Unit 24 The Cultural Patterning of Time In his book The Silent language, anthropologist Edawad Hall theorizes that perceptions of time and space are different in different culture and that these perception are culturally patterned. Hall called these dimensions of culture "out of awareness",because people are not conscious of having learned them. It may well be ture that most important aspects of culture,such as our perceptions of physical environment of our food tastes,are learned "out of awareness". And certianly our perceptions of time and space are among the most deeply instilled of our cultural values. For example ,menbers of modern, industrializes Western societies are conditioned to view time space and matter in Newtonian terms. Sir Isaac Newton,the seventeenth-century English scientist ,teansformed mathematics and science to such an extent that even though we may not be able to list or axplain his discoveries ,we are influenced them. Newton formulated several laws of motion that are basic to the Western's understanding of the universe, continues at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by other forces acting upon it . This notion also underlies the concept of time in Western culture,and to Westerners it appears that it should be an intuitive concept of time shered by all people everywhere,But as anthropologists have demonstrated through their studies of other cultures,these Newtonian "laws" are not universal. They are instilled by a specific culture,thought system,and language.
在他的著作《无声的语言,人类学家Edawad霍尔的理论,对时间和空间的看法是不同的在不同的文化和这些观念是文化上的。大厅这些维度的文化称为“意识”,因为人们不知道的学习。很可能真正文化的最重要的方面,比如我们的物理环境的感知食物的味道,也学会了“意识”。并参考我们对时间和空间的看法是最深入灌输我们的文化价值观。例如,基础性的现代工业化西方社会习惯于认为牛顿时间空间和物质条件。艾萨克·牛顿爵士,17世纪的英国科学家,teansformed数学和科学到了这样一种程度,即使我们可能无法列表或axplain他的发现,我们的影响。牛顿制定几个基本的西方的运动定律的理解宇宙,继续静止或匀速直线运动,除非它被迫改变这一状态由其他力。这个概念也构成了时间的概念,在西方文化中,和西方人看来,它应该被所有人直观的时间观念谢尔无处不在,但作为人类学家已经通过其他文化的研究,证实了这些牛顿“法律”并不是普遍的。他们灌输一个特定的文化、思想体系,和语言。
"Time is human ,nature knows only change. "In fact ,"telling time"is a strictly human invention. All cultures have some system of measuring duration, or keeping time, but in western industrialized societies, we keep track of time in what seems to other peoples almost an obsessive fashion. We view time as motion on a space, a kind of linear progression measured by the clock and the calendar. Our sense of time leads us to imagine it as a ribbon or a scroll marked off into equal blank spaces,suggesting that each of these spaces can be filled with an entry. This perception contributes to our sense of history and the keeping of records, which are typical aspects of western cultures. In Western industrialized societies,records,annals,diaries,and accouting ledgers play an important role ,We are fascinated by the sequenceing dating ,charting ,and measuring pieces of time. We calculate bot only the seasons but
also the years ,months, weeks,days, hours,minutes,seconds,and even thousandths of seconds. We find it useful to divide the past into named periods such as "the Renaissance" or "the classical age". And our linguistic treatment of time has guided many other aspects of our lives. For example,literature is taught in school by being divided into periods——or framed time slots——rather than by being treated in a thematic fashion that cuts across time boundaries.
