当前位置:文档之家› 时文阅读

时文阅读

时文阅读
时文阅读

Business Facebook and Privacy Sorry, friends

商业脸谱和用户隐私,对不起,朋友

The giant social network is castigated for serious privacy failings

社交网巨头因严重隐私缺陷而遭受公众谴责

FACEBOOK has been playing with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had reached a draft settlement with the giant social network over allegations that it had misled people about its use of their personal data.

脸谱一直在玩火,而且这次它还烧伤了自己的指头。美国联邦贸易委员会(FTC)在11月29日宣布已和该社交网巨头达成初步解决方案,该方案宣称脸谱误导用户并且滥用用户个人信息。

The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which boasts over 800m users, betrayed its users' trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader attempt by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the swift rise of social networks in America.

这份解决方案的细节明确说明,脸谱网背叛了它所声称的八亿用户的信任。FTC有个更大的计划,那就是构建一个新的隐私框架,以应对美国快速攀升的社交网用户。而这份解决方案似乎是FTC计划中的一部分,这也是它受到广泛关注的又一个原因。

The regulator's findings come at a sensitive time for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To clear the way for its blockbuster flotation, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy tussles with regulators in America and Europe. Hence its willingness to negotiate the settlement unveiled this week, which should be finalized at the end of December after a period for public comment.

监管者的调查结果对这个时候的脸谱网来说很敏感。据说它正在准备明年的首次招股,将使它的价值达到1000亿。为了给这次非同一般的上市计划扫清障碍,脸谱网必须首先解决与美国和欧洲监管者关于用户隐私的争端,因此这周它公开了商谈意向。经过征询公共意见后,商谈结果将在十二月底最终敲定。

Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were "unfair and deceptive, and violated federal law". For instance, it passed on personally identifiable information to advertisers, even though it said it would not do so. And it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deactivated and deleted accounts inaccessible.

FTC宣布协议时说发现有好几次脸谱的声明都是"不公平,欺骗的,并触犯了联邦法",比如,即使FTC嘴上声称不会把用户身份信息透露给广告商,但还是把用户身份信息透露给广告商。还有,账户没有激活或取消后,上面的相片和视频却仍然可以被搜索到,这完全与它的承诺不相符。

The settlement does not constitute an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law. But the regulator's findings are deeply embarrassing for the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's boss, tried to play down the impact of the deal. First he claimed that "a small number of high-profile mistakes" were overshadowing the social network's "good history" on privacy. Then he confessed that it could still do better and said he had hired two new "chief privacy officers".

脸谱没有在这份协议中承认自己触犯法律。但是,监管者的调查结果已经让这个公司陷入极为尴尬的境地。同一天,脸谱老板Mark Zuckerberg在一篇博文上极力淡化这份协议的影响。在这篇博文中,他首先声明"一小部分被高调炒作的错误"正在使脸谱网关于用户隐私的"良好记录"蒙羞。接着,他承认确实有一些地方需要改进,并说明他已经雇用了两名新的"首席隐私官"。

The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers' approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years. Jeff Chester of the Centre for Digital Democracy reckons this will make it somewhat easier for privacy activists to hold the social network to account.

FTC不指望脸谱自我监督。此外, 在改变用户信息共享方式前,它还必须征询用户的同意,并且它也同意在未来二十年里每两年进行一次独立的隐私审核。数字民主中心的Jeff Chester认为,这从某种程度上让隐私主义者更容易相信脸谱会为自己的行为负责。

There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular external audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers' privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo, but one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate. The audits can be used to tweak the framework in the light of new developments.

这是一个清晰的模式。从过去几年里Twitter和Google各自的案例来看,在这两家公司分别被指控触犯用户隐私后,FTC也坚持要求两家公司接受定期的外部审核,目的似乎就是为了给此类社交网络创造一个比现状严格却又有足够空间革新的管理制度。从发展的角度讲,这些审核有助于打破原本框架。

Some observers reckon web firms have agreed to all this in the hope that it will deflect a push for more onerous privacy legislation in America. But outrage over Facebook's behaviour could spur Congress into action anyway. And it will certainly not be lost on regulators in Europe who are scrutinizing the social network's privacy record too. Mr Zuckerberg's latest mea culpa is unlikely to be his last.

一些观察家认为,这些网络公司全盘接受这些审核,希望借此摆脱美国更为繁琐的隐私保护法。但是公众对脸谱行为的不满终将刺激国会做出反应,而正在审查该社交网隐私记录的欧洲监管者也必然会给予这些不满的呼声以相应的重视。看来Zuckerberg先生最近的这次检讨不会是最后一次

Business Ethnic advertising One message, or many?

商业种族广告要一个还是多个声音?

The uses and limitations of ethnic ads

种族广告的使用和限制

In the television series "Mad Men", a 1960s adman makes a pitch to a television-maker whose sales are flat. "Among Negroes sales are actually growing," he chirps. He proposes making "integrated" ads that appeal to both black and white consumers. His idea bombs. This being the era of segregation, one of his listeners wonders if mixed-race ads are even legal.

电视连续剧《广告狂人》描述了20世纪60年代的一个广告制作人向电视制作人推销其对付销售平淡的招数。他很兴奋地提出"在黑人当中的销售量确实在上升"。他建议制作"一体化"广告来吸引黑人和白人消费者。他的想法在人们当中砸开了锅。由于那时还处在种族隔离时期,因此他的一个听众怀疑这样的种族混合的广告是否合法。 Such days are long gone. America's minorities will eventually be a majority of the population: by 2045, according to the most recent census. Advertisers have noticed. Many now favor cross-cultural ads that emphasize what black, Hispanic and Asian-American consumers have in common. This approach is thought to work well with the young, who often listen to the same music, eat the same food and wear similar clothes regardless of their ethnic background.

这样的日子也不复存在。根据最新的人口普查资料,到2045年美国的少数族裔将最终在人数上成为主流大众。广告商们已注意到这一点。许多广告商现在支持跨文化的广告,这些广告强调黑人、西班牙人和亚裔美国消费者的共性。这一方法被认为对年轻人很有效果,不管这些年轻人的种族背景,他们通常都听同一首歌,吃同一种食物和穿类似的衣服。

Ogilvy & Mather, a big ad agency, formed Ogilvy Culture in 2010 as a unit specializing in cross-cultural marketing. "The ethnic ad model has not changed since the 1960s," says Jeffrey Bowman, head of Ogilvy Culture. It was the census data that made Ogilvy change its model. In 2010 Burger King stopped employing ethnic agencies such as Latin Works, which specialized in the Hispanic market, to address its consumers as a whole rather than taking a segmented approach.

广告业巨头Ogilvy & Mather于2010年组建了奥美文化公司,它是一个专门从事跨文化营销的单位。奥美文化的部门主管杰弗瑞·鲍曼说"种族广告模式自从20世纪60年代以来一直不变。正是人口调查数据让奥美改变了其营销模式。2010年快餐连锁品牌汉堡王炒掉了诸如Latin Works那样的专攻西班牙市场的具有种族色彩的广告代理商。汉堡王将顾客视为一体而不再采取细分的方式。

Yet some admen feel ethnicity remains relevant. "Every ten years we go through a rethink of targeted versus one voice," says McGhee Williams Osse, co-chief executive of Burrell, a Chicago-based agency specializing in the

African-American market. She argues that ethnic origin is the key to people's identity, much more than education, income, religion, sex and sexual orientation. She would say that, of course.

然而,有些广告人仍感到种族还是与广告相关的。专攻非洲裔市场,总部位于芝加哥的Burrell公司的联合执行官McGhee Williams Osse认为"每隔十年,我们会重新考虑反对传播一个声音的广告" 。她认为种族血缘是人的身份认同的关键因素,比教育、收入、宗教、性和性取向等更重要。她是这样说的,千真万确。

Maurice Lévy, the boss of Publicis Groupe, the French ad giant that owns 49% of Burrell, says that ethnic advertising makes sense for advertisers that are very big (and so can afford multiple ad campaigns), or very specialized. A maker of cream for black skin, for example, will probably not bother marketing it to Asians.

法国广告业巨头Publicis Groupe拥有Burrell公司49%的股份,其老板Maurice Lévy认为,种族广告对大广告公司(因能付得起多个广告营销活动)或非常专业化的广告公司还是有意义的。例如,为黑人制造的面霜就没有必要进军亚洲市场了。

Nestlé, a huge food firm, aims some ads at Hispanics, America's largest minority. It recruited four Hispanic mothers to blog on a new bilingual website, El Mejor Nido (The Best Nest), offering tips about parenting and healthy eating. Hispanics are younger than other Americans, have more children and spend more on food, says Juan Motta, who heads the California-based unit running Nestlé's Hispanic campaign in the United States, which promotes both the firm's Latin American brands, such as La Lechera and Abuelita, and the rest of its larder.

食品业巨头雀巢公司针对美国最大的少数族裔西班牙裔制作了一些广告。它招聘了4名西班牙裔母亲在其新设双语版的El Mejor Nido (雀巢最佳)网上写博客,提供为人父母之道和健康饮食的建议。负责雀巢西班牙裔广告促销的美国加利福尼亚分部主管胡安·莫塔说,西班牙裔人比其他美国人更年轻,育有更多小孩且更舍得在食品上花钱。该分部主要负责促销公司的两个拉丁美洲品牌,比如La Lechera 和Abuelita以及其他的食品柜。

McDonald's has been a pioneer of ethnic advertising since the 1960s. Minorities represent about 40% of its customers

in America. Neil Golden, the firm's American chief marketing officer, argues that other Americans often follow trends set by ethnic minorities. So he watches minorities for insights he can use in ads aimed at the general market. In 2010 McDonald's learned that African-Americans liked sweeter, weaker caramel mocha, so it started offering such blends everywhere, with great success. A similar thing happened with its mango and pineapple smoothies, a big hit with Hispanics. McDonald's featured the drinks in restaurants nationwide and they quickly overtook strawberry banana, the traditional favorite.

自20世纪60年代以来,麦当劳一直是种族广告的先驱者。在美国,少数民族裔占其消费者总数的40%。麦当劳主要负责美国市场首席营销官尼尔·戈登认为,其他美国人常追随少数族裔所掀起的潮流。因此他深入地了解少数族裔,就可将其特色用于针对整个市场的广告中。2010年麦当劳得知非洲裔美国人喜欢更甜一点,咖啡味更淡一点的焦糖摩卡。于是麦当劳开始到处提供这种混合物,并且获得极大成功。它也采取同样的方式来制作其芒果和凤梨冰沙,结果在西班牙裔人中大受欢迎。麦当劳将此类饮品推广至遍布全国的门店,也很快取代了传统畅销品草莓香蕉饮料。

David Burgos, co-author of a book on marketing to the "new majority", says that in spite of the increasing importance

of minority consumers, advertisers still put ethnic ads into a separate budget—which tends to be cut first when the economy goes sour. Only 7% of marketing dollars are spent on targeted ethnic campaigns, although nearly half of Americans belong to ethnic minorities. He thinks ad-agency staff need to be more diverse.

David Burgos和别人合写了一本针对"新生大众"营销的书。该书上说尽管少数族裔消费者的重要性日益俱增,广告商仍将种族广告单独预算——一旦经济不景气,首先减少这块预算。尽管少数族裔占了将近一半的美国人口,但只有7%的营销费用花在针对种族的广告活动上。他认为广告机构的员工有必要更多样化。

Getting the right ethnic perspective is tricky. Hispanics are a varied lot. An ad that delights Cuban-Americans may irritate migrants from Venezuela. Asians are hardly monolithic, either. Even the wittiest Korean catchphrases will provoke only bafflement in Chinatown.

在广告中从合适的种族角度看问题这是非常高难度的工作。同为西班牙人却迥然不同。能让古巴裔美国人捧腹大笑的广告可能会让委内瑞拉移民生气。亚洲人也是众口难调。即便是韩国的警言妙句也只会令唐人街的中国人迷惑不解。

Saul Gitlin of Kang & Lee, an agency specializing in selling to Asian-Americans, argues that recent Chinese and Korean immigrants are best reached with communications in their mother tongue. They are generally ignored by advertisers, however, with the exception of financial firms. This is a mistake, he reckons: the median household income

of Asian-Americans is some $10,000 higher than that of non-Hispanic whites.

专门针对亚洲裔美国人的广告公司Kang & Lee的Saul Gitlin认为,和新一代的中国和韩国的移民用其母语沟通能收到最好的效果。但是除了金融公司做到这一点外,广告商一般都忽视了这一点。这是一个错误的做法,他推测:亚洲裔美国人的家庭平均收入比非西班牙裔白人还高大约10,000美元。

Many modern Mad Men think digital media will allow them to know their audiences better, and feed them more precisely-tailored messages. This can be costly. But many consumers seem to like it. When Latinas disagree with something the four mommy bloggers at El Mejor Nido have written, they can go to the El Mejor Nido Facebook page, and let loose.

