词作主语）
○ Each year thousands of graduates flood the job market，waving their college diplomas 名主定谓宾状
and certificates.（数词作主语）
一、名词作主语
从实用的角度看，名词可分为：1）不可数名词；2）可数名词。
1）不可数名词作主语
不可数名词，分为物质名词和抽象名词，只有单数，没有复数，与其连用的谓语动词均
为单数。不可数名词除特指、有限定性定语修饰的前面用定冠词the 外，其余都为零冠词。
A. 物质名词
○ Tea originated in ancient China and has spread all over the world.
主谓1 状谓2 状
○ Fast food becomes so popular nowadays not only because of the food itself but also 主谓宾状原因状语
the services they provide.
B. 抽象名词
○ Failure is a common thing in our daily life.
主系表状
○ Friendship is the basic need of human feelings.
主系表定
注意：当抽象名词有限定性定语修饰时前面需要加定冠词the。如：
○ The desire for power always goes parallel with the desire for fame. （有介词限定）主定状谓宾定
2）可数名词
可数名词作主语分：A.单数；B.复数
A. 单数
①单数名词前注意加冠词 a 或an，谓语为单数，如：
○ A job interview is an effective way for the interviewer to know about the applicant.
主系表定
○ A leader can earn support from masses only by his integrity and strength.
主谓宾定状
②特指的、类指的、有限定性定语的名词前要加定冠词the。
Ⅰ.特指的，如：
○According to the table，we can see clearly the average family income has been
主谓状宾从
状
increasing in China.
the average family income has been increasing in China
主谓状
○ The company has made notable gains in productivity.
谓宾定
主
Ⅱ.类指的，如：
○ Today the pen is more highly esteemed than (the pen was )ever (esteemed).
状主谓状从
（the pen 不是指“这支笔”，而是指“笔类”）
○ The teenager often expresses his passions with dramatic exaggeration and is soon 状谓宾状连系状主
disappointed.
表
（the teenager 指“年轻人”）
Ⅲ.有限定性修饰语
有限定性修饰语的名词前要加the,限定性修饰语多半为介词短语，如：
○ The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests on earth has led to vast-scale habitat
定谓宾
主
destruction.（有限定性定语）
○ What is the essential difference between these two economic systems?
主系
表定
B. 复数名词
名词的复数变化常常给我们的写作，甚至阅读造成困难，对此我们不能掉以轻心。复数名词的形式可分以下几种：
①大多数名词的复数形式是在词尾加s，如：
○ Astronauts must have the most rigorous training that is specially devised for them.
主谓宾定从
○ In general，good diplomatic relations will be helpful for the development of
主系表状
状
international trade.
②以s，ss，x，sh，ch，z 等字母结尾的名词和以辅音字母+o 结尾的名词在词尾要加es，
以元音字母+o 结尾的名词直接加s，如：
○ Long-distance buses are the main means of the transportation between the urban areas 主系表定定
and suburbs.
○ Many heroes in today's TV programs achieve their goals by violent means.
主定谓宾状
③以y 结尾的名词, y 前是辅音的变y 为i 再加es，y 前是元音的加s，如：
○ Sanlitun in Beijing is called the “embassy zone”，because many foreign countries' 主定谓主补状从
embassies in China are located there.
because many foreign countries' embassies in China are located there
连主定谓状
○ Our joys are more pleasant when we have a friend to share them.
主系表状从
when we have a friend to share them
连主谓宾定
④以f 或fe 结尾的名词，变复数时将f 或fe 改为ves，如：
○ Nowadays wives are no longer willing to accept the domineering attitudes of husbands.
状主谓定宾定
○Because its leaves remain green long after being picked，rosemary became associated with
状从主谓
the ideal of remembrance.
宾
Because its leaves remain green long after being picked
连主系表状
⑤有些名词变为复数，没有规律可循，只能死记，如：
○ Women often have more difficulties on their way to success than men.
主状谓宾状状从
○Identifying the reasons for an emerging phenomenon which involves several complicated
主定定从
factors is far from an easy task.
系状定表
（phenomenon 的复数是把on 变成a）
which involves several complicated factors
主谓宾
这类词还有：formula — formulae 公式，thesis — theses 论文，analysis — analyses 分
析，basis — bases 基础，emphasis — emphases 强调，criterion — criteria 标准，crisis —
crises 危机，appendix — appendices 附录，sanatorium — sanatoria 疗养院，tooth — teeth，
mouse — mice，ox — oxen，goose — geese，foot — feet；medium — media 媒体
⑥有些名词单、复数形式一样
单、复同形的名词谓语或单或复，被视为一个整体时具有单数概念；被视为若干个体时
具有复数概念，如：
○ Nowadays，fireworks have turned out to be a source of pollution for the environment.
状主谓宾定
（视为复数）
○ Some people are not favor of setting off fireworks for it's dangerous to people's life and 主谓宾第二个并列分句
property.（视为单数）
这类词还有Chinese，sheep，deer，swine，series，species，aircraft，Japanese 等。
⑦有少数名词只有复数形式。有的跟单数谓语，有的跟复数谓语。
Ⅰ.跟单数谓语
○ Electronics is my major subject.
主系定表
类似的词有：physics 物理学，optics 光学，politics 政治，measles 麻疹，mumps 腮腺炎。
但注意：这些名词表示具体的事物时，谓语动词用复数，如：
○ His politics are rather conservative.
主系表
○ Statistics show that the living standard of citizens has greatly improved.
主谓宾从
that the living standard of citizens has greatly improved
主定谓状谓
连定
Ⅱ.跟复数谓语
○ All her valuables were stolen.
