1.外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.
2.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative
~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)
多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.
3.Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a
certain historical
period of time.
4.Primary
meaning is the only
meaning that a word
had when it was first
created.
5.Derived
meanings are the
meanings that a
word gets from the
primary meaning at
different stages of
its development in
the course of time.
6.同形同音异义关系
Homonymy is one of
the features of
words that a word is
different in meaning
from another, but
either identical both
in sound and
spelling or identical
only in sound or
spelling with the
other Homonyms
generally fall into
three classes:
perfect homonyms
(same name);
homographs (same
spelling) and
homophones （some
sound）. Perfect
homonyms are
those words
identical both in
sound and spelling,
but different in
meaning, e.g. bear
/bea/ (n) a large
heavy animal; bear
/bea/ (v) to put up
with. Homographs
are the words
identical only in
spelling but different
in sound and
meaning, e.g. saw /
/ (v) to scatter
seeds; sow /sau/ (n)
female adult pig.
Homophones refer
to the words
identical only in
sound but different
in spelling and
meaning, e.g. dear
/dia/ (n) a loved
person; deer /dia/
(n) a kind of animal.
7.同形同音异义词与多
义词的区别Perfect
homonyms and
polysemants are
fully identical with
regard to spelling
and pronunciation.
This creates the
problem of
differentiation. The
fundamental
difference between
homonyms and
polysemants lies in
the fact that the
former refers to
different words
which happen to
share the same form
and the latter is the
one and same word
which has several
distinguishable
meanings. One
important criterion
is to see their
etymology, i.e.
homonyms are from
different sources
whereas a
polysemant is from
the same source
which has acquired
different meanings
in the course of
development. The
second principal
consideration is
semantic
relatedness. The
various meanings of
a polysemant are
correlated and
connected to one
central meaning to a
greater or lesser
degree, e. g. neck
(See 6.1 Polysemy) .
On the other hand,
meanings of
different homonyms
have nothing to do
with one another. In
dictionaries, a
polysemant has its
meanings all listed
under one headword
whereas homonyms
are listed as
separate entries.
8.同义关系
Synonyms are
words which share
the same or nearly
the same meaning
with each other but
different in sound
and spelling. There
are absolute
synonyms and
relative synonyms
which result from
borrowing, dialects
and regional English,
figurative and
euphemistic use of
words, coincidence
with idiomatic
expressions. There
exists the difference
between or among
synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or
near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.
9.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing
2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
10.如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application
11.What are the characteristics of antonyms?
12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in
semantic inclusion.
4) Contrary terms
are gradable
antonyms, differing
in degree of
intenisty, so each
has its own
corresponding
opposite.
13.上下义关
系:Hyponymy
deals with the
relationship of
semantic
inclusion. That is,
the meaning of a
more specific word
is included in that of
another more
general word.
Superordinates
refer to some
general words;
subordinates denote
those more specific
words. Hyponymy
can be described in
terms of tree-like
graphs, with
higher-order
superordinates
above the lower
subordinates. But
their status either as
superordinate or
subordinate is
relative to other
terms. For example,
horse, dog, pig are
subordinates in
relation to animal,
but superordinates
of mare, hound and
boar, Animal itself
becomes a
subordinate of
creature. And
creature in turn
becomes
14.词义变化的种类
There are five
types of meaning,
changes: extension,
narrowing,
degradation,
elevation, and
transfer among
which extension and
narrowing are the
most common.
Changes in meaning
can be accounted for
from extra-linguistic
factors (historical
reason, class reason,
and psychological
reason) and
intra-linguistic
factors (shortening,
the influx of
borrowing, and
analogy).
15.词义的扩大
Extension is a
process by which a
word with a
specialized sense is
generalized to cover
a broader or less
16.definite
concept. Compare
the following；词义的
缩小Narrowing is a
process by which a
word of wider
meaning acquires a
specialized sense；词
义的升华Elevation is
a process by which a
word moves from a
derogatory or
neutral sense to a
neutral and/or
appreciative sense；
词义的降格
Degradation is a
process by which a
word of reputation
slides into a
pejorative use,；词义
的转移Transfer is a
process by which a
word denoting one
thing changes to
refer to a different
but related thing.
Paper serves as an
example. This word
formerly denoted an
African plant
papyrus, which was
once used to make
paper. In modern
times, paper is
made from rags,
wood, straw and the
like, but the product
has retained the
same name. There
is associated
transfer. There are
other kinds of
transfer, such as,
concrete to abstract,
abstract to concrete
and transfer of
sensation.
17.语境的种类:非语言
语境。语言语境：词汇
语境和语法语境。
There are two
types of contexts:
linguistic context
and extra-linguistic
(or non-linguistic
context).
Extra-linguistic
context refers to
those situations and
features which are
not directly a part of
the language in use
but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. Linguistic or
Intra-linguistic context is further subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. By lexical context we mean the words that occur together with the word in question. By grammatical context we mean that the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. 18.语境的作用：Three major functions of context: elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents, provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. Context an be summed up as follows:1) definition 2) explanation 3) example 4) synonymy 5) Antonymy
6)hyponymy 7) relevant details 8) word structure
19.英语习语的特点The characteristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stability. 20.英语习语的分类
According to the
criterion of their
grammatical
functions, we
classify them into
idioms nominal in
nature, idioms
adjectival in nature,
idioms verbal in
nature, idioms
adverbial in nature,
and sentence idioms.
The stylistic features
are characterized
with colloquialisms,
slang, and literary
expressions.
21.英语习语的使用
The use of idioms
involves their
stylistic features,
rhetorical features ,
and variations of
idioms.
22.英语习语的修辞色
彩The rhetorical
features of idioms
are represented
with phonetic
manipulation
( alliteration 头韵法
and rhyme叠韵) ,
lexical manipulation
( reiteration复用,
repetition重复and
juxtaposition反义词
叠用), figures of
speech ( simile明喻,
metaphor暗喻,
metonymy转喻,
synecdoche借代,
personification拟人,
euphemism委婉)
23.英语习语的变异形
式In the variations,
addition, deletion,
replacement,
position-shifting and
dismembering are
involved in the
changes in idioms
constituents .
24.Associative
meaning : 1)
associative meaning
is the secondary
meaning
supplemented to the
conceptual meaning.
2)It differs from the
conceptual meaning
in that it is
open-ended and
indeterminated. 3)It
is liable to the
influence of such
factors as culture ,
experience, religion,
geographical region,
class
background,educati
on, etc.
4)Associative
meaning comprises
four types :
connotative, stylistic,
affective, and
collocative.
25.Metonymy 和
Synecdoche ,修饰
有何区别? Both
metonymy and
synecdoche involve
substitution of
names, yet they
differ in that the
former is a case of
using the name of
one thing for
another closely
associated with it
and the latter is that
of substituting part
for the whole and
vice versa.
26.词典的种类There
are four types of
dictionaries with
their features
mentioned in this
parts: (1)
monolingual and
bilingual dictionaries,
(2) linguistic and
encyclopedic
dictionaries, (3)
unabridged, desk
and pocket
dictionaries, (4)
specialized
dictionaries. A
monolingual
dictionary is a
dictionary which is
written in one
language.
27.A bilingual
dictionary is one in
which two
languages are
involved.
28.A linguistic
dictionary is a
dictionary which
aims at defining
words and
explaining their
usages in the
language.
29. An
encyclopedic
dictionary is one in
which encyclopedic
information is
provided along with
the general
information as in a
linguistic dictionary .
30.An
encyclopedia is a
dictionary which
only provide
encyclopedic
information concerning each headword.
31.An unabridged dictionary is an unshortened dictionary with at least 200,000 headwords that can supply a great quantity of basic, information about a word.
32.A desk dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
33.A pocket dictionary is a dictionary which has about 50,000 entries or fewer. 七、分析综合
49-50*9
1、对句子进行理论分析，并改进：ambiguous——原因cause——可以如何理解？——如何改进？improve
2、对单词进行分析：re-collect-ion——归属free morpheme, bound morpheme——解释
3、构词法进行分析：word formation: 例如：VIP=very important person 属于aronym
4、分析idiom:属于什么短语——作用
注：重点有1、idioms 相关知识；2、一些名词解释，如术语等；3、
types of meaning；
二.串讲内容
Introduction 部分：
34.Lexicology 这门
课算哪一种学科的分
支:Lexicology is a
branch of linguistics.