许多现代的广告狂人认为数字媒体能让他们更加了解观众,从而更易提供量身定制的信息来满足他们的需求。这样做代价很高。但是许多消费者看来很喜欢这样。如果拉丁裔美国人不喜欢在El Mejor Nido网站上4位母亲所写的博客观点,他们可以移步至El Mejor Nido脸谱网,可在此畅所欲言。

Book Review:Understanding language; Talk, talk;

书评:理解语言;不停地说;

Language: The Cultural Tool. By Daniel Everett.

《语言:文化的工具》,丹尼尔·埃弗雷特著。

For half a century an influential group of Western linguists, led by Noam Chomsky, have argued that language is an innate human faculty, the product of a ―language organ‖ in the mind. Other prominent ―innatists‖ include Steven Pinker, an evolutionary psychologist and author of ―The Language Instinct‖, and Derek Bickerto n, a linguist at the University of Hawaii and developer of a ―bio-program‖ theory of language. Innatists believe that all languages share fundamental features. And linguistic innatism is part of a wider debate about just how much of human nature is wired into the brain.

半个世纪以来,一群由诺姆·乔姆斯基牵头的, 有影响力的西方语言学家已经证实,语言是人类一种先天的能力,是大脑中―语言器官‖的产物。其它著名的―先天派学者‖包括进化心理学家兼《语言本能》的作者史蒂夫·皮尔克,和夏威夷大学的语言学家兼―生物计划‖语言理论的创始人德里克贝克顿。―先天派学者‖认为,所有语言都有共同的基本特点,并且语言天赋论是关于有多少人性是大脑固有的这一更广泛辩论内容的一部分。

Daniel Everett, a linguist at Bentley University in Massachusetts, disagrees on both innatism and the fundamental similarity of languages. He spent years learning tiny languages in forbidding jungle villages, experiences he recounted in his 2008 memoir, ―Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes‖. In his new book, ―Language: The Cultural Tool‖, Mr Everett moves

away from narrow linguistic anthropology to broad theory. He argues that language is not the product of a ―language organ‖ but an extension of general intelligence.

马萨诸塞州宾利大学的语言学家丹尼尔·埃弗雷特,对语言的天赋论和语言的基本相似性都持不同意见。他在与世隔绝的丛林村庄里花费了数年时间来研究一些小语种,并在他2008年的自传《不要睡,有蛇!》里重新总结了这段经历。在他的新书《语言:文化的工具》中,埃弗里特先生抛弃了狭隘的语言人类学以及宽泛的理论。他认为,语言并不是―语言器官‖的产物,而是一般智力的延伸。

Instead of unfolding in the same way in Paris and Papua New Guinea, languages are crafted by their speakers to meet their needs. He cites the Piraha, the Brazilian Amazonian group he has spent the longest time living with. There are no numbers beyond two in Piraha because, Mr Everett argues, they have no money, engage in little barter trade, do not store food for the future and do not think about the distant past. This ―living for the moment‖, which the Piraha enjoy (they think Western life sounds dreadful), shapes their language.

没有用同样的方式在巴黎和巴布亚新几内亚来展开,相反语言使用者却精心制作以满足他们的需求。他引用了他在巴西亚马逊居住时间最长的种群皮尔哈,他证实,在皮尔哈没有超过两位数的数字,因为他们没有货币去进行小型物物交换,不用为未来储存食物,也不用思考遥远的过去。这种皮尔哈人享受的―活在当下‖的生活方式塑造了他们的语言。(他们认为西方人的生活听着很可怕)

That different cultures have different words is unsurprising. It is when these differences affect cognition (the Piraha cannot do maths, for example) that things get interesting. But Mr Everett's most controversial argument, and his biggest challenge to linguistic innatism, is about grammar.

不同的文化有不同的文字并不令人惊奇,但当这些不同之处影响到了认知能力时,事情就变得有趣了。(举例来说,皮尔哈人不会数学。)但是埃弗里特最有争议的观点和对语言天赋论最大的挑战是有关语法的。

Mr Chomsky has argued that ―recursion‖ is the key feature of all human language. This is the embedding of smaller units inside bigger ones: a subordinate clause is a kind of recursion, embedding a sentence in a bigger one. Mr Everett says that the Piraha lack grammatical recursion, and that even if recursion is universal (Piraha use it in stories if not within sentences), this does not prove the existence of the language organ. Information is naturally organized with smaller bits nesting inside larger ones. That nearly all humans would find this linguistically useful is little different than widely varying societies independently inventing the bow and arrow—it is simply useful, and no proof of an instinct. True instincts, like turtles making their way to the sea or ducklings bonding with their mothers, require no learning. Language does.Animals do not truly excel in their deployment of basic instincts, whereas some humans clearly use language much better than others.

乔姆斯基已经证明―递归‖是所有人类语言的关键特征。递归是让更小的单位嵌入更大的单位内部:一个从句是一种递归,把一个句子嵌入更大的句子中。埃弗里特认为,皮尔哈缺乏符合语法规则的递归,即使递归是普遍存在的(皮尔哈人把它用在没有长句子的故事中),也不能证明语言器官的存在。信息是用小字节嵌入更大的字节而自然组成的。几乎所有人都能发现这种语言学的用途这一说法和广泛变化的社会独立发明弓和箭这一说法几乎没有什么不同。它是有用的, 而且没有本能的迹象。真正的本能是不用学习的,就像海龟用它们的方式去海边和小鸭子总是跟着它们的妈妈一样。语言也是如此。动物们并不是真正擅长运用基本的本能,而有些人显然比其他人更好的使用语言。

But Mr Everett, in trying to reach a popular audience while making an argument aimed at professional linguists, makes some awkward compromises. He cites a paper by other researchers claiming to have found that there are no features that are common to all languages, an argument that is crucial to his thesis. But he does not give enough detail for the reader. Later he even contradicts himself, saying that all languages have nouns and verbs.

但是,当埃弗里特针对职业语言学家提出一个论点时,为了争取到受众的欢迎,他做了一些笨拙的妥协。他援引其它研究者的论文,声称已经发现了没有所有语言所共有的特征,这是他的论文中一个关键的观点。但他并没有向读者展示足够的细节。后来他甚至自相矛盾的说,所有语言都是有动词和名词。

He argues that differences between societies lead to profound differences between languages, but fails to drive the point home fully. Or take Banawá, another Amazonian language, in which the default gender of an unknown person or mixed group of people is feminine, not masculine as in most languages. The Banawá also practice rigid gender segregation, even whipping young girls bloody after their first menstruation. Could the unusual gender-assignment of Banawá be a product of this gender-segregated Banawá society? ―The only answer at present is, ?Perhaps',‖ he writes. Even the lack of grammatical recursion in Piraha? Mr Everett's key piece of evidence that it is culture that creates language, cannot tell the whole tale. Similar tribal cultures have languages bristling with recursion.

他认为,社会之间的差异导致不同语言之间的深刻分歧,但他不能充分证明这一点。或者用亚马逊地区的另一种语言巴纳沃来举例,就像在大部分语言中,一个不知名的人或者一个混合群体的默认性别是女性,而不是男性。巴纳沃人仍然实施严格的性别隔离,甚至要在女孩们第一次来月经后把她们鞭打的鲜血淋漓。巴纳沃的这种特殊的性别对待难道是巴纳沃社会性别隔离的产物?―现在唯一的答案是?也许吧'‖,他写到。即使是缺乏语法递归的皮尔哈也这样吗?埃弗里特证据的关键点仍然是文化创造了语言,但这不能断定整个叙述。类似的种族文化存在着充满了递归式的语言。

Mr Everett thinks it possible that culture influences grammar, but he is not sure. He acknowledges that conjecture about what causes linguistic differences has been a staple of much irresponsible amateur linguistics. It is hard to work out where culture has affected language, where language affects culture and cognition (a hot topic of psycholinguistic research), and where the differences are unrelated. Mr Everett has reminded the innatists, and an impressively modest and reasoned one will consider that Mr Chomsky once called him a charlatan. His case is not wholly proven, but it deserves a serious reading.

埃弗里特认为文化影响语法是可能的,但他并不确定。他承认,关于引起语言差异原因的猜想已经成为多数不负责任的业余的语言学的主题。文化在哪影响了语言、语言在哪影响了文化和认知(心理语言学研究的一个热门话题)、以及差异在哪是无关联的,这些问题都很难弄清楚。埃弗里特提醒先天派,一个印象深刻谦逊而又合理的人是会考虑到乔姆斯基曾经笑话他是个骗子。他的情况并不能完全证明,但这值得认真一读。

The horrors of hyper-connectivity and how to restore a degree of freedom

超度链接所带来的恐慌以及怎样恢复自由度

"The Servant" (1963) is one of those films that it is impossible to forget─a merciless dissection of the relationship between a scheming valet (played by Dirk Bogarde) and his dissolute master (James Fox). The valet exploits his master's weaknesses until he turns the tables: the story ends with a cringing Fox ministering to a lordly Bogarde. The film was an indictment of the class structure of Harold Macmillan's Britain. But it is hard to watch it today without thinking of another fraught relationship─the one between business-folk and their smart-phones.

1963年拍摄的《仆人》是一部难以忘记的电影之一。它深刻地剖析了迪克·博嘉德的饰演的狡诈男仆和詹姆士·福克斯饰演的风流主人之间的关系。男仆利用了他主人的弱点,扭转局势反仆为主:故事的结尾是,谄媚的福克斯服侍起了高傲的博嘉德。这部电影揭露了麦克米伦统治英国时的阶级结构的弊病。但重新回顾这部电影,很难让人们不联想到另外一段难以处理的关系─商人和他们的智能手机之间的关系。

Smart devices are sometimes empowering. They put a world of information at our fingertips. They free people to work from home instead of squeezing onto a train with malodorous strangers. That is a huge boon for parents seeking flexible work hours. Smart-phones and tablets can also promote efficiency by allowing people to get things done in spare moments that would otherwise be wasted, such as while queuing for coffee. They can even help slackers create the illusion that they are working around the clock, by programming their e-mail to be sent at 1a.m.

智能设备有时候很给力。指尖一点,便知天下。它让人们可以在家工作,而不用为了上班和其他充满汗味儿的陌生人挤在狭小的车厢里。对于想要灵活支配工作时间的父母来说,这是一项诱人的好处。智能手机和平板电

脑还能提高效率,人们可以利用诸如排队买咖啡这样本来可以被浪费的闲暇时间完成工作。通过把电子邮件的发送时间设置为凌晨一点这样的做法,智能设备甚至把懒散的员工塑造成甘为工作苦命熬夜加班的工作狂假象。 But for most people the servant has become the master. Not long ago only doctors were on call all the time. Now everybody is. Bosses think nothing of invading their employees‘ free time. Work invades the home far more than domestic chores invade the office. Otherwise-sane people check their smart-phones obsessively, even during pre-dinner drinks, and send e-mails first thing in the morning and last thing at night.

但对于很多人来说,仆人已经成了主人。不久前,只有医生随叫随到。现在每个人都要随叫随到了。老板们把侵犯员工的私人时间当做平常事儿。工作侵扰家庭的情况远比家庭琐事影响工作的情况多得多。在其他方面心智健全的人像着魔一样翻看自己的智能手机,就连晚餐前喝口酒的功夫都不放过,早上起床的第一件事以及晚上睡觉前的最后一件事都成了发电子邮件。

This is partly because smart-phones are addictive: when Martin Lindstrom, a branding guru, tried to identify the ten sounds that affect people most powerfully, he found that a vibrating phone came third, after the Intel chime and a giggling baby. BlackBerrys and iPhones provide relentless stimuli interspersed with rewards. Whenever you check the glowing rectangle, there is a fair chance you will see a message from a client, a hero-gram from your boss or at least an e-mail from a Nigerian gentleman offering you $1m if you share your bank details with him. Smart-phones are the best excuse yet devised for procrastination. How many people can honestly say that they have never pruned their e-mails to put off tackling more demanding tasks?

智能手机让人上瘾是一个原因。品牌营销专家马丁·林斯特龙想找出十种对人影响最大的声音。他发现,手机震动声排名第三,仅次于(广告上的)音乐英特尔钟和婴儿咯咯笑的声音。黑莓和苹果手机凭借着很多优势毫不留情地吸引着我们。无论何时,当你查看亮着的屏幕,很有可能会看到客户的短信,老板的邮件,起码也会看到一位尼日利亚的绅士发的(敲诈)邮件:提供银行信息,你将获得100万美元的奖励。智能手机也是耽误事的最好借口。有多少人敢说自己从来没有因为更加苛刻的工作任务而删除邮件呢?

Hyper-connectivity exaggerates some of the most destabilising trends in the modern workplace: the decline of certainty (as organizations abandon bureaucracy in favor of adhocracy), the rise of global supply chains and the general cult of flexibility. Smart-phones make it easier for managers to change their minds at the last moment: for example, to e-mail a minion at 11p.m to tell him he must fly to Pittsburgh tomorrow. The dratted devices also make it easier for managers in one time zone to spoil the evenings of managers in another.