“时间是一个人,自然知道唯一的改变。“事实上,”告诉时间”是一个严格的人类发明。所有文化都有一些系统的测量时间,或保持时间,但在西方工业化国家,我们跟踪的时间似乎别人几乎痴迷于时尚。我们认为时间是运动在一个空间,一种线性发展的时钟和日历。我们的时间让我们想象它作为丝带或滚动标记成相等的空格,这表明这些空间可以装满一个条目。这种看法促使我们的历史和保持的记录,这是典型的西方文化的各个方面。在西方工业化社会,记录、年报、日记、和会计核算起着重要的作用,我们对序列约会,图表,和测量的时间。我们只计算机器人季节还年复一年,月,周,日,小时,分钟,秒,甚至秒秒。我们觉得它有用过去划分为命名如“文艺复兴”时期和“古典时代”。和我们的语言治疗的时间指导我们生活的其他方面。例如,文学教育在学校被分为时间——或者陷害插槽——而不是以专题的方式对待,跨越时间的界限。
Although our perceptions of time seem natural to us, we must not assume that other cultures operate on the same time system. For instance, why should we assume that a Hopi raised in the Hopi culture would have the same intuitions about time that we have? In Hopi history, if records had been written, we would find a different set of cultural and environmental influences working together. The Hopi people are a peaceful agricultural society isolated by geographic features and nomad enemies in a land of little rainfall. Their agriculture is successful only by the greatest perseverance. Extensive preparations are needed to ensure crop growth. Thus the Hopi value persistence and repetition in activity. They have a sense of the cumulative value of numerous, small, repeated movements, for to them such movements are not wasted but are stored up to make changes in later events. The Hopi have no intuition of time as motion, as a smooth flowing line on which everything in the universe proceeds at an equal rate away from a past, through a present, into a foreseeable future. Long and careful study of the Hopi language has revealed that it contains no words, grammatical forms, constructions, or expressions that refer to what we call time - the past, present, or future - or to the duration or lasting aspect of time. To the Hopi, "time" is a "getting later" of everything that has been done, so that past and present merge together. The Hopi do not speak, as we do in English, of a "new day" or "another day" coming every twenty-four hours; among the Hopi, the return of the day is like the return of a person, a little older but with all the characteristics of yesterday. This Hopi conception, with its emphasis on the repetitive aspect of time rather than its onward flow, may be clearly seen in their ritual dances for rain and good crops, in which the basic step is a short, quick stamping of the foot repeated thousands of times, hour after hour.
虽然我们认识的时间似乎自然对我们来说,我们不能假定其他文化操作系统在同一时间。例如,为什么我们要假设在霍皮语文化的霍皮人将有同样的直觉约时间,我们有吗?如果记录被写在霍皮人的历史,我们会发现一组不同的文化和环
境影响一起工作。霍皮人人民和平农业社会孤立的地理特性和游牧的敌人在少雨的土地。他们的农业成功只有最大的毅力。需要大量的准备工作,确保作物生长。因此,霍皮人价值的持久性和重复活动。他们有大量的累积值,等他们小,重复动作,动作不浪费但存储在以后的事件进行更改。霍皮人没有时间运动直觉,顺利排水管线,宇宙中所有的收益以相同的速度远离过去,通过一份礼物,可预见的未来。长,仔细研究霍皮人的语言显示,它不包含单词,语法形式,结构,或表达式是指我们所说的时间,过去,现在,还是未来,或时间的持续时间或持久的方面。霍皮人,“时间”是一个“后”的一切已经办了,所以过去和现在的合并在一起。霍皮人不说话,当我们做英语,“新的一天”或“一天”未来每24小时;在霍皮语中,返回的天就像一个人的回归,有点老,但昨天所有的特点。这霍皮人的观念,强调时间的重复性方面而不是它向前流,可以清楚地看到他们的仪式舞蹈雨和良好的作物,基本步骤是短,脚的快速冲压重复上千次,一小时接一小时。
Of course, the American conception of time is significantly different from that of the Hopi. Americans' understanding of time is typical of Western cultures in general and industrialized societies in particular. Americans view time as a commodity, as a "thing" that can be saved, spent, or wasted. We budget our time as we budget our money. We even say, "Time is money. " We are concerned in America with being "on time"; we don't like to "waste" time by waiting for someone who is late or by repeating information; and we like to "spend" time wisely by keeping busy. These statements all sound natural to a North American. In fact, we think, how could it be otherwise? It is difficult for us not to be irritated by the apparent carelessness about time in other cultures. For example, individuals in other countries frequently turn up an hour or more late for an appointment - although "being late" is at least within our cultural framework. For instance, how can we begin to enter the cultural world of the Sioux, in which there is no word for "late" or "waiting. " Of course, the fact is that we have not had to enter the Sioux culture; the Sioux have had to enter ours. It is only when we participate in other cultures on their terms that we can begin to see the cultural patterning of time.
