It is well-known that the automobile is composed of four sections such as engine, chassis, body and electrical system.
众所周知，汽车都由发动机、底盘、车身以及电气系统四部分组成。The engine which is called the "heart" of a vehicle is used to supply power for an automobile. It includes the fuel, lubricating, cooling, ignition and starting systems. Generally, an automobile is operated by internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion or "explosion" into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.
发动机是汽车的心脏，向汽车提供动力。它包含有燃料系统、润滑系统、冷却系统、点火系统和起动系统。汽车一般采用内燃发动机。内燃发动机在汽缸里燃烧燃料将内燃所产生的膨胀力转变成旋转力，用以推动车辆前进。
The chassis is a framework used to assemble auto components on it. The chassis itself is divided into four systems like transmission system, suspension system, steering system and brake system. 底盘是一个用以总装汽车部件的框架。底盘本身可以分成四个系统，即传动系统、悬架系统、转向系统和制动系统。The transmission system applies to the components needed to transfer the drive from the engine to the road wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, drive shaft, final drive and differential. 传动系统运用所需部件将发动机产生的动力传递到车轮。它的主要部件有离合器、变速器、传动轴、后桥和差速器。The primary purpose of the suspension system is to
increase strength and durability of components and to meet customers' requirements for riding comfort and driving safety. In automobile suspension, the major component is springs. The springs used on today's vehicles are engineered in a wide variety of types, sizes, rates and capacities. Spring types include leaf springs, coil springs and torsion bars. Springs are paired off on vehicles in various combinations, and are attached to vehicle by different mounting techniques. 悬架系统的主要目的是提高零部件的强度和寿命，并满足顾客对车辆乘坐舒适性和驾驶安全性的需求。汽车悬架上的主要部件是弹簧。在当今车辆上使用的弹簧被设计制造成许多不同的型号、大小、标准及负载。弹簧类型包括钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧和扭力弹簧。弹簧以各种组合形式在车辆上配套使用，并用不同的装配技术将弹簧装在车辆上。The function of the steering system is to provide the driver with a means for controlling the direction of the vehicle as it
moves. The steering system consists of steering wheel, steering shaft, worm, gear sector, pitman arm, drag link, steering knuckle arm, king pin, steering arms, tie rod, front axle and steering knuckle. They enable the car to change the direction by means of turning and moving forth and back. 转向系统的用途是在驾驶员的操纵下控制汽车行驶的方向。转向系统包括转向盘、转向轴、蜗杆、扇形齿轮、转向摇臂、直拉杆、转向节臂、主销、转向臂、转向横拉杆、前轴和转向节。这些零部件前后移动或转动，可以使汽车改变运动方向。The automobile brake system is a friction device to change power into heat. When the brakes are applied, they convert the power of momentum of the
moving vehicle {kinetic energy) into heat by means of friction, thus retarding the motion of the vehicle. Structurally, an automotive brake system contains these major parts like brake drum, brake shoe, brake lining, etc. Functionally, an automotive brake system can be divided into wheel brake mechanism and parking brake mechanism. 汽车制动系统是一种将动力转变为热量的摩擦装置。当使用制动器时，制动器通过摩擦将行驶车辆的动量力转变成热量，从而使车辆运动停滞。从结构上讲，汽车制动系含有几个主要部件，如制动鼓、制动蹄片、制动器摩擦衬片等。从功能上讲，汽车制动系可分为行车制动机构和停车制动机构。The automobile body serves the obvious purpose of providing shelter, comfort and protection for the occupants. The body is generally classified into four sections: the front, the rear, the top and the underbody. These sections can further fall into a lot of assemblies and parts, such as the hood, the fenders, the roof panels, the door, the instrument panel, the bumpers and the luggage compartment. 车身的基本功能就是向乘员提供保护，使其乘坐舒适并保证安全。车身一般分为四个部分:车前部、车后部、车顶部和车下部。这些部分可以进一步分为许多的分总成和部件，如发动机盖板、挡泥板、车身顶板、车门、仪表板、汽车保险杠和行李箱。The electric system supplies lighting and driving power for the automobile. It cranks me engine for starting. It supplies the high-voltage surges that ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers. The electric system includes the battery, generator, starting system, ignition system, lighting system, horn system, radio and other devices. 电气系统向汽车提供照明
与驱动电力。它能起动发动机、提供高压电脉冲点燃燃烧室中空气和燃油的高压混合气等。电气系统包括电池、发电机、起动系统、点火系统、照明系统、喇叭、收音机以及其他装置。
The auto description above seems to conclude that though automobiles are quite different in design, they are basically similar in structure. 综上所述，尽管汽车的设计变化很大，然而汽车的构造基本上是一样的。
Text Four-stage-engine Operation There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines and internal combustion engines. But, the internal combustion engine seems to be the one most commonly used in the automotive field. According to the fuel energy used, internal combustion engines are further divided into gasoline engines, kerosene engines, diesel engines, etc. 四行程发动机工作过程发动机有各种各样的类型，如电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机。但是，在汽车领域里内燃机似乎是