35.Lexicology和那些
重要的学科建立了联
系:
1)Morphology 2)
Semantics 3)
Stylistics 4)
Etymology 5)
Lexicography
36.研究lexicology
的两大方法:1)
Diachronic
approach : 历时语言
学2) Synchronic
approach : 共时语言
学e.g. wife纵观历时
语言学的方法论，
woman 词义的变化算
是词义变化的哪一种模
式？
Woman 的词义的变
化算Narrowing or
specialization
第一章
37.What is word ?
词具有哪些特点？词的
特点也就是对词的名词
解释。1) A word is a
minimal free form of
a language;2) A
sound unity or a
given sound ;3) a
unit of meaning;4) a
form that can
function alone in a
sentence.以上词的四
个特点也就是词的名词
解释
38.词的分类
（classification of
a word）词根据发音
可以分为哪两种词？或
者说词根据拼写可以分
为哪两类词
1) simple words 2)
complex words单音
节词例子：e.g. Man
and fine are simple
多音节词例子：e.g.
Management,
misfortune,
blackmailmanagem
ent 可以次划分为
manage 和–ment
misfortune 可以次划
分为mis- 和
fortuneblackmail 次
划分为black 和mail
39.What is the
relationship
between sound
and meaning?
1)There is ‘no
logical relationship
between the sound
and actual thing.e.g.
dog. Cat
2)The relationship
between them is
conventional.
3) In different
languages the same
concept can be
represented by
different sounds.
40.What is
relationship
between sound
and form?
1)The written form
of a natural
language is the
written record of the
oral form. Naturally
the written form
should agree with
the oral form, such
as English language.
2)This is fairly true
of English in its
earliest stage i.e.
Old English
3)With the
development of the
language, more and
more differences
occur between the
two.
41.What are the
great changes
that causes
illogical
relationship or
irregularity
between sound
and form?
1)The internal
reason for this is
that the English
alphabet was
adopted from the
Romans, which does
not have a separate
letter tore present
each sound in the
language so that
some letters must
do double duty or
work together in
combination.
2)Another reason is
that the
pronunciation has
changed more
rapidly than spelling
over the years, and
in some cases the
two have drawn
farapart.
3)A third reason is
that some of the
differences were
created by the early
scribes.
4)Finally comes the
borrowing, which is
an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词：
1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing 42.你能不能举出外来
语对英语发音,拼写造
成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta
(Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语
对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
43.What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 44.Classification
of Words (本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考) 45.What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?
Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By
origin
By use of
frequency 可划分
为：1) The basic word
stock 2) Nonbasic
word vocabulary
By notion可划分为：
1) Content word2)
Functional word
Content words are
also known as
notional words .
(Content words 的别
称)Functional words
are also known as
empty words, or
form words.
(Functional words
的别称)Functional
words possesses a
characteristic of
basic word stock, i.e.
stability
46.According to
Stuart Robertson ,et
al (1957),* (年年考
试必考) t he nine
functional words ,
namely ,and , be ,
have , it , of , the ,
to , will ,you
47.What are the
characteristics of
basic word stock?
1)All national
character2)
Stability3)
Productivity4)
Polysemy5)
Collocability
要把握住‘All national
character’词,就是和
我们日常生活息息相关
的，最普通词
48.稳定性是基本词的
一个很大特点，请你举
例说明？e.g. man,
woman , fire,
water …e.g.
machine, video,
telephone …e.g.
bow, chariot , knight
Stability is relative,
not absolute.
49.根据词的use
frequency 划分出的
基本词之外，还有一类
词叫作None basic
vocabulary, 非基本
词有几大特点？或者是
几大分类？1)
Terminology e.g.
sonata, algebra2)
Jargon e.g. Bottom
line ( Jargon ) 3)
Slang e.g. smoky,
bear ( Slang ) 4)
Argot e.g.
persuader5)
Dialectal words e.g.
station ( AusE =
ranch ) bluid
( ScotE= blood)6)
Archaisms e.g. wilt
(will)7) Neologisms
e.g. email
( Neologisms )beav
er 是girl 的slang 表
达方式，但是二者之间
存在着Stylistic
difference
50.Which
constitutes the
larger number
among English
vocabulary,
content or
functional words ?
Answer : Content
words What is
native words?
Answer : (1) By
origin, English
words can be
classified into native
words and borrowed
words.(2) Native
words are words
brought to Britain in
the fifth century by
the German tribes:
the Angles, the
Saxons, and the
Jutes, thus know
asAnglo-Saxon
words. (3) Words of
Anglo-Saxon origin
are small in
number ,amounting
to roughly 50,000 to
60,000, but they
form the
mainstream of the
basic word stock
and stand at the
core of the language
51.什么叫borrowed
words?Answer: (1)
words taken over
from foreign
languages are know
as borrowed words
or loan words or
borrowings in simple
terms.(2) It is
estimated that
English borrowings
constitute 80
percent of the
modern English
vocabulary (3) The
English language
has vast debts .In
any dictionary some
80% of the entries
are borrowed.
52什么叫
Denizens?Denizen
s are words
borrowed early in
the past and now
are well assimilated
into the English
language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).
53什么叫Translation-loans ?T ranslation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 54什么叫
Semantic-loans ? words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word
dream ,which originally
meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its
modern meaning
was borrowed later
from the Norse.
第二章：The
development of
the English
vocabulary
The Indo-European
Language Family It
is assumed that the
world has
approximately
3,000(some put
it5,000)languages ,
which can be
grouped into
roughly 300
language families on
the basis of
similarities in their
basic word stock
and grammar .
55.(重点：语系划分的
标准)What is the
criteria to divide
language
families ?
The answer : 1. the
basis of similarities
in their basic word
stock 2. grammar(重
点)The Balto-Slavic
comprises such
modern languages
as(选择题内
容：)Prussian,
Lithuanian ,
Polish ,Czech,
Bulgarian ,Slovenia
n and Russian.
56.‘Indo-Europea
n’ 两大分支：
1.Eastern set
2.Western set
Eastern set:
Balto-Slavic,
Indo-Iranian,
Armenian and
Albanian Western
set : Celtic, Italic ,
Hellenic, Germanic.
In the western Set,
Greek is the modern
language derived
from Hellenic.
Celtic ：Scottish,
Irish, Welsh, Breton
The five Romance
languages,
namely ,Portuguese,
Spanish, French,
Italian , Roumanian
all belong to the
Italic.
The Germanic family
consists of the four
Northern European
Languages:
Norwegian ,Icelandi
c, Danish and
Swedish ,which are
generally known as
Scandinavian
languages. Then
there is German,
Dutch ,Flemish and
English.With
Vikings’ invasion,
many Scandinavian
words came into the
English language. It
is estimated that at
least 900 words of
Scandinavian origin
have survived in
modern English. Old
English has a
vocabulary of about
50,000 to 60,000
words. It was a
highly inflected
language just like
modern German.
57.重点句: Modern
English began
with the
establishment of
printing in
England
古英语最大的模糊性的
概念来自于(scripts )
古英语正因为出现印刷
术才打破了( early
scripts)Sound and
form 真正达到统一是
在什么时期？.Sound
and form reached
their concord in
( Modern English
period )如果从词汇变
化的角度而言，Modern
English 又可以细划分
为early
period ,modern
period.
58.*现代英语早期阶
段属于哪一种文化现象
的发展时期（重要的选
择或填空内容）
Early modern
English appeared in
the Renaissance
59.Modern
English period 有
什么样的外来语的进
入？
The Latin words
swarmed into
English in early
modern English
period现代英语时期，
英语词汇大量丰富还有
另外一个原因是
(colonization)The
richness of Modern
English in
vocabulary also
arises from
(Colonization )The
English language
has evolved from a
synthetic language
to the present
analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
60.Three main sources of new words :
1)The rapid development of modern science and technology
2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and language
61.Modes of Vocabulary Development
1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semant ic change （还包括外来词的Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer 外来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 .重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially trueof American English. 62.英语从synthetic
language 发展到
present analytical
language 是在英语
的哪一个阶段完成的？
答案：Modern English
period
63.文艺复兴时期，恰逢
英语发展的哪个阶段?
答案：Early Modern
English period
64.在英语发展过程
在哪个阶段出现三语鼎
立的现象？French,
Latin, English in
Middle English
period
65.easel, port,
freight, 出现于英语
发展的哪个阶段，属于
哪一种外来词的引入？
答案：Middle English ,
Dutch
66.在英语发展的某一
个阶段，有一种语言进
入英语，它一共带来了
2500 个词汇，这种语
言是什么？
答案：Dutch (前年考
题)
67.据现代语言学家的
统计，英语中目前所占
本族词的数量有多少?