主语谓
类似的词有：pants 短裤，shorts 短裤，trousers 裤子，compasses 两脚规，scissors 剪刀，
scales 天平，pliers 钳子，glasses 眼镜，belongings 所有物，doings 行为，savings 储蓄，findings
调查结果，earnings 挣的钱，surroundings 环境，lodgings 住处，overalls 工作服，outskirts
城郊，assets 资产，living-quarters 住所，clothes 衣服，riches 财富，remains 残余，archives
档案，dominoes 骨牌，effects（个人）用品，valuables 珍贵物品，goods 货物。
⑧有些名词只有单形但是复数
○Many famously successful people have begun from small origins.
定主谓状
○ The British are conservative.
主系表
⑨有些名词单复数发生词意变化，如：
○ My previous work experiences help me learn to deal with complex situations and to
定主谓宾宾补
be patient when working.
状从
when （I am）working （此为了属于宾补的时间状语）
连主谓
○ His rich experience deserves us studying.宾格+动名词=动各词的复合结构
定主谓宾语
类似这样的词还有：time 时间— times 时代，ground — grounds 庭院，rich — riches 财富，blue — blues 忧郁，烦闷，ash — ashes 骨灰，charge 电（负）荷— charges 费用，
water — waters 矿泉，水域，colour — colours 观点，军旗，work — works 著作，工厂，
force — forces 军队，arm — arms 武器，minute — minutes 记录，iron — irons 烙铁，脚镣，light — lights 灯，authority 权威— authorities 当局，custom 习惯— customs 关税
⑩复形名词与定冠词the
复数名词在什么情况下前面加the 对许多人来说都是个棘手问题，用错the 的情况在英
语写作中屡见不鲜。实际上掌握the 的用法并不难，只要记住下面的几点规则就行了。
Ⅰ.泛指时为零冠词，如：
○ Most people agree that guaranteed human rights are an undeniable prerequisite for
主谓宾从
freedom.
that guaranteed human rights are an undeniable prerequisite for freedom
连定主系定宾定
○ Teachers should have knowledge in professional pychology and pedagogy.
主谓宾定
Ⅱ.有限定性修饰语的用the,如：
○ The films containing much violence may mislead the children.
主定谓宾
○ The changes in the diet in China can be accounted for by several factors.
主定定谓状
Ⅲ.特指的，加the，如：
○The energetic private enterprises possess many advantages to our modernization.
定主谓宾状
（特指中国的私营企业）
○According to the diagrams，we get some data of flu epidemic which hit a large
主谓宾定定从
状
country town in 1995.
which hit a large country town in 1995
主谓定宾状
二、名词化的形容词作主语
名词化的形容词由the+形容词构成，作主语时其谓语可单、可复，视为整体时可用单数，视为若干个体时为复数，如：
○ The strong in life is decisive and brave enough to put his plan into action.
主定系表状（副词短语）
○ The weak in life often try hard to avoid pain and conflict.
主定状谓状宾
三、代词作主语
可以作主语的代词有：
1) 人称代词（主格）：we, I, they, you, he, she
人称代词作主语要注意以下二点：
①注意泛指
we, you 可以泛指一般人，they 泛指一些人，如：
○ We should keep calm if we are in danger.
主系表条件状语从句
if we are in danger
连主系表
○When crossing the street, you should be careful.
状从主系表
When (you are) crossing the street
谓宾
连主
②she 的特殊用法
she 可以指代国家、大地、月亮、船只等，如：
○ China means what she says.
宾从
主谓
what she
says
宾主谓
○ I love the land. She always remains in my heart.
主谓宾主状系表
2) 不定代词（指人）：nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, each, all, none,
neither, one
○ Hardly anyone is completely satisfied with their station in life.
状主谓状谓宾定
○ Everyone understands the importance of knowledge.
主谓宾定
○ Nobody can turn back the wheel of history.
主谓宾定
○ All of us believe that“he bites off more than he can chew.”
主定谓宾从
he bites off more than he can chew
主谓宾状从
he can chew
主助谓
译文：贪多嚼不烂
3）不定代词（指物）: nothing, everything, something, one, some, any, all, little, few,as
○ But everything in the world has two sides. Watching TV is no exception.
连主定谓宾主系表（no=not any）
○ All that glitters is not gold.
主定从
系状表
that glitters
主谓
4) 指示代词作主语，如this, that, these, those,it
○ Any physical theory is always provisional. In a sense that is only a hypothesis.
定主系状表状主系状表
○ It calls for tremendous efforts of several generations.
主谓定宾定
5) 疑问代词who 作主语
○ Do you know who has made the greatest contribution to the development of our 谓主谓
主谓定宾定
country?
你知道谁对我们国家的发展贡献最大吗？
6) 代词such
○ Such is human nature.
主系
表
四、数词作主语
○ 0 and 1 are used to represent binary number.
主谓状语
五、动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语，谓语是单数，如：
○ To see is to believe.
主系表
○To be content with little is true happiness.
主系定表
注意：不定式作主语时常用it 作形式主语，将真正的主语放在谓语之后，如：
○ It is essential to adopt effective measures to correct problems related to excessive 形主系表
真主定
deforestation.
注意：不定式的复合结构有两种：
1) for sb. to do 某人做某事怎么样，如：
○It is important for us to make good use of energy.
形主系表真主
○To understand the truth of the problem, it is important for us to take actions.
状形主系表真主
○ It is essential for us to try to decide whether television is a blessing or a curse.
形主系表真主
whether television is a blessing or a curse
连主系表 1 连表 2
2) of sb. to do, 如：
○ It is silly (foolish, stupid) of you to neglect English.
真正主语
形主系表
六、动名词作主语
动名词作主语时，谓语是单数，如：
○ Determining the root of inappropriate social behavior is just as important 主定系表
as rehabilitating criminal offenders.