用得最为普遍的发动机。根据所用燃料，内燃机还可分为汽油机、煤油机、柴油机等。The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. The actions taking place in the engine cylinder can be classified into four stages, or strokes. "Stroke" refers to piston movement; a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC (top dead center) .The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead
center). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes its direction of motion. 顾名思义，内燃发动机是在汽缸里燃烧燃料，将内燃的膨胀力转变成推动汽车前进的旋转力。发动机汽缸内的工作过程可以分为四个过程或行程。(冲程)行程是指活塞的运动，即活塞从某一限定位置到另一限定位置的运动。活塞运动的上限称为TDC(上止点)，下限称为BDC(下止点)。一个行程就是活塞从上止点到下止点，或从下止点到上止点的运动。换句话说，活塞每完成一个行程，就改变一次其运动的方向。Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (or two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke-cycle engine. The four-stroke-cycle engine is also called the Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto , who first applied the principle in 1876. The four piston strokes are intake, compression, power and exhaust. Intake stroke. On the intake stroke, the intake valve has opened, the piston is moving downward, and a mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is entering the cylinder through the valve port. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered to the cylinder by the fuel system and carburetor. Compression stroke. After the piston reaches BDC, or the lower limit of its travel, it begins to move upward. As this happens, the intake valve closes. The exhaust valve is also closed, so that the cylinder is sealed. As the piston moves upward (pushed now by the revolving crankshaft and connecting rod), the air-fuel mixture is compressed. By the time the piston reaches TDC, the mixture has been compressed to as little as one-tenth of its
original volume, or even less. When the air-fuel mixture is compressed, not only does the pressure in the cylinder to up, but the temperature of the mixture also increases. Power stroke. As the piston reaches TDC on the compression stroke, an electric spark is produced at the spark plug. The ignition system delivers a high-voltage surge of electricity to the spark plug to produce the spark. The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture. It now begins to bum very rapidly, and the cylinder pressure increases to as much as 3~5MPa or even more. This terrific push against the piston forces it downward, and a power impulse is transmitted through the connecting rod to the crankpin on the crankshaft. The crankshaft is rotated as the piston is pushed down by the pressure above it. Exhaust stroke. As the piston reaches BDC again, the exhaust valve opens. Now, as the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned gases out of the cylinder through the
exhaust-valve port. Then, when the piston reaches TDC, the exhaust valve closes and the intake valve opens. Now, a fresh charge of air-fuel mixture will be drawn in to the cylinder as the piston moves down again toward BDC. This four stroke cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again to put the vehicle forward. 发动机汽缸中的全部工作过程分为四个冲程的(即曲轴旋转两周的)，叫做四冲程循环发动机，或四循环发动机。为纪念德国工程师尼科拉斯、奥托搏士于1876年首次运用四行程循环原理，四行程循环发动机也叫奥托循环发动机。发动机的四个活塞行程是进气、压缩、做功和排气。进气冲程:在进气行程中，进气门打开，活塞向下移动，可燃混合气
通过进气门进入汽缸。适当浓度的可燃混合气是由燃料系统和化油器提供的。压缩冲程:在活塞到达下止点时或者是活塞下限时，活塞开始向上运动。同时，进气门关闭，排气门也关闭，所以这时的汽缸是封闭的。当活塞向上运动时(这时是由转动的曲轴和连杆推动活塞)，可燃混合气被压缩。当活塞到达上止点时，可燃混合气被压缩到有原体积的十分之下甚至更少。当油气混合燃料被压缩时，不仅汽缸里的压力上升，可燃混合气的温度也随之增加了。做功冲程:当活塞到达压缩行程的上止点时，火花塞产生电火花。电火花是由点火系统向火花塞提供高压电脉冲而产生的。电火花点燃可燃混合气。可燃混合气开始发生剧烈燃烧，汽缸内压力达到3-5兆帕，甚至更高。作用于活塞上强大的推动力推动活塞向下运动，并将这一推力通过连杆传到曲轴上的连杆轴颈上。因此，当活塞受压向下运动时，推动曲轴转动。排气冲程:当活塞再一次到达下止点时，排气门打开。同时，活塞向上移动，将废气经排气门排出汽缸。随后，活塞达到上止点，排气门关闭，进气门打开。当活塞又一次向下移动到达下止点时，新的可燃混合气被吸入汽缸。汽缸活塞的四个冲程不断重复，推动着汽车前进。
The Power Mechanism of the Engine In a reciprocating engine, the power mechanism is called the crankshaft and connecting rod assembly. In this assembly, all of the major units such as the engine crankcase and cylinder block, the piston and connecting rod (see Figure 3.1), the crankshaft and flywheel work together to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy used to drive the vehicle. The engine crankcase and block are usually cast into one piece and therefore can be seemed as the largest and most intricate piece of metal in automobile. They are usually made of high-grade cast alloy iron to