答案：50,000 to
60,000 他们的来源是
(Anglo_Saxon
tongue )第二次世界大
战以后，大量外来词进
入英语中，如：Mao
jackets , black belt ,
kongfu, 这些词属于
英语词汇发展的
Present - day
English Vocabulary
注意：第二章出大题的
内容无非就是请简述印
欧语系的发展与组成。
68.Old English 和
Middle English 最
大的striking
distinction 存在于哪
一个方面?
答案：Old English was
a language of full
endings, Middle
English was one of
leveled endings.
69.文艺复兴时期，哪两
种文化得到了复兴，这
对英语词汇的丰富具有
什么样的影响?答案：
Greek , Roman
cultur
70.某些希腊词被引入
到了英语是在什么阶段?
答案：Modern English
71.十六世纪，有一种新
工业出现对词汇的发展
产生重要的影响，这是
哪一种industry?
答案：Printing这导致
sound and form 出现
concord , 出现
standardization.
第三章复习
72.The smallest unit
in the English
language refers to
(morphemes)
73.The minimal
free form in the
English language
refers to (word)
74.In the plural form
changing, some of
the words will take
internal vowel
change , this
internal vowel
change is called
(allomorphs)
75.Deer 复数没有变,
还是deer, sheep 复
数没有变,还是sheep,
因此,这种变化被称作
(zero derivation)
名词解释:
76.Morphemes :
The minimal
meaningful units in
a language are
known as
morphemes. In
other words, the
morphemes is the
smallest functioning
unit in composition
of words
77.Allomorphs :
The alternative
morphs are known
as allomorphs,
e.g.the morpheme
of plurality {-s} has
a number of
allomorphs in
different sound
context, e.g. in cats
in bags, matches It
can be realized by
the change of an
internal vowel as in
foot-feet, man-men,
goose-geese or by
zero morphs as in
deer-deer, fish-fish
78. what are the
types of
morphemes ? (答
简答题时,名词解释)
答案：Free
morphemes and
bound
morphemes 。
79.Free
morphemes : 1)
Free morphemes
are independent of
other morphemes
and are considered
to be free.2) These
morphemes have
complete meanings
in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free rootwords ,as each of them consists of a single free root 4) free morphemes are free roots.
80.bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.. 2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes:
1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words.2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a root is
the basic form of a
word which cannot
be further analyzed
without total loss of
identity.
2) the root, whether
free or bound,
generally carries the
main component of
meaning in a word
3) a ’root is that part
of a word form that
remains when all
inflectional and
derivational affixes
have been
removed’ st em : 1)
a stem may consist
of a single root
morpheme as in iron
or of two root
morphemes as in a
compound like
handcuff.
2) It can be a root
morpheme plus one
or more affixational
morphemes as in
mouthful,
underestimate. 3)
Therefore, a stem
can be defined as a
form to which
affixes of any kind
can be added.
81.问题：Stem 和
root 有一个最大的区
别在哪里? ( 连着两年
没有考过)
答案：a stem can be
defined as a form to
which affixes of any
kind can be added.
82.问题：请加以区别
下面两个词的特征:
nation , dict 请加以
理论的分析?
Both nation and
dict belong to roots,
nation is free root,
which can function
alone in a sentence,
Nation as a free root,
has complete
meaning, when both
prefixes and suffixes
attached to it are
removed, nation as
a free root, still
remains Dict is a
bound root, which
can not function
alone
grammatically , dict
carries the
fundamental
meaning of words,
dict has to combine
with the other
morphemes to
create new words ,
for example ,
dictionary ,
contradiction .
83.问题：分析下面一句
话: He is much more
cleverer than any
other one in the
village, too heads
are better than one.
请从构词角度分析以上
的例子, cleverer ,
better cleverer (-er :
inflectional affixes )
better ( good , well
的特殊变化) It is
allomorph of good
and well.
第四章:
84.问题：在英语中,主
要的构词法分为哪几
种?
答案：有七种:1)
Affixation 2)
Compounding 3)
conversion 4)
shortening 5)
clipping 6)
acronymy 7)
blending有三种最常
用: affixation ,
compounding and
conversion
85.问题：由专有名词变
为普通名词是词义变化
的哪一种?答案：
Extension
86.问题：由普通名词变
为专有名词是词义变化
的哪一种模式?答案：
Narrowing
87.问题：Affixation
又被称为什么? 它分为
哪两类？答案：
Affixation is also
known as derivation
Affixation falls into
two subclasses :
prefixation and
suffixation 要点: 有
哪些前缀属于什么样的
类别:a-, non, ir :
negative prefixes
de- , dis- ( 既属于
negative , 也属于
reversative prefixes )
mal-, pseudo-, mis- :
pejorative prefixes
super , sur-, extra ：
prefixes of degree or
size anti-, contra-,
counter-, pro- :
prefixes of
orientation and
attitude trans-, fore-
tele- : locative
prefixes fore-, post- :
prefixes of time and
order bi-, uni-,
semi- : number
prefixes pan-, vice - :
miscellaneous
prefixes suffixation :
1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释.
88.要点:复合词分为
哪三类: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 89.简答题: what are the characteristics of
compounds ?What are the d ifference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features2) Semantic features3) Grammatical features 最常见的三
种词性: 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds
90.问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性, 哪两种不具有多产性? 在形容性复合词当中,
哪三类有多产性? 动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的?名词解释:Conversion ( 重点，还没考
过)Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion
Zero-derivation
( 选择或填空要
点)Adjective to
noun : (1) full
conversion (2)
partial conversion
91.问题：形容词转为动
词分为哪两类？答案：
由Adjective to verbs :
(1) Transitive (2)
Intransitive
92.简答题: 形容词变
动词的三种类别(没考
过) 问题：请你举出由
conjunction 变为
noun 的一个例子?答
案：Ifs and buts
blending are also
called blends or
portmanteau words
( 选择或填空要点)
93.问题：‘blending’
分为哪四类合成词？1.
head + tail 2. head
+ head 3. head +
word 4. word + tail
94.问题: 绝大多数
blending 都是什么
词性?答案：nouns，
The overwhelming
majority of blends
are nouns; very few
are verbs and
adjectives are even
fewer.
95.问题：截短法
clipping 分为哪四
类？答案：There are
four common types
of clipping :1) Front
clipping2) Back
clipping3) Front and
back clipping4)
Phrase clipping要注
意clipping 的例子有
一个特殊变化：fridge
( refrigerator 截短之
后在i, g 中间加一个
d ) , 还有拼写发生变
化，比如说：coke
( coca cola)
96.问题：什么是
acronymy？
A cronymy is the
process of forming
new words by
joining the initial
letters of ne ames of
social and political
organizations or
special noun
phrases and
technical terms
Acronymy 包含两
类:1) initialisms (不
发音)e.g. BBC, VOA,
TB2) acronyms (形成
新的发音)e.g. CORE,
TEFL Words from
proper names 有四
大类:1. Names of
people e.g. bobby :
Names of people2.
Names of places e.g.
champagne, rugby 3.
Names of books e.g.
utopia 4.
Tradenames e.g.
cabal
97.问题：以下的词采用
哪种构词法？ e.g.
diagnosis
---?diagnose : (先有
诊断的名词,后有了诊
断的动词,这种构词被
称作) backformation
bloomers (它的构词
法满足哪一种词法):
属于Words from
proper names 中的
Names of people
VJ-day :(这种构词法
是由哪一种构成的)属
于Initialisms 中的
Acronyms Pop: (采用
哪一种构词法构成的) :
clipping Sitcom :
blending FORTRAN :
head + head Bath
(名词) ----- bathe
( 动词) Bath 和
bathe 存在一种什么
关系? ( Conversion )
重点句：Conversion is
also known as
functional shift.