当然,美国的时间概念是明显不同于霍皮人。美国人的理解时间是典型的西方文化、特别是工业化社会。美国人认为时间是一种商品,是一个“事”,可以保存,花,或者浪费。我们预算的时间预算我们的钱。我们甚至说,“时间就是金钱。“我们担心在美国与“准时”,我们不喜欢“浪费”时间等待迟到的人或重复信息;,我们喜欢”“时间明智地保持忙碌。这些语句都听起来自然北美。事实上,我们认为,否则会是如何?我们很难以明显疏忽不生气的时候在其他文化。例如,其他国家的人经常出现一个小时或更多个约会迟到——尽管“迟到”至少在我们的文化框架。例如,我们如何开始进入苏族的文化世界,没有字的“晚期”或“等待。“当然,事实上,我们没有进入苏族文化;苏族不得不进入我们的。只有当我们参与其他文化方面,我们可以开始看到时间的文化模式。
Americans have a sence of time that is oriented toward the future, not an infinitely extending future,but the foreseeable future. We look back at the past only to measure how far we have come in the present , and we look at the present as a stepping stone to foreseeable future accomplishments. We project ourselves into the future b producing calendars,programs,schedules,and budgets for upcoming periods of time . Other cultures do not share such a future orientation. Navajos, for
instance,look skeptically at the promise of benefits in even the foreseeable future; whereas the future among Hindus is conceived of in terms of more than a lifetime ,as extending infinitely through many rebirths and lifetimes.
美国人有某种意义上的时间,是面向未来,不是一个无限延伸的未来,但在可预见的未来。我们回顾过去只测量,我们已经走了多远,我们看看目前作为跳板,可预见的未来成就。我们项目在未来生产日历,计划,时间表,为即将到来的时间和预算。其他文化不分享这样一个未来取向。例如,纳瓦霍人怀疑地看看福利的承诺即使在可预见的未来,而未来在印度教徒是构思的一生,通过许多扩展无限的轮回和寿命。
Just as other cultures' concepts of time may irritate Americans when we come up against them in our activities,so our concept of time may evoke amusement or even disdain from people in other cultures. For example , many foreigners must have been puzzled by an article in the New York Time business section that desctibed a man who defined himself as a "time consultant". This expret suggested that one way to use time more efficiently was to program the subconscious to consider a plan of action for the following day while falling asleep. In this way , he said,one's sleeping time would be well spend , not wasted. Such a notion is considered perfectly rational in the American business community. But in an agricultural community,where one cannot control the elements governing corp growth,or in a nonindustrialized nation,where the speed of walking animal or human hand controls production,such a perception of time would be valueless,With these different ,culturally patterned views of time that exist all over the world,it is no wonder some American businesspeople come into conflict with businesspeople from other cultures, wher sociability in more important than using every minute of one's time for business.