improve wear characteristics of the cylinder. This major unit must be strong and rigid enough to withstand any bending or distortion. The piston converts the potential engines of the fuel into the kinetic energy that turns the crankshaft. The piston is a cylindrical shaped hollow part that moves up and down inside the engines cylinder. The piston is composed of piston head, piston rings, piston lands, piston skirt and piston pin hole. The piston head or "crown" is the top surface against which the explosive force is exerted. It may be flat, concave, and convex or any one of a great variety of shapes to promote turbulence or help control combustion. In some application, a narrow groove is cut into the piston above the top ring to serve as a heat dam to reduce the amount of heat reaching the top ring. The piston rings carried in the ring groove are of two basic types: compression rings and off-control ring. The upper ring or rings are to prevent compression leakage; the lower ring or rings control the amount of oil being deposited on the cylinder wall. The lower groove or grooves often have holes or slots in the bottom of the grooves to permits oil drainage from behind the rings. The piston lands are parts of piston between the ring grooves. The lands provide a seating surface for the sides of piston rings. The main section of a piston is known as the skirts. It forms a bearing area in contact with the cylinder wall. The piston pinhole in the piston also serves as a bearing for the piston pin, which is used to connect the connecting rod. In addition, because pistons operate under exceedingly difficult mechanical and thermal conditions, piston must be strong enough to
stand the force of the expansion, yet light enough to avoid excessive inertia forces when their direction of travel is reversed twice each revolution. Piston must be able to withstand the heat from the burning air-fuel mixture, plus the heat generated by friction. The connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft at one end (big end) and to the piston at the other end (small end). In operation, the connecting rod is subjected to both gas pressure and inertia loads, and therefore, it must be adequately strong and rigid and light in weight as well. So they are generally fabricated from high quality steel. The connecting rod is in form of a bar with ring shaped heads at its end. They are composed of connecting rod small end, connecting rod shank, connecting rod big end, connecting rod cap, and connecting rod bearing half shells. Shank of the connecting rod is provided with an I-cross section to give the rod maximum rigidity with the minimum of weight. The big end of the rod
is split so that it can be connected to the crankshaft. To avoid misplacing the rod caps during assembly, the connecting rods and their mating caps are marked on one side with serial numbers, starting with the first rod from the radiator, to identify their location in the engine. Some connecting rods have an oil spurt hole in the yoke or at the cap-mating surface to provide cylinder wall lubrication. The small end of the connecting rod is attached to the piston by a piston pin. In some cases the small end of the rod is clamped to the pin or has a bushing in it to allow the pin and rod oscillation. In other designs the pin is bolted to the rod. Connecting rods are usually drilled to provide lubrication to
the piston pin and also to spray oil into the bottom of the piston for piston cooling on some designs. The crankshaft serves to change the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion and handles the entire power output. The periodic gas and inertia forces taken by the crankshaft may cause it to suffer wear and bending and tensional strains. The crankshaft therefore must be adequately strong and wear-resistant. So the crankshaft is either forged from a high quality steel or cast in a high-strong iron. The crankshaft is actually made up of various parts such as main bearing journals, rod journal, crank arm bearing, counter-balanced weight and flywheel end. The crankshaft revolves in bearings located in the engine crankcase, but the number of bearings used usually depends on the number of cylinders in the engine and the design of the engine. Mechanically, a crankshaft without special balanced weight would have severe vibration when revolving. In order to reduce or eliminate such vibration, it must be provided with counter balanced weights that extend radially from the crankshaft centerline in the opposite direction of the crank arms. In that way, the forces acting on the crankshaft are balanced and vibration is reduced. The rod journals are bored hollow in order to reduce the crankshaft inertia. Drilled diagonally through the crank arms are oil holes to supply oil to the rod journals. The flywheel is a relatively heavy metal wheel, which is firmly attached to the crankshaft. Its function is to help the engine to run smoothly by absorbing some of the energy during the power stroke and releasing it during the other strokes. In the front face of the flywheel, there is