超度链接加剧了最能破坏现代办公领域的一些趋势:确定性的下滑(随着组织放弃了官僚制转向了灵活的组织机制),全球供应链的兴起以及对灵活性的狂热推崇。智能手机更容易让管理者在最后一刻改变主意。例如,晚上11点发邮件告诉员工必须在明天飞往匹兹堡。令人讨厌的手机也更容易让处在一个时区的管理者去蹂躏另外一个在其他时区内正在睡觉的员工。

Employees find it ever harder to distinguish between ―on-time‖ and ―off-time‖-and indeed between real work and make-work. Executives are lumbered with two overlapping workdays: a formal one full of meetings and an informal one spent trying to keep up with the torrent of e-mails and messages.

员工们发现更难区分上班和下班的时间了—实际上是很难区分真正的工作和不必要的工作。企业高管们也在两个重叠的工作日里晕头转向:一个是一直开会的正式工作日,一个是在忙着检查无数电子邮件和短信的非正式工作日。

None of this is good for business-people‘s marriages or mental health. It may be bad for business, too. When bosses change their minds at the last minute, it is hard to plan for the future. And several studies have shown what ought to be common sense: that people think more deeply if they are not constantly distracted.

这一切,对职场人士的婚姻和心理健康都有害,同时也可能损害企业形象。当老板在最后一刻改变了主意,未来却很难计划。有几项研究已经表明了一个应该被当作常识的结论:一个思路总是被不断的人很难拥有缜密的思考。

What can be done to keep smart-phones in their place? How can we reap the benefits of connectivity without becoming its slaves? One solution is digital dieting. Just as the abundance of junk food means that people have to be more disciplined about their eating habits, so the abundance of junk information means they have to be more disciplined about their browsing habits. Banning browsing before breakfast can reintroduce a modicum of civilization. Banning texting at weekends or, say, on Thursdays, can really show the iPhone who is boss.

怎么样才能不受智能机的打扰?我们如何在不被奴役的情况下获利?一个解决的办法是数字节食。正如垃圾食品的泛滥意味着人们在饮食习惯上的无规律一样,垃圾信息的泛滥也意味着人们浏览习惯的无规律。早饭前不看手机让我们重新享受些许文明之光。周末或者周四不发短信,可以向苹果手机证明谁是真正的主人。

The problem with this approach is that it works only if you live on a desert island or at the bottom of a lake. In

―Sleeping with Your Smart-phone‖, a forthcoming book, Leslie Perlow of Harvard Business School argues that for most people the only way to break the 24/7 habit is to act collectively rather than individually. She tells the story of how one of th e world‘s most hard-working organizations, the Boston Consulting Group, learned to manage hyper-connectivity better. The firm introduced rules about when people were expected to be offline, and encouraged them to work together to make this possible. Many macho consultants mocked the exercise at first-surely only wimps switch off their smart-phones? But eventually it forced people to work more productively while reducing burnout.

这种做法所带来的问题是,这种方法不会奏效,除非你生活在荒岛上或者是湖底里。在即将出版的新书《与智能手机共眠》中,哈佛商学院的莱斯利·珀洛认为,对多数人而言,打破全天待命工作状态的习惯需要大家的共同努力而不是单独行动。她讲述了世界上最兢兢业业的组织波士顿咨询集团怎么更好地管理和控制超度连结的。这家公司制定了规则,规则规定员工不需要24小时待命,并鼓励员工都这么做。刚开始很多自大的咨询公司嘲笑他们—只有懦弱的人才关机。但最终,通过降低员工的精力损耗,公司员工的工作的效率大大地提高。

Ms Perlow‘s advice should be taken seriously. The problem of hyper-connectivity will only get worse, as smart-phones become smarter and young digital natives take over the workforce. People are handing ever more of their lives over to their phones, just as James Fox handed ever more of his life over to Dirk Bogarde. You can now download personal assistants (such as Apple‘s Siri) that tell you what is on your schedule, and virtual personal trainers that urge you take more exercise. Ofcom, Britain‘s telecommunications regulator, says that a startling 60% of teenagers who use

smart-phones descri be themselves as ―highly addicted ‖ to their devices. So do 37% of adults.

珀洛女士的建议应该受到重视。随着智能手机越来越智能以及年轻的数字一代进入职场,超度链接的问题只会越来越严重。人们把更多的生活交给他们的手机打理,就像福克斯将越来越多的生活交由博嘉德打理一样。人们可以下载一个私人秘书(像苹果的siri一样)提醒你日程表的安排,虚拟私人教练劝你多锻炼。英国电信监管机构Ofcom表示,60%(令人吃惊的数字)的青少年智能手机用户对这类设备―着魔‖,成年人的比例约为37%。 The faster smart-phones become and the more alluring the apps that are devised for them, the stronger the addiction will grow. Spouses can help by tossing the darned devices out of a window or into a bucket of water. But ultimately it is up to companies to outsmart the smart-phones by insisting that everyone turn them off from time to time.

智能手机运行越快,程序越具有吸引力,用户越容易上瘾。妻子或丈夫看到对方沉迷于手机可以把这该死的玩意儿扔到窗外或者扔进马桶里。但是,想摆脱智能手机的奴役,归根结底还是要依靠公司的计谋:坚决要求员工们偶尔关关机。

Is there money in digital radio?

数字广播有钱可赚吗?

Frank Sinatra knew he was getting a raw deal. He could sing but he was not much of a songwriter, so he never saw a cent when most of his 300 or so singles were played on American radio. He spent years fruitlessly lobbying Congress to change a 1909 royalties law, which requires radio broadcasters to pay composers but not performers. Broadcasters--a more formidable lobby than artists or record labels--have long fought any change, arguing that airtime gives singers free publicity. But this month the artists and labels have had some good news.

弗兰克·辛纳特拉知道自己正受到不公正的待遇。他虽然歌唱得好,但是他写歌词不在行;因此,尽管他大约300首单曲中的大部分在美国广播电台播放,他却从没拿到过一分钱。一项1909年的版权使用费法要求电台对歌曲作者而不是唱歌者付款,他多年游说国会修改这项法律,但毫无结果。由于广播公司的游说比艺术家或唱片公司更厉害,而且他们长期以来反对这项法律的任何修改,理由是广播免费宣传了歌唱家。但本月歌手与唱片公司终于得到了些好消息。

On June 5th Clear Channel Communications, America's largest radio broadcaster, announced a deal with Big Machine, a country-music label, to pay performance royalties on all its radio channels, terrestrial (ie, over the air) and digital. The plan is for Clear Channel to pay the label and its artists, who include Taylor Swift and Tim McGraw, a cut of its advertising revenue.

美国最大的广播公司清晰频道6 月5日宣布与一家乡村音乐唱片公司大机器(Big Machine)达成协议,将为它播出的所有大机器名下的歌曲演出付费,无论歌曲是由地面频道或数字频道播出。根据该计划,清晰频道将按广告收入比例向大机器及其艺术家付费,其中包括泰勒·斯威夫特和蒂姆·麦克罗。

The agreement indicates that Clear Channel plans to invest more in digital radio, the part of the industry that is growing. But unlike terrestrial broadcasters, digital stations are obliged by a 1998 law to pay fees to artists whenever a song is played. This skewed system has made life painful for digital platforms trying to build an audience, such as Pandora, which pays out more than half of its revenue in music royalties. "We can't make business work online with these rates," says Tim Westergren, founder and chief strategy officer of Pandora. His firm has spent $50,000 this year lobbying Congress to change the law.

这项协议表明,清晰频道计划增加它在数字广播上的投资,这是一部分正在不断发展的行业。但不像地面广播公司,按照一项1998年的法律规定,无论何时,只要数字电台播出歌曲,它都必须向演唱者付费。这种扭曲的方式让试图招徕听众的数字平台日子很不好过;例如潘多拉公司,它收入的一半以上都用于支付音乐版权费。潘多拉的创建人、首席策略师蒂姆·威斯特格兰说:"版税如此之高,我们没法开展在线业务。"他的公司今年已在游说国会修改法律上花了5万美元。

Only 2% of Clear Channel's listeners are digital and 98% terrestrial, so the deal looks costly. But Big Machine supplies only a small proportion of Clear Channel's music. And paying a share of ad revenues hurts less than paying per song. The idea is to see what this does to the bottom line before negotiating with other labels.

清晰频道听众只有2%来自数字广播,另外的98%来自地面广播,因此这项协议看上去代价很高。但大机器的节目在清晰频道播放的音乐中所占比例很小。而且,交出一部分广告收入比按歌付费好受些。清晰频道的打算是,先看看这项协议对净收入的影响后再与其他唱片公司谈判。

The deal may also reflect anxiety on Clear Channel's part. Its leveraged buy-out in 2008, just before the ad market collapsed, has left it heavily in hock. It has enough cash to keep things humming for a few years, but in 2016 debts of $12.1 billion fall due. The company will probably need a maturity extension. "There's no way to pay that," says Melissa Link of Fitch, a ratings agency. "They need growth."

这项协议可能也反映了清晰频道方面的担忧。2008年,它在广告市场崩溃前举债收购,这使之负债沉重。几年内它尚有足够的资金周转,但2016年有一笔121亿美元的债务到期。该公司或将需要延期偿债。惠誉评级公司的梅利莎·林克认为:"他们肯定还不了钱,但他们需要发展。"

All eyes are now watching to see whether Clear Channel can make money from digital radio. It already has iHeartRadio, an internet network launched in 2008, which relies on ads rather than subscriptions. In September 2011 the

network began offering customisable playlists, like Pandora. It offers 11m songs, compared with Pandora's 900,000-but has only a tenth of its rival's listeners. The big source of growth is among smart-phone buyers, who account for 70% of Pandora's streaming. Yet Pandora also relies heavily on advertising (only 10% subscribe), and mobiles have proven difficult for ad sales.

人人都在关注清晰频道是否能通过数字电台盈利。他们已在2008年开通了线上网站"iHeartRadio,该网站靠广告而不是靠听众付费赚钱。2011年9月"网络电台"开始像潘多拉一样提供可由听众点播的播放列表,表中包括1100万首歌。相比之下潘多拉的播放列表中只有90万首歌,但其听众却只有网络电台的十分之一。智能电话买主是发展听众的重大来源,他们占潘多拉听众的70%。但潘多拉对广告的依赖程度也很高(订阅收入仅占10%),并且手机对广告销售不太好。

Second only to television in its reach, terrestrial radio does not face much of a threat from digital, especially given the royalty burden on digital providers. Air-wave radio has held on to listeners, because it remains free and convenient, particularly for car-bound commuters. Though carmakers are starting to integrate digital-radio platforms, streaming audio can eat up most mobile data plans. It is not expected to steal many listeners soon. But for artists, the Clear Channel deal has hit the right note.

受众范围仅次于电视的地面电台没有面临太多来自数字电台的威胁,特别是考虑到数字电台需要付出的高额版权使用费后尤其如此。无线电台能够吸引住听众,因为它们的节目依旧免费,而且特别方便驾车上下班的人。尽管汽车制造商正开始在汽车收音机里添加数字无线电平台,但流式音频能击败大部分移动数据计划。人们预期流式音频还不会很快抢走大量听众,但对艺术家来说,清晰频道的协议效果很好。

Academic journals face a radical shake-up.

学术期刊面临彻底改变

If there is any endeavor whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavor is surely publicly financed science. Morally, taxpayers who wish to should be able to read about it without further expense. And science advances through cross-fertilization between projects. Barriers to that exchange slow it down.

如果这儿有人试图把成果免费公开的话,那这种试图一定是受到公众资助的科学。从道德上来说,纳税人都希望而且应该不再花额外的钱来阅读科学著作,并且科学进步是通过各学科之间的相互促进而前进的,但这种交流的障碍使这种得到减慢。

There is a widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated this exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to it. One of the latest converts is the British government. On July 16th it announced that, from 2013, the results of taxpayer-financed research would be available, free and online, for anyone to read and redistribute.

过去一个多世纪以来,人们的普遍感觉是期刊出版商调停了这种交流,甚至阻碍了这种交流。而最新的改变发生在英国政府身上,它在7月16宣布,从2013年开始,由纳税人资助的科研成果都会在网上免费公开,并且任何人都可以阅读和转发。

Britain's government is not alone. On July 17th the European Union followed suit. It proposes making research paid for by its next scientific-spending round-which runs fr om 2014 to 2020, and will hand out about € 80 billion, or $100 billion, in grants-similarly easy to get hold of. In America, the National Institutes of Health (NIH, the single-biggest source of civil research funds in the world) has required open-access publishing since 2008.

并不是只有英国政府这么做,1月17日欧盟也随之效仿,建议下一个科研经费周期(2014年至2020年用于研究的开支)拿出800亿欧元(1000亿美元)来补贴类似易于获取资料的方法。在美国,国家卫生研究所(NIH,世界上最大的单一民间科研基金获取处)从2008年开始就要求开放出版业。

And the Wellcome Trust, a British foundation that is the world's second-biggest charitable source of scientific money, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, also insists that those who take its shilling make their work available free. Criticism of journal publishers usually boils down to two things. One is that their processes take months, when the internet could allow them to take days. The other is that because each paper is like a mini-monopoly, which workers in the field have to read if they are to advance their own research, there is no incentive to keep the price down.