就像其他文化”概念的时间可能会激怒美国人当我们碰到他们在我们的活动,所以我们的时间观念可能唤起娱乐甚至蔑视来自其他文化的人。例如,许多外国人一定是困惑的文章在纽约时间业务部分,desctibed的人将自己定义为一个“顾问”。这expret建议,更有效地使用时间的方法之一是程序的潜意识考虑第二天的行动计划而入睡。通过这种方式,他说,一个人的睡眠时间会花钱,不浪费。这样一个概念被认为是完全理性在美国商界。但在一个农业社区,一个无法控制的元素管理公司增长,或nonindustrialized国家,动物或人类的手行走的速度控制生产,这种感知的时间是不值钱的,这些不同的文化的看法存在世界各地的时间,难怪一些美国商人与商人来自其他文化发生冲突,社交能力从哪里比的每一分钟使用一个更重要的业务。
Unit 11 The Iks The small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them. 小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。 The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged. 书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。 The argument rests, of course, on certain assumptions about the core of human beings, and is necessarily speculative. You have to agree in advance that man is fundamentally a bad lot , out for himself alone , displaying such graces as affection and compassion only as learned habits . If you take this view, the story of the Iks can be used to confirm it. These people seem to be living together, clustered in small, dense villages, but they are really solitary, unrelated individuals with no evident use for each other. They talk, but only to make ill-tempered demands and cold refusals. They share nothing. They never sing. They turn the children out to forage as soon as they can walk, and desert the elders to starve whenever they can, and the foraging children snatch food from the mouths of the helpless elders. It is a mean society. 论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。觅食的孩子从无助的老者嘴下抢夺食物。这是个卑鄙自私的社会。 They breed without love or even casual regard. They defecate on each other’s doorsteps. They watch their neighbors for signs of misfortune, and only then do they laugh. In the book they do a lot of laughing, having so much bad luck. Several times they even laughed at the anthropologist, who found this especially repellent (one
近年汉译英试题 2004年1月 考研的人在英语上花的时间远远多于其它学科，希望英语分数越高越好。许多人坚信成功地秘诀是参加短训班和多背范文，结果却发现此招不灵。他们为提高英语水平做出的努力很难得到回报。 参考译文： Those who take the entrance examination for graduate schools spend much (/far) more time on English than on other subjects, hoping for the highest possible scores of English. Many people are convinced that the secret to success is to attend training courses (/classes) and learn many sample writings by heart, only to find that doesn’t work. Their efforts to improving their English can’t pay off easily. 2004年6月 计算机被认为是有史以来对人类生活影响最大的发明。它的神奇之处在于其运算速度和准确性优于人类。计算机能在几秒钟内完成几十年前可能需要数天才能完成的事。这是人类第一次感到自己作为最高级物种的地位受到了挑战。 参考译文： The computer is believed (/regarded /considered) to be the invention that has exerted the greatest influence on human lives in history. What is remarkable about it is that it can calculate with better speed and accuracy than man. The computer can finish in seconds what might have taken days decades ago. This is the first time that man has felt that his position (/status) as the highest species has been challenged. 2005年1月 人们越来越意识到开发环保型产品的重要性。为实现长期可持续发展，发达国家不惜代价减少温室气体的排放。如果目前全球变暖的速度保持不变，东京和伦敦等大城市从地球上消失的可能性将是20前的10倍。 参考译文： People have become increasingly aware of the importance of developing environmentally friendly (pollution-free) products. For the sake of longstanding sustainable development, developed countries are to reduce
