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土木工程毕业设计外文资料翻译

土木工程毕业设计外文资料翻译
土木工程毕业设计外文资料翻译

毕业设计外文资料翻译

题目浅谈土木工程概论

学院土木建筑学院

专业土木工程

班级

学生

学号

指导教师

二〇一二年二月二十日

Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture,2008,12(6):41-50 Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers

Cao Yan

Suqian institute of architectural design,Suqian,jiangsu 223800

Abstract:Civil engineering is a huge subject, but the main is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and hair show. The discovery of mechanics, materials update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a have tile roofs of the houses, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, make it more perfect.

Key words: Civil engineering; architecture; mechanics; materials

Civil engineering it is to build the kind of engineering collectively. It meant that and "military project" counterparts. In English, the historical process, mechanical Engineering soil carpentry, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belongs to Civil Engineering, because they have a practical utility.Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development.

People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development.

Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing.

In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a

framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers. From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers andhigh-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on.

Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 20th century, reinforced concrete is widely used in various fields of civil engineering.

From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stressed concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new construction technology and engineering design of the structure of the theory. This is another leap in the development of civil engineering. A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the use of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building the economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical testing techniques. Civil engineering is therefore a broad range of integrated disciplines. With the progress in science and technology

development and engineering practice, the civil engineering disciplines have also been developed into a broad connotation, the number of categories, the structure of complex integrated system. Civil Engineering is accompanied by the development of

human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become one of the historical development of the witness. In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and production. Later, in order to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings. Many well-known works shown in this historical period of human creativity.

For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on. After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of industrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines long tunnel, the Grand Canal, the big dams, airports, port and marine engineering, etc. .

For civil engineering continually modern human society to create a new physical environment, human society, modern civilization has become an important part. Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure

of developed. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rockmechanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects.

This experience in civil engineering from the gradually developed into a science. In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engineering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience. Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the objective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its changes over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience to judge. Second, only a new engineering practice in order to reveal new problems. For example, the construction of a high-rise buildings, high-rise tower and mast-span bridges, wind and earthquake engineering problems highlighted in order to develop this new theory and technology.

In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of

different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.

Use of project management information platform, email, video conference system three system for the project provides a advanced modern information transfer and the means of exchange, make the project information sharing more in time, more agile and more widely, and have the different interactive discussion of the implementation of the environment, involved in the project staff in the world within the scope of the any place convenient check project management information, headquarters staff can also access management of other place orders management information, understand the overall project, through the database, the part of the division, construction site, such as subcontractor closely together, create a distributed collaborative working environment, and can implement different ground command and control.

Civil engineering information already, include the construction management of information also includes building technology development of information, construction management information should be in the open on the three levels, namely, in civil engineering industry management information, work process project management information, civil engineering enterprise management information. Civil engineering industry management informationization is the root, embodies the characteristics of the industry and business market characteristics of the industry; Civil engineering enterprise informationization is the rod, must be made to build in industry deep understanding, must meet the industry to run the rule; Engineering information is fruit.

Civil engineering information construction to adjust the structure of industries and enterprises and of the three conditions "combined, and enterprise's scientific management, technological progress, and the combination of using the global information industry promotion experience, learn the line of informatization construction of results from industry, enterprise and engineering practice, the research development general solutions and individual solutions, comply with" government to promote and market guide, enterprise's main body, industry breakthrough, regional development, steadily promoting "the policy, give full play to the colleges and universities, research institutes role, especially related to learn will, association continuous innovation, trying to make with civil engineering the information construction walked into the new era, give full play to the cross-trade and cross department experts assemble advantage, make new contribution.

References 参考文献

Jinwu et al.2007. Civil engineering structure design wind resistance. Beijing: science press.

Xikang et al. 2000Civil engineering construction. Beijing: China building materials industry press.

XingHuaYan, XinHuang 2005. Civil engineering introduction. Beijing. People's traffic press.

