“Translate” means “turn (word, sentence, book, etc.) from one
language into another, expressing
sense of it in another form of words”.
---The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , 1975, p903
to turn into one’s own or another language
(转换成本族语或另一种语言)
--- Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language
“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ”
Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL).
翻译是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”。（范存忠：“漫谈翻译”《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80）
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社，1986：1）
A: T ranslation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
B: T ranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)
Translation is science; (语言学派)
翻译是语言学的分支
Translation is art;（文艺学派）
翻译是文学再创作的过程
Translation is skill;
Translation is cross-cultural communication
My definition:
Translation is a process of communication；Translation is a reproduction；Translation is a craft.
Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格 化拟1anthropo ?人类 的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些
1.简述翻译的定义及其历史演变 学者候林平将历史上人们对“翻译”定义为三个阶段，每个阶段有不同的定义： （1）第一阶段是传统语文研究阶段，这时候对翻译的定义是比喻式的，鸠摩罗什认为翻译“有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，有令呕秽也”，傅雷认为翻译“如临画”“如伯乐相马” （2）第二阶段是现代语言学研究阶段。英国的翻译理论家卡特福德将翻译视为不同语言文本材料的替代。美国语言学家奈达，则如下定义：所谓翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文信息。 （3）第三阶段是当代多学科研究阶段： 在《翻译语言学》理论中，卡特福德开宗明义，翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作：即用一种语言的文体代替另一种语言的文本过程。 关于翻译的定义中国较为熟悉的有以下几种： 1）翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来了的东西准确而完整的表达出来。 2）翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物过程。 3）所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。 西方的翻译在历史上前后曾出现六次高潮或可分为六个阶段： 第一阶段是公元三世纪中叶罗马对希腊古典作品的翻译，这是欧洲也是整个西方历史上第一次大规模的翻译活动，它开创了翻译的局面。 第二个翻译高潮涌现于罗马帝国后期至中世纪初期，以形形色色的《圣经》译本的出现为标志。 第三阶段发生于中世纪中期，西方翻译家云集，西班牙的托莱多，把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语，其中有大量用阿拉伯文翻译的希腊典籍。 第四阶段发生于文艺复兴时期，翻译活动达到前所未有的高峰，翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、宗教等各个领域。 第五阶段发生于文艺复兴后，17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶，翻译家不仅翻译古典著作，而且对近代和当代作品也有很大兴趣，如莎士比亚等，东方文学译品也相继问世。 第六个大发展阶段在二战结束至今。二战后西方经济稳定为翻译事业提供物质基础，由于时代的演变翻译特点发生巨大变化，这一时期的翻译从范围规模作用直至形式都与过去任何时代大不相同，取得很大进展。机器翻译的出现是对几千年来传统手工翻译的挑战，也是人类翻译史上具有深远意义的革命。 翻译事业在我国也有着悠久的历史： 第一次翻译的高潮出现在东汉至北宋时期，这一时期的翻译活动以佛经为主，佛经的翻译开启了我国历史上第一次大规模的文字翻译活动。 第二次高潮出现在明朝后期至鸦片战争期间，翻译的内容主要涉及西欧各国的基督经籍、科技、哲学、文学等著作。 第三次高潮出现在五四运动至新中国成立时期，期间翻译活动促进了马克思主义理论在中国的广泛传播。 第四次高潮是新中国成立至今，新中国的成立，使得我国的翻译事业得到了大解放，翻译活动也进而进入一个最兴盛，最繁荣的发展新时期。
Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 第一课发现化石人 by ROBIN PLACE from Finding fossil man 1-1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事，那里的人最先学会了书写。 【单词和短语】 read：此处为不及物动词，意为“读到，获悉”（to find out information from books，newspapers etc.），后接of或about，例如： He reads about the war. 他读到关于战争的消息。 Did you read of their accident in the newspapers? 你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么？ 5,000 years：五千年。另学习millennium，意为“一千年”，复数为millennia。5,000 years即为5 millennia。 the Near East：近东，指地中部沿岸地区，包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部，有时还包括巴尔干半岛。 1-2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. 【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。 【单词和短语】 even now：此处意为“甚至到现在”，例如： Even now he won’t believe me. 他甚至到现在还不相信我。 even now另有两解，一为“就在此刻”，例如：
翻译的基本知识 一、翻译的定义 奈达： Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. —— Eugene A. Nida 二、翻译的标准 奈达： The receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text. ——Eugene A. Nida Eugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory. 四、翻译的方法 1 . 直译（Literal translation） 例子： C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现 blue chip 蓝筹股 一箭双雕hit two hawks with one arrow
意译（Free translation） 例子：WPA 水渍blue chip 绩优股一箭双雕kill two birds with one stone 一、广告的定义Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. —— American Marketing Association 二、广告的分类 1.理性广告（Rational ads）情感广告（Emotional ads） 三、广告的组成部分 1.Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan I’m lovin’ it! （麦当劳）我就喜欢！ Good to the last drop. （Maxwell coffee） 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。 Just do it. （耐克运动鞋）只管去做。 We lead, others copy. （Ricoh 复印机）我们领先，别人模仿。Minolta, finest to put you finest. （美能达相机） 第一流的美能达，第一流的你。 I’m More satisfied. （摩尔香烟）摩尔香烟，令我更爱。Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat. （奇巧巧克力）