状从
just as rehabilitating criminal offenders (is important)
连主系表
○Opening its gate to the world is a good idea for a country, because it can take in 主系表状原因状从
splendid cultures and spread its own.
because it can take in splendid cultures and spread its own
连主谓 1 宾 1
谓 2 宾2
连
注意：动名词前面可以用the 或形容词修饰，如：
○Under the guidance of the law, I think, the advertising will play a better role in the 状插入语主谓宾状future.
○of forest reduces the supply of oxygen.
主定谓宾定
注意：动名词作主语时也常用it 作形式主语，将真正的主语置于谓语之后，如：
○ It is no good telling a lie.
形主系表真主
○ It is no use crying in such a circumstance.
形主系表真主
注意：动名词作主语时，该动作发生在谓语之前要用完成式，如：
○ Having passed CET-6 only shows that you master the basic skills in listening, speaking,
状谓宾从
主
reading and writing.
that you master the basic skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing
连主谓定宾定
注意：动名词复合结构作主语
A. 形容词性的物主代词充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：
○Our coming into the world is recorded with pen and ink.
主谓状
(由形容词性的物主代词充当coming 的逻辑主语)
B. 宾格代词充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：
○ I remember him coming here to look for a job a few days ago.
主谓宾状状
C. 名词充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：
○I am afraid of the contacts with foreigncountries being cut off.
主系表
D. 由名词所有格充当动名词的逻辑主语，如：
○ I can't imagine Iraq's becoming peaceful in a short time.
主谓宾
七、名词化的现在分词、过去分词作主语
1）名词化的现在分词作主语，如：
○ The living thought that they were lucky.
主谓宾从
that they were lucky
连主系表
2）名词化的过去分词作主语，如：
○ The aged will eventually find out the destination of their life voyage.
主谓状谓宾定
八、短语作主语
○With the growing human population, the world's wildlife extinction has become another
主系
状
important issue.
表
○The senior middle school graduates have to take competitive exams before they enter 主谓定宾状从college.
before they enter college
连主谓宾
九、句子作主语
○Whether money can bring happiness or not depends on how one earns and spends it.
主从谓宾语从句
Whether money can bring happiness or not
连主谓宾连
Whether or not
how one earns and spends it
连主谓 1 连谓 2 宾
○ “All the world is a stage”is a well-known line from Shakespeare's comedy “as You
系定表定
主
Like It”.
All the world is a stage
主系表
注意：句子作主语时如果是“主-系-表”结构的可以用it 作形式主语，将主句放在表语
的后面，如：
○ It is obvious that public transport is more important than private transport.
主系表主从
that public transport is more important than private transport
连主系表状从
○ It is true that money plays an important role in the commercial world today.
主系表真正主语
that money plays an important role in the commercial world today
连主谓定宾状
注意：as 作为代词可以指代后面的句子作主语，在这种情况下，要用逗号把代替的句
子分开。如：
○As is known to all, we now have two-day weekend, which means we have one more day for 定从主状谓宾定从
we have one more day for a rest after a week's work and study
主谓定宾状状
○As is shown in the graph, car accidents in Qingdao fell to 25 by the beginning of 定从主定谓宾状
June.
As is shown in the graph
主谓状
第二节谓语
一个句子的核心是主谓，谓语是对主语的陈述。对于谓语我们要把握以下七个方面：一、
时态；二、语态；三、倒装；四、强调；五、情态动词；六、语气。
一、时态
英语时态虽然有16 种之多，但需要灵活运用的只有5 个：
1. 一般现在时
一般现在时用于以下三个方面。
①一般现在时用于表达“总是”“经常”“通常”“常常”“往往”“有时”“偶尔”“每天（早
晨、上午、下午、晚上）”“很少”等经常发生的动作或习惯动作，如：
○In my daily life, I always want things to be done quickly, however the results 状主状谓宾补连主
tend to turn out just the opposite of what I wish.
谓宾定
what I wish
连主谓
○ We often hear people exclaim, “What a small world！”
主状谓宾宾补
What a small world (it is )
感叹词定表主系
○Even if he is a wise man, he will occasionally make mistakes.
状谓宾
主谓
Even if he is a wise
man
连主系定表
②表述真理或客观事实，如：
○The knowledge economy is a system based on the production, storage, distribution and 主系表定
consumption of knowledge.
○ Internet plays a vital role in politics, military, economy, medicine and other walks of 主谓定宾状
modern life.
③人或事物目前的特征或状态，如：
○ Now, many people advocate higher salaries for teachers.
主谓宾定
状
2. 过去时
在下面的三种情况下要用过去时态：
①句中有明显的过去时态标志词，如：在年（月、周、日）前（...ago），在过去的某个时
间点以前（before）,在过去某个时间点之后（after...），在去（年）、上（周）、昨天（晚上）（last...），在历史上（in history）, 在古时（during ancient times），有when 引导的过去时态的从句中及主句中，如：
○ It has been estimated that a thousand years ago, there were about 400 million people on 谓主语从句
主
Earth.
that a thousand years ago, there were about 400 million people
on Earth
连状谓定主状
○ Years ago some experts warned us that the improved standard of living may lead to a 状主谓宾宾从
decline in the moral standard.
that the improved standard of living may lead to a decline in the moral standard
连定主定谓宾定
②描述古人或逝去的人的行为、特征或状态，如：
○ Helen Keller was awarded the President's Medal of Freedom for her great achievement.
主谓宾定状
③叙述往事，如：
○ I used to be very radical and thought one could not be successful in career 主系表连谓主谓 1 状
and, at the same time, have a happy family life.