0501 戒严与其说是个人的选择, 不如说是对自己毅力的考验, 因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的. 尽管专家的建议和药物疗法确实能增加永久戒严的可能性, 但是避免这种困境的最好的方法就是不要涉猎吸烟. 吸烟的负面影响在各个程度上是不同的, 它与吸烟的数量以及烟龄的长短, 还有开始吸烟的年龄有关. 这份报告向以下观点提出了质疑, 这种观点认为吸烟几年不会产生永久的危害性的后果. 我们希望阻止这种普遍的但是却是生死攸关的习惯, 并且提醒大家戒烟的时间越长, 和吸烟有关的健康问题就会大幅度地减少. It is increasingly realized that ( There is a growing realization /awareness that ) developing environment-protecting products really count. To fulfill the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago. 0506 本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶.它基于以下观
Unit 15 Aesthetics Word Bank abridge：to make sth. shorter删节，缩略 administer：to manage or direct管理 alienate：to make someone unwilling to give support使疏远 arbitrary：based on personal opinion rather than facts or reason任意的，随意的 assume：to believe sth. to be true without strong proof; to expect假设；假定 blemish：sth. that spoils perfection瑕疵，污点 complexion：the natural color or appearance of the skin, esp. of the face面色；肤色 conceive：to become pregnant with (a child) 孕育 confess：to admit (a fault, crime etc) 承认；坦白 demean：to cause to lose sense of personal pride贬损，降低身份 detriment：the condition of suffering harm or damage损害，伤害 disciple：a follower信徒 disparage：to speak about without respect贬低，轻视 dissect：to cut up so as to study the shape and relationship of the parts, as medical students do 解剖，切开 enchantment: a delightful influence or feeling of delight魅力，着迷 honorable：deserving honor值得尊敬的 inferior：not good or less good in quality or value次的，差的 lamentable：very unsatisfactory令人惋惜的，可叹的 masculine：of or having qualities suitable for a man男性的，阳刚的 narcissism：too great love for one's own abilities or physical appearance自恋，自我陶醉overtone：things that are suggested but not shown or stated clearly含义，弦外之音 pagan：of a person who is not a believer of any of the chief religions of the world异教徒的paradox：a statement that contradicts itself悖论 pedagogy：the practice of teaching or the study of teaching methods教学法，教育学 preen：to dress up打扮 privilege：a special advantage limited to a particular person or group特权，特殊待遇 renounce：to give up (a claim) 声明放弃 scrutiny：a close study or look仔细检查，详审 seductive：very desirable or attractive有魅力的 trivial：of little worth or importance琐碎的，没有价值的 vestige：a sign, mark, track, or other proof that sb. or sth. formerly existed痕迹，残余Phrases and Expressions attribute...to：to believe (sth.) to be the result or work of归因于，认为是…的结果 be wary of：to be careful of谨防，谨慎 deprive...of：to take sth. away from somebody剥夺 distinguish：between to make a difference between区分，区别 identify...with：to share feelings or ideas of others; to consider as similar to与…共鸣；视……为一体
Unit 1 Ghosts for T ea ' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.' “十便士看海湾风光。”那个带着望远镜的老头说道。 “多么晴朗美丽的早晨。来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年大海难的遗迹吧!” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 十便士是纯粹的抢劫,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unr olling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and do dging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one ano ther as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse sto od on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the light house, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁伸展向远处,海风激起的波浪闪耀着铺展在沙滩上,海面上几艘游艇伴着乳白色风帆优雅地弯成弧形避开。天空下方,一群海鸥在一只只的叫唤着,侧身滑过水面。离岸一英里处,在海浪贪婪地拍打的岩石上,那座古老的灯塔矗立在一石头平台上。的确我决不会吝惜钱。当我把望远镜对准灯塔时,我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。 ' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse? ' he asked in a hushed whisper.