a shallow indentation used to determine the position of the piston in the first cylinder. When this indentation is aligned with a special hole provided in the bell housing, the piston is at top dead center (TDC) or indicates the start of fuel injection into the first cylinder. The flywheels of some engines also carry marks indicating the serial numbers of the cylinders where the compression occurs. The flywheel marks and indentation are used for setting the valve and ignition systems relative to prescribed positions of the crankshaft. In conclusion, the connecting rod and crankshaft mechanism of the engine is composed of various units, and each of these units has its own functions in producing power for vehicles. 发动机的能量转换装置曲柄连杆机构就是往复式发动机的能量转换装置。曲柄连杆机构主要的组件，如曲轴箱和缸体、连杆和活塞、曲轴和飞轮，协同工作把热能转化为机械能，从而推动汽车行驶。通常发动机的曲轴箱和缸体浇铸为了体。曲轴箱缸体是汽车中最大、·最复杂的金属件，一般由优质合金铸铁制成，以增强其耐磨性。(曲轴箱缸体)这个主要组件必须有足够的强度和刚度，承受所有弯曲和扭曲变形。活塞把燃料的内能(化学能)转化为动能使曲轴旋转。活塞是圆柱形的中空的机件，在汽缸内上下运动。活塞由顶部、活塞环、环槽岸部、裙部和活塞销组成。活塞顶部或冠都是活塞的上表面，(燃烧所产生的)爆炸作用力就作用于此。活塞顶部可以做成平的、凹的、凸的或是能够促进涡流帮助燃烧的任何形状。某些发动机中，最上道活塞环的上方开出一窄槽作为绝热槽，以减少热量的传递。位于活塞环槽内的活塞环分为气环和油环。上面的(气环)防止漏气，下面的(油环)可以控制积聚在汽缸壁的机油量。活塞环槽内通常钻有油孔或油槽，以从活塞环后面泄油。活塞环槽之间的部位称为
槽岸，槽岸为活塞环侧面提供了艾承面。活塞最主要的部位是裙部，裙部形成活塞与缸壁的接触支承面。活塞销座支撑活塞销，而活塞销连接活塞和连杆。此外，由于活塞在非常苛刻的机械条件和很高的温度下工作，其强度必须足以承受膨胀作用力。一个工作循环活塞上下运动两次，因此活塞自重应尽可能轻以减小惯性作用。活塞应当能够承受燃烧混合气和摩擦热量。连杆一端(大头)与曲轴相连，另一端(小头)和活塞配合。连杆工作时受到气体压力和惯性作用，因此必须有足够的强度和刚度，质量尽可能轻。连杆一般由优质钢制成，其杆身两端为环形。连杆由小头、杆身、大头、连杆盖和轴瓦组成。连杆杆身断面为工字型，这样可以同时获得最大刚度和最小质量。连杆大头一般为剖分式，以便和曲轴相连。为防止装配时装错连杆盖，在连杆和与其相配合的连杆盖的某一侧标有序号，从靠水箱侧为第一缸，以确认各缸的位置。一些连杆在大头轴头处或在连杆盖配合面上钻有喷油孔润滑汽缸壁。连杆小头通过活塞销与活塞相连。一些发动机的连杆小头与活塞销夹在一起，即连杆小头有衬套，使活塞销和连杆一起运动。而在另一些设计中用螺栓连接活塞销和连杆。通常连杆上钻出油道润滑活塞销，有些设计中连
杆上的油道也向活塞底部喷油实现冷却。曲轴用于把活塞的往复运动转化为旋转运动并控制全部动力输出。曲轴所受到的周期性的气体压力和惯性力导致曲轴磨损、产生弯曲和扭转变形。因此曲轴应当有足够的强度和耐磨。曲轴由优质钢锻造或通过高强度铸铁铸造而成。事实上曲轴由主轴颈、连杆轴颈、曲柄臂轴承、平衡块和飞轮端这些主要部件所组成。曲轴在位于曲轴箱内的主轴承上旋转，所使用的主轴承数量取决于发动机汽缸数和发动机的设计。如果没有专门的平衡块，曲轴在旋转时会产生剧烈的振动。为了减少甚至消除振动，在曲
轴中心线的延长线上与曲柄臂相反方向配有平衡块。这样，作用于曲轴的作用力得到了平衡，减少了振动。连杆轴颈内部锐空目的是减少曲轴惯性。穿过曲柄臂斜向钻出的油孔提供连杆轴颈的润滑。飞轮是一个相当重的金属轮盘，飞轮与曲轴紧相连。它的作用是在做功行程吸收能量，在其他工作行程释放能量，从而有助于发动机平稳工作。在飞轮前断面有一浅的缺口，用来确定一缸活塞位置。当缺口与飞轮壳体上的小孔对齐时，一缸活塞位于上止点或表明一缸开始喷油。有些发动机的飞轮标有在压缩行程的汽缸序号。飞轮上的记号和缺口用来调整与曲轴特定位置相关的配气机构和点火系统。总之，发动机曲柄连杆机构由各个不同的组件构成，在产生汽车动力时每个组件具有特定的功能。
Valves and Valve Train The valve gear of an internal combustion engine provides timely admission of the fresh charge into the cylinders and exhaust of spent gases from them. For this purpose the valves at definite moments open and close the intake and exhaust ports in the cylinder head, through which the cylinders communicate with the intake and exhaust manifold. The valve gear is composed of timing gears, a camshaft, tappets, valves, spring with fasteners and valve guides. The timing gears in most engines are housed in a special case fitted at the front end of the engine. These are necessary to transmit rotation from the crankshaft to the camshaft, fuel injection pump shaft, and to oil pump and other mechanisms.The gears are made of steel and use helical teeth to reduce noise. Camshaft's function is to open the engine valves positively and timely, in a definite sequence, and to control their closing against the return action of the valve springs. The shaft is
made integral with its cams and bearing journals. Each cam controls a single valve, either intake or exhaust. In some automobile engines, the camshaft is made integral with fuel pump eccentric wheel and oil pump drive gear. The camshaft bearings are lubricated with oil supplied under pressure from the main gallery in the cylinder block. The tappets serve to transmit the force from the camshaft to the push rods. The tappets are small cylindrical bores receiving the push rods. They are made of cast iron or steel and located in the guides, which may be made integral with the cylinder block or removable as in the engine. When the engines operate, the tappets continuously rotate about their axes for uniform wear. The rotation is ensured by a convex surface of their bottoms and a slanted surface of the cams. The push rods transmits the force from the tappets to the rocker and are made as steel stems with hardened tips or duralumin tubes with spherical steel tips press-fitted at. both ends. The push rod tips bear against the tappet hollow at one end against the spherical surface of rocker adjusting screw at other. The rockers transmit the force from the push rod to the valve. The rockers are made from steel and are installed on a hollow fulcrum. A bronze bush is press fitted into the rocker hole to reduce friction. The hollow fulcrum is supported by standards on the cylinder head. Endplay of the rocker is prevented by a coil spring.The rocker arm is a bell crank made of steel. At the middle of the rocker arm, there is a boss with a bore into which is pressed the bushing. A hardened curved pad is provided on the end of the rocker where it contacts the valve stem tip, while a threaded