连状谓 2 宾 2
○ A recent survey showed that 43 percent of respondents ranked getting rich as their top 定主谓宾语从句
priority, compared to 1 percent only a few years ago.
that 43 percent of respondents ranked getting rich as their top priority, compared
连主定谓宾补状
to 1 percent only a few years ago
3. 进行时
进行时是描述正在发生的行为动作，在下面几种情况下要用进行时：
①描述“正在”“在”“…着”的行为动作，如：
○ The greenhouse effect is gradually warming the earth's atmosphere.
主谓宾
○The United Nations is endeavoring to establish peace.
主谓宾
②描述“越来越”的动作，如：
○With the two-day weekend policy adopted, our life is becoming more and more
状主谓状
colorful.
表
○ Today the role reversal between man and woman is becoming increasingly
主定系表
状
commonplace.
③有明显的进行时态标志词now, today, at present, at the moment, nowadays
○With a domestic market of 1.2 billion consumers, China is now becoming a huge
主系状系定
状
magnet for more foreign business
corporations.
表状
○ At present, quite a number of students are cheating in colleges.
定主谓状
状
4. 将来时
将来时是描述未来发生的动作。当句中含有中文“将”“会”字或句中有明显的将来
时态标志词：将（future）, 迟早（sooner or later），明天（tomorrow），不久（soon）, 之后
（https://www.doczj.com/doc/443249564.html,ter）, 在…之后（after...），下（周、年）（next...），如：
○I will get rid of the entanglement of fate and accept the joys and sorrows in life.
主谓 1 宾 1 定 1 连谓 2 宾2 定
○Learning from books will lay a solid foundation in our future time.
主
谓宾状
5. 完成时
完成时态是翻译、写作中常用的时态。要表达我们中文中的“已经”“…了”“还没…”
“自从”“到目前为止”“至今”“近来”“近几…来”“在…以前已经…”“一直”等概念都要
使用完成时态，常用的时态标志词有：already, yet, since, for, so far, all..., till/until now/today, up
to now, recently, in/during/over the past/last few days, in the recent years, by the end of...
①中文句中含着“已经” 这一表示动作完成的时态标志词，但在英文句中只用动词的完成
式即可表示出来，如：
○ Computers have become our faithful friends and companions because they can help
系定表原因状从
主
us so much.
because they can help us so much
连主谓宾状
○ TV has undoubtedly changed the way of our entertainment,our leisure, and our life.
主谓状谓宾定
②完成时与完成进行时态的区别
二者的区别有四点：
Ⅰ.强调动作完成了用现在完成时，动作尚未完成用完成进行时：
○In the past ten years, the college students who do social investigation during summer 状定主定从
vocation have increased a lot .
谓状
（该句强调在过去的十年中搞社会调查的学生人数增长了许多，是指到目前为止的情况
并未涉及到未来，所以要用现在完成时态。）
who do social investigation during summer vocation
主谓宾状
○ Mid-Autumn is still a fortnight away, but many shops have already been 主系状表连定主谓
selling moon cakes.
宾
（既然出售月饼的动作发生在中秋节两周之前，现在离此节还有两周的时间，显然还要
继续销售下去，所以要用现在完成进行时。）
Ⅱ.强调动作的重复性只能用现在完成时；强调动作的持续性，用现在完成时或现在完
成进行时都行：○ Three traffic accidents have occurred in front of our school gate this morning.（该句是重复动作，只能用现在完成时态。）
The number of wild species has been proportionately decreasing while the 主定谓状谓
population of the world are increasing dramatically.
时间状从
(该句是持续性动作，所以用了完成进行时态。)
while the population of the world are increasing dramatically
连主定谓状
Ⅲ.有标志词all 修饰的用现在完成进行时：
○ It has been raining all the week.（该句有进行时态的标志词all。）
主谓状
Ⅳ.在but... not... yet 句型中主句用现在完成进行时：
○ I have been learning for three years in France but I haven't got my master
主谓状状连主谓宾
degree yet.
状
二、语态
主动语态是大家较为熟悉的，这里主要讲被动语态。英语和汉语在语态上的不同在于“英
语多被动，汉语多主动。”对于阅读而言，要习惯于读被动句；对于写作，要善于写被动句
才会有英语味。
1. 被动语态的各种时态
被动语态的常用时态有：
①一般现在时的被动语态
○ Man is always faced with many problems which threaten man's existence on Earth.
主谓状谓宾定从
which threaten man's existence on Earth
主谓宾定
②过去时的被动语态
○When Henry Ford first sought financial backing for making cars, the very notion of
状从定主
farmers and clerk owing automobiles was considered ridiculous.
谓主补
定
③将来时的被动语态
○ I am sure our life will be further improved.
主谓宾从
our life will be further improved
主谓状谓
④进行时的被动语态
○ Atomic energy is being used in industry, aviation and many other fields in China.
主
谓状状
⑤完成时的被动语态
○The rapid emerging sexual revolution has been accompanied by many disturbing trends.
谓状
主
2. 被动语态的不同结构
被动语态后面有以下几种结构：
①有固定的介词与之搭配，如：
○ In China, young children are traditionally looked after by their mothers.
状主谓状谓状
○ Shakespeare's dramas are recognized as the greatest in English literature.
主谓补状
○ Presents are often given as a signof contributions.
主谓状谓状
②后面接动词不定式，如：
○ The rights of the individual are considered to be the most important in a free society.
主定谓补状
○Newspapers in Britain are said to be neither very conservative nor very radical.
主系表
注意：如果不定式的动作发生在主动词之前，不定式要用完成式，如：
○ He is reported to have invented over ten new techniques.
主（复合谓语）宾
○ He is said to have gone abroad to seek a highly-paid job.