考试须知 1、本次考试试卷有试题册（试卷一）和答题纸（Answer Sheet)两种，答题时间 为120分钟。 2、请考生用钢笔在Answer Sheet上写上姓名、学号、专业班级。 3、请考生在Answer Sheet上答题，写在试题册上的答案一律作废。 4、选择题每题只能选一个答案，多选作废。选定答案后，在Answer Sheet中找到相应题号，将答案对应字母（A\B\C\D）填写在题号后的括号里。注意保持字迹清晰工整，容易识别。由于字迹潦草、答案模棱两可甚至无法识别者，一律判为0分，责任由考生本人负责。 5、简答题、翻译和作文等主观题部分的答题请考生用钢笔书写在Answer Sheet 指定位置上。 6、考试结束，考生不得将试题册和答题纸带出考场。请把试题册和答题纸分别 上交监考老师。 Test 29 Part I Situational Conversations (10%) Directions:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue．Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center of the corresponding letter． 1. Robert: How annoying. I can’t figure out a solution to this problem. Can you help me? Anderson: __________. A. How stupid you are. The problem is too easy to disturb me. B. Well, I’m afraid I can’t at the moment. C. You shouldn’t feel annoyed. After all,it’s your own problem. D. OK. Though it’s beyond me, let me try. 2. Speaker A: Excuse me. Could you show me the way to the nearest post office? Speaker B: ________ A. OK. I’d like to go with you. B. Of course. Go down this street and turn le ft. C. Sorry. I’m busy now. Go away. D . No problem. It’s my pleasure to direct you. 3. Customer: I need some aspirin, please, and I'd also like to get this prescription filled．
非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程 考试大纲 (试行稿) 《非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲》(Non English Major Graduate Stu dent English Qualifying Test，简称GET)是根据《非英语专业研究生英语(第一外语)教学大纲(试行稿)》制定的。本大纲规定了硕士生英语学位课程通过考试的内容、形式、时间和计分。考试目的在于考核已修完研究生英语课程的学生是否达到教学大纲所规定的各项要求，以及实际掌握和运用英语的能力。 一、基础英语部分 本考试共有六个部分：听力理解(占15%)、词汇(占10%)、完形填空(占15%)、阅读理解(30%)、翻译(占20%)、写作(占10%)。分两份试卷：试卷一(Paperl)包括前四个部分，共80题；试卷二(Paper2)包括翻译和写作，共3题。全部题目按顺序统一编号。 第一部分听力理解(Part I Listening Comprehension)；听力理解部分主要测试考生掌握听力材料中心思想和主要内容的能力，判断对话情景、场合、人物关系、身份和说话人的意图及话语含义的能力。共15题，考试时间为15分钟左右。主要测试考生能否一遍听懂语速为每分钟120个词的对话和短文。本部分共有二节： A节(Section A)：共9题，每题为一段对话。问句后有15秒间隙，要求考生从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。 B节(Section B)：共6题，题目或为问句或为未完成的句子，分别安排在2—3篇听力材料之后。要求考生在15秒的间隙中从所给出的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案。 第二部分词汇(Part I Vocabulary)：词汇部分主要测试考生运用词汇和短语的能力。测试教学大纲的词汇表、词组表及词根词缀表所覆盖的内容。着重测试研究生阶段所学的词和基础词的多种词性及词义搭配、易混词的区别及难词的认知。词汇与词组的比例为7∶3。共20题，分A、B两节，考试为10分钟。 A节(Section A)：共10题。每题为一英文句，句中有一词或固定词组下面划有横线，要求从所给的四个选择项中选出该划线词或词组的最佳同义词或最佳释义。 B节(Section B)：共10题。每题为一英文句，句子中有一个空白，要求从所给的四个选择项中选出最恰当的词或词组使该句成为逻辑合理、表达正确的英文句。 第三部分完形填空(Part III Cloze Test)：主要测试考生在语篇水平上的理解能力和实际运用语言的能力。测试内容可以是句型、结构，也可以是词汇、词组和习惯用语。共15题。考试时间为10分钟。测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文(约200—250词)
Unit 2 Men V.S. (against) Women男女有别 Word Bank (assist=help) assistance: n. aid帮助，协助; first aid急救 associate (~ A with B= relate A to B): 1) n.a companion (=company伙伴/ 公司; accompany sb. to somewhere); 1)n. a partner合伙人2)v. to connect in the mind or imagination联想; 3)a. 副~ professor副教授 disengage: v. to release (oneself) from an engagement, pledge, or obligation解脱，解放; be oblighed (#forced) to do sth.不得不做某事；be ~in sth.参与某事 (attract<->) distract (->distraction干扰): v. to cause to turn away from the original focus of attention or interest分散，转移 (move->motion/ motion picture=film/ movie) emotionally: adv. related to emotion情绪上地fade: v. to lose strength or vitality (energy)衰退 forgetful: adj. tending or likely (possible) to forget健忘; forgetable<->unforgetable (frict: vt.) friction: n. conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interests矛盾 Ignore (->ignorant->ignorance): v. to refuse to pay attention to不理睬，忽视 (instinct: n.-> instinctive; a.