仅次于比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会的英国维康信托基金是世界上第二大科研资金获取来源,也坚持—要用我的钱就必须免费公开成果。而期刊出版商对此的批判常常归结为两点。一是他们对资料的处理要花费数月,实际上有互联网他们只需要花费数天。另一个原因就是由于每篇论文就像一个小型垄断,相关领域的工作者想要提升研究水平就必须得阅读那些论文,这样根本没有动机把价格降下来。

The publishers thus have scientists-or, more accurately, their universities, which pay the subscriptions-in an arm-lock. That, combined with the fact that the raw material (manuscripts of papers) is free, leads to generous returns.

因此出版商就把那些科学家—准确来说是那些付钱订阅期刊的大学牢牢限制住了,再加上原始材料(论文草稿)免费这一事实,这些常常为出版商带来了巨额回报。

In 2011 Elsevier, a large Dutch publisher, made a profit of £768m on revenues of £2.06 billion-a margin of 37%. Indeed, Elsevier's profits are thought so egregious by many people that 12,000 researchers have signed up to a boycott of the company's journals.

在2011年,荷兰出版商爱思唯尔(Elsevier)从20.6亿欧元的投资中获取了7.68亿欧元的回报—利润达到了37%,如此高的收益被认为太过分,因此爱思唯尔遭到了12000名研究人员的联名抵制。

Publishers do provide a service. They organize peer review, in which papers are criticized anonymously by experts (though those experts, like the authors of papers, are rarely paid for what they do). And they sort the scientific sheep from the goats, by deciding what gets published, and where.

出版商的确在提供服务,他们要对论文经行同业互查(尽管那些匿名点评的专家,比如论文作者,基本不会对核查工作收费),并且还要对论文进行分类和挑选,决定是否出版和在哪里出版。

That gives the publishers huge power. Since researchers, administrators and grant-awarding bodies all take note of which work has got through this filtering mechanism, the competition to publish in the best journals is intense, and the system becomes self-reinforcing, increasing the value of those journals still further.

这就给了出版商很大的权利,因为研究者、管理员和拨款奖励机构都在注意谁的论文通过了这个过滤机制,在最好的期刊上发表论文的竞争非常激烈,出版系统就变得更加自我强化,也进一步推高了那些期刊的价值。

But not, perhaps, for much longer. Support has been swelling for open-access scientific publishing: doing it online, in a way that allows anyone to read papers free of charge. The movement started among scientists themselves, but governments are now, as Britain's announcement makes clear, paying attention and asking whether they, too, might benefit from the change.

或许以后不会再这样了,支持开放科学出版业的呼声越来越强烈:把研究成果放到网上,让任何人都可以免费查阅。这个运动开始由科学家发起,但是现在政府也站了出来,比如英国政府的通告就很清楚,它不仅在关注此事,还询问科学家们是否可以从这个变化中受益。

The British announcement followed the publication of a report by Dame Janet Finch, a sociologist at the University of Manchester, which recommends encouraging a business model adopted by one of the pioneers of open-access publishing, the Public Library of Science. This organisation, a charity based in San Francisco, charges authors a fee (between $1,350 and $2,900, though it is waived in cases of hardship) and then makes their papers available over the internet for nothing.

Dame Janet Finch的报告发表之后英国政府才发出通告,这位曼彻斯特大学的社会学家建议鼓励一种商业模式,这个方法被一家开放出版业的先锋—公共科学图书馆所采纳。公共科学图书馆是一家位于旧金山的慈善组织,它会向作者要一笔费用(1350至2900美元不等,尽管有困难会推迟),然后再把他们的论文在网上免费公开。

For PLoS, as the charity is widely known, this works well. It has launched seven widely respected electronic journals since its foundation in 2000. For reasons lost in history, this is known as the gold model. The NIH's approach is different. It lets researchers publish in traditional journals, but on condition that, within a year, they post their papers on a free "repository" website called PubMed. Journals have to agree to this, or be excluded from the process, this is known as the green model.

对于公共科学图书馆(PLoS)来说,它的慈善事业广为人知,并且做得很好,从2000成立开始,已经出版了7大类备受推崇的电子期刊,虽然由于各种各样的原因,它们都淹没在历史的尘埃中,这种方式被称为"黄金模式"。国家卫生研究所(NIH)的方法不一样,它允许传统学术期刊发表研究人员的论文,但是有一个条件,就是在一年之内他的论文会在一家名为PubMed网站的免费"知识库"中公布,期刊出版商必须同意这么做,要么就会被排除在该程序之外,这就被称为"绿色模式"。

Both gold and green models involve prepublication peer review. But a third does away with even that. Many scientists, physicists in particular, now upload drafts of their papers into public archives paid for by networks of universities for the general good. (The most popular is known as arXiv, the middle letter being a Greek chi.) Here, manuscripts are subject to a ruthless process of open peer review, rather than the secret sort traditional publishers employ.

不管是黄金模式还是绿色模式都涉及到正式出版前的同业互查问题,但第三种就不需要这样了。现在很多科学家(特别是物理学家)都为共同利益而把他们的草稿上传到由大学运营的网络公共档案馆中(最著名的就是arXiv,单词中间为希腊第22个字母),在这里,手稿都暴露在严格的同业互查之下,而不是被传统出版商私下分类。 An arXived paper may end up in a traditional journal, but that is merely to provide an imprimatur for the research team who wrote it. Its actual publication, and its value to other scientists, dates from its original arrival online. The success of PLoS, and the political shift towards open access, is encouraging other new ventures, too. Seeing the writing on the wall, several commercial publishers are experimenting with gold-model publishing.

一份被arXiv化论文可能会以传统期刊的出版而结束,但这仅仅只是为研究小组(论文作者)提供出版许可,它的实际出版物,还有对其他科学家的价值和原始数据都可以在网上找到。科学公共图书馆的成功让其把政策转向开放阅览,这也鼓励了其他新的投资者。在看到这些"不祥之兆"后,一些商业出版商开始尝试以"黄金模式"出版。 Meanwhile, later this year, a coalition of the Wellcome Trust, the Max Planck Institute (which runs many of Germany's leading laboratories) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute will publish the first edition of eLife, an open-access journal with ambitions to rival the most famous journal of the lot, Nature. The deep pockets of these organisations mean that, for the first few years at least, this journal will not even require a publication fee.

与此同时,在今年晚些时候,马普研究院(掌管着德国大量重点实验室)和霍华休斯医学研究中心将与维康信托基金会合作,出版首期eLife电子期刊,这份开放阅览的期刊有信心与它们之中最著名的《自然》竞争,那些财大气粗的组织甚至想至少在头几年不对期刊收取出版费。

Much remains to be worked out.

仍然还有许多要解决的东西。

Some fear the loss of the traditional journals' curation and verification of research. Even Sir Mark Walport, the director of the Wellcome Trust and a fierce advocate of open-access publication, worries that a system based on the green model could become fragmented. That might happen if the newly liberated papers ended up in different places rather than being consolidated in the way the NIH insists on.

一些人担心会失去传统期刊的内容治理和调查核实。甚至康信托基金会的主管和开放出版的坚定支持者Mark Walport先生也担心基于绿色模式的系统会分崩离析。如果新式宽松论文政策被某些原因终结而不是如NIH所坚持走统一合并的路子,这一切就有可能发生。

But research just published in BMC Medicine (an open-access journal from Springer) suggests papers in open-access journals are as widely cited as those in traditional publications. A revolution, then, has begun. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it. If scientific publishers are not trembling in their boots, they should be.

但是根据《BMC医学》(施普林格出版社的一份开放期刊)最近公布的调查显示,开放阅览期刊被引用的广泛程度和传统期刊一样多。所以一场革命已经开始了,不仅技术上可行,研究人员和政客也需要。如果传统科技图书出版商没有觉得胆战心惊的话,那现在就是时候了。

Finance and Economics; Age and happiness; Pay, peers and pride;

财经; 年龄和幸福;薪水、同事和自尊心;

How older workers can find happiness;

多大年纪的员工能获得幸福;

Knowing that you are paid less than your peers has two effects on happiness. The well-known one is negative: a thinner pay packet harms self-esteem. The lesser-known one is called the ―tunnel‖ effect: high incomes for peers are seen as improving your own chances of similar riches, especially if growth, inequality and mobility are high.

知道自己比同事薪水少这一事实会对自己的幸福感产生两种效应。大部分人知道的是负面效应:较少的薪水会伤害人的自尊心。还有一个较少人知道的另一个效应被称为―隧道效应‖:高薪水的同事会让你有动力去争取机会拿到同样的薪水,特别是处于公司成长性、工资差异和人员流动性较高的环境。

A paper co-authored by Felix FitzRoy of the University of St Andrews and presented this week at the Royal Economic Society in Cambridge separates the two effects using data from household surveys in Germany. Previous work showed that the income of others can have a small, or even positive, overall effect on people's satisfaction in individual firms in Denmark or in very dynamic economies in transition, such as post-communist eastern Europe. But Mr FitzRoy's team theorised that older workers, who largely know their lifetime incomes already, will enjoy a much smaller tunnel effect.

圣安德鲁斯大学的菲茨·罗伊斯与人合著了一篇论文,通过研究对德国家庭调查获得的数据以区分这两种效应。这篇论文于这周在剑桥举办的皇家经济学会上首次亮相。先前的研究表明,在丹麦或者转型中的新兴的经济体国家(如后共产主义的东欧国家)的个体企业,其他同事的收入能使人们对所在公司的满意度产生较少甚至正面的效应。但是菲茨·罗伊斯研究团队的理论认为,对于那些已经基本上知道自己终身收入的老员工,隧道效应则要小很多。

The data confirm this hypothesis. The negative effect on reported levels of happiness of being paid less than your peers is not visible for people aged under 45. In western Germany, seeing peers' incomes rising actually makes young people happier (even more than a rise in their own incomes, remarkably). It is only those people over 45, when careers have

―reached a stable position‖, whose happiness is harmed by the success of others.

调查的数据证实了这个假设。对于那些45岁以下的员工,比同事的薪水少所带来的负面影响并不明显。在西德,看到同事的收入增长实际上使年青人更快乐,即使同事收入的增长比自己要快很多。只有那些处于事业稳定期的45岁以上的员工,其幸福感会因为他人的成功而受损。

The prospect of 20-plus years of bitterness might make retirement seem more appealing. But the real gains in happiness from retirement go not to the outshone, but to the out-of-work. Unemployment is known to damage happiness because not working falls short of social expectations. This loss of identity cannot be compensated for by unemployment benefits or increased leisure time. A paper presented at the same conference by a team represented by Clemens Hetschko

of Freie Universit?t Berlin uses the same German household data to show that the spirits of the long-term unemployed rise when they stop looking for work, go into retirement and no longer clash with social norms.

与摆在面前的20多年的辛苦工作相比,退休显得更吸引人。但是退休带来的真正幸福感在于停止工作而不在于优胜。没有工作的人未能达到社会的期望,使得失业将有损幸福感。这种身份的损失不是失业补助或更多的闲暇时间能够弥补的。Freie大学的Clemens Hetschko 与其研究团队在同样的会议上也发表了一篇论文。他们通过对同样的德国家庭数据进行研究表明,当长期失业的人们停止寻找工作步入退休后,将不再与社会规范冲突,他们的精神状态有所提高。

Those with jobs are no happier after they retire, however, perhaps because their lives already line up with social expectations. Indeed, retiring early from work can have nasty side-effects. Another paper, co-authored by Andreas Kuhn of the University of Zurich, investigates the effect of a change in Austrian employment-insurance rules that allowed blue-collar workers earlier retirement in some regions than others. Men retiring a year early lower their odds of surviving to age 67 by 13%. Almost a third of this higher mortality rate, which seemed to be concentrated among those who were forced into retirement by job loss, was caused by smoking and alcohol consumption. If you're in a job, even an underpaid one, hang on in there.

那些有工作的人退休后并没有更快乐,可能是因为他们的生活已经和社会期望一致。实际上,过早的退休会产生令人讨厌的副作用。另一篇论文,由苏黎世大学的Andreas Kuhn与人合著,研究了奥地利的就业保障法的变更带来的效应,这一法律允许某些地区的蓝领工人可以更早退休。与其他的人相比,过早退休的人存活到67岁的几率降低了13%。更高的死亡率中大约有1/3的因素是由于吸烟和酗酒导致,集中在那些因为失业而被迫退休的人。如果你在工作中,即使薪水较低,也要坚持下去不要过早退休。

A person's utility does not only depend on individualistic consumption of material goods and leisure but is also influenced by how well a person conforms to the norms and ideals of the social category she belongs to. Applying identity theory to the relationship between unemployment and life satisfaction implies that unemployed people are not only dissatisfied with their life because they have lower incomes, but also because they deviate from the norms of their social category under which they are expected to work. This explains the inability of the long-term unemployed to adapt to unemployment: they do not give up regarding employment as part of the social norm they strive to fulfill. Since they continuously deviate from this norm, the long-term unemployed get low recognition from others, often become negatively stereotyped, and experience social isolation and stigmatization, which can be interpreted as sanctions to fulfill the norm to work.