主（复合谓语）
○ The lovely rabbit is said to have had a race with a tortoise.
定主复合谓语宾状
③后面接名词或形容词作补语，如：
○ China is considered a great country.
主谓主补
○ This plan is thought practical.
主谓补
○When you shoot a film, it must be considered both interesting and constructive.
状从主谓补
When you shoot a film
连主谓
宾
④与by 连用，如：
○ Jefferson drafted The Declaration of Independence, which was adopted by the Congress 主谓宾定从
on July 4, 1776.
which was adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776
主 谓 状
○ The air in the city is often polluted by poisonous gases emitted by the smokestacks of
主 factories.
定 谓 状 定
⑤ 句子作主语用 it 作形式主语，如：
○ It has been calculated that the population of the world has reached more than 5 billions.
主 谓 主语从句
that the population of the world has reached more than 5 billions
连 主 定 谓 宾
○ It is heavily acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer
形主 谓 状 flooding. 谓 主从
that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding
连 定 主 谓 宾
⑥ 由情态动词(can, should, might, must 等)构成的被动语态，如：
○ Health is the most valuable things in the world and can never be bought
主 系 with money.
状
定 主 表 状 连 谓 状 谓
○ Poverty can not be reduced by merely complaining and blaming others.
主 三、倒装
谓 状
将谓语的部分（情态动词和助动词）或全部移至主语前面称为倒装，倒装的产生是因以
下三方面：
1. 出于结构的需要
① there 引导的句子，如：
○ With population explosion and growing industry, there appears a very serious
状 problem of fresh water shortage.
主 定
② so, neither, nor 开头的句子，如：
状 谓 定
○ So quickly are science and technology advancing that what is impossible today may
状 谓 主 谓 状从
○ I haven't watched a film of this kind, neither (nor) do I intend to watch it.
主 谓 宾 定 状 助 主 谓 宾
③ 一些修饰语过长的句子
有些本来不必倒装的句子，由于主语太长（往往带有很长的后置定语，如形容词短语、
介词短语，尤其是定语从句），谓语又很短，常用倒装语序以保持句子结构的平衡。这种句
子多半为被动语态。如：
○To this list may be added a few newly-developed alloys suitable for this purpose.
状谓主定
（本句的主语“合金”前后均有形容词短语修饰，显得特别长，而谓语may be added
又很短，为了保持该句结构的平衡，故采用了倒装语序。）
○In this design are involved a number of problems which should be solved first.
状谓主定从
which should be solved first
主谓状
（该句主语problems 前有量词，后有很长的定语从句修饰，谓语are involved in 又很短，
所以也采用了倒装语序。）
④某些让步状语从句
Ⅰ.由as 引导的让步状语从句
由as 引导的让步状语从句（as 表“尽管”）的倒装有三种形式：
A. 表语提前，如：
○Poor as he is, he has lofty aspirations.
状从主谓定宾
Poor as he is
表连主系
○Rich as a high-ranking official is, who is busy seeking power and fortune, he may not 状从定从主系
be as happy as a poor pleasant in the fields.
表状从状
Rich as a high-ranking official is
表连主系
who is busy seeking power and fortune
主系表
B. 主动词提前，如：
○Try as he would, he didn't succeed.
让状语主谓
Try as he would
谓连主谓
C. 副词提前，如：
○Fast as he ran, he lagged behind.
状从主谓状
Fast as he ran
状连主谓
○Much as I tried, I failed to pass the English Test Band
状从主谓宾
Much as I tried
状连主谓
Ⅱ. though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装，如：
○Late though it was, they continued the experiment.
状从主谓宾
Late though it was
表连主系
Ⅲ. however 引导的让步状语从句的倒装，如：
○However great the difficulty may be, we won't lose heart. （however= no matter how）状从主谓宾
However great the difficulty may be
连表主系
Ⅳ. whatever 引导的让步状语从句的倒装，如：
○Whatever it is you've found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to.
状从
主谓 1 宾 1 谓 2 宾2 宾从(whatever=no matter what)
it belongs to
主谓
Whatever it is you've
found
连主系定从
you have found
主谓
Ⅴ. no matter how 引导的让步状语从句的倒装，如：
○No matter how long it is, I'll stick it out.
状从主谓宾状
No matter how long it is
连表主系
○No matter how difficult the situation was, he was firm and steadfast.
状从主系表
No matter how difficult the situation was
连表主系
Ⅵ. 比较状语的复合句中要倒装，如：
○ The higher the temperature of the air (is), the more water vapour (is).
表主定系表主系
○ The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
状主谓定宾主谓
⑤宾补结构中，宾语太长而补语过短的句子
在宾补结构中，如果宾语有介词短语或定语从句修饰显得特长而补语是一个形容词，往
往采用倒装语序，把补语放在宾语前面，如：
○ Two brilliant ideas made possible the mass production of penicillin
定主谓宾补宾
.（该句中补语possible 放在了宾语the mass production of penicillin 之前，用倒装语序。）
○ Astronomers no longer regard as fanciful the idea that they may one day pick up 主状谓宾补宾
signals which have been sent by intelligent beings on other world.
同位语从句
(该句中as fanciful 是the idea 的补语。the idea 作为宾语由于有that 引导的同位语修饰而同位语中的宾语signals 又有which 引导的定语从句修饰，故整个宾语特长，补语只有倒装放在宾语之前，句子结构才清楚。英语中这类句子很多，希望同学们好好学习。
这样做既可提高自己的阅读能力、翻译能力，也可提高写作能力。)
that they may one day pick up signals which have been sent by intelligent beings
谓宾宾从
连主谓状
on other world
which have been sent by intelligent beings on other world
主
谓状定
2. 为了强调
①以only 开头的句子(写作必用)，如：
○Only by adopting these measures can we reduce the fake commodities.