98.问题：Noun +
v-ing, 这类词构成的
词是什么词？答案：
compounding
99. 问题：
Record-breaking ,
它是属于复合法中的哪
一种？答案：
Adjectives
compounds
100.问题：请说出
Adjectives
compounds 中多产
性强的有几类？答有三
类1) n + v-ing 2) n
+ a3) n + v-ed
101.问题：
up-bringing 是属于
哪一类构词法构成的
词？答案：noun
compounds (adv +
v-ing )
102.问题：复合词与自
由短语的最大的区别是
什么?答案：区别也就是
复合词的特点:1)
Phonetic features2)
Semantic features3)
Grammatical
features
103.问题：red meat,
green horn,它们是复
合词的哪一个特点构成
的词?答案：Semantic
features (也就是从构
词上推不出它的涵义）
104.问题：
Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition
105.问题：由compounding 或composition 构成
的词被称作什么？答案：compounds 106.问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？答案：分为三类：solid, hyphenated, opensolid : blackmail , blackmarkethyphen ated: brother-in-law, open : green horn , green hand
107.问题：当形容词转为动词时分为几类：Adjectives to verbs
答案：有三类：1) Both transitive and intransitive 2) Only transitive 3) Only intransitive
108. 问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性?答案：verb to noun e.g. catch 109.问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别?答案：分为两类：1) full conversion e.g. black , white 2) partial conversion e.g. the rich , the poor
110.问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案：1) Concrete 2) abstract e.g. host : （可加-ess 变成具体名词）friend : (加-ship 可变成抽象
名词) 111.问题：(只作了解)
A word is unity of
sound and meaning
( true or false )答案：
true ( 可从word 的
四个特点看出）
112.问题：Most
loaned words are
borrowed from
foreign languages
without any change
in sound and
spelling. （true or
false）.答案：true 外
来词分为四类：1)
Denizens e.g. cup
from cuppa , port
form portus 2)
Aliens e.g. garage ,
décor 3) Translation
–loans e.g. long
time no see 4)
Semantic- loans.e.g.
Dream
113.判断对错题：
1．Conversion
means transfer of a
word from one class
to anther . (true or
false )答案：true
2．The relationship
between a word
symbol and its
meaning is mostly
arbitrary and
conventional.(答案：
true 3.a word
used in different
contexts may
contrast with
different
antonyms .(true or
false)答案：true
4. an allomorph is
any of the variant
forms of
morphemes. (true
or false )答题：false
重点句：A word which
has more than one
meaning can have
more than one
antonym. E.g. fast
（fast 在不同的语境
中对应着不同的概念）
114.选择题：
1) C hinese is our
native language,
but we can not say
the Chinese is
our ?
.a)mother tongue b)
first language c)
mother language d)
official language
答案：C）mother
language ( 不存在的
一种说法)
2)问题：以下的哪一个
词is not an
expression used
by American?
A)tube B) bar C)
Mailbox D) Congress
答案：tube ( 只有英
国人把地铁叫tube ,
美国人把它叫作
subway,
underground )
3)问题：‘smog’它是
‘smoke , fog’ 合在
一起形成的词，它是采
用了下面哪一种构词
法？
A) clipping B )
compounding C)
blending D)
backformation
答案：C ) blending
4)问题：以下的词哪些
属于：A)simple word
B) compound word
C) derived word D)
shortened form.e.g.
goldmine
(compound
word )bike
( shortened
form )process
(derived word : cess
是一个不可分割的
bound root，pro 它是
一个前
缀)supermarket
( derived
word )language
( simple
word )driver
( derived
word )dorm
( shortened form,
clipping )modernize
( derivation )blackb
oard
( compound )bus
( shortened form )
(omnibus ) (可能会出
现的题)
115.What is the
difference
between content
words and
functional words,
illustrate your point
with examples ? ( 未
考过)注意：答题时先答
名词解释，再加以例子
说明。(复习要考虑的
题)
116.What is the
difference between
denotative meaning
and connotative
meaning? (论述题)
117.What are the
fundamental
features of the basic
word stock of the
English vocabulary?
( 未考过)答题时先答
名词解释basic word
stock 再答五大特点并
配以例子加以说明。(关
键答好第一个特点:
‘All national character ，它又分为五个特点)
118.问题：Which of the following word s is not formed through clipping?
A) dorm B) Motel C) gent D) zoo 答案：Motel: (blending)
119. 问题：Old English has vocabulary of about how many words ? 答案：50,000 to 60,000 120.问题：词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素分为哪两类？
答案：粘着词素分为：Bound root 和affixes
121.选择题或填空：Besides French words, English also absorb as many as 2,500 words in the Middle English Period. (Dutch ) A word is a symbol that B . A ) is used by same community B) represents something else in the world C) both simple and complex in nature D) Show different ideas in different sounds The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called degradation or
pejoration .Pronoun s and numerals
enjoy nationwide
use and stability, but
has limited
Productivity
122.问题：以下的这些
词是粘着词素吗，以下
的这些词是什么样的构
词法？1) heart and
soul ( Adverbial in
nature )2) father -
male parent
( conceptual
meaning )3)
City-bred ( noun +
v-ed )4) Lip-reading
- lip read
(backformation )5)
headache
(compound n + v )6)
antecedent ( 下划线
的这一部分是什么：
bound morphemes )
7) preview ( prefix :
前缀)8) receive
( bound root )9)
called ( inflectional
affixes )
123.第五章：Word
Meaning The
meanings
of‘Meaning’ 指的是
哪三个层次的内容?意
义中的含义的三个层次
的划分: What are
the meanings of
‘Meaning’?1)
Reference (有
reference 的词必然具
有sense, 也必然具有
Concept ) 2)
Concept( 能够形成
Concept 的词必然有
reference ) 3) Sense
(有sense 的词未必具
有concept , 也未必具
有reference)
(Conjunction ,
prepositions,
adverbs, 它们都是具
有sense 的词,但是未
必具有reference , 也
未必具有concept, 例
如：if, but, probably :
它们有sense, 但没有
concept )
124. What is the
relationship
between the
reference and the
thing outside the
language?（等同于：
What is
r elationship
between sound
and form）答:
Arbitrary and
conventional
125.名词解释:
reference 名词
Concept : 1.
Meaning and
concept are closely
connected but not
identical .They are
both related directly
to referents and are
notions of the words
but belong to
different
categories.2.
Concept, which is
beyond language, is
the result of human
cognition, reflecting
the objective world
in the human mind .
3. Concept is
universal to all men
alike regardless of
culture, race,
language and so on.
4. a concept can
have as many
referring
expressions as there
are languages in the
world.
126.重点: sense 的
名词解释：Sense : 1.
‘ sense’ denotes the
relationships inside
the language. ‘ The
sense of an
expression is its
place in a system of
semantic
relationships with
other expressions in
the language.’ 2.
Since the sense of
an expression is not
a thing, it is often
difficult to say what
sort of identity it is.
It is also an
abstraction. *3.
Every word that has
meaning has sense
(not every word has
reference)
127.重点：What are
the type of
motivation？1)
Onomatopoeic
motivation 2)
Morphological
Motivation 3)
Semantic Motivation
4) Etymological
Motivation。
128..填空题some of
the words when
edited with prefixes
and suffixes, it will
become another
new word, either
new in meaning or
new in sense, this
motivation is called
( morphological
motivation )
129. Compounds
are totally different
in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )
130. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymological motivation)
131. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3214405166.html,conic answer (简短回答), laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymological motivation)
133.问题: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠
哪一种理据形成的新词?答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation
134.问题:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此时采用了哪一种理据构成?答案: Semantic 135.movtivation 论述题: 1. What are
the types of
motivation? 2. What
are the types of
meaning? 按大的分
支来分分为:
(1)grammatical
meaning (2)Lexical
meaning
136.分析题:*’The
dog is chasing a cat’,
analyze the
sentence based on
grammatical
meaning. Lexical
meaning itself has
two components:
conceptual meaning
and associative
meaning.(语法意义上
分析没考过, 但从词汇
意义上分析考过)语法
意义指一个词的词性,
句中充当的成份, 句子
的时态,单复数形式
等.1)’Dog, cat’ are
nouns, and ’chase’ is
transitive verb.2)
The sentence is used
in present
continuous
tense.3) ’The dog, a
cat’ are singular
form.
137.问题:The pen is
mightier than sword?
请从语法意义的角度上
分析这句话?Both ’pen
and sword’ are
nouns. ’mightier’ is
an adjective,
and ’than’ is
preposition.The
sentence is in simple
present tense.这是现
在时中采用的哪一种语
法结构?’Mightier
than’ is comparative
degree.’pen and
sword’ are in
singular form.’The
pen’ is subject,
and ’sword’
functions as an
object to
preposition ’than’.’m
ightier’ is predictive
138.重点名词解释:
Conceptual
meaning:1)
Conceptual meaning
(also known as
denotative meaning)
is the meaning given
in the dictionary and
forms the core of
word-meaning. 2)
Being constant and
relatively stable,
conceptual meaning
forms the basis for
communiation as
the same word has
the same conceptual
meaing to all the
speakers of the
same language
139.Associative
meaning :(一定要把
它的四种分支答上)1)
associative meaning
is the secondary
meaning
supplemented to the
conceptual meaning.