hole is machined in its other end to receive the adjusting screw used to set the valve clearance, the clearance between the rocker contact pad and the valve stem tip, so that the valve will be tightly pressed against its seat when hot. The rocker arm freely oscillates about the rocker-arm shaft supported by a series of pedestals or brackets, which are bolted to the top deck of the cylinder head. An engine valve is a device designed to open a passage when moving in one direction and to close it when moving in the opposite direction. Each cylinder of a four-stroke-cycle diesel or gasoune engine is commonly equipped with an intake valve and an exhaust valve. The purpose of the intake valve is to allow the air fuel mixture or air to enter the cylinder. After the combustion process has been completed, the burned gases are permitted to escape from the cylinder though the exhaust
valve. To obtain sufficient valve area, some automobiles have two intake valves and two exhaust valves. A valve consists of a head and stem. The valve head has a narrow chamfer of 45° or 30° referred to as valve face. The valve face fits tightly against the seat, which is achieved by grinding. For better engine breathing, the inlet valve has a larger diameter than the exhaust one. As the valves are not equally heated in the running engine, they are made from different materials. The inlet valves are made from chromium steel, the exhaust valves are of silchrome heat-resistant steel. The cylinder stem of the valve has a recess at the upper end for fastening the valve spring. The valve stems slide in the cast-iron or cerametallic valve guides. The valve spring
provides the force necessary to close the valve and hold it tightly against its seat. Some engines use two springs on each valve, which reduce the size of the springs, improves their reliability, and makes their operating conditions less arduous. Valve guide supports the valve stem and guides its movement so that the valve face remains perfectly concentric with the valve seat and fits it without any skewing. Replaceable valve guides are fabricated from cast iron or a cermets material and pressed in the cylinder head. To decrease oil penetration along the valve stem to the combustion chambers, the seating collars are fitted with rubber rings or the seats are provided with rubber caps. More uniform heating and wear of the valve are ensured with the valves rotating during the operation of the engine. In general, there are two ways of rotating: one is free rotate the other is positive rotate. As the valve is opened, spring is compressed and its increasing load causes the flexible washer to flatten out and force balls down their ramps against the resistance offered by their return springs .As the balls roll down, they turn through some angle the flexible washer, seating collar and valve spring together with the valve; when the valve is closed, the valve spring load decrease, the flexible washer deflects to acquire its initial conical shape and abutting against a shoulder in housing, releases the balls which are then forced by their coil springs to return to their starting position. 配气机构内燃机的配气机构保证新鲜混合气可以适时进入汽缸，同时燃烧后的废气及时排出。为实现这一目的，气门在一定的时刻打开和关闭汽缸盖上的进排气道，汽缸通过进排气歧管与
进排气管相沟通。配气机构由正时齿轮、凸轮轴、挺柱、气门、带有锁紧装置的弹簧和气门导管组成。大多数发动机的正时齿轮装在专门的壳体内，正时齿轮壳体位于发动机前端。必须使用正时齿轮将曲轴的旋转传递到凸轮轴，驱动喷油泵轴、机油泵和其他的装置。正时齿轮由钢制成，采用螺旋状齿以减少噪声。凸轮轴的功用是按特定的顺序准确适时地打开气门并通过气门弹簧的回位作用控制气门的关闭。凸轮轴与凸轮、轴颈制为一体。每个凸轮控制一个气门:进气门或排气门。有些汽车发动机的凸轮轴也与驱动燃油泵的偏心轮和机油泵的驱动齿轮做成一体。缸体内主油道的机油在压力作用下到达凸轮轴轴颈提供润滑。挺柱用来把凸轮轴的作用力传递给推杆。挺柱为圆柱形小筒，里面插入推杆。挺柱材料为铸铁或钢，定位于导管内，挺柱导管可以是与缸体一体的或者是可拆卸的。发动机工作时，为使磨损均匀，挺柱总是绕其轴线旋转。挺柱的旋转是由挺柱凸起的下表面和凸轮倾斜面所保证的。推杆将挺柱传来的推力传给摇臂。推杆由顶部淬火的钢柱或由两端压入配合的带球形钢头的硬铝管制成。推杆的两端一头支撑在挺柱的空腔内，另一头与摇臂调整螺钉端的球形表面配合。摇臂把推杆的作用力传递到气门。摇臂由钢制成，安装于空心的枢轴。摇臂空内装有青铜衬套以减少摩擦。中空的摇臂轴通过支架固定于汽缸盖。摇臂上的螺旋弹簧防止产生轴向窜动。摇臂是钢制的双臂杠杆。摇臂中部有一带孔的凸台，孔内压装有衬套。摇臂的一端是经过淬火的圆弧状长臂，与气门杆尾端接触，而车有螺纹孔的另一端安装有调整螺钉，用来调整摇臂与气门杆尾端之间的气门间隙，从而保证气门在受热后紧紧压在气门座上。摇臂可以绕摇臂轴自由摆动，摇臂轴通过一系列支座支撑，支座用螺栓固定于汽缸盖上表面。发动机气门向某一万向运动时开启-通道，而它向相反方向移动时则
关闭此通道。四行程汽油机或柴油机的每缸一般都装有进气门和排气门。%气门的作用是使空气燃油混合气进入汽缸。燃烧过程完成后废气通过排气门排出汽缸。为了获得足够的充气面积，有些发动机采用两个进气门和两个排气门。气门由头部和杆身组成。气门头部相对于气门平面之间存在45。或30。的锥角。通过研磨使气门平面与气门座紧密贴合。为使发动机更好地换气，进气门(头部)直径大于排气门。在发动机工作时由于进、排气门受热不均等，因此它们采用不同的材料制成。进气门采用铬钢，排气门采用耐热硅铬钢。圆柱气门杆身的上部有一凹槽用来固定气门弹簧。气门杆身在铸铁或金属陶瓷气门导管内运动。
气门弹簧提供气门关闭时所需要的作用力，保证气门与气门座紧密贴合。有些发动机的每个气门装有两根弹簧，可以减小所使用的弹簧大小，增加可靠性，使工作更平稳。气门导管支撑气门杆身，对其运动起导向作用，以保证气门X闭时能准确地与气门座贴合而不产生偏移。可拆卸式气门导管采用铸铁或金属陶瓷材料制成，压入汽缸盖上的(气门导管。为防止机油从气门杆渗进燃烧室，在气门导管上装有橡胶环或橡胶皮碗。发动机工作时通过气门的旋转可以使气门获得更均匀的受热和磨损。通常有两种实现气门旋转的方式：自由旋转和强制旋转。当气门开启时，弹簧被压缩，弹力增加，将弹性垫圈压平，迫使钢球克服回位弹簧的阻力沿斜坡滚动。当钢球滚下时，带动弹性垫圈、气门弹簧与气门一起转过一个角度;当气门关闭时，气门弹簧弹力减小，弹性垫圈变形为原来的圆锥状，支撑于壳体的支撑板，钢球在回位弹簧作用下回到原来位置。
Engine Fuel System The fuel system is critical to operation. The system consists of the fuel tank, lines, pump, filter, carburetor, and injectors .