一个人的效应不单依靠对物质的消费和闲暇的享用,还取决于一个人如何与社会规范和所处的社会类属相匹配的程度。失业的人的失落感,不单来自于低收入,还因为他们偏离了他们所处的社会类属的规范——应该要去工作。失业的人仍然把就业看作社会规范的一部分,这也是他们想去实现的。过久地脱离这一社会规范之外,长期失业的人被他人看轻,经常成为反面教材,饱受社会的孤立和偏见——这些可以看作没能满足这一社会规范的处罚。

The West should be more welcoming to migrants—there's competition from the East for them

西方应该更加欢迎移民,不然东方就把他们竞争走了

Immigration is a sensitive subject at the best of times. The economic crisis has destroyed millions of jobs in rich countries, making their governments especially touchy about the impact of immigration on the demand for indigenous labor.

即便在最好的时代,移民是一个敏感话题。发达国家在经济危机中失去了数百万个就业岗位,因此,政府对移民影响本土劳动力需求的问题显得尤为敏感。

Such concerns are illogical, because immigration is counter-cyclical. Recession in rich countries has discouraged some would-be incomers from trying their luck. America, for instance, has seen a sharp decline in Mexicans trying to cross its southern border. Immigration to Europe has slowed. Some studies also suggest that increased inflows of migrants are a leading indicator of a pickup in growth.

这样的担忧不合逻辑,因为移民是反周期性的。发达国家的经济衰退已经让一些潜在的收入者望而却步。比如说,从美国南部边界进入该国的墨西哥人数量已经大大减少了。欧洲的移民量也在减缓。一些研究还表明移入居民的增加是经济增长好转的先行指标。

Yet governments are often reluctant to leave migration flows to the labor market. In recessions, they tend to take steps to discourage new migrants and even get rid of existing ones. Over the past year the Danish, French and Italian governments have rolled back the Schengen passport-free zone and reintroduced limited border controls. Even Australia and Canada, which pioneered the ―points system‖ to give preference to skilled workers, have cut back on work permits. David Cameron, Britain‘s prime minister, has imposed a ―migration cap‖ for those from outside the EU. Countries including Spain, Japan and Denmark have taken this to its logical co nclusion, with ―pay as you go‖ schemes, under which migrants get cash handouts to return to their countries of origin.

然而政府总是不愿意让劳动力市场来自行调节移民量。在衰退时期,政府常常采取措施限制新移民进入,甚至驱赶现存移民。在过去的一年中,丹麦、法国、意大利政府均取消申根区免护照的规定, 重新采取边境管制措施。甚至连澳大利亚、加拿大这两个利用―计分制度‖招揽技术工人的国家,也减少了国外工人的工作许可证。英国首相大卫·卡梅伦也对欧盟以外的人员进行―移民限定‖。一些国家,包括西班牙、日本、丹麦,也做出诸如此类的逻辑推断,采取―走人就给钱‖的方案,也就是移民迁回各自国家就可以得到政府派发的现金。

Concerns about immigration are understandable, especially at a time when jobs are in such short supply. Polling in both Europe and America sugg ests that a majority of locals think immigrants do more harm than good and damage locals‘ chances in the job market. Evidence that immigration hurts indigenous workers is, however, weak. In seasonal work and construction, cheap foreign labor can depress wages and make it harder for the low-skilled to find work, but the flexibility and willingness of new workers can also boost productivity and encourage innovation.

对移民问题的担忧是可以理解的,尤其是处在一个工作紧缺的时期。在欧美的调查显示大部分当地人认为移民带来的危害大于好处,他们抢走了本地人的工作机会。然而,证明移民损害本土工人利益的证据仍旧匮乏。对于季节性工作和建设工作,廉价的外国劳动力会压低工资水平,同时也让一些技术水平低下的本地人难以找到工作。但是新涌入的工人带来的灵活性和工作干劲却能够提高生产率,鼓励创新。

Strains on public services can sorely test the patience of locals, especially when budget cuts are making it hard to maintain such services. In Britain, for instance, a contingency fund to help cash-strapped local authorities facing pressure on public services has been scrapped. Yet over time immigrants more than repay the extra short-term burden they impose on education, health and other budgets. Politicians often say that they want a sensible debate about immigration; but too often they pander to voters‘ fears of immigrants rather than attempting to allay them. They should b e particularly wary of doing so now. There is growing competition for their skills elsewhere (see article): Asia is fast becoming the new magnet for migrants.

大量移民涌入带来的公共服务资源紧缺也会让本地人大大失去耐心,尤其是当预算削减使得此类服务难以维系下去的时候。比如在英国,一项用于帮助资金短缺的地方政府缓解来自公共服务方面压力的应急费用已被取消。然而,长远来看,移民带来的好处定会远远超过他们短时间内给教育、卫生及其他预算带来的额外负担。政治家们常说他们想要在移民问题上保持清醒理智;但他们却常常迎合选民们对移民的担忧,而不是努力去缓解他们的担忧。现阶段他们应当尤其慎重了。其他地方对移民技术的竞争在逐渐增加:亚洲正迅速成为新的移民吸铁石。 China, which used to be closed to immigrant labor, is now handing out residency permits to professionals, academics and entrepreneurs. In 2009 Shanghai recorded 100,000 foreigners living there. A similar number have settled in the

southern port of Guangzhou, drawn from Europe, the Middle East and Africa. South Korea has also witnessed a rise in incomers since 2007 and is particularly keen to attract American-educated graduates.

在过去中国对移民劳力是不开放的,现在却向专业人才、学者、企业家广发居住许可。2009年上海记录有10万外国人居住在此。也有差不多数量的外国人在中国南部港口广州入住,他们来自欧洲、中东和非洲。自2007年起,韩国的入境移民也在不断增加。韩国尤其热衷于吸引美国毕业的人才。

Immigration is, on the whole, good for economies; and right now, rich countries can do with all the economic help they can get. Rather than sending immigrants home, with their skills, energy, ideas and willingness to work, governments should be encouraging them to come. If they don‘t, governments elsewhere will.

总体来说,移民有利于经济发展。现阶段发达国家需要一切能得到的经济帮助。政府不应驱赶移民回家,他们有着技术、精力和工作的意愿,相反,政府更应该鼓励移民的移入。如果发达国家政府不这么做,别国政府就会。

Social networking for scientists

科学家的社交网络

Professor Facebook

Facebook教授

More connective tissue may make academia more efficient

更多联系性可以让学术界更加高效。

Given journalists' penchant(爱好,嗜好) for sticking the suffix "gate" onto anything they think smells of conspiracy, a public-relations consultant might have suggested a different name. But Research Gate, a small firm based in Berlin, is immune to such trivia. It is ambitious, too─aiming to do for the academic world wh at Mark Zuckerberg did for the world in general, by creating a social network for scientists. And it is successful. About 1.4m researchers have signed up already, and that number is growing by 50,000 a month.

尽管新闻记者喜欢把他们认为任何具有阴谋气息的事情加上后缀"门",但是一位公共关系顾问曾建议换一个名字。但是一家总部在柏林的名为Research Gate的小公司对这种扯谈不为所动,他们雄心勃勃,一心想为学术界取得像马克·扎克伯格曾经为整个世界所做出的那样的成绩,那就是为科学家们也建立一种社交网络,他们做的很成功。如今已经约有140万的研究学者申请注册,而且这个数字正以每月5万人的势头不断上升。

Non-scientists might be surprised that such a network is needed. After all, the internet was originally created mainly by academics for academics and Mr Zuckerberg's invention, Facebook, got its start on college campuses. But though the internet has speeded things up, it has not fundamentally changed how researchers are connected. Academic communities are still pretty fragmented, frequently making it hard for scientists to find others doing similar research. And results often are not shared across disciplines.

非科研人员可能会好奇为什么需要这样一种网络。毕竟,因特网最初主要就是由学术人员创造并为他们自己服务,马克·扎克伯格的发明—Facebook网站就是从大学学院里诞生出来的。纵然因特网加快了事物发展的速度,但并没有从根本上改变研究人员的联系。学术社区之间仍然相当零散,科学家们时常很难找到其他同行们做相似研究的人,取得的成果也很难在学术界内得以分享。

To make things more efficient and interdisciplinary, Research Gate wants to help the academic world to grow more connective tissue, as Ijad Madisch, one of the firm's founders, puts it. As on Facebook, users create a profile page with biographical information, list their interests and research skills, and join groups. They can see what others with similar interests are up to and post comments. They can also upload their papers and create invitation-only workgroups.

为了让事情变得更高效并加强学术间的联系,作为公司的创始人之一Ijad Madisch成立了Research Gate公司,以帮助学术界带来更多联系性的纽带。在Facebook上,用户创建一个生物图形信息为主题的主页,列出他们的兴趣爱好和研究水平,然后加入群组,就可以看见与他们拥有相似爱好的人在从事什么并发表评论。他们可以上传自己的学术论文,还可以创建只供邀请才能加入的工作群组。

The big question is whether Research Gate will make enough money to keep its investors happy. So far, it is running on cash from Accel Partners and Benchmark Capital, two venture capitalists based in Silicon Valley. A third firm is expected to join them soon. But these people will want a return on their investment.

最大的问题在于Research Gate能否赚足了钱来迎合它的投资者。目前,他们的运营资金来自Accel Partner和Benchmark Capital,这两家风投公司的总部都在硅谷。现在第三家公司很快就要参与进来,但是这些人关注的是投资带来的回报。

Some of that may already have come from the Max Planck Society, which runs many of Germany's best research campuses and had Research Gate build it a private network. Over the longer haul, the firm hopes to charge companies and universities for using it to advertise jobs, and to operate a marketplace for laboratory materials. It has no plans to post other advertising, though, nor to charge its users directly.

其中一些回报来自Max Planck society,这家公司经营着很多德国最好的研究学院并在Research Gate上建立了一条私人网络。很长一段时间里, 这家公司希望利用一些公司和大学来发布工作广告并支付他们一定的费用,并且为实验室材料创造一个市场。它现在还没有考虑发布其他广告,也不会直接支付给它的用户。

At the moment, most of those users are in their 20s. Their favorite activity is to ask each other questions about practical research problems, from DNA-sequencing techniques to statistical tricks. They are also busy reading each other's papers: more than 10m have been uploaded. (Most scientific journals now allow authors to post their work on "personal web pages", which includes profile pages on social networks, according to Dr Madisch.)

目前,Research Gate大部分的用户都在20岁左右。他们最爱询问他人一些关于实用性研究的问题,从DNA压缩技术到统计技巧。这些人忙于沉浸在阅读他人的学术论文中: 目前已上传的论文超过了1000万份。(据Madisch 博士的解释,大部分科普杂志如今允许用户将他们自己的成果发布在个人网页上,包括社交网络的帐号主页)

The service certainly saves these young researchers trial and error, and therefore time and money. They will probably also like a new feature Research Gate is planning to introduce in April: a feedback system which lets users rate each other's contributions. This would allow them to build a reputation other than by publishing papers.

这项服务一定程度上避免了一些年轻研究者徒劳的尝试和他们所会面临的错误,即省时省财。他们可能也会喜欢Research Gate将在4月份发布的一项新功能:反馈机制–允许用户对他人的成绩评分。这会让他们在社交网络里树立一个良好的名声而不用出版论文。

Scientists whose reputations are established may be more hesitant, though, and not just because they are set in their ways. Science is not only about collaboration but also about competition. This limits what people are willing to share. But Dr Madisch is optimistic. Those who have grown up with Facebook, he says, know that sharing will improve their research. And their older colleagues will eventually come around-or retire.

对于已经拥有一定威望的科学家可能会有些犹豫不决,不仅仅是因为他们特立独行。科学包含合作与竞争,这会扼杀人们分享的念头。但是Madisch博士对此并不悲观,他说:"这些从Facebook成长起来的研究者们知道分享会提高他们的研究水平。同时,他们年长一辈的同事们会最终认识到这点,或者有的干脆选择退休

The internet: Mental-health specialists disagree over whether to classify compulsive online behaviour as addiction—and how to treat it

因特网:是否把强迫性上网行为定义为网瘾,该如何治疗?心理健康专家对此有分歧

Craig Smallwood, a disabled American war veteran, spent more than 20,000 hours over five years playing an online role-playing game called ―Lineage II‖. When NCsoft, the South Korean firm behind the game, accused him of breaking the game‘s rules and banned him, he was plunged into depression, severe paranoia and hallucinations. He spent three weeks in hospital. He sued NCsoft for fraud and negligence, demanding over $9m in damages and claiming that the company acted negligently by failing to warn him of the danger that he would become ―addicted‖ to the game.

克莱格·斯莫尔伍德是美国一位残疾退伍军人,五年来花了20,000个小时都泡在网上,沉浸在一个叫做―Lineage II‖的线上角色扮演游戏中。当韩国游戏开发商NCSoft公司控诉克莱格违反游戏规则并将其注销后,克莱格极度抑郁,并陷入严重的偏执和幻想中。住院三周后,克莱格控告NCSoft公司欺诈和疏忽,声称该公司没有告诫其游戏―网瘾‖的危害,要求获得9百万美元的赔偿金。

But does it make sense to talk of addiction to online activity? Mental-health specialists say three online behaviors can become problematic for many people: video games, pornography and messaging via e-mail and social networks. But there is far less agreement about whether any of this should be called ―internet addiction‖—or how to treat it.