2)It differs from the
conceptual meaning
in that it is
open-ended and
indeterminated. 3)It
is liable to the
influence of such
factors as culture ,
experience, religion,
geographical region,
class
background,educati
on, etc.
4)Associative
meaning comprises
four types :
connotative, stylistic,
affective, and
collocative.
140. 问题:
Connotative
meaning is not the
same to
everybody, every
situation and
every time,
analyze the
statement?答案:
e.g. A child is
prejudiced against,
often jeered at,
beaten or scolded at
home, then home to
his is nothing but ’ a
hell’, hence
unfavourable
connotatitions,
141.问题: 某些贬义词
是不是任何时候都是贬
义词？答案：e.g. A
phrase like ’son of a
*****’ which
normally has an
associative meaning
of crude vulgarity
may convey the
connotation
of ’friendliness’
and ’intimacy’ used
between two close
friends when they
meet after some
prolonged period of
time.
142.问题:Stylistic
meaning 根据字典上
的划分有几种划分?根
据The Five Clocks 划
分,有几种划分?答
案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked
as ’formal’, ’informa l’, ’literary’, ’archaic’, slang’. Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: ’frozen’, ’f orma l’, ’consultative’, ’casual’
and ’intimate’. 143.问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单
地划分为哪三类?答案:1)formal
2)neutral 3) informal注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.在情感意义affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在affective meaning 的两个分类:(年年affective meaning 例子都考) (1) appreciative meaning (2) pejorative meaning Collocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsome Green 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy ,
green-eyed monster.
144.问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度
被划分成什么词?答案:Complex Morphological motivation
145.问题: 有reference 的词必然具
有sense and concept
( 正确) 有sense 的
词一定具有
reference.(错误) The
word which have
meaning does not
have necessarily
reference.
146. 问题: ’Forget,
forgot, forgetting ,
forgotten , forgets’
这是从哪一个角度来界
定这个词的分支?答案:
Grammatical
meaning
147. 问题: ‘frozen,
‘formal’ ,
‘consultative’,
‘casual’ and
‘intimate’ 这五个词是
总结了什么的划分，是
根据什么的划分?答案:
stylistic meaning ,
是根据The Five
Clocks written by
Martin Joos.
148. 问题:But in
daily life , we always
refer to (formal),
(neutral) ,
(informal).
149.问题: ’Pretty boy,
pretty woman ,
pretty garden,
pretty garden ,
pretty car’，请解释这
些词的意义一样不一
样？如果不一样请加以
理论分析？答
案:Collocative
meaning, when
pretty is used to
modify different
nouns both animate
and inanimate ,
their collocative
meaning are totally
different.
150.问题：Table
tennis can be
replaced by
pingpong ball and
the name of the bird
is also called cuckoo ,
which can also be
reused to refer to
the sound of the
bird , so their two
words are
(onomatopoeically)
motivated.
151.问
题：’Unexpected,
expectation,
expecting’, these
three words are
(morphologically)
motivated.
152.问题：’Hopeless,
jobless, dislike’, 这
三个词是靠什么
motivated.
( morphologically
motivated)
153.问题：’East or
west , home is best’
and ’there is no
place like home’. 这
两话是使用了什么样的
意义构成的？答案:
Connotative
meaning
第六章: Sense
Relations and
Semantic Field
polysemy,
homonymy,
synonymy,
antonymy and
hyponymy.（五种关
系的名词解释要记住）
Two Approaches to
Polysemy: 1)
Diachronic
approach2)
Sychronic approach
Two Processes of
Development
1)radiation (1)
radiation is a
semantic process in
which the primary
meaning stands at
the centre and the
secondary meanings
proceed out of it in
every direction like
rayes. (2) the
meaning are
independent of one
another, but can all
be traced back to
the central meaning.
e.g. face, neck
2)concatenation (1)
meaning ‘ linking
together’, is the
semantic process in
which the meaning
of a word moves
gradually away from
its first sense by
successive shifts
until, in may
cases ,there is not a
sign of connection
between the sense
that is finally
developed and that
which the term had
at the beginning . (2)
In plain terms the
meaning reached by
the first shift may be
shifted a second
time, and so on until
in the end the
original meaning is
totally lost. e.g.
treacle 注意：这两种
模式的名词解释照样要
记（这两种模式只在填
空，选择，出过题，还
没有以名词解释形式考过）
154问题：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ?答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations. types of sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）155.问题：Fruit 与apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么语义关系？答案：Hyponymy? 156.问题：Fruit 这一类里包含apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它们形成了一种什么样的理论？
答案：Semantic field 157. 问题：有的时候
在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象，那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。比如说：dead , alive , 它们之间的反
义关系是什么样的一种关系？答案：Contradictory terms 它们之间形成的语义关系被称作antonymy 158.问题：Contradictory terms 有一个最大的
特点是什么？
答案：Mutually
exclusive and are
non-gradable, They
cannot be used in
comparative
degrees and do not
allow adverbs of
intensity like very to
qualify them.
159.问题：反义词存在
不存在一种包容现象？
答案：表明two poles,
two extremes，的反
义词，它们之间存在一
种包容现象，这种包容
现象被称作（Middle
ground）e.g. huge /
tiny（它们之间存在着
big , small , quite big,
quite small）e.g.
young / old这类反义
词被称为(Contrary
terms)
160.问题：fast 这个
词, 它表示紧的概念时,
它和loose 是一组反
义词，表示快的概念
时，它和slow 是一组
反义词，这样的一种
语义关系算什么样的语
义关系？答案：
polysemy
161.问题：分析deer ,
dear 这两个词是什么
样的词？答案：
Homophone
162.重点:
homonyms 有哪三
个类别的划分？1)
perfect homonyms
e.g. bank , bear2)
homographse.g.
bow, sow 3)
homophones e.g
dear, deer right,
write, rite
163.重点：Origins of
Homonyms 1)
Change in sound
and spelling 2)
Borrowing3)
Shortening
164.问题：
shortening 可以表
现在哪些分支结构构成
上? 1) Acronymy 2)
Homonymy 3)
Narrowing 4) Idioms
重点问题：Homonymy
和Polysemy 的区
别？（未考过）
165.Rhetoric
Features of
Homonyms e.g.
Long time no sea.
( puns ) humor,
sarcasm or ridicule
重点：名词解释
Synonyms Types of
Synonyms :1)
Absolute synonyms
2) Relative
synonyms
166.重要简答题：
Sources of
Synonyms ( 四大来
源，配以例子说明就可
以了) 1) Borrowing
2)Dialects and
regional English 3)
Figurative and
euphemistic use of
words 4)
Coincidence with
idiomatic
expressions
167.重点：如何区分同
义词？
(Discrimination of
Synonyms ) 1)
Difference in
denotation2)
Difference in
connotation 3)
Difference in
application
antonymy :
168.反义关系要点:反
义词的三种类别的划分:
What are the
different types of
antonyms? 三种类别
的名词解释都要记: 1)
Contradictory terms
exclusive 特例: they
cannot be used in
comparative
degrees and do not
allow adverbs of
intensity like very to
qualifythem. e.g.
single/ married (有可
能放在分析里去论述)
2) contrary terms 关
键词: two poles or
extremes middle
ground e.g. rich /
poor (中间还可出现
well-to-do)3)
Relative terms e.g.
parent / child ,
predecessor/
successor
169.问题: What are
the characteristics
of antonyms?1)
Antonyms are
classified on the
basis of semantic
opposition 特
例:Many words,
though having
synonyms, do not
find their semantic
opposites, e.g. read,
hit, house, book,
power, magazine.