Fuel Flow The fuel in the fuel tank is ready to be used when the engine needs it. The fuel pump draw fuel from the tank and sends it to the carburetor. The carburetor is to keep the fuel at the right air-fuel ratio. For a electric fuel-injected engine, the fuel is pressurized and sent to the fuel feed pipe, through a fuel filter, and into the fuel injectors. For a diesel fuel goes to the fuel injector pump, rather than to the carburetor, then to the fuel nozzles. Fuel Tank The fuel tank is used to store the fuel of engine needed. It is usually located in rear of the vehicle. The fuel tank is designed to fit around frame and to be protected from impacts. These are several baffles insides the fuel tank to restrict fuel movement during rapid starts and stops, cornering, and so on. The fuel cap on the fuel tank is used to keep the fuel from splashing out, release the vacuum created by the fuel removing, and prevent vapors from escaping directly into the atmosphere. The fuel levels are measured by a fuel-metering unit. One style of the unit has a hinged float inside the tank. As the float position changes with different levels of fuel, the needle position on the dashboard gauge changes. Fuel Pump Gasoline engine pump is either mechanical or electrical. The mechanical fuel pump is used on many vehicles with carburetors and driven by the camshaft. There is a cam or an eccentric lobe on the camshaft. As the camshaft turns, the lobe lifts a lever up and down, causing a pumping action. Fuel is drawn from the tank by a vacuum and sent to the carburetor. Electrical fuel pump can be used instead of mechanical types. The types of the electrical fuel pumps employed include the
bellow and the impeller or roller vane. In the bellows-type electrical fuel pump, a metal bellows is used instead of a diaphragm. It operates from the movement of the armature in the magnetic coil. The bellows is stretched and squeezed to cause the vacuum and pressure. The roller vane electrical fuel pumps are used on newer vehicles. As the electric motor turns an impeller, fuel is drawn in at the inlet port of the pump. It is pressurized and sent out the discharge port for delivery to the engine. The impeller at the inlet end serves as a vapor separator. A pressure relief valve keeps fuel pump pressure at a constant level. Fuel systems that have electrical fuel pumps and fuel injectors may use a fuel pressure regulator to keep the fuel pressure constant. Fuel Filters Fuel filers are used to stop any contamination from getting into the fuel system of both gasoline and diesel engines. The gasoline engines may have one or two filters in the fuel system. The first filter is usually placed inside the fuel tank to prevent large pieces of contaminant from damaging the fuel pump. The second one is an in-line type or an in-carburetor type used to filter out small dirt particles. Many diesel engines used in automotive applications have only one filter, which is called the primary filter. On some engines, a secondary filter is adopted and combined with primary one to build into a single filter. Carburetor
Carburetors used on gasoline engine are designed to mix the air and fuel at the correct ratio. The most correct air-fuel ratio is 14.8 parts of air to 1 part of fuel. On the intake stoke, the piston moves down and the intake valve is
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
汽车专业英语大纲内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）
《汽车专业英语》课程标准 学时/学分： 32/2 课程类型：理论课程（A类） 适用专业：汽车电子技术专业 课程所属系部：汽车工程系 批准日期：2014年5月 一、制定依据与课程定位 （一）制定依据 本课程标准是依据汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、需要制定。 （二）课程定位 《汽车专业英语》这门课程是汽车专业的一门专业选修课程，旨在使学生掌握汽车专业常用的英语词汇。 通过本课程的学习，培养学生在汽车专业领域具有的一定的英语阅读能力和翻译能力，以便学生更好的直接从外文资料中获取新的知识和信息。 二、课程教学目标 《汽车专业英语》是三年制高职汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、的专业选修课程。其任务是使学生一方面可以巩固已掌握的词汇和语法知识，另一方面扩大专业词汇量，提高学生对汽车专业英文文献的阅读能力。通过教学应使学生获得初步具备专业英语翻译能力和初步具备能够直接从外文资料中获取信息的能力。 （一）知识目标 1、掌握专业英语中的基本词汇和专有名词； 2、掌握专业英语中常用的语法和句型结构； 3、可以阅读有一定词汇量的专业英语文献。 （二）能力目标 通过对《汽车专业英语》的教学，力求向学生提供未来工作岗位所需要专业英语知识，培养学生在实际工作岗位上运用汽车专业英语的能力。
1、阐述“专业阅读”，内容力求反应汽车专业方面的最新知识，文章能展示 当今汽车专业方面的最新技术，同时书中附带一些真实的现场照片。 2、阐述“专业术语”，帮助学生了解汽车各零部件的功能及应用，是学生进 入企业后应用较多的内容。 3、阐述“试试您的动手能力”，以汽车故障诊断为主，列举大量贴近企业工 作实际的实例。 4、阐述“交际会话”，选用贴近实际，贴近企业，贴近岗位的常用专业英语 会话。 （三）素质目标 通过教学应使学生认识《汽车专业英语》学习的基本方法， 1、具备通过查阅资料等方法，通过自学获取知识和新技术的能力； 2、通过不同形式的探究活动、自主学习，体验科技发现和创造的历程，发展 抽象思维和辨证逻辑思维。 3、养成严谨求实的科学态度以及质疑和独立思考的学习习惯。 4、使学生具备正确的价值观与评定事物的能力，具备一定的英文语言表达能 力以及与人交往沟通的能力。 5、培养学生爱岗敬业、团结协作、吃苦耐劳的职业精神与创新设计的意识。? 三、课程内容设计 （一）学时分配