DuanShuJin et al. 2005. Civil engineering introduction. Beijing. China railway publishing house.

John S. Scott, 1991,Dictionary of Civil Engineering, 4th Edition, Penguin Books Publisher R. S. Narayanan & A. W. Beeby, 2001.Introduction to Design for Civil Engineers, , Spon Press.

Y. Xiao & J.C. Anderson.2007 .Design of Steel Structures, Higher Education Press. XueZhongWu et al.2009 . Civil engineering present situation and the development trend analysis [J]; Modern trade industry.

YuLiu et al.2010 . Civil engineering present situation and the development trend of the [J]; Heilongjiang science and technology information.

ZhengHuaXu;PangJunWei; 2007. Civil engineering construction of informatization [J]; Coastal enterprise and science and technology.

PengJianGuo; Jing wang et al2009. Information construction of civil engineering [J]; Heilongjiang science and technology information.

Wei Chen et al. 2008. Training of the 21 st century civil engineering application talents [J]; Sichuan architecture.

《土木工程与建筑》,2008,12(6):41-50

浅谈土木工程概论

曹燕

(江苏省宿迁市正宏城建设计研究院,宿迁223800)

摘要:土木工程是个庞大的学科,但最主要的是建筑,建筑无论是在中国还是在国外,都有着悠久的历史,长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变,而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现,材料的更新,不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋,现在追求舒适,不同的思想,不同的科学,推动了土木工程的发展,使其更加完美。

关键词:土木工程;建筑;力学;材料。

土木工程它是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中,历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属Civil Engineering,因为它们都具有民用性。对土木工程的发展起关键作用的,首先是作为工程物质基础的土木建筑材料,其次是随之发展起来的设计理论和施工技术。每当出现新的优良

的建筑材料时,土木工程就会有飞跃式的发展。

人们在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料从事营造活动,后来出现了砖

和瓦这种人工建筑材料,使人类第一次冲破了天然建筑材料的束缚。中国在公元前十一世纪的西周初期制造出瓦。最早的砖出现在公元前五世纪至公元前三世纪战国时的墓室中。砖和瓦具有比土更优越的力学性能,可以就地取材,而又易于加工制作。砖和瓦的出现使人们开始广泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。由此土木工程技术得到了飞速的发展。

直至18~19 世纪,在长达两千多年时间里,砖和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建筑材料,为人类文明作出了伟大的贡献,甚至在目前还被广泛采用。钢材的大量应用是土木工程的第二次飞跃。十七世纪70 年代开始使用生铁、十九世纪初开始使用熟铁建造桥梁和房屋,这是钢结构出现的前奏。从十九世纪中叶开始,冶金业冶炼并轧制出抗拉和抗压强度都很高、延性好、质量均匀的建筑钢材,随后又生产出高强度钢丝、钢索。于是适应发展需要的钢结构得到蓬勃发展。

除应用原有的粱、拱结构外,新兴的桁架、框架、网架结构、悬索结构逐渐推广,出现了结构形式百花争艳的局面。建筑物跨径从砖结构、石结构、木结构的几米、几十米发展到钢结构的百米、几百米,直到现代的千米以上。于是在大江、海峡上架起大桥,在地面上建造起摩天大楼和高耸铁塔,甚至在地面下铺设铁路,创造出前所未有的奇迹。为适应钢结构工程发展的需要,在牛顿力学的基础上,材料力学、结构力学、工程结构设计理论等就应运而生。

施工机械、施工技术和施工组织设计的理论也随之发展,土木工程从经验上升成为科学,在工程实践和基础理论方面都面貌一新,从而促成了土木工程更迅速的发展。十九世纪20 年代,波特兰水泥制成后,混凝土问世了。混凝土骨料可以就地取材,混凝土构件易于成型,但混凝土的抗拉强度很小,用途受到限制。十九世纪中叶以后,钢铁产量激增,随之出现了钢筋混凝土这种新型的复合建筑材料,其中钢筋承担拉力,混凝土承担压力,发挥了各自的优点。二十世纪初以来,钢筋混凝土广泛应用于土木工程的各个领域。