Therefore, in a
language, there are
a great many more
synonyms than
antonyms. 2) A
word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. (这个特点只适用于polysemous )e.g. fast , dull 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.(这里讲的包容性是指一个反义词必然包含着另外一个反义词的绝对的概念) e.g.man/ woman (man 除了指男性,还可以指整个人类, woman 算作人类的一部分, 所以woman 也算在man 的范畴内,因此,woman 被man
所包容) dog / ***** ( dog 除了指狗类通称,还可以指公狗, *****是母狗, dog指狗类通称的时,*****是狗的一种,因此我们说
*****必然被dog所包容,所以,它们之间存在着Semantic inclusion) (语义上的包容性还没有考过) e.g. tall/short, old /young 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(特
例)Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite,(未考过, 重要的选择或填空
内容) e.g. happy /
unhappy/ sad
( happy/ unhappy
之间的反义关系是
negative, happy/sad
之间的关系是
opposite )The use of
Antonyms (通常用在
习语当中) e.g. rain or
sine high and
loweasy come, easy
go
170.名词解
释:Hyponymy (未考
过,很重要的概念)
Hyponymy : 1)
hyponymy deals
with the relationship
of semantic
inclusion. 2)That is
to say, the meaning
of a more specific
word is included in
that of another more
general word. 3)
These specific words
are known as
hyponyms. The
general words are
the superordinate
terms and the more
specific ones are
subordinate terms.
注意:hyponyms 和
subordinate 都是指
下义词. 比如说:考试
给你hammer, saw,
spanner这些词, 然后
再给你tool这个词, 然
后让你用语义关系的理
论加以分析这组词?分
析: hammer, saw ,
spanner 都是
specific word, 它们
和tool 存在的关系是
semantic inclusion ,
所以too是一个
superordinate ,
hammer, saw,
spanner 属于
subordinate 或者是
hyponyms. (用上下义
语义关系进行理论分析
的题,也是一个考试的
要点) hyponymy ( 它
与语义场semantic
field具有一定的联系)
注意: 上义词与下义词
不是一成不变的, 也不
是绝对的, 是一个相对
的概念,不同的语义场
就存在不同的上下义关
系.
171.重点:Semantic
Field (名词解释) (未
考过) Semantic
Field: 1)The
massive word store
a language like
English can be
conceived of as
composed around a
number of meaning
areas, some large,
and others smaller.
Viewing the total
meaning in this way
is the basis of field
theory. 2) The
German linguist
Trier saw vocabulary
as ‘an integrated
system of lexemes
interrelated in sense.
Therefore, the
‘words of languages
can be classified into
semantically related
sets or fields. 3)
According to Trier’s
vision of fields, the
whole vocabulary
can be divided up
into fields. 4)Words
in each field are
semantically related
and define one
another.注意:答语义
场的简答题与它的名词
解释相同.
172.问题:在反义关系
中, 同一个词具有不同
的涵义, 因此也就具有
了多个不同的反义词
( true or false )问题:
true e.g. fast, dull
问题: 反义词分为哪三
类:1) Contradictory
terms 2) Contrary
terms 3) Relative
terms
173.问题:可以用形容
词比较级, 可以用程度
副词加以修饰的反义
词是属于哪一类?答案:
Contradictory terms
174.问题: 可以接纳一
个Middle ground, 这
样的词是属于哪一类反
义词?答案:contrary
terms
175.问题: Husband
and wife , man and
woman 这都是表示性
别的反义词,但是他们
属于同一类反义词的划
分, 对还是错?答: 错
husband and wife :
relative terms man
and woman :
contradictory terms
176.问题: empty 与
vacant 这两个词都表
示空荡荡的感觉,
empty表示的是修饰
容积,容量, 没有填充物
的空荡荡, 而vacant
表示的是一个not
occupied, not taken
所以一般我们说没有放
家具的房间叫做
vacant apartment,
而人去楼空的房间叫
empty room, 请从同义词的角度对这种用法加以分析? (书111 页)答案: Differnece in application : Empty, vacant are synonyms, but their collocations are not the same. Empty implies that there is no one or nothing inside while vacant suggests that something or some place is not occupied.
177.问题: 反义词之间存在不存在包容性概念semantic inclusion, 请举例说明?答案: e.g. man / woman , dog/ ***** tall/ short, old /young 问
题:Face 具有不同的它有一个primary meaning也有很多的derived meanings ,那么,这种基本语义和
派生语义体现在face
的身上, 是用哪一种方法论研究得出来的结果?答案: diachronic approach
178.像车轮式一样进
行发展的语义属于哪一种模式? 举例说明?答案: radiation e.g. face, neck 问
题:harvest 它的意思是time of cutting, time of harvest, 现
在是指yield of grain or food 是哪一种方法论得出的.
答案: diachronic approach
179.问题:huge/tiny, 这是一组反义词, 请从反义关系的角度来分析
这是哪一种类型的反义
词,并加以理论的解释?
答案:contrary terms
180.Antonyms of
this kind form part
of a scale of values
between two poles
and can
accommodate a
middle ground
belong neither to
one pole nor to the
other as shown
below: huge/very
big/big/quite big /
medium-sized/
quite small/small/
tiny( 这种分析题目易
考)看例子: desk,
table, chair,
cupboard , 这些词都
算在什么范畴之内, 加
以理论分析?答案:这些
词都属于furnature,
furnature 是
superordinate, desk ,
table ... 是furniture
的subordinate
words 或者称作
hyponyms ,它们之间
形成的relationship is
called hyponymy. 第
七章: Changes in
Word Meaning 两个
大的部分: 1. Types
of Semantic
changes (五种)
(1)extension
extension 又被称作
generalization
e.g ’manuscript’
original meaning ’
handwritting---now
’any author’s writing
whether written by
hand or typed with a
type-writer "barn"
original meaning ’ a
place for stroing
only
barely’---now ’store
room’(2)narrowing
narrowing 又被称作
specializatione.g.
"deer" animal---now
just ’deer’ "corn"
grain---now ’maize’
only ’garage’ any
safe place---’ a
place for storing
cars’ (3)
degradation
degradation 又被称
作pejoratione.g.
"boor"
peasant---now a
rude, ill-mannered
person "churl"
peasant or free
man---uncultivated
or mean person
"hussy"
housewife---a
woman of low moral
"villain" a person
who worked in a
villa---evil person or
scoundrel(4)
elevationelevation
又被称作
ameliratione.g.
"nice"
ignorance---foolish-
--now elevated
to ’delight,
pleasant’"marshal"
keeper of
horses---now
means ’high-ranking
army
officer’"constable"
keeper of
horses---now
means ’policeman’(
5) transfer e.g.
paper ( p140) the lip
of a wound
( associated transfer)
purse for ’money’
(associated transfer )
clear-sounding
( transfer of
sensations )
2.Causes of
Changes :1)extra
linguistic factors(1)
historical reasona
word is retained for
a name thogh the
meaning has
changed because
the referent has
changed. e.g. " pen"
feather in the past
---pen, ball-pens,
fountains pens
increased scientific
knowledge and
discovery are also
important factors.
(2) class
reasonelevation and
degradation (3)
Psychological
reasonThe
associated transfer
of meaning and
euphemistic use of
words Religious
influence is another
kind of psychological
need. e.g.
"copperhead" on
p.143 2)linguistic
factorsThe change
of meaning may be
caused by internal
factors within the
language system.
Especially when a
phrase is shortened
to one word which
retains the meaning
of the whole.The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.The competition of native words eventually resulted in the semantic division. 语义扩大的三个特
例:1)polysemic words of modern English 2)technical terms3)from proper nouns to common words
181.问题:由普通变成专有名词算哪一类词类变化模式?答案: Narrowing
182.问题: 词义缩小有几个特例?答案:有三个特例1) From common words to proper nouns e.g. city ---> the City pennisular --->the Pennisular profit
--->the Profit 2) shortening3) material nouns 183.问题: 以下的词的词义的变化由什么模式造成的: 1)lust 最早是指人的一种pleasure 快乐,现在是指sexual pleasure, 这种词义变化属于哪一种模式?答案: degradation. 2)Editorial article 缩写为editorial 这是属于哪一种词义变化的模式?答案: Narrowing 3) the Pennisular : 专指利比利亚半岛,那么这个词的形成是属于哪一种模式?答案:Narrowing , 因为
它是由common
words 变成了proper
nouns , 4)
Sandwitch , 最早是
指三明治这个家族, 但
是现在是指一切快餐类
食品,这种词义的变化
属于哪一种答案：
Extension 5)问题:多
义词具有了不同的语义,
这种词义变化模式属于
哪一类?答案：
Extension 6) 问
题:liquor 最早是指所
有液体的通称, 现在专
门指alcoholic
drinking , 这种词义的
变化算哪一种模式?答
案：Narrowing or
specialization 7) car
最早是指马拉的战车,
但是现在就是指小轿车,
那么这种词义的变化算
是哪一个原因造成的?