但是谈论线上行为上瘾是否有道理呢?精神健康专家认为三种线上行为有可能对人们有害: 电子游戏、色情以及电子邮件和社交网络。然而,对于其他行为是否能被称为所谓的―网瘾‖以及如何治疗, 专家们至今还不能达成统一。

Some mental-health specialists wanted ―internet addiction‖ to be included in the fifth version of psychiatry‘s bible, the ―Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‖, known as DSM-V, which is currently being overhauled. The American Medical Association endorsed the idea in 2007, only to backtrack days later. The American Journal of Psychiatry called internet addiction a ―common disorder‖ and supported its recognition. Last year the DSM-V drafting group made its decision: internet addiction would not be included as a ―behavioral addiction‖—only gambling made the cut—but it said further study was warranted.

一些精神健康专家认为应将―网瘾‖列入新近改版的第五版精神病学圣经—《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》(第五版DSM)中。美国医学协会(ASA)在2007年就曾表示支持这一想法,但几天后却又改口。《美国精神病学杂志》将网瘾视作一种―普通疾病‖,并支持普及网瘾知识。去年,第五版DSM起草小组决定:网瘾将不会被列入―行为上瘾‖—只有赌博加入其列—但小组表示研究将会进一步开展。

Skeptics say there is nothing uniquely addictive about the internet. Back in 2000 Joseph Walther, a communications professor at Michigan State University, co-wrote an article in which he suggested, tongue in cheek, that the criteria used to call someone an internet addict might also show that most professors were ―addicted‖ to academia. He argued that other factors, such as depression, are the real problem. He stands by that view today. ―No scientific evidence has emerged to suggest that internet use is a cause rather than a consequence of some other sort of issue,‖ he says. ―Focusing on and treating people for internet addiction, rather than looking for und erlying clinical issues, is unwise.‖

怀疑论者认为,互联网并无让人上瘾的特性。2000年时,密西根州立大学传播学教授约瑟夫·沃尔瑟在与他人合写的一篇文章中开玩笑似地说道,如果按照所谓的网瘾标准, 大部分的教授也可以叫做―学术上瘾‖了。约瑟夫还表示,其他的因素,比如抑郁,才是真正需要解决的问题。约瑟夫至今还坚信该观点。―所谓使用互联网是问题的起因,而不是因其他因素造成的结果,这一点并无科学证实‖ 。他说道,―如果只关注并着手治疗网瘾者,而不寻找其他隐藏的临床因素,是很不明智的‖ 。

Others disagree, ―that would be wrong,‖ says Kimberly Young, a researcher and therapist who has worked on internet addiction since 1994. She insists that the internet, with its powerfully immersive environments, creates new problems that people must learn to navigate.

反对的声音同样存在,从1994年便开始研究网瘾的研究者兼临床医学家金伯利·杨说道:―这种说法可能有误‖ 她坚持认为,互联网上强大广阔的空间,滋生出许多新问题,人们必须学习如何解决这些问题。

No one disputes that online habits can turn toxic. Take South Korea, where ubiquitous broadband means that the average high-school student plays video games for 23 hours each week. In 2007 the government estimated that around

210,000 children needed treatment for internet addiction. Last year newspapers around the globe carried the story of a South Korean couple who fed their infant daughter so little that she starved to death. Instead of caring for the child, the couple spent most nights at an internet café, sinking hours into a role-playing game in which they raised, fed and cared

for a virtual daughter. And several South Korean men have died from exhaustion after marathon, multi-day gaming sessions.

上网有弊端已是公认事实。以韩国为例,宽带普及导致高中生平均每周花23小时玩线上游戏。2007年,韩国政府估计近21万的儿童需要接受网瘾治疗。去年,全球的报刊都报道了一对韩国夫妻因喂养不足导致女婴死亡的新闻。这对夫妻因为整夜泡在网吧里,沉浸在一个线上喂养和照顾女儿的虚拟游戏中,根本没有时间照顾真正的女儿。另有几名韩国男性因长时间沉浸于线上游戏劳累过度而死。

The South Korean government has since asked game developers to adopt a gaming curfew for children, to prevent them playing between midnight and 8am. It has also opened more than 100 clinics for internet addiction and sponsored an

―internet rescue camp‖ fo r serious cases.

此后,韩国政府要求游戏开发商采取电玩宵禁,禁止儿童在半夜到早晨8点之间玩游戏。同时,政府还增开了100家网瘾治疗诊所,并资助针对严重案例展开的―网瘾拯救营‖活动。

But compulsive behaviour is not limited to gamers. E-mail or web-use behaviors can also show signs of addiction. Getting through a business lunch in which no one pulls out a phone to check their messages now counts as a minor miracle in many quarters. A deluge of self-help books, most recently ―Alone Together‖ by Sherry Turkle, a social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offer advice on how to unplug.

但强迫性行为并不仅仅是玩游戏。电子邮件和其他网络行为也可能导致上瘾。很多时候,如果一个商业午餐中没有一个人拿出手机查邮件的话,就已经是个小奇迹了。现在有许多自救书目,包括最近MIT社会学家谢里·特尔可的《一起孤独》,提供了如何摆脱上述强迫性行为的方法。

Pornography is hardly new, either, but the internet makes accessing it much easier than ever before. When something can be summoned in an instant via broadband, whether it is a game world, an e-mail inbox or pornographic material, it is harder to resist. New services lead to new complaints. When online auction sites first became popular, talk of ―eBay

add iction‖ soon followed. Dr Young says women complain to her now about addiction to Facebook—or even to

―FarmVille‖, a game playable only within Facebook.

色情作品由来已久,但是网络让人们更易接触到色情资源。无论是游戏还是电子邮件,或是色情资源,只要能够通过宽带轻松获得,人们就更难抵挡其诱惑。新型的服务滋生新抱怨。当初线上拍卖开始流行时,随之而来的是―eBay上瘾‖的说法。杨博士表示,现在很多女性向她抱怨,Facebook和只能在Facebook上玩的―FarmVille‖游戏让她们非常上瘾。

Treatment centers have popped up around the world. In 2006 Amsterdam‘s Smith & Jones facility billed itself as ―the first and, currently, the only residential video-game treatment program in the world‖. In America the reSTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program claims to treat internet addiction, gaming addiction, and even ―texting addiction‖. In China, meanwhile, military-style ―boot camps‖ are the preferred way to treat internet p roblems. After several deaths, however, scrutiny of the camps has intensified.

这样一来,治疗中心在全球如雨后春笋般出现。2006年,位于阿姆斯特丹的史密斯与琼斯治疗中心自称其为―目前世界上第一家也是唯一一家居住式线上游戏治疗中心‖。美国reSTART网瘾康复项目声称能治疗网瘾、游戏瘾,甚至还有―短信瘾‖。而在中国,人们更倾向于通过军事化―训练营‖戒除网瘾。但是,经过几起受训者死亡事件之后,对训练营的监管也更加严格。

Yet many people like feeling permanently connected. As Arikia Millikan, an American blogger, once put it, ―If I could be jacked in at every waking hour of the day, I would, and I think a lot of my peers would do the same.‖ Bob LaRose, an internet speciali st at Michigan State University, doesn‘t believe her. In his research on college students, he found that

most sense when they are ―going overboard and restore self-control‖. Less than 1% have a pathological problem, he adds. For most people, internet use ―is just a habit—and one that brings us pleasure.‖

许多人喜欢一直保持连接的感觉。就像美国一位博主阿里克亚·米里坎曾经说过,―如果可以的话,我愿意在我醒着的每时每刻都在线,我相信很多同龄人也是一样的。‖ 然而,密歇根州立大学互联网专家鲍勃·拉罗斯表示质疑。在他对大学生的研究中,鲍勃发现当学生们―一旦玩的太过头了,就会开始自控‖ 只有不到1%的学生会出现病态的问题,鲍勃补充道。对于大部分人来说,使用网络―只是一种习惯—并且是一种带来快乐的习惯‖ 。

Obesity,a wide spread problem 肥胖,一个普遍的问题

The difficulty of losing weight is captured in a new model

新模式解读减肥难题

The answer to obesity is obvious: eat less and exercise more.

减肥的办法很明显:少吃,多运动。

However, years of exhortation have failed to persuade most of those affected actually to do this. In particular, it is much harder to shift surplus lard once it has accumulated than it is to avoid putting it on in the first place. Oddly, though, a convenient mathematical model describing this fact has yet to be widely adopted. But a paper in this week's Lancet, by Kevin Hall of America's National Institutes of Health and his colleagues, aims to change that.

然而,几年的忠告并没有说服大多数肥胖之人践行这一点。尤其是,首先,与避免累积脂肪相比,转化多余的累积脂肪要困难得多。不过,奇怪的是讲述这个事实的一个简易数学模式却没有被普通采用。但是美国国家卫生研究所的凯文?霍尔及其同事在本周《柳叶刀》上发布的一篇论文旨在改变这种情况。

The conventional rule for slimming, espoused by both the NIH and Britain's National Health Service, has the benefit of simplicity: cut 500 calories each day and lose half a kilo a week. Most experts, though, acknowledge that this rule is too blunt as it fails to account for shifts in the body's metabolism as the kilos pile on.

美国国家卫生研究所和英国国家卫生服务共同支持的传统瘦身法具有简单的优势:每天减少500卡路里,每周可减少一斤。不过大多数专家都承认,这种方法过于死板,没有考虑到体重增加时体内新陈代谢的变化。

Dr Hall's model tries to do this. It also accounts for baseline characteristics that differ from person to person. Fat and muscle, for example, respond differently to shifts in diet, so the same intake will have one effect on a podgy person and another on a brawny one. The result is a more realistic assessment of what someone needs to do to get slim.

霍尔博士的模式就是要努力克服这一缺陷。该模式还将不同人之间的基本特点考虑在内。比如,脂肪和肌肉对饮食变化的反应是不一样的,因此同样的摄入量对矮胖子和壮汉的影响也是不一样的。结果是对一个人要瘦身必须要做的事情进行了更加现实的评估。

According to the old version, for example, abstaining from a daily 250-calorie bottle of cola would lead to the loss of 35kg over three years. Dr Hall's model predicts an average loss of just 11kg. Furthermore, it also acknowledges that a dieter's weight will eventually reach a plateau―far more realistic than the old advice, which implied, incorrectly, that weight loss will continue steadily.

比如,根据旧模式,每天少喝一罐250卡路里的可乐,三年体重就可以减轻35公斤。而霍尔博士的模式预测只能平均减少11公斤。此外,它还承认节食者的体重最终将到达稳定阶段―比原来的建议要现实得多,原来的建议暗示体重将稳步下降,这是不正确的。

A surprisingly small imbalance, just ten extra calories a day, has driven the 9kg jump in the average American's weight over the past 30 years. The reason reversing such gains is hard is that servicing this extra flesh means a person's maintenance diet creeps up with his weight―and so does his appetite. That 9kg increase implies a d aily maintenance diet that has 220 more calories in it than three decades ago.

时文阅读精选

时文阅读精选 一、爱的姿势 澜涛 (1)救援人员发现她的时候,她已经死了,是被跨塌下来的房子压死的。透过废墟的间隙,救援人员看到她双膝跪地,整个上身向前匍匐着,双手扶地支撑着身体,有些像古人行跪拜礼,只是身体被压得变形了,看上去有些怪异。救援人员从废墟的空隙间伸进手去,确认她已经死亡,又冲着废墟喊了几声,用撬棍在砖头上敲了几下,她都没有任何反应,废墟里也没有任何回应。还有太多的被困者等待救援,救援人员立刻向新的目标搜寻,当救援人员在下一处废墟前探寻是否有生还者时,救援队长隐约听到从她那里传来婴孩的啼哭声。救援人员立刻纷纷跑回她的尸体前,救援队长再次将手伸进她的尸体底下,仔细地摸索着,摸了几下,救援队长高声喊道“”有人,有个孩子,还活着!” (2)经过一番努力,救援人员小心地把挡着她的废墟清理开,在她的尸体下发现了一个包裹在红色带黄花的小被子里的、三四个月大的婴儿。因为有她身体的庇护,婴儿毫发未伤。 (3)随行的医生过来解开被子准备给婴儿做些检查,发现有一部手机塞在被子里。医生下意识地看了一下手机屏幕,发现屏幕上是一条已经写好的短信:“亲爱的宝贝,如果你能活着,一定要记住我爱你。” (4)瞿万容是一位幼儿园老师。地震发生时,她正和其他4名老师在校,照看着80多个孩子午睡。她悄声和另外几名老师说,等孩子们午睡醒来后,她要教孩子们做一个她新学的游戏,她说的时候,脸上满是明媚和喜悦。 (5)然而,地震突然而至,欲将所有的美丽撕碎。 (6)5名老师,80个孩子。将孩子们都疏散到安全地带成了老师们不可能完成的任务。但老师们齐声喊了一句“救孩子”后,就转身冲向酣睡着的孩子,她也毫不迟疑地冲向一个孩子。接下来,她都做了什么,无人得知。 (7)地震过去之后,只有30名孩子和两名老师生还。当救援人员在废墟中发现她时,她扑在地上,后背上压着一块垮塌的水泥板,怀里紧抱着一个小孩。小孩生还了,她却已经没有了呼吸。 ——选自《读者》2008年12期 1、“爱的姿势”在文中指什么?在“爱的姿势”下产生了什么奇迹?(用原文回答) 2、文章第4、5、6三段在记叙顺序上属于,作用是什么? 3、“她悄声和另外几名老师说,等孩子们午睡醒来后,她要教孩子们做一个她新学的游戏,她说的时候,脸上满是明媚和喜悦。”一句中,请你发挥想象,揣测瞿万容老师“脸上满是明媚和喜悦”时的心理活动。 4联系语境,体会加点词的表达作用。 经过一番努力 ...把挡着她的废墟清理开 ..,救援人员小心地 5、请你为瞿万荣老师写一段墓志铭。