从三十年代开始,出现了预应力混凝土。预应力混凝土结构的抗裂性能、刚度和承载能力,大大高于钢筋混凝土结构,因而用途更为广阔。土木工程进入了钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土占统治地位的历史时期。混凝土的出现给建筑物带来了新的经济、美观的工程结构形式,使土木工程产生了新的施工技术和工程结构设计理论。这是土木工程的又一次飞跃发展。建造一项工程设施一般要经过勘察、设计和施工三个阶段,需要运用工程地质勘察、水文地质勘察、工程测量、土力学、工程力学、工程设计、建筑材料、建筑设备、工程机械、建筑经济等学科和施工技术、施工组

织等领域的知识,以及电子计算机和力学测试等技术。

因而土木工程是一门范围广阔的综合性学科。随着科学技术的进步和工程实践的发展,土木工程这个学科也已发展成为内涵广泛、门类众多、结构复杂的综合体系。土木工程是伴随着人类社会的发展而发展起来的。它所建造的工程设施反映出各个历史时期社会经济、文化、科学、技术发展的面貌,因而土木工程也就成为社会历史发展的见证之一。远古时代,人们就开始修筑简陋的房舍、道路、桥梁和沟澶,以满足简单的生活和生产需要。后来,人们为了适应战争、生产和生活以及

宗教传播的需要,兴建了城池、运河、宫殿、寺庙以及其他各种建筑物。名的工程设施显示出人类在这个历史时期的创造力。

例如,中国的长城、都江堰、大运河、赵州桥、应县木塔,埃及的金字塔,希腊的巴台农神庙,罗马的给水工程、科洛西姆圆形竞技场(罗马大斗兽场),以及其他许多著名的教堂、宫殿等。产业革命以后,特别是到了20 世纪,一方面社会向土木工程提出了新的需求;另一方面,社会各个领域为土木工程的前进创造了良好的条件。因而这个时期的土木工程得到突飞猛进的发展。在世界各地出现了现代化规模宏大的工业厂房、摩天大厦,核电站、高速公路和铁路、大跨桥梁、大直径运输管道长隧道、大运河、大堤坝、大飞机场、大海港以及海洋工程等等。

现代土木工程不断地为人类社会创造崭新的物质环境,成为人类社会现代文明的重要组成部分。土木工程是具有很强的实践性的学科。在早期,土木工程是通过工程实践,总结成功的经验,尤其是吸取失败的教训发展起来的。从17 世纪开始,以伽利略和牛顿为先导的近代力学同土木工程实践结合起来,逐渐形成材料力学、结构力学、流体力学、岩体力学,作为土木工程的基础理论的学科。

这样土木工程才逐渐从经验发展成为科学。在土木工程的发展过程中,工程实践经验常先行于理论,工程事故常显示出未能预见的新因素,触发新理论的研究

和发展。至今不少工程问题的处理,在很大程度上仍然依靠实践经验。

土木工程技术的发展之所以主要凭借工程实践而不是凭借科学试验和理论研究,有两个原因:一是有些客观情况过于复杂,难以如实地进行室内实验或现场测试和理论分析。例如,地基基础、隧道及地下工程的受力和变形的状态及其随时间的变化,至今还需要参考工程经验进行分析判断。二是只有进行新的工程实践,才能揭示新的问题。例如,建造了高层建筑、高耸塔桅和大跨桥梁等,工程的抗风和抗震问

题突出了,才能发展出这方面的新理论和技术。

在土木工程的长期实践中,人们不仅对房屋建筑艺术给予很大注意,取得了卓越的成就;而且对其他工程设施,也通过选用不同的建筑材料,例如采用石料、钢材和钢筋混凝土,配合自然环境建造了许多在艺术上十分优美、功能上又十分良好的工程。古代中国的万里长城,现代世界上的许多电视塔和斜张桥,都是这方面的例子。