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
汽车专业英语大纲 Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】
《汽车专业英语》课程标准 学时/学分： 32/2 课程类型：理论课程（A类） 适用专业：汽车电子技术专业 课程所属系部：汽车工程系 批准日期：2014年5月 一、制定依据与课程定位 （一）制定依据 本课程标准是依据汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、需要制定。 （二）课程定位 《汽车专业英语》这门课程是汽车专业的一门专业选修课程，旨在使学生掌握汽车专业常用的英语词汇。 通过本课程的学习，培养学生在汽车专业领域具有的一定的英语阅读能力和翻译能力，以便学生更好的直接从外文资料中获取新的知识和信息。 二、课程教学目标 《汽车专业英语》是三年制高职汽车检测与维修技术、汽车制造与装配技术、的专业选修课程。其任务是使学生一方面可以巩固已掌握的词汇和语法知识，另一方面扩大专业词汇量，提高学生对汽车专业英文文献的阅读能力。通过教学应使学生获得初步具备专业英语翻译能力和初步具备能够直接从外文资料中获取信息的能力。 （一）知识目标 1、掌握专业英语中的基本词汇和专有名词； 2、掌握专业英语中常用的语法和句型结构； 3、可以阅读有一定词汇量的专业英语文献。 （二）能力目标 通过对《汽车专业英语》的教学，力求向学生提供未来工作岗位所需要专业英语知识，培养学生在实际工作岗位上运用汽车专业英语的能力。
1、阐述“专业阅读”，内容力求反应汽车专业方面的最新知识，文章能展示当今汽车专业方面的最新技术，同时书中附带一些真实的现场照片。 2、阐述“专业术语”，帮助学生了解汽车各零部件的功能及应用，是学生进入企业后应用较多的内容。 3、阐述“试试您的动手能力”，以汽车故障诊断为主，列举大量贴近企业工作实际的实例。 4、阐述“交际会话”，选用贴近实际，贴近企业，贴近岗位的常用专业英语会话。 （三）素质目标 通过教学应使学生认识《汽车专业英语》学习的基本方法， 1、具备通过查阅资料等方法，通过自学获取知识和新技术的能力； 2、通过不同形式的探究活动、自主学习，体验科技发现和创造的历程，发展抽象思维和辨证逻辑思维。 3、养成严谨求实的科学态度以及质疑和独立思考的学习习惯。 4、使学生具备正确的价值观与评定事物的能力，具备一定的英文语言表达能力以及与人交往沟通的能力。 5、培养学生爱岗敬业、团结协作、吃苦耐劳的职业精神与创新设计的意识。 三、课程内容设计 （一）学时分配
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
汽车专业英语 主编：李崑 课后专业词汇汇总（带音标） 汇总：徐艳民 1 automobile ['?:t?m?ubi:l, ,?:t?m?'bi:l]汽车（美） assembly line [?'sembli]装配线 petroleum refining [pi'tr?uli?m, p?-]石油提炼 body and frame车身与车架 engine ['end?in] 发动机、引擎 drive line 传动系统 running gear 控制装置 suspension[s?'spen??n]悬架系统 unitized body ['ju:nitaizd]整体式车身 gasoline engine ['ɡ?s?li:n]汽油机 diesel engine ['di:z?l]柴油机 gas turbine['t?:bain, -bin]燃气轮机 battery ['b?t?ri]电池、电池组 fuel cell燃料电池 hybrid power ['haibrid][pau?]混合动力系统 piston ['pist?n]活塞 rotary engine ['r?ut?ri]转子发动机 vehicle ['vi:ikl, 有时发'vi:hi-]交通工具、车辆 transmission [tr?nz'mi??n, tr?ns-, trɑ:n-]变速器 drive shaft传动轴 differential [,dif?'ren??l]差速器 rear axle ['?ks?l]后轴、后桥 rear-wheel drive后轮驱动 front-wheel drive 前轮驱动 braking system 制动系统 wheel车轮 tire 轮胎 steering system 转向系统 spring [sp ri?]弹簧 shock absorber [??k] [?b's?:b?]减震器 Macpherson strut [m?k'f?:sn] [str?t]麦弗逊式悬架 torsion bar ['t?:??n]扭力杆 strut rod 支撑杆 stabilizer bar ['steibilaiz?]横向稳定杆 2 internal combustion engine [in't?:n?l] [k?m'b?st??n] ['end?in]内燃机 fuel 燃料 external combustion engine [ik'st?:n?l]外燃机 steam engine 蒸汽机 intermittent combustion engine[,int?'mit?nt]间隔燃烧式发动机 continuous combustion engine [k?n'tinju?s]连续燃烧式发动机 turbine engine ['t?:bain, -bin]涡轮发动机 rocket engine ['r?kit]火箭发动机 jet (or reaction) engine喷气式发动机 Wankel engine汪克尔发动机、转子发动机 stroke [str?uk]冲程、行程 cooling system冷却系统 fuel system燃料系统 ignition system [iɡ'ni??n]点火系统 spark-ignition engine 火花点燃式发动机 compression-ignition engine 压燃式发动机 liquid-cooled 用液体冷却的、水冷的 air-cooled 用空气冷却的、风冷的 3 cylinder block 气缸体 cylinder ['silind?]气缸 connecting rod 连杆 crankshaft['kr??k,?ɑ:ft]曲轴 cylinder head气缸盖 combustion chamber[k?m'b?st??n] ['t?eimb?]燃烧室 valve气门、阀 camshaft['k?m?ɑ:ft]凸轮轴 flywheel ['flaiwi:l]飞轮 intake manifold 进气歧管 exhaust manifold ['m?nif?uld]排气歧管 carburetor [,kɑ:bju'ret?, 'kɑ:-]化油器 fuel injector 燃料喷射器 cast iron ['ai?n]铸铁 aluminum [?'lju:min?m]铝 cooling fluid 冷却液 spark plug [pl?ɡ]火花塞 intake valve进气门 exhaust valve[iɡ'z?:st]排气门 cam凸轮 gear齿轮 belt皮带 chain链条 overhead camshaft (OHC) 凸轮轴上置式 rpm=revolutions per minute[,rev?'lju:??n]转速、转数/分钟 horsepower ['h?:s,pau?]马力、功率 intake system 进气系统 sensor ['sens?, -s?:]传感器 oxygen sensor ['?ksid??n]氧传感器 fuel induction system[in'd?k??n]燃料吸入系统 4 fuel tank 燃料箱、油箱 fuel line燃料管路 fuel pump 燃料泵、燃油泵 fuel filter [filt?]燃料滤清器 PCM (power train control module) 动力系统控制模块（计算机）
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
1、车辆vehicle 2、底盘chassis 3、货车truck 4、微型货车mini truck 5、轻型货车light truck 6、中型货车 medium truck 6、重型货车 heavy duty truck 7、越野汽车 off-road truck 8、自卸汽车 dump truck 9、专用汽车 special purpose vehicle 10、客车 passenger car 11、车长 vehicle length 12、车宽 vehicle width 13、车高 vehicle height 14、轴距 wheel base 15、轮距 tread
16、前悬 front overhang 17、后悬 rear overhang 18、柴油机 diesel 19、汽油机gasoline fueled engine 20、活塞 piston 21、喷油嘴 nozzle 22、火花塞 spark 23、曲轴 crank shaft 24、分电器 distributor 25、发电机 alternator 26、飞轮壳 flywheel housing 27、起动机 starter 28、散热器 radiator 29、凸轮轴 camshaft 30、进气门 Intake valve 31、排气门 exhaust valve