状谓主谓宾
○Only when money is gained by means of honest labor and used for the benefit of not only
时间状语从句
oneself but also his people and country can it bring a person real happiness.
主谓间宾直宾
Only when money is gained by means of honest labor and used for the benefit of 连主谓 1
谓 2
状
not onlyoneself but also his people and country
状
②以介词短语开头的句子，如：
○From the very curiosity and thirst for knowledge rose religion, philosophy and branches
状谓主
of the natural science.
○With the acceleration of industrial growth came cute urban crowding and
伴随状语谓定定主1 连accompanying stress.
定主 2
③以never, hardly, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom, not only, not until, at no time, in no way, in no case, by no means, at hardly any place, no longer, in vain, under no circumstances 等有否定含
义的副词或短语开头的句子要倒装。要注意倒装后，助动词提前，主动词要作相应变化，如：
○Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident than now.
状助主系表状
3. 为了生动
以副词here, there, now, then, thus, down, up, in, out, away, well 等开头的句子，如：
○ Now comes your turn!
状谓主
○ Then came a new difficulty.
状谓主
四、强调
强调句就是通过某种手段来突出句子中某一成分，如主、谓、宾或表语、状语，从而达到一种特殊的语言效果。强调是说话、翻译和写作常用的手段。强调的手段有：语音手段、词汇手段和语法手段。语音手段留给口语课去讲，我们重点讲后两种手段。
1. 词汇手段
常见的加强词有very, right, much, only, even, any, enough, at all, a lot, by far 等，如：
○ This is the very book I am looking for.
主系表定语从句
I am looking for
主谓
○I didn't know it at all.
主谓宾状
2. 语法手段
①强调谓语，如：
○ Studies indicate that alcohol does offer some health benefits when consumed in 主谓宾语从句
moderation.
that alcohol does offer some health benefits when consumed in moderation
连主谓宾
when （it is）consumed in moderation
连主谓状
○ We do, in fact, have a long way to go to reach our final goal.
主谓插入语谓定宾定目的状语
②强调其他句子成分
强调其他句子成分用固定句型It is/was...that/who...
○It was not money that lured the adolescent husbandman to the cities, but the gay life.（强调主语）
not money but the gay life lured the adolescent husbandman to the cities.
主谓宾状
○It is a spaceman that he wants to become in the near future.（强调表语）he wants to become a spaceman in the near future
主谓宾
五、情态动词
关于情态动词，我要强调的是在写作中主动地使用这些词。
1. should, ought 应该
○ Everyone ought to bear the saying in mind “Every man is the master of his own fate.”
主谓宾状同位从
Every man is the master of his own fate
主系表定
○ Powerful nations should not attempt to control the weaker ones.
主谓宾
2. can, could 能，能够，可能，可以
初中英语语法之一名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness 等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（mCountable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：||专有名词 || | 名| | 个体名词 | | || || 可数名词| || | 集体名词 || ||普通名词 || | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | || || 不可数名词| || | 抽象名词 || 1.1 名词复数的规则变化 ___________________________________________________ 情况构成方法读音例词 _________________________________________________ _ 一般情况加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/;bag-bags car-cars __________________________________________________ _ 以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches ______________________________________________ __ __ 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses __________________________________________________ _ 以辅音字母+y变y 为i 结尾的词再加es读 /z/baby---babies 1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves； c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
中考英语语法讲解资料及练习目录 第1讲：名词...................................................................................................1-3 第2讲：代词....................................................................................................3-5 第3讲：形容词.................................................................................................5-7 第4讲：副词....................................................................................................7-10 第5讲：动词..................................................................................................10-12 第6讲：不定式..............................................................................................12-13 第7讲介词....................................................................................................13-17 第8讲：连词..................................................................................................17-21 第9讲：时态(一) (22) 第10讲：时态(二).......................................................................................22-28 第11讲：被动语态........................................................................................28-30 第12讲：句子种类（一） (30) 第13讲：句子种类（二）............................................................................30-32 第14讲：宾语从句........................................................................................32-33 第15讲：状语从句........................................................................................33-35 第16讲：就近原则........................................................................................35-36
David
一名词的分类： 1.名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 二，名词变复数： 2 名词复数的不规则变化1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：由一个词加man 或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如： "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。 5. 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。例如： sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系2）man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 例如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如： goods train （货车）arms produce武器生产customs papers 海关文件clothes brush 衣刷4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划
北京学位英语试题精讲：名词性从句 1._____ you don’t know the rule won’t be a sufficient excuse for your failure. A. It is B. That C. Because D. What 【答案】B此题考查的是that引导的主语从句。这句话的意思是：你不知道规则，这不是解释你失利的充分理由。其他选项都不能引导。 2.___ was unimportant. A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner 【答案】A。本句为主语从句，意思是“他是否喜欢我们的饭不重要。”只有A最符合题意。 3.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good. A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does 【答案】D。每天游泳对我们有好处。从句作主语谓语动词用单数。 4. It is pretty well understood _______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. A. that B. when C. what D. how 【答案】C。什么控制着二氧化碳的在大气中的进入和输出。 5. ________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. A. No matter what B. No matter which C: 'Whatever D. Whichever 【答案】D。不论哪一队赢。 6. As soon as he comes back, I'll tell him when ________ and see him. A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come 【答案】A.他一回来我就告诉他你什么时候来看他。 7. John has a new car. I wonder__________ it. A. he got B. when did he get C. why he is getting D. when he got 【答案】D.约翰买了一辆新车，我想知道他什么时候买的。 8. We don’t know how ____in the park. A. the little boy got lost B. did the little boy get lost C. was the little boy lost D. tin- little boy lost 【答案】A.我们不知道这个小孩在公园里迷路了。 9. I can't remember __to come here and get my bad teeth fixed. A. I have how many times B. how many times have I C. how many times will I have D. how many times I have 【答案】D.我都记不清多少次来这里安牙了。 10. ——Is that your watch? ——No, I can't tell _____.