答案：Extra linguistic
factor中的historical
reason 8) computer
最早是指人的手工劳动
的计算,后来是指占地
面积非常大的计算机,
现在的计算机就是指
micro computer ,那
么computer 词义的
变化算哪一个原因造成
的?答案：Extra
linguistic fator 中的
historical reason , 9)
这时的computer 指
代的是哪一种模式?或
者是说哪一种理据的构
成?答案：
Etymological
motivation 10)在南
北战争时期, 南方的人
一见到北方的人就胆战
心惊,所以把北方的人
比作rattle snake ,那
么南方人的这种用词,
它是哪一种原因造成的?
答案：Extralinguistic
factor中的
psychological
reason. 11) 问题:最
早的纸是来自非洲的一
种做纸的植物叫
papyrus, 后来就用
paper这个词指代所有
的纸张,尽管造纸的技
术和原料变了, 但是
paper 这个名词却被
保留了下来, 这算词义
变化的哪一种模式?答
案:transfer (书140页)
12) 问题: Extention
又被称作什么,哪一种
词类的变化最能说明这
个原因?答案:
generalization, from
proper nouns to
common nouns. 13)
问题:Narrowing 最能
表现词义缩小的是哪一
类?答案: From
common nouns to
proper nouns
184.1)A concept is
universal to all men
regardless of____A)
culture B) race C)
language D) all of
the above答案:D 2)
问题: Mouth 在the
mouth of river这个习
语, 它采用了哪一种
motivated ?答案:
semantically
motivated 3)问题:
Radiation and
concatenation are
different stages of
development
leading to polysemy ,
generally , radiation
和concatenation 哪
一个出现的早?答案:
radiation proceeds
concatenation 4)问
题:Of the most
words meaning
changes , which are
most productive ,
which are most
common?答
案:Extension and
narrowing 5) 问题:
wife 由最早是指所有
的woman 变为了
married woman , 这
是属于哪一种?答案：
Narrowing6) 问题:
Angel 由最早的
messenger 变成了
messenger by god ,
是哪一个词义变化模式?
答案: Elvervation 7)
问题: silly 它现在的词
义是foolish, 它是哪
一种语义的变化模式?
答案: Degradation 8)
问题: cukoo, 它既指
布谷鸟的声音,也可以
指布谷鸟, 它是哪种理
据构成的词?答案:
Onomatopoeic
Motivation 9)问题:
Italian , 它是哪一个
语系分支当中的哪一个
语族? 答案:
Indo-European
language family
Western set Italic 10)
问题: Greek 属于哪一
个语系当中的哪一个小
的语系当中的哪一个语
族?答案:
Indo-European
language family
Western set Hellenic
11)问题: fair and
square, 这属于
Idioms中的哪一个类
别?答案：Phonetic
manipulation 中的
Rhyme
185.问题：What are the characteristics
of antonyms?答案：
有四个：1) Semantic opposition2) A word which ahs more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Semantic inclusion 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.
186.问题："The chicken is ready to eat", 请你从语境的角度来分析？答案：This is wrong sentence, because it has two problems :
1)Ambiguity
2)Indication of reference According to two functions of Context1) Elimination of ambiguity2) Indication of ReferenceThis sentence can be corrected as follows : 1)what a nice smell, the chicken is ready to eat. 2) The chicken is hungery, so the chicken needs foods. A concept has referring expressions ____.A) one B) many C)a few D) none of the above.答案：B The grammatical meanings of a word
refer to the part of
the meaning of a
word which indicate
grammatical
concept or
relationship, such as
____ . A) part of
speech of a word
B)Singular and
plural forms C)
tense meaning of
verbs and their
inflectional forms D)
All of the above.答
案：D)
187.问题：pick and
choose , 它算习语中
的哪一个类别？答案：
reiteration （同义词叠
用）
188.问题：rain or
shine ，它算习语中的
哪一类答案：
Juxtaposition (反义
词叠用)kith and kin
alliteration ，might
and main ，
alliteration cooked
这是哪一种, 请从词缀
的角度来加以区别
cookedinflectional
affixation employer
derivational affixes
名词解释：
connotative
meaning : is also
known as
connnotation What
are the differences
between hymonyms
and polysemyms ?
face 是多义词, ball
不是
189.论述题：I met a
write rwho is the
relation of a
politician. I met a
newspaper reporter
who is the brother of
Senator Buckley.以
上这两句话哪一话好，
好在哪里？(p119)注
意：答这个论述题时先
说哪句好，然后加以分
析，最后要答上下义关
系hyponymy 的名词
解释。
190.第8章meaning
and Context 1
Context 如何进行分
类两种: 1) Linguistic
context，In a narrow
sense, it refers to
the words, clauses,
sentences in which a
word appears. This
is known as
linguistic context
which may cover a
paragraph, a whole
chapter and even
the entire book.2)
Extra-linguistic
context or
non-linguistic
context IN a broad
sense, it includes
the physical
situation as well.
This is called
extra-linguistic or
non-linguistic
context, which
embraces the
people, time, place,
and even the whole
cultural background.
Context 这两个分类
也就是它的名词解释
1)Linguistic context
Linguistic context
can be subdivided
into lexical context
and grammatical
context。Lexical
context refers to the
words that occur
together with the
word in question.
The meaning of the
word is offten
affected and defined
by the neighbouring
words. Grammatical
context In some
cases, the meanings
of a word may be
influenced by the
structure in which it
occurs. This is what
we call grammatical
context.
191.重点:简答题:
What is linguistic
context?(这道简答题
没考过, 但是整个
context 考过) 重
点:The role of
Context 语境的作用?
三个作用: 1)
Elimination of
Ambiguity ，
Ambiguity often
arises due to
polysemy and
homonymy2)
Indication of
Referents Without
clear context, the
reference can be
very confusing. 3)
Provision of Clues
for Inferring
Wordmeaning在3)
中又包括八种线索: (1)
Definition (2)
Explanation (3)
Example (4)
Synonymy (5)
Antonymy (6)
Hyponymy (7)
Relevant details (8)
Word structure 第
九章: English Idioms 这一章关键是要记习语，这些习语都要记。192.名词解释: Idioms (重点)
(1)Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.(2)Strickly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of indiviudal elements.
(3)In forms idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions.
193. 9.1 Characteristics of Idioms 9.1.1
s emantic unity (重点)1) idioms each consist of more than one word. 2) in the idiom words have lost their individual identity. 3) quite often the idiom functions as one word. e.g. " till the cows come home" , means ’ forever as an adverb. 9.1.2 Structural
stability ( 重点) 1) the structure of an idiom is to a large exten unchangeable. first , the constituents of
idioms cannot be
replaced. e.g. " in a
brown study" ( deep
in thought ) " lip
service" ( support
only in words, not in
fact ) " kick the
bucket " ( die) " bury
the hatcher" ( come
to friendly or
peaceful terms) 2)
Secondly, the word
order cannot be
inverted or changed.
e.g. twos and threes;
tit for tat; the lion’s
share 3) Thirdly, the
constituents of an
idioms cannot be
deleted or added to ,
not even an article.
e.g. out of the
question means ’
impossible’ in
question ( being
considered) 4)
Finally , many
idioms are
grammatical
unanalysable, e.g.
diamond cut
diamond ( two
parties are equally
matched ) like cures
like (as) sure as
eggs ( quite
certainly ) stepped
up ( improve or
enhance) in the raw
( naked ) turnn over
a new leaf ( begin a
new life ) draw the
curtain ( end or
concel )
9.2 Classification
of Idioms The
difficulty in using
idioms lies first in
the difficulty of
grasping the elusive
and figurative
meaning, of
determining the
syntactic functions
of idioms e.g. heart
and soul ( adverbial )
Idioms may be
classified into five
groups: 1) Idioms
Nominal in Nature 2)
Idioms Adjectival in
Nature3) Idioms
Verbal in Nature（五
类中最重要的）
194.注意：考试的一个
要点在这，动词性习语
有哪两类划分？(1)
phrasal verbs : 短语
动词(2) verbal
phrases : 动词短语
4) Idioms Adverbial
in Nature e.g. "in
clover ’ or " in the
clover " ( in rich
comfort or having a
pleasant or easy life
0 5) Sentence
Idioms 9.3 Use of
Idioms The rhetoric
characteristics of
idioms such as :
stylistic features,
rhetoric features
and their occasional
variations. 9.3.1
Stylistic Feature;
Such expressions
were all colloquial
and informal and
once confined to a
limited group of
people engaged in
the same trade or
activity. But they
proved terse, vivid,
forcible and
stimulating so that
later they broke out
of their bounds and
gradualy gained
wide acceptance.As
a result, their early
stylistic features
faded in part and
many became part
of the common core
of the language and
are now used in
different situations.