32、气缸盖cylinder head 33、水泵water pump 34、风扇皮带轮fan pulley 35、活塞环piston ring 36、机油泵 oil pump 37、离合器 clutch 38、离合器操纵机构 clutch operation 39、飞轮 flywheel 40、从动盘磨擦衬片 clutch plate lining driven plate lining (GB) 41、离合器盖 clutch cover (GB) 42、压盘 pressure plate 43、分离杆 release lever 44、分离套筒 release sleeve 45、从动盘 clutch plate 46、分离弹簧 release spring 47、分离轴承 release thrust bearing
汽车专业英语复习题 名词翻译： 1、活塞环 piston ring 2、电控系统electronic control system 3、里程表speedometer 4、发动机排量engine capacity 5、自动变速器automatic transmission 6、机油表oil gauge 7、方向盘steering wheel 8、做功冲程power stroke 9、exhaust gas废气 10. electric current电流 11. high gear高速档 12. automobile dealing汽车贸易 13. sports car 跑车 14. instrument panel仪表板 15. accelerator pedal加速踏板 16. physical property 物理性能 17、电子燃油计量系统electronic fuel metering system 18、减速slow down 19、刹车蹄brake shoe 20、General Motor 通用 21、wheel drum 车轮毂 22、TDC 上止点 23、BDC 下止点 翻译（中译英）： 上海汽车工业总公司已与德国大众和美国通用两大汽车公司建立了合资公司。 The Shanghai Auto Industry Corportion has established joint ventures with German V olkswagen and American General Motors. 四冲程发动机—曲柄旋转两圈做功一次。 Four stroke —a power stroke every other revolution of the crank. 液体冷却系由水泵、水套、发动机风扇、散热器等组成。 The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps，water jackets，engine fan ，radiator and so on. 在仪表板上，我们能看见几个显示发动机运转情况的仪表。
1、车辆 vehicle 2、底盘 chassis 3、货车 truck 4、微型货车 mini truck 5、轻型货车 light truck 6、中型货车 medium truck 6、重型货车 heavy duty truck 7、越野汽车 off-road truck 8、自卸汽车 dump truck 9、专用汽车 special purpose vehicle 10、客车 passenger car 11、车长 vehicle length 12、车宽 vehicle width 13、车高 vehicle height 14、轴距 wheel base 15、轮距 tread 16、前悬 front overhang 17、后悬 rear overhang 18、柴油机 diesel 19、汽油机 gasoline fueled engine 20、活塞 piston 21、喷油嘴 nozzle 22、火花塞
spark 23、曲轴 crank shaft 24、分电器 distributor 25、发电机alternator 26、飞轮壳 flywheel housing 27、起动机 starter 28、散热器 radiator 29、凸轮轴camshaft 30、进气门Intake valve 31、排气门 exhaust valve 32、气缸盖 cylinder head 33、水泵 water pump 34、风扇皮带轮 fan pulley 35、活塞环 piston ring 36、机油泵 oil pump 37、离合器 clutch 38、离合器操纵机构 clutch operation 39、飞轮 flywheel 40、从动盘磨擦衬片 clutch plate lining driven plate lining (GB) 41、离合器盖 clutch cover (GB) 42、压盘 pressure plate 43、分离杆 release lever 44、分离套筒 release sleeve 45、从动盘
（6）Maintain correct viscosity (free flowing at all temperatures). 保持正确的粘度（在所有温度下自由流动）。 When the brake fluid boils, it becomes vapor. A vapor can be compressed, but a liquid cannot be compressed. Pressing on the brake pedal will compress the vapor in the lines instead of transferring the pressure through the fluid. This can lead to partial or complete braking system failure, sometimes called brake pedal fade. Mountain driving puts increased duty on brakes and brake fluid. The boiling point drops at high altitude. This naturally increases the tendency towards vapor lock. In fact, vapor lock in the hydraulic braking system is the primary reason for brake pedal fade. 当制动液沸腾时，它变成蒸汽。可以压缩蒸汽，但不能压缩液体。按压制动踏板将压缩管线中的蒸汽，而不是将压力传递通过流体。这可能导致部分或完全制动系统故障，有时称为制动踏板褪色。山地驾驶增加了刹车和制动液的使用。沸点在高海拔下降。这自然增加了气体锁定的趋势。事实上，液压制动系统中的汽油锁是制动踏板褪色的主要原因。 Vehicle manufacturers recommend brake fluid that meets or exceeds SAE (Societyof Automotive Engineers)andDOT (Department of Transportation) specifications. 车辆制造商推荐符合或超过SAE（汽车工程师协会）和DOT（运输部）规格的制动液。 Standard brake fluid (DOT 3) is composed chiefly of equal parts of alcohol and castor oil. This combination of fluids works well under normal conditions but it easily boils and becomes a vapor under heavy-duty applications. It also tends to separate when exposed to low temperatures. 标准制动液（DOT 3）主要由酒精和蓖麻油组成。这种流体组合在正常条件下工作良好，但在重载应用下容易沸腾并成为蒸气。暴露于低温时也容易分离。The increasing requirements of brake fluid led to the development of silicone brake fluid,such as DOT 5. This fluid achieved low water pickup and good corrosion protection and also provides good lubrication qualities and rubber compatibility. 制动液的要求越来越高，导致了DOT 5等硅胶制动液的开发。该液体实现了低吸水率和良好的防腐蚀性能，并且还具有良好的润滑性能和橡胶相容性。 5.Brake valves 5.闸阀 There are typically five types of valves in vehicle braking system to adjust the braking force distribution. 车辆制动系统中通常有五种类型的阀门来调节制动力分布。 (1)Metering valve （1）计量阀 Most vehicles that have front disc and rear drum brakes are equipped with metering valve. This metering valve controls, or delays the flow of brake fluid to the front brakes. The rear drum brakes take longer to respond than the front disc brakes. The valve ensures that front disc brake do not act before the rear drum brake. The delays is long enough to allow the rear drum brakes time to react. This delay is particularly necessary during light braking and on slick road surfaces.