新概念第四册课文[新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记 【Lesson43、44、45】] 【导语】新概念英语作为一套世界闻名的英语教程，以其全新的教学理念，有趣的课文内容和全面的技能训练，深受广大英语学习者的欢迎和喜爱。为了方便同学们的学习，大为大家了最全面的新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记，希望为大家的新概念英语学习提供帮 助! First listen and then answer the following question. What does the "uniquely rational way" for us to municate with other intelligent beings in space depend on? We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a pla only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start. Of all the plas in our solar system, we ware now pretty certain the Earth is the only one on which life can survive. Mars is too dry and poor in oxygen, Venus far too hot, and so is Mercury, and the outer plas have temperatures near absolute zero and hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. But other suns, start as the astronomers call them, are bound to have plas like our own, and
翻译练习： 1. Saddam Hussein pinn ed newly minted “Mother of All Battles” medals to their chests and showered them with gifts of land and autos. 2. He held that a man of learning, if he does not wish to degrade himself, must never cease to participate in public affairs. 3. So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu. Tofu and a host of other products made from the mighty soybean are pushing aside meat, milk and even ice cream on grocery store shelves these days as scientists rave about the health benefits of soy. 4. The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody fails to speak well of them. 5. Tell him that he shall be punished if he does not take himself away. 6. Only objects struck by the light are visible. 7. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 8. It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 9. We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement. 10. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer. 11. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. 12. Why should I quarrel with my bread and butter? 13. Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house. 13. Add 15-30 minutes per night until you feel alert and rested each day. If you are a “night owl,” sleep a bit later; if you are a “lark”, go to bed earlier. 1
新概念英语第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson46 【课文】 Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine. It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment. If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tires, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time. They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late. The over- punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual. The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance. Some friends of my family had this irritating habit. The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests. Then they arrived just when we wanted them. If you are citing a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minted too late. Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration
新概念英语第四册长难句讲解（1） 【句型1】Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.(Lesson 3) 【译文】现代登山运动员力图沿着一条能从中得到锻炼乐趣的路 线登山。他们认为路线愈艰难则愈为人们重视。 【讲解】the more…, the more…这种句型叫比例句。《流利英语》中另有三句可一并学习。 【例1】The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo. (Lesson 7) 【译文】离固体障碍物越远，回声返回所用时间就越长。 【讲解】obstruction后省略了is。 【例2】We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. (Lesson 37) 【译文】我们都熟悉这样的事实：人总是要衰老的;人们多年来一 直认为，生命随着时间流逝而衰退或人越老越可能死掉这个过程不言 而喻，恰似一壶热水会冷却、一双鞋会被穿破一样。 【讲解】becoming more likely to die the older we get是变 形的比例句，等于the older we get, the more likely we will die。 【例3】The stronger the will, the more futile the task. (Lesson 46) 【译文】这种意志越强烈，这种尝试越徒劳。
“Translate” means “turn (word, sentence, book, etc.) from one language into another, expressing sense of it in another form of words”. ---The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , 1975, p903 to turn into one’s own or another language (转换成本族语或另一种语言) --- Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ” Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. (TL). 翻译是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”。（范存忠：“漫谈翻译”《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司，1985，p.80） 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。（张培基，《英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社，1986：1） A: T ranslation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language. B: T ranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida) Translation is science; (语言学派) 翻译是语言学的分支 Translation is art;（文艺学派） 翻译是文学再创作的过程 Translation is skill; Translation is cross-cultural communication
新概念英语第四册课文翻译：Lesson9【课文】 Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders. These had settled down for the winter at Chippenham： thither Alfred went. He noticed at once that discipline was slack： the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle： and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him. His patrols halted the raiding parties： hunger assailed the Danish army. Now Alfred