英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

英语时文阅读第一篇 A ban on setting off firecrackers? XINHUA 话题:“过年要不要燃放烟花爆竹”这个讨论从年前争论到年后,从减少环卫工人负担到降低空气污染,反对者的声音高涨。但也有人认为,作为传统节日活动,应该燃放烟花爆竹。你怎么看 Wang Xingyue, 14, from Shanghai: I don’t think we should set off firecrackers (爆竹) during holidays. It is really noisy. Some people fire them during midnight. People around cannot sleep well. Besides, it brings air pollution (污染) and lots of rubbish. Most people do not clean the rubbish after they set off firecrackers. So I think there is no need to set them off anymore during holidays. Liu Ran, 14, from Shandong: Setting off firecrackers is a tradition during Chinese festivals. They set them off to celebrate or wish a happy new year. The ceremony (仪式) is very important in Chinese people’s lives. And it also reminds (提醒) us of one of the four great inventions (发明) of China, gunpowder (火药). We cannot give it up. It is good to have this ceremony during holidays. Do you agree with me Lin Yisong, 15, from Zhejiang: I think we should control (控制) the setting off of firecrackers. During holidays, the government could get people together in a place. They can set off some firecrackers or fireworks and people can watch. It is safer to do this and people can also enjoy their holiday tradition. Zhang Qi, 14, from Guangxi: Firecrackers are dangerous and bad for the air. But it is really an important tradition in Chinese festivals. So I think we can use something else to replace (代替) them. For example, we can use LED fireworks instead. It is also beautiful and attractive. And it is much safer. Even kids can play with them. Li Qing, 14, from Jiangsu:

英语阅读理解(时文广告)题20套(带答案)

英语阅读理解(时文广告)题20套(带答案) 一、高中英语阅读理解时文广告类 1.阅读理解 Things to Do With Smithsonian Associates in November Tuesday, November 5 Discovery Theater Presents Spirit of South Africa: Experience the energy, customs and cultures of South Africa as reflected in three distinctive regional(地方的) dances with instructor and performer Lesole Maine. 10: 30 am and 12 pm $3——$9 Monday, November 11 America's Long-Distance Passenger Trains: As America marks the 150th anniversary of the driving of the Golden Spike that completed the transcontinental railroad and linked the nation, professional Scott Hercik and a group of experts explore train travel's romantic past,its present state and uncertain future. 10 am $90—$140 Saturday, November 23 Mysterious Guardians of the Ocean: F rom Jaws to “Shark Week”, people have been used to seeing sharks as terrifying cold-blooded predators(食肉动物). Conservationist William McKeever presents another view of them: evolutionary miracles are in the greatest danger of their 450-million-year history. 6: 45 pm $25——$35 Tuesday, November26 Smithsonian Inspired Floral (花卉): Learn the fundamentals of floral design while creating designs based on famous art in the Smithsonian's collection during a three-session course. Each session focuses on a different work, providing inspiration for the flowers, greens and vases participants use to create beautiful arrangements. No experience is necessary. 6: 30 pm $115—$165 (1)Which event should be the most appealing to people interested in dancing? A.Smithsonian Inspired Floral . B.Mysterious Guardians of the Ocean. C.Discovery Theater presents Spirit of South Africa. D.America's Long-Distance Passenger Trains. (2)When will you have a chance to learn something about American transportation? A.On November 11 B.On November 5. C.On November 23. D.On November 26. (3)What can you do if you're free only at weekends? A.Explore a train travel. B.Watch a show about South Africa. C.Attend a course about floral design. D.Enjoy a talk on sharks. 【答案】(1)C

英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读

英语时文阅读 公司内部档案编码:[OPPTR-OPPT28-OPPTL98-OPPNN08]

英语时文阅读 第一篇 A ban on setting off firecrackers XINHUA 话题:“过年要不要燃放烟花爆竹”这个讨论从年前争论到年后,从减少环卫工人负担到降低空气污染,反对者的声音高涨。但也有人认为,作为传统节日活动,应该燃放烟花爆竹。你怎么看 Wang Xingyue, 14, from Shanghai: I don’t think we should set off firecrackers (爆竹) during holidays. It is really noisy. Some people fire them during midnight. People around cannot sleep well. Besides, it brings air pollution (污染) and lots of rubbish. Most people do not clean the rubbish after they set off firecrackers. So I think there is no need to set them off anymore during holidays. Liu Ran, 14, from Shandong: Setting off firecrackers is a tradition during Chinese festivals. They set them off to celebrate or wish a happy new year. The ceremony (仪式) is very important in Chinese people’s lives. And it also reminds (提醒) us of one of the four great inventions (发明) of China, gunpowder (火药). We cannot give it up. It is good to have this ceremony during holidays. Do you agree with me

高考语文 时文阅读精选 败走麦城新解素材

且说关公将残兵屯于麦城,由于战事失利,再加上右臂箭疮复发,心里一直郁郁不乐。正在这时,关平前来禀告:“爹爹!小小麦城竟然出现十二个自称华佗的神医,一时难辨,请父亲定夺!” 关羽长叹一声:“细想起来,前日给我医伤的华佗必定是冒牌之货。刮骨疗毒简直就不是什么医术,杀牛宰猪之流也能做,只要心狠手黑就行。现在我的臂膀仍在剧痛,不会是把纱布一类的留在里面了吧?唉,后悔当初没有查验一下他的行医资格证。” 关平苦笑:“现在这一群华佗个个证照齐全,而且其中五人竟然拿到了魏国医学院的博士学位。” 关羽一挥手:“先暂时收押,回头再做处理。如今为父右臂运转不灵,武功大打折扣,那八十二斤的青龙偃月刀再难舞动。吩咐下去,给我重新打造一把略轻的备用刀。这是图纸,记住一定按流程严格操作。” 关平领命而去。 关公率队出麦城北门,投小路前往西川。没曾想约走二十余里,忽金鼓大作,东吴大将潘璋舞刀杀来。云长抡刀相迎。“叮叮”兵刃相击之声不绝于耳。只三回合,潘璋放声大笑:“君侯,还不早降,你瞧你的大刀成了啥德行?” 关羽展目一看不禁大惊失色——只见刚打造的这把青龙刀,刀刃卷了,刀头歪了,刀身竟然扭成了一根大麻花! 潘璋得意地说道:“你治下不严,荆州地面都是小炼炉。你这刀一看就知道是地条钢打造的!哈哈……” 关羽不敢恋战,急往山路而走。潘璋随后追赶。奔上山路,关公心下着急,紧催赤兔马,可这匹千里马却像腿上拴了石头,一路扭起了秧歌,看来一定是连日征战而又饲料不足所致。正进退两难之际,一声喊起,现出一将,正是东吴马忠! 马忠遥指关羽:“关将军速速下马,否则……嘿嘿……我已为你备下十根绊马,就是神仙也休想闯得过!” 关羽大怒:“呸!无名鼠辈!就是刀山火海又奈我何?区区几条柴火绳就想拦住我,白日做梦!” 马忠阴阴一笑:“好,今天就叫你见识见识我们江东名牌七七四十九股绞丝绳,让你死得心服口服。起!” 话音刚落,一道粗如儿臂的绳索突地绷起!赤兔马不由倒退了几大步,四腿不住打颤。 关羽倒抽一口凉气,果真厉害。看来今天凶多吉少,只有硬闯了。心念至此,便将自己的手掌紧紧贴在马的脑门上,一股真气缓缓注入马体之内。这一招果然见效,只见赤兔马长啸一声,头一昂,尾一甩,猛地朝前冲去!四十九股绞丝绳一触马体竟然断成了好几截!关

时文阅读1

Passage 1 临沂第十九中学李宗英 本文是新闻题材,考察学生如何处理新闻题材的能力包括从导语中得到文章的主旨大意,明确信息来源,和细节推理等,增强学生的英语文化意识。 Spain's soccer fans celebrated in downtown Madrid after their team won the 2010 World Cup final soccer match against the Netherlands July 11, 2010. Spain won the World Cup for the first time when they beat Netherlands 1-0 thanks to a strike by midfielder Andres Iniesta four minutes from the end of extra time at Soccer City on Sunday. A thunderous roar erupted across the Spanish capital and fans danced in the streets chanting "Viva Espana!" as the country's first ever World Cup achievement sparked a nationwide festival. The centre of Madrid was a sea of the red and gold national colors as Spain celebrated its 1-0 extra-time win over Holland Sunday. The thunderous sounds of cheering, klaxons, firecrackers and cars horns rang out as the World Cup's underachievers won the match in their first appearance in the final thanks to a late goal from Andres Iniesta. "The dream has come true," said the El Pais daily on its website.Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero said he was "happy and emotional."This has been an epic match, I suffered like it never before," he told Cadena Ser radio. "We are very proud and very happy, I thought it would go to penalties(惩罚), but Iniesta saved us," said Raul, 18. "We deserved it after winning the European championship in 2008." Said Adolfo, 25, "It's an extraordinary feeling, of happiness and nerves." Others crammed into bars or gathered at home for the match, which left the country paralysed(瘫痪) for two and a half hours Sunday evening. Most were either wrapped in the Spanish flag, wore the red team shirts or red wigs, or had their faces painted red and gold. "Spain, Spain, Spain!" screamed the daily El Mundo in a headline on its website. "This World Cup has crowned one of the best teams of all time." 1.The passage mainly tells us ________. A.what made the spanish people excited. B.where the 2010 world cup was held. C.how the Spain soccer fans celebrated their victory. Dwhen the 2010 world cup was over. 2.Which one of the following statements is true? A.Spain ever won the World Cup before. B.the goal was kicked by a striker. C.the score was 0:0 before extra time. D.Spain was the Eropean championship in 2009. 3.Wh at was Spain’s dream? A. beating Netherlands B.winning the Eropean championship C.taking the title of World Cup. D.dancing in downtown Madrid 4.Where can we find the passage? A. newspaper B.fashion magazine C. pop music D. science fiction 5.why did Raul said it would go to penalties? A.because Spain team was not the best in the world. B.because he was too young to pass a judgement on the team. C.because he didn’t attend the world cup.

2020高考语文 时文阅读精选 交流平台素材

交流平台 ? ·感悟· 大学不是造富机器 大学是教学和研究并不断向社会输送“各学科、各领域的杰出人才”的地方,而不是“生产大款”的地方。如今,全国最具影响力的两所大学,竟以培养了多少“亿万富豪”、稳居“造富冠军”榜首为荣耀,令人唏嘘——这还是“自强不息,厚德载物”的大学吗?难怪钱学森会有“为什么我们的学校总是培养不出杰出人才”的疑问。 “学为人师,行为世范”的老师,直言“四十岁赚不到四千万别说是我学生”。可以想象,这样的老师会培养出什么样的“杰出人才”!他们在纯洁的课堂上向学生灌输“赚钱第一”的理念,学子们踏出校门后会以怎样的态度面对社会、面对人生?那些唯利是图、贪赃枉法的风气与这样的教育难道没有关系吗? 无论多么知名的大学,都不可能把每个学生培养成“大师”或“大款”,而且让“赚钱第一”的老师站在讲台上,肯定出不了大师,即便出了几个大款,这些大款可能也只剩下钱了。 (读2020年6月[中]《大学“生产”大师而非大款》) 马骏(重庆) 凡事不能偏颇 我忍不住赞一句:杂志中的插图很精彩!与杂文相映成趣,其实它们本身就是一篇篇杂文。例如,第三十五页插图《失衡》形象生动,而且简洁,能让我们瞬间领悟:唯有双脚健康的人才能行走稳健,凡事皆如此。插图中描绘的显然是“跛脚”之辈:“财富之脚”粗壮且先行;“道德之脚”细小且拄拐。更有趣的是,“拐杖”仍旧是由金钱来充当的。试想,用金钱“续貂”,怎能比得过“原装”?现实中存在不少类似的现象,人们太迷信金钱的力量,以为它能主宰和“扶正”一切,孰不知,一旦它介入,一切反而呈畸形发展的势态,令人步履蹒跚。 (读2020年6月[中]《飞机运西红柿》插图) 盛赛红(江西) 仇富源于嫌贫 有句话说得很到位:“恨官源于欺民,仇富源于嫌贫。”大款征婚公然要求“纯洁之身”