->) instinctively: adv. relating to, or resulting from instinct本能地 Mars: n. the fourth planet from the sun火星；~ Square战神广场 (mall购物广场#) mull: v. to go over extensively in the mind思虑; (neglegence->neglegeble) neglect: v. to pay little or no attention to忽视，疏忽overwhelm (overcome/ defeat): v. to overpower the thoughts, emotions, or senses (=reason) of 制服，控制 preoccupy: v. to engross the thoughts or mind of使全神贯注，迷住; enable; encourage鼓励(at random=) randomly: adv. of no specific order or pattern随意，任意地 (resent: vt.) resentment: n. anger, bitterness怨恨，愤恨 (lose one’s temper发火->temporary) temporarily: adv. of a short period of time暂时，临时地(tense->) tension: n. a situation or condition of (host<->hstess->hostile->) hostility suspense, or [easy#ease: 1. n./ 2. vt. to ease the pain；make you at ~=make you at home; feel/ be at ease很自在/ 很舒服) uneasiness (unconfortableness/ nervousness)紧张局势 (response: n. respond: vi. ->responsive->) unresponsive: adj. exhibiting a lack of responsiveness迟钝的 [wind: 1. n.->windy; 2. vt. to ~ the clock; 3. vi. ~ road] unwind: v. to make or become relaxed 放松，释放 Venus: n. the second planet from the sun金星 withdraw：v. to retire or retreat撤离，撤退 Phrases and Expressions be associated with: to be connected with与…有关 cope with: to deal with妥善处理，有效地对付 fade into: to disappear into消失于… focus on: to concentrate on聚焦
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope. 'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.' 十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper. 'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested . “您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。 'It's no legend' , declared the old man.'My father knew the two men involved. It all took place fift y years ago to-day. Let me tell you. His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic. “这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。一切都发生在50年前的今天。让我说给您听听吧。” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。 'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas s urging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working th ere. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge th e insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologise d to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentme nt and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough we ather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be. “整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。 “咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使
2016年学位课统考真题(A卷) Paper One Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A ( 1 point each) 1. A Beauty has advantages and disadvantages. B. Beauty has different meanings to different people. C. Beauty brings attention and opportunities. D. Beauty comes from action and good qualities. 2. A. She is using the book now. B. She may give him a hand. C. She can’t lend him the book. D. She will keep the book for him. 3. A Rachel lives fairly close to her. B Rachel visits her quite often. C Rachel comes here once a month. D Rachel rarely gets to see her. 4. A She forgot about the time change. B She didn’t receive the text message
C Her roommate forgot to give her the message. D Her roommate was too nervous to tell her. 5. A He should have got better grades. B The test was based on lecture material. C She misplaced her textbook. D Small luck plays a big role. 6. A On the 16th of June. B. On the 18th of June. C On the 9th of June. D On the 8th of June. 7. A. Go to sleep. B. Watch the movie later. C Change the channel. D Set the alarm clock. 8. A Wear a formal suit. B Wear casual clothes. C Dress up for the party. D Dress in a costume. 9. A. She likes to drink coffee. B She rarely wakes up early. C She needs tea to feel alert.