初中英语语法时态精讲版 Prepared on 24 November 2020
初中英语动词时态精讲 一般现在时 一、动词的第三人称词尾变化： 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需加-s或-es： 注意：动词have的第三人称单数是has. 二. 一般现在时的用法 1）表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有： always、often、 usually、seldom、never。频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。 例如: He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。 I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）表示现在的状态。 例如：My father is at is very busy. 我父亲在工作，他很忙。 The boy is twelve. 这男孩十二岁。 3）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。 例如：All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不 错，讲的可不行。
4)表示客观真理，客观存在，自然现象。 例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 5）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。 例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。 6）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。 If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 一般过去时 1）表示过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last week, an hour ago,just now, the other day, in 1982等连用。在一般过去式中，要表达“过多少时间之后”，一般用after。几年后。例如：Where did you go just now 刚才你上哪儿去了
2012年中考英语考点1名词 (一) 知识概要 名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall，America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,class，team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper…它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。 名词一览表 种类 专有名词 London, John, the Communist Party of China 普通名词类名词nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词class, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand 抽象名词happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用 主语My family is now in New York. 表语His father is a scientist. 宾语We love our great motherland. 宾语补足语He made London the base for his work. 定语The girls are making paper flowesrs. 状语The car cost him 1000 dollars. 同位语Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here. 名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词，所以它具有单数形式
初中英语语法-----主谓一致---(附练习题和答案)
初中英语语法精讲精练：主谓一致 主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。表现在三个方面：语法 一致；意义一致；就近一致（就近原则）。 一、语法一致(意义一致)：主语复数---- 谓语复数；主语单数----- 谓语单数 1、主语复数的情况---- 谓复 ⑴people, police, staff, crowd, sheep, cattle等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。 The police are waiting for the boy. The staff are dressed as clowns. ⑵由both…and…连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式； Both his father and his mother are both teachers. 他的爸爸和妈妈都是 老师。 ⑶“定冠词+姓氏复数形式”表示一家人时，谓语一般用复数。 The Smiths are having dinner. ⑷the ＋a. 表一类人，做主语，谓语用复数；但表示抽象概念时，用单数形式： The poor aren’t always very sad, while the rich aren’t always happy. The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。 2、主语单数的情况----- 谓单 ⑴单数名词(代词)，不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数形式： Some water is in the bottle. The boy is playing football on the playground. ⑵many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式： Many a student has been to Shanghai.
北京学位英语试题精讲：倒装 1. Not until I came to China ___ what kind of a country she is. A. I knew B. I didn’t know C. I did know D. did I know 【答案】D本题考查的是倒装强调句的用法。以not until开头的句子，结构为“助动词+主语+动词原形”。直到我来到中国才知道中国是一个什么样的国家。 2. No sooner ____ got to the station than it began to rain heavily. A. had I B. have I C. I had D. I have 【答案】A 本句考察no sooner…than…句型。no sooner 引导的句子要部分倒装；而no sooner 后接的事件比than后的事件要更早发生，属于过去的过去，所以用过去完成时。综上，选A 3. _____ the first to use nuclear weapons. A. At no time China will be B. Never China will be C. Will China never be D. At no time will China be 【答案】D考查倒装句的应用。以否定词开头的倒装句基本结构：否定词+情态动词/助动词+主语+表语/动宾结构。部分倒装仅仅将系动词、助动词或情态动词提前，而完全倒装则将谓语动词全部提前。 4. ____ the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. A. Little they realize B. They little do realize C. Little realize do they D. Little do they realize 【答案】D 本题考察的是倒装句式。含有否定意义的副词,如hardly, never, not, nor, neither, not only, little, seldom, scarcel, nowhere等位于句首时,句子用部分倒装的形式.提前助动词,情态动词,或be动词. 句意是“坐车时他们很少意识到系安全带的重要性.” 5. Not once ___ your sentence correctly. A. you have copied B. did you have copied C. have you copied D. have you been copied 【答案】C 表示否定的词语（如：not ,seldom, never等）放在句首时，句子采用倒装形式，故A项排除；copy的逻辑宾语时后面的sentence, 不是前面的句子主语you，故不用被动形式，D项排除，B项表达方式错误 6. Nowhere else in the world ___ more attractive scenery than is Switzerland. A. you can find B. is found C. can you find D. has been found 【答案】C。否定词nowhere放在句首，句子倒装：否定词＋助动词（be动词）+主语。常放在句首的否定词有：nowhere （没有地方），never（从不），hardly, scarcely（几乎不），little （几乎没有）等。Barely does he have enough money to live on.他几乎没有足够的钱为生。Little did I think that I would lose the game.我根本没有想到我会输掉这场比赛。 7. No sooner had they got the goods covered up ___ it started raining hard. A. when B. than C. then D. after 【答案】B。no sooner…..than…一…就…；hardly…when…一…;就…；scarcely…when…一…就…。No sooner had I lain down than the telephone rang.我刚躺下，电话铃就响了。Scarcely had
2017中考英语语法精讲：主谓一致 【教学目标】 熟练掌握语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近原则。 【教学内容】 语法一致原则 主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式时，谓语动词也采用单数形式； 主语是复数形式时，谓语动词也采用复数形式。 1．当and或both... and...连接表示不同概念的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Tom and Mike are good friends．汤姆和迈克是好朋友。 Both Lucy and Lily are students．露西和莉莉都是学生。 2．不定代词either，neither，each one，the other，another，anybody, anyone, anything, someone, somebody, som ething, everyone,everybody，everything，nobody，no one，nothing 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Is there anything wrong with your bike? 你的自行车有什么毛病吗？ Everyone is ready for the sports meeting. 大家都为运动会做好了准备。 3．由each...and each...，ever．..and every...作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Each boy and( each) girl was given a new book. 给了每一个男孩和每一个女孩一本新书。 4．主语后接由with，along with，together with，as well as，rather than，including，besides，like，except' but等词或短语连接的名词时，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如： Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing. 格林先生将和他的夫人及两个女儿一块儿来北京。 5．“a number of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of+名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： A number of trees are cut down．许多树木被砍倒了。 The number of students in our class is 32.