英语时文阅读5

生活指南:简单一小步丰富每一天 I love to have simple ways to improve my life. Everyday is a chance for improving our life, and it's up to us to best use it. What I want is to have good, balanced progress everyday. 我喜欢用简单的方法提升自己的生活质量。对我们来说每天都是一个新的机遇,关键在于我们如何最有效地利用它。我所希望的便是每天都可以有良好平稳的提升。 To ensure balance, my favorite way is using the four facets of prosperity: material, spiritual, physical, and social. By achieving material prosperity, spiritual prosperity, physical prosperity, and social prosperity, I believe I can have complete and balanced prosperity in my life. 我最倾向于通过物质生活、精神境界、身体素质、社交活动四个方面的互补来保持生活的平衡。如果可以达到物质富足、精神愉悦、身体健康以及社交活跃,那么你一定会拥有和谐美妙而丰富多彩的生活。 You may add other facets of prosperity if they work for you, but in my opinion these four facets are easy to remember and already cover practically everything. 当然啦,你还可以添加一些你认为对你有用的东西。不过,我认为以上的四个方面很容易记住,它们基本已经包涵了所有。 To put this concept into practice, what I do is ensuring that I do something to improve each facet everyday. Here is how I do it: 为了实践这个观念,我每天都会努力来完善这四个方面。下面是我的个人做法: 1. Decide on something to do daily in each facet 1. 每天都要做一些关于这几个方面的事情。 To keep things simple, choose only one or two tasks to do daily in each facet. More than that, it could be difficult to keep up with them. Of course, you may want to do more than just one or two tasks to improve

中考语文记叙文阅读专题训练解题技巧(超强)及练习题(含答案)

中考语文记叙文阅读专题训练解题技巧(超强)及练习题(含答案) 一、中考语文记叙文阅读专题训练 1.阅读下面的文段,回答问题。 二十岁的父亲 蔡怡 ①“爸爸,您几岁啦?”我问。听到我喊他一声爸爸,他面有难色地望了我一眼,好像对我这叫了他五十多年的称呼无法接受。但一向温文、有修养的他犹豫了好一会儿,用疏远又客气的态度回答:“二十岁吧!”【甲】 ②他说的时候,脸上露出慈祥的笑容。不,我应该说他脸上露出天真无邪的笑容。那是三岁小娃娃那样的纯净的笑。 ③“您是做爸爸的哟,怎么才二十岁?”我一面提醒他,一面拿镜子给他,要他看清楚镜中的老人。 ④“瞧,您一头闪着银光的白发,不是二十岁吧?”我给他第二个提示,再次试探他的记忆。 ⑤趁着父亲专心地望着镜子,我也在一旁细细地打量他。他穿件浅绿色短袖衬衫,洗得泛白了。本来我想帮他换上丈夫出差回来为他刚买的新衣,他却一直拒绝,直说没钱也不能穿别人的衣服。 ⑥他总担心没钱,不知这是老年人的通病,还是失智老人独有的忧愁。向他出示写着他大名的存折,并大声念出折子里的存款数额,是我每天的功课,但都无济于事。每隔十分钟,他就要出门找教书的工作赚钱。他一面说,还一面摸上衣口袋,于是我赶紧在他的口袋里放上几百块钱,然而这并不能真正解决问题。 ⑦父亲的焦躁让我心疼,不停地解说也很累人。雇用的外籍看护担心我不在家的时候,中文不流利的她无法应付父亲,更担心父亲因急着找工作而趁人不备溜出大门。他曾经很神奇地打开四道不同的锁,搭电梯下到一楼,所幸被已经打过招呼的警卫拦了下来。 ⑧后来我为解决父亲的“工作狂”心态想出一条妙计。我用他的口吻在一个纸板上大大地写着:“我,蔡某某,已经教了四十多年的书,现在领退休金在家养老,还有儿女奉养,生活无忧无虑,不需要再去工作赚钱了。” ⑨没事时,我就请他翻来覆去地大声朗读这些话。每读一遍,他紧绷的神经就会松弛一些,脸上浮现出笑容。但读完立刻忘记,所幸,他会自动重读一遍纸板上的好消息,每天读成千上万遍也不厌倦。 ⑩不知道是这种暗示有效,还是他的记忆更加退化,他觉得自己已不再是要工作养家的中年人,而是在我家做客的外人。他常扯着我的衣袖,一再地点头赔笑:“谢谢你的招待,请送我回家吧!”【乙】 ?我疲于应付父亲每日抛出的不同的球,也知道某些解释无效,只能忍住眼泪,期许用紧紧接抱所传达的爱与关怀,把他留在我经营的陌生“民宿”里。 ?此时,父亲在镜中端详自己后,很自信地对我说:“头发虽然白了,但我就是二十岁!”【丙】 ?“您是我的爸爸,不能比我年轻呀!”我撒着娇,不死心地拉着他的手,像是紧紧拉住他随时间流逝而逐渐远去的灵魂,想要唤回他深处的记忆,唤回原来深爱我的父亲。

高考英语备考时文阅读(三)

英语高考时文阅读材料(三) 编者:如今的英语高考、模拟考的阅读材料(完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读)大都选自中国、欧美等主流媒体的最新时鲜文章,与最新人文科技、政治文化接轨。作为一名考生,在接触阅读世界最新潮流的同时也应该积累素材,并培养相关英语文章的阅读能力。 下面摘取了最新的来自中国日报网(CHINA DAILY)的两篇文章,并做了必要的批注,且于文章末尾增添了几个小习题,可自行按照所附的参考答案检测阅读效果。 Passage 1 周杰伦超话影响力破亿这就是实力! Jay Chou Fans Claim Rare Social Media Victory Over Gen Z 中国日报网2019-07-22 13:32 7月21日23时左右,“周杰伦超话影响力破亿”的话题登顶微博热搜。经过粉丝们连日鏖战,被迫营业的周董夕阳红粉丝团将周杰伦顶到了超话排行榜第一的位置,他们用实力证明,数据真的就只是数据而已。

Pop king Jay Chou attends Migu Music Awards Ceremony in Shanghai on Dec 15, 2017. [Photo/IC] An epic generational clash(战争)waged on Chinese social media has come to a close, with the mostly older fans of 40-year-old singer Jay Chou declaring digital victory over the largely Gen Z followers of young vocalist Cai Xukun. wage[we?d?]:v.进行,发动(运动、战争等);开展 Early Sunday morning, a screenshot posted to Chou’s official Weibo fan account showed the musician topping the platform’s list of “super topics”. Cai, the 21-year-old Chinese mainland entertainer who formerly occupied the No. 1 spot, now trails in second place, with a lower tally of the “influencer power” that the site uses to determine the rankings. “Beijing Time 00:30 on July 21, a record!” reads the text included alongside the screenshot in Sunday’s post, referring to the exact time that Chou landed his highest-ever position in the rankings.(排名)“How strong is this No. 1?! We’ve achieved it.”

高考语文 时文阅读精选 最后悔的总是年轻的时光素材

一家权威机构曾向60岁以上的老人就“你今生最后悔的是什么”这一问题做过调查。结果显示,虽然每个人的出身、学识、性格等各不相同,但后悔的时光都是年轻的时候,在后悔的内容上更有很多相似之处。 后悔年轻时努力不够。这正验证了那句古诗:“少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。”是啊,年轻时都不努力,要到何时才发奋呢?青春不会永驻,人生不过百年。虽说一寸光阴不是一寸金,但虚掷时光,蹉跎岁月总是不对的。毕竟,脚踏实地,日积月累,方有收获之时。有的人迷信天分,寄托运气,殊不知,天赋、好运固然有,可垂青于自己的几率有多大?凭什么又是你?倒是勤能补拙,天道酬勤适合于任何人。就算是贩夫走卒,如果怀着不屈的心与生活抗争,也会有所作为。记住,没有一成不变的人生,没有一种人生不能改变。 后悔年轻时选错了职业。这与年轻人的心态不无关系。或急功近利,或反复好变,或贪图安逸,以至于读了那么多书,考了那么多试,依然不清楚自己究竟喜欢“吃”什么,“胃口”有多大。于是,在职场上“走马灯”似的从一个槽头跳到另一个槽头,也许“饲料”是越来越精,可随之而来的是专业抛弃了,优势抛弃了,激情抛弃了,人也越来越没方向了。也有一类人,是“从一而终”、“不事二主”的,可在岗不爱岗,从业不敬业,抱着“不求有功,但求无过”的思想度日,又怎能演绎一番轰轰烈烈?其实,没有哪一种职业绝对优越,绝对适合。只要正视自己,尽力而为,一旦选准、敲定,就付诸耐力、毅力和定力,晚年便多了一份满足,少了一声长叹。 后悔年轻时教育子女不当。众所周知,中国的父母很重视子女的教育。可问题是,怎样的教育才算成功?衡量的标准又是什么?在传统教育的桎梏中,父母并没有太多的选择。从孩子上幼儿园的那天起,就眼睁睁地看着孩子一路上把天真丢了,把童年丢了,把思想丢了,把梦想丢了,把锋芒丢了,最后不知剩下什么。而所有的文凭、证书,无非是为了高薪、香车、别墅,如果没有,就是没本事、没出息,就活该遭人鄙视。陷在这样的误区,还有多少父母认为自己家教成功呢?如果父母们是在悔恨自己的子女在功名利禄、权势尊位上不如人,倒不如反省自己有没有给孩子快乐的童年、强健的体魄、良好的修养和健全的人格。 后悔年轻时没珍惜伴侣。如今这年头,什么“比翼鸟”、“连理枝”、“相濡以沫”、“与子偕老”,一天比一天稀缺。所以,闪婚和闪离都司空见惯,反正关系越简单,就越能便捷地解决问题。说到底,是自私成分居多,各人顾各人。到了晚年,才知道老本、老友与老伴不可或缺,而没有老伴又是不幸中最不幸的事。其实,婚姻是一本存折,年轻时,夫妻两人往里面存理解、信任和忍让,到了岁数,才能连本带利提取温暖、幸福与和谐。如果年轻时不好好相处,倍加珍惜,又哪来的“夕阳无限好”? 人生后悔的事还有很多,比如后悔年轻时锻炼身体不力,后悔年轻时孝顺双亲不够,后

中考时文阅读理解 带详解

A 体裁:记叙文题材:娱乐词数201 难度系数:★★★★☆ 建议阅读时间:7分钟实际阅读时间:正确率: Keeping up with the latest online slang terms is difficult. If SMH, TBH, or FOMO don’t ring a bell, you’d better read this passage to figure out what on hell people are saying on the Internet these days. SMH: “Shaking My Head,” an expression of disbelief or disapproval(不赞成). Example: My colleague showed up in a mesh(网状物)shirt. SMH TBH: “To Be Honest.” Used similarly to IMHO, which extends out to “In My Honest Opinion.” Example: TBH, it was me who broke the vase yesterday afternoon. BTW: “By the Way” can be explained as“introducing a different topic”.Example: By the way, I won't go to the party tomorrow. NP: “No Problem.” Used by people whose mothers never taught t hem to say thank you . FOMO/JOMO: “Fear of Missing Out” and “Joy of Missing Out.” Used mostly by Type A startup entrepreneurs, like Anil Dash and Caterina Fake, who came up with the abbreviations. AW K: “Awkward.” Used by self-conscious liberal arts students, and parrots whose owners are too lazy to teach them to talk. IRL: “In Real Life” —meaning not on the Internet, where most of us secretly prefer spending most of our time. What other strange slang terms do you know of? 1.The underlined phrase “ring a bell” in Paragraph 1 means _______? A.响铃 B.听起来熟悉 C.敲醒警钟 D.打电话 2.How many Internet slang terms are there explained by the author? A.8 B.6 C. 9 D .7 3.Which group has the same meaning ? A. SMH and TBH B.FOMO and JOMO C.TBH and IMHO D.AWK and NP 4.Who will use AWK? A. people whose mothers never taught them to say thank you B. self-conscious liberal arts students C. parrots whose owners are too lazy to teach them to talk. D. Both A and B

时文阅读-中考英语选词填空和阅读理解训练

时文阅读|中考英语选词填空和阅读理解训练 时文阅读:疫情推迟开学 选词填空 so show through use teach worry say stay physics study On January27,in order to win the new pneumonia Resistance War(抗击新型肺炎战),the Ministry of Education issued(教育部公布)a notice on putting off the start time of school in spring2020.It was1that school should not start before March.The exact start time of school will depend on situations and further notices.However,many parents are very2that putting off the start of school may affect(影响)children’s studies.If they have such a long winter vacation,children will not learn any knowledge,read books or study at all.They may forget what they have learned before.3at home for a long time will make them keep eating,sleeping and playing,which seriously affect their physical and mental health. In short,the close of school influences learning and develops bad habits,4how should we avoid these problems?Local education departments have also issued a notice,that is,to organize online teaching and create a network platform(平台),where necessary courses will be5every day,and online teaching will be given by excellent teachers of the subject,and students can learn at home____6computer or mobile network. It should be said that such a method is very good.It cannot only keep students indoors and not worry about the infection(感染)of the

相关主题
相关文档 最新文档