关于2016年硕士研究生英语学位课程 水平考试的通知 各有关学院： 根据《云南农业大学非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程水平考试 管理办法（试行）》（校办发[2005]45号），学校定于2016 年5月21日(星期六)上午9:00—11:30举行硕士研究生英语学位课程水 平考试。现将有关事项通知如下： 一、考试内容 本考试共有六个部分：听力理解（占20%）、词汇（占10%）、完形填 空（占10%）、阅读理解（占30%）、翻译（占20%）、写作（占10%）。 试卷分两份：试卷一 (Paper 1) 包括前四个部分，共80---90题； 试卷二 (Paper 2) 包括翻译和写作，共三题。 二、考试对象 1. 未通过硕士学位英语水平考试的在校全日制硕士研究生(含全日 制硕士专业学位研究生)； 2. 2012级毕业后未通过硕士学位英语水平考试的全日制硕士研究 生。 三、报名程序 1. 网上报名。参加硕士学位英语水平考试的硕士研究生，必须登录 云南农业大学研究生教务管理系统进行网上报名。学生登录研究生教务 管理系统， 点击“学期选课”→“选课申请”→“公共课选课”→“学位英语考试” →“选定”完成报名。网上报名时间为2016年4月23日—5月12日。 2. 请各学院研究生教学秘书通知本院所有未通过硕士学位英语水
平考试的研究生，务必在规定时间报名，逾期教务系统关闭不再受理补报。 四、学位英语免考 1．按照《云南农业大学关于印发研究生第一外语课程学习规定的通知》（校政发［2008］16号），大学英语六级考试成绩达425分及其以上，或研究生招生入学考试成绩在70分以上，可申请免考学位英语水平考试。 2．已提交过学位英语免考申请且获得免考资格的同学不需在网上报名，未提供英语六级证书原件的同学请尽快持证书原件和复印件到培养科审核，否则不予登记成绩。 3．已通过英语六级考试但未办理过学位英语免考手续的同学填写《云南农业大学第一外语免修申请》，于2016年5月12日前持证书原件和复印件到培养科办理免考手续，不需在网上报名。 五、考试地点另行通知。 云南农业大学研究生处 2016年4月19日
学科教学英语全日制教育硕士专业学位研究生
学科教学（英语)全日制教育硕士专业学位研究生 培养方案（2017年修订） 专业代码：(045108) 一、培养目标 培养高素质的基础教育学校和中等职业技术学校英语专任教师。具体要求为：1．热爱祖国，拥护中国共产党领导。热爱教育事业，教书育人，为人师表，积极进取，勇于创新。 2．掌握现代教育理论,具有良好的知识结构和扎实的专业基础，了解英语学科前沿和发展趋势。 3．具有较强的实践能力，胜任并创造性地开展教育教学工作。 4．具有发现和解决问题、终身学习与发展的意识与能力。 5．能较为熟练地运用一种外国语阅读本专业的外文文献资料。 二、招生对象 具有国民教育序列大学本科学历(或本科同等学力)人员。 三、学习年限 学习年限一般为2年。 四、课程设置 课程分为学位基础课、专业必修课、专业选修课和实践教学。总学分不少于38学分。 （一）学位基础课（12学分） 1.政治理论（含教师职业道德教育）（2学分） 2.教育原理（2学分） 3.课程与教学论（2学分） 4.汉语言文学基础（2学分） 5.心理发展与教育（2学分） 6.教育研究方法（2学分） （二）专业必修课（12学分）
1.英语课程与教材研究（2学分） 2.英语教学设计与实施（2学分） 3.外语教育心理学（2学分） 4.教育统计学（2学分） 5.英语教师行动研究与论文写作（2学分） 6.英语语音实践(2学分) （三）专业选修课（6学分） 1.专业理论知识类课程 （1）认知语言学与英语教学(2学分) （2）英语教师发展研究（2学分） （3）语用学与英语教学（2学分） （4）西方文化概况（2学分） （5）翻译理论与实践（2学分） （6）二语习得研究与英语教学(2学分) 2.教学专业技能类课程 （1）现代教育技术（2学分） （2）英语教师口语（2学分） （3）英语写作与教学（2学分） （4）英语阅读与教学（2学分） （5）语言测试学（2学分） （6）高级英语写作（2学分） 3.教育教学管理类课程 （1）英语教学专题研究（2学分） （2）教育政策与法规（1学分） （3）中外教育简史（2学分） （四）实践教学（8学分） 1.校内实训（2学分）：包括教学技能训练、微格教学、课例分析等。 校内实训阶段，安排在第2学期进行，校内4周。 每位研究生备课教案和课堂教学各不少于2节，听课不少于10学时，且应作好听