初中英语语法知识精讲精练：连词 连词 (一) 知识概要 连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise…再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。从 属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句， 常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：if, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where…它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。
连词用法一览表 种类功用例句 并列连词连接具有并列关系的词 He knows neither English nor French. 短语 Are you going by bus or on foot? 分句 Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming. 从属连词引导：状语从句 I'll do it as you told me. You will be late unless you hurry. 连接代词和连接副词主语从句 What he said proved true. When we'll start has not been decided yet. 表语从句 This is why he didn't come yesterday. That is where he lives. 宾语从句 The man asked me which I liked best. I can't understand why she is so late.
学位英语试题精讲：反意疑问句 1. The little boy dare not go to church, ______ A. dare he B. daren't he C. does he D. doesn't he 【答案】A 小男孩不敢去教堂，是吗？dare在这里是情态动词。 2. I wish to shake hands with you, ______ A. shall I B. may I C. do I D. will I 【答案】B 我想和你握手，可以吗？ 3. He ought to go to Kwangchow by plane, ______ A. should he B. shouldn't he C. would he D. wouldn't he 【答案】B 他应该乘飞机去Kwangchow，是吧？ 4. They must have stayed at hotel last night, ______ A. mustn't they B. haven't they C. didn't they D. hadn't they 【答案】C 他们昨晚一定是呆在宾馆里了，是吧？ 5. We never dared to ask him a question, ______ A. did we B. didn't we C. dared we D. daren't we 【答案】A 我们从不敢问他问题，是吧？ 6. Don't forget to post the letter for me, ? A. do you B. will you C. are you D. can you 【答案】B 凡是do not 引领得祈使句，反意疑问句用will you 来反问 7. Please let us have more time, ___. A. shall we B. will you C. won’t D. Don’t you 【答案】B 本题考查的是反意疑问句的用法。以let us开头的祈使句，反意疑问用will you。再给我们一些时间，好吗？ 8. Let’s start working on the project, _____? A. shall we B. will we C. don’t we D. aren’t we 【答案】A 前面的句子用let’s后面就用shall we,反意疑问句的特例，需记住。 9. Let John finish the work all by himself,___________? A. shall we B. will you C. do you D. do we
2017中考英语语法精讲：代词 【教学目标】 1.掌握代词的分类情况。 2.掌握各类代词的用法。 【教学内容】 代词的分类 代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。以及代词it 的特殊用法。 一、人称代词 表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。 1．人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表： 2．人称代词的用法 1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。 说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如： When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语） a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？ b. -- Me. --我。（me做主语补语= It's me.） 说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。 3．人称代词排列顺序一般如下： 1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为： 第二人称 > 第三人称 > 第一人称 you > he/she/it > I 例如：You, he and I should return on time. 2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为： 第一人称 > 第二人称 > 第三人称 we > you > They 注意：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。 a. 在承认错误，承担责任时， It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。 b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称，如：I and you try to finish it. c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时， d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。 二、物主代词 1．表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人词和数的变化见下表：
初中英语语法知识精讲精练：动词 (一) 知识概要 动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。①时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来时与过去将来时六种时态。②语态：主动语态与被动语态。③助动词和情态动词。④非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。 一般现在时：主要有以下三方面，①用来表示状态，特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物质有三态。又如：The earth moves around the sun②表示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9 ③在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作，如：As soon as I get there I'll telephone you. 一般过去时：①主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，如：I was ill last week. ②过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，如I used to get up at six. 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，其构成方式①用ｗill (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生，或经常、将要发生的动作或状态，如：School will begin on September 1st ②用be going to+动词原形，用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如：I'm going to swim this afternoon ③be+现在分词，也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如：I'm coming。这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等动词。④在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态，情感的某些词没有现在进行时，这些动词有：like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect… 过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作，如：He told me he would come to my party. 现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是： ①用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：I've studied English for two years.
湖南成人教育学位英语【语法】重点详细解析（一） 时态语态情态动词虚拟语气非谓语动词 一、时态： 我们需要特别注意以下几种情况和句型结构： 1.一般现在时可以代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句中。例如： 1)Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _____ it. A. finish B. are finished C. have finished D. are finishing 答案A。 2)Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _____. A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come 答案D。 2.在“This is the first time…”结构中，后面的从句用现在完成时。 句子开头也可以用it代替this 例：This is the first time that I have met Jane. 3.在“It/This is +形容词最高级+名词后面的从句中，用现在完成时。” 例：This is one of the best books _____ on the subject. A. that have ever been written B. which have ever been written C. that has ever been written D. whatever have been written 答案为A。 4.在“It is/has been＋时间段＋since…后边用过去时。” 例：It has been twenty years since I left my hometown. 5.在“no sooner…than”和“hardly…when…”结构中，主句部分用过去完成时，从句部分用过去时。例如： 1)I had no sooner returned than he called.