翻译的定义 1词典定义： 1)Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. -------- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 翻译，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。 2)《辞海》：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 3)《牛津英语词典》：在保留意义的情况下从一种语言转变成另一种语言 4) Changing (speech or writing) from one language into another. -------------- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English) 5) 2 国内学者下的定义： 老舍：翻译不是结结巴巴的学舌，而是漂漂亮亮的再创造 傅雷：翻译如临画, 如伯乐相马，'重神似, 不重形似'，得其精而忘其粗, 再其内而忘其外 萧乾：翻译好象走钢丝，实在艰难…… 郭沫若：创作是处女, 翻译是媒婆。 ---------黄忠廉.翻译本质论〔M〕.武汉:华中师范大学出版社,2000.14 -15 . 茅盾： 文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。(1954 年, 茅盾在当年全国文学翻译工作会议上所做的《为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译译质量而奋斗》所作的报告) ------矛盾.为发展文学翻译事业和提高翻译质量而奋斗[A] .罗新璋.翻译论集[C] , 北京:商务印书馆, 1984. 朱维之: 翻译是一种艺术……这是一种难度较大的艺术工作, 不但要把原著的字句翻译出来, 更主要的是要把它的思想、精神传达出来, 还要把作者的特殊风格表露出来. ------翻译通讯编辑部.翻译研究论文集:1949 -1983[C]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1984. 许渊冲: 翻译的艺术就是通过原文的形式(或表层)，理解原文的内容(或深层)，再用译文的形式，把原文的内容再现出来。” ----《翻译的艺术》，五洲传播出版社，2006. 彭卓吾：
Lesson 3 Matterhorn man 马特霍恩山 区人 Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it had never been attained before. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top! It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements
翻译的定义 (11级英语笔译张骁整理版) 一.通俗的定义 1.把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。（《辞海》） 2. n. (1). the act or an instance of translating. (2). a written or spoken expresstion of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. ------ (The Concise Oxford English Dictionary) 3. An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting. ------ (Dictionary of Translation Studies, Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997:181) 4. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature. ------ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 二．文艺学角度的定义 文学翻译是“传达作者的全部意图即通过艺术手法影响读者的思想、感情。 文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。（茅盾.1984.10） 文学翻译并不是发生在真空中，当两种语言发生碰撞时，它们是在两种文化传统的背景下进行的。由于不同的文化会有不同的表达特色，所以每一种文化都存在于与另一种文化相互作用的环境中。（王宁，2006：46，48） 翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作，有时候翻译比创作还要困难。（郭沫若.学翻译工作[A].翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）[C].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1984. ） At its finest, translation has nothing to gain from the (mathematically) puerile diagrams and flow-charts put forward by would-be theoreticians. It is, it always will be, what Wittgenstein called “an exact art.” -----------George Steiner, 2001.After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 三．语言学角度的定义 1.卡特弗德:翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文本材料替成另一种语言（目标语）中对等的文本材料。 2. 巴尔胡达罗夫：翻译是把一种语言的言语产物（即话语）在保持内容方面也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物（区分语言（Langue）和言语（parole））。 3. 费道罗夫：翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容和形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。 4. 奈达：从语义到风格在译语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息。 5.Translation is a process of “deverbalizing” and “reverbalizin”; it leads from an SLT to a TLT which is as close an equivalent as possible and presupposes an understanding of the content an d
新概念英语第四册翻译入门：译者必备的素质 Translation, speaking, implies rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken. It is, essentially the faithful representation, in one language of what is written or spoken in another. It is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL-the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL-target language). 翻译，说起来其实是指把一种语言翻译成另一种口头或书面的文字。在这个语言转换的过程中，翻译的实质是对原来语言最忠诚的描绘。翻译是等价目标语言对其源语言的替换。 1) A translator must be well acquainted with the source language. We are inclined to feel too confident of our comprehension when we are reading foreign literary works. We think we know it from A to Z, yet, when we start translating it we find it difficult and there are many points misunderstood. We are playing the fool with ourselves because of careless reading. Therefore, translation serves as the best possible approach to the study of foreign languages. 一个译者必须很精通源语言。当我们阅读国外文学作品时，我们通常很自信于自己的理解能力。我们自以为完全读懂了文意，可是一旦开始翻译就会遇到障碍，才发现很多地方都理解错了。因为阅读不仔细，我们一味糊弄自己。为此，翻译充当着外语学习的最好方法。 2) A translator must be well acquainted with the target language. Let's take Yan Fu for instance: When Yan Fu, a famous translator in the Qing Dynasty, was translating "Evolution and Ethics and other Essays", the title turned out to be the crux that caused him to cudgel his brains day and night and look pale for it. His wife worried very much and thought about the representation of the title for quite time and eventually had it translated into《天演论》which has since deserved high praise up till now.