9.3.2 Rhetorical
Features ( examples
are very important )
1) phonetic
manipulation (1)
Alliteration (2)
Rhyme 2) Lexical
manipuation (1)
Reiteration
( duplication of
synonyms ) e.g.
hustle and bustle cut
and carve odds and
ends (2) Repetition
e.g. word for word
year in year out (3)
Juxtaposition ( of
antonyms ) e.g. up
and down hit or miss
rain and shine 3.
Figures of speech (1)
Simile e.g. as dead
as a doornail sleep
like a log (2)
Metaphor Animals
are used to refer to
people, e.g. grey
mare snake in the
grass Inanimate
things to refer to
people e.g. a new
broom flat tire the
salt of the earth
Things to refer to
something else, e.g. bed of dust a wet blanket black bottle Actions, state to refer to abstract ideas or other actions, state, etc. e.g. sit on the fence cut the ground from under sb. fall from grace (3) Metonymy : idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. (4) Synecdoche: substituting part for the whole e.g. fall into good hands earn one’s bread (5) Personification e.g. The pot calls the cattle back (6) Euphemism 9.3.3 Variations of Idioms 1) Replacement 2) Addition or deletion
3) Position-shifting
4) Shortening 5) Dismembering 195.问题：classification of idioms可分为哪几
类？答案：Idioms may be classified into five groups : 1) Idioms Nominal in Natural 2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature 3) Idioms Verbal in Nature 4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature 5) Sentence Idioms 196.问题：Sentence idioms 如何分类: ( 选择或填空还未考过)答案：They embrace declarative,
interrogative,
imperative and
exclamative
sentences.In terms
of complexity
Sentence Idioms
can be further
divided into simple,
compound and
complex sentences.
注意：习语中的特例有
可能是填空内容:
(Exception1) This
class contains
numerous
prepositional
phrases, which in
nature are either
adjectival or
adverbial and in
many cases have
both functions at the
same time.
(Exception2 )Sente
nce Idioms are
mainly proverbs and
sayings, including
colloquialisms and
catchphrases,
including
colloquialisms and
catchphrases.
(Exception3)In
terms of complexity
Sentence Idioms
can be further
divided into simple,
compound and
complex sentences.
(Exception4) forms
and functions of
idioms are not
necessarily
identical.
197. 问题：What are
the rhetorical
features of idioms?
答案：1)Phonetic
manipulation (1)
Alliteration (2)
Rhyme 2) Lexical
manipulation (1)
Reiteration (2)
Repetition (3)
Juxtaposition
198.问题：Figures of
speech ( 大的修饰格
6个, 小的修饰格4个)
答案：1) Simile 2)
Metaphor 3)
Metonymy 4)
Synecdoche5)
Personification 6)
Euphemism (1)
humourous (2)
ironic and sardonic
in tones (3)
derogatory (4)
hyperbole
199.重点简答题:
Metonymy 和
Synecdoche , 这两种
修饰有何区别? ( 未考
过)答案：Both
metonymy and
synecdoche involve
substitution of
names, yet they
differ in that the
former is a case of
using the name of
one thing for
another closely
associated with it
and the latter is that
of substituting part
for the whole and
vice versa. 习语的分
析：(挑出习语加以分
析，它是哪一个类型,
然后加以解释) e.g. He
goes to the service ,
rain or shine.答：In
this sentence, rain
or shine, is an idiom.
rain or shine is
composed in
Juxtaposition. It is
Idiom adverbial in
nature改写后：He
goes to the service,
no matter what the
weather looks like ,
no matter what and
no matter what kind
of difficulties.
200.第十章English
Dictionaries 词典这
一部分在填空或选择时
出现的可能是最大的1)
词典的种类2)每一种词
典的特殊性也是考试的
要点：比如：CCELD它
的最大特殊性是它的
extra column3) 每一
种词典的vocabulary
stock 也是考试的要
点：
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) W hen it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) When it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) When it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1) They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”. (2) They represent the forms of the verb “fly” and have a common meaning. (3) They belong to a lexical field of “telephone communication”. (4) They are synonyms, related to human visual perception. Specifically, they denote various kinds of “looking”. 5. (a) 'blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black); 'blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in color (the primary stress in on black); 'greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black); 'White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). (b) 'black 'board: any board which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'black 'bird: any bird which is black in color (both words receive primary stress); 'grey 'hound: any hound that is grey in color (both words receive primary stress); 'white 'house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‘bull’ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‘Take the bull by the horn’is an idiom, meaning (having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) ‘Like a bull in a china shop’is an idiom, meaning doing something with too much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone.
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
Unit 1 外资企业foreign enterprise 合资企业joint venture 合作企业cooperative enterprise 龙头企业 a locomotive 国有企业state-owned enterprise 私营企业privately-owned enterprise 荣誉企业honorable enterprise 优质企业qualified enterprise 一级企业class A enterprise 跨国公司multinational company 母公司parent company 子公司subsidiary company 总公司head office 分公司branch office 代表处representative offices 上市公司listed company 私人股份有限公司private limited company 拳头产品core product 环保产品environment-friendly product 专业生产经营specialize in, engage in, handle a range of business including… 占地面积cover an area of… 年产量with an annual output 具有自营进出口权being entitled to self-import and self-export rights 奉行坚持..原则；以..宗旨,在…方针指 导下 abide by the principles of …, adhere to the aims of…, based on the motto of the company 产品销往products have been distributed to 获得奖项rank the titles 通过ISO9000 质量认证 be granted the Certificate of ISO9000 International Quality System unit 2 ?维持升幅to an increase sustain) ?到达最高点to reach a peak ?保持不变to remain constant/ stable ?降到最低点to bottom out ?正值…之际on the occasion of ?代表on the behalf of ?承蒙盛情邀请at the gracious invitation of ?年会annual meeting ?商界的朋友们friends from the business community ?marketing presentation营销报告会 ?sales representative 销售代表 ?sales record 销售记录 ?customers’satisfaction顾客满意度 ?manufacturer 生产商 ?retailer 零售商 ?merchant wholesaler 批发商 ?commission agent 佣金代理商 ?facilitating agent 服务代理商 ?经销渠道distribution channel ?营销目标marketing objective ?战略营销strategic marketing ?目标市场target market ?潜在的风险和potential threats and opportunities ?可控因素controllable components ?销售业绩sales performance Unit 3 1、Business relations and cooperation business connections business cooperation technological cooperation scope of cooperation mutually beneficial relations close relationship to cement / continue / enlarge / promote / improve / maintain / interrupt / restore / speed up / reactivate business relationship to reach an agreement to make a deal 2、Investment a heavy /a long-term/ a profitable/ a safe and sure investment foreign direct investment (FDI) portfolio investment investment environment investment intent/ partner exclusively foreign-owne enterprise joint venture cooperative enterprise equity joint venture contractual joint venture 3、Form of Trade merchandise exports and imports service exports and imports bilateral trade leasing trade processing with supplied material processing with imported materials processing with supplied sample assembling with supplied parts 4、Describing products genuine article imitation low-priced goods low quality goods inferior goods superior quality unfinished products top grade goods showy goods high-tech products durable consumer goods modern and elegant in fashion complete in specifications sophisticated technology attractive and durable skillful manufacture 5、Credit commercial credit trade reputation
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案 (注：参考答案仅供参考。有些题目的答案并非是唯一的) Chapter 1 1. The three definitions agree that lexicology studies words. Yet, they have different focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o’clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) when it follows ‘-t’ and ‘-d’, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of “tree”.
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一书的读后感 摘要语言学 关键词词汇词义语义词的构成 正文 《现代英语词汇学概论》一书共有12章,可以分为四部分.第一部分即ChapterⅠ是英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary),第二部分即Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ的英语词汇的形态结构和构词法(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )，第三部分即ChapterⅤ到ChapterⅨ的词义及其语义关系(Word meaning and sense relations)，第四部分是Chapter Ⅹ到Chapter ⅩⅡ的英语习语，美国英语，英语词典的使用和选择（English idioms,American English , choice and use of English dictionaries ）. 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一)词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. B.Social cause 社会原因 Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。