利用项目管理信息平台、电子邮件、视频会议系统三种体系,为项目提供了一种先进的现代化信息传递和交换手段,使项目信息共享更及时、更灵活、更广泛,并具备了实施异地交互讨论的环境,参与项目的人员在世界范围内的任何地方都可以方便的查看项目管理信息,总部管理人员也可以同时访问其他地方项目管理信息,随时了解项目总体情况,通过这个数据库把公司本部、公司分部、施工现场、分包商等紧密地联系在一起,创造了一个异地协同工作的环境,并可实施异地指挥和控制。

土木工程的信息化,既包括建筑管理的信息化也包括建筑技术开发的信息化,建筑管理的信息化应在三个层次上展开,即在土木工程行业管理信息化、工程项目管理信息化、土木工程企业管理信息化。土木工程行业管理信息化是根,体现了行业的经营特性和行业的市场特点;土木工程企业信息化是杆,必须建立在对行业深层次的了解上,必须符合行业运作规律;工程信息化是果。

土木工程信息化建设要与产业的结构调整和企业的“三改一加强” 相结合,与企业的科学管理、技术进步相结合,要借鉴全球信息产业推进的经验,学习各行各业推进信息化建设成果,从产业、企业和工程实际出发,研究开发一般解决方案和个别解决方案,遵照“政府推进、市场引导、企业主体、行业突破、区域展开、稳步推进”的方针,充分发挥大专院校、科研院所的作用,特别是相关学会、协会要不断开拓创新,努力使自己伴随着土木工程的信息化建设走进新时代,充分发挥跨行业、跨部门专家荟萃的优势,做出新的贡献。

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陈伟;培养面向21世纪的土木工程应用型人才[J];四川建筑;2008年02期

毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处: 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题: JDBC接口技术 译文: JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI(ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口)。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口,使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC,很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢?如果有,那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢? ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统(DBMS)中存取数据的,用C语言实现的,标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI,应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统(DBMS)中的数据,而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1.ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分:应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口:屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别,为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器:为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器:实现ODBC的函数调用,提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要,数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求,使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源:由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器,以便ODBC函数调用,但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用,并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时,数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时,数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求,对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译,并将结果返回给应用系统。 2.JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来,Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序,其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API,编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥,比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱,越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加,对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处,比如它并不容易使用,没有面向对象的特性等等,SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1.x 版本中,JDBC只是一个可选部件,到了JDK1.1公布时,SQL类包(也就是JDBCAPI)

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

土木工程外文翻译

转型衰退时期的土木工程研究 Sergios Lambropoulosa[1], John-Paris Pantouvakisb, Marina Marinellic 摘要 最近的全球经济和金融危机导致许多国家的经济陷入衰退,特别是在欧盟的周边。这些国家目前面临的民用建筑基础设施的公共投资和私人投资显著收缩,导致在民事特别是在民用建筑方向的失业。因此,在所有国家在经济衰退的专业发展对于土木工程应届毕业生来说是努力和资历的不相称的研究,因为他们很少有机会在实践中积累经验和知识,这些逐渐成为过时的经验和知识。在这种情况下,对于技术性大学在国家经济衰退的计划和实施的土木工程研究大纲的一个实质性的改革势在必行。目的是使毕业生拓宽他们的专业活动的范围,提高他们的就业能力。 在本文中,提出了土木工程研究课程的不断扩大,特别是在发展的光毕业生的潜在的项目,计划和投资组合管理。在这个方向上,一个全面的文献回顾,包括ASCE体为第二十一世纪,IPMA的能力的基础知识,建议在其他:显著增加所提供的模块和项目管理在战略管理中添加新的模块,领导行为,配送管理,组织和环境等;提供足够的专业训练五年的大学的研究;并由专业机构促进应届大学生认证。建议通过改革教学大纲为土木工程研究目前由国家技术提供了例证雅典大学。 1引言 土木工程研究(CES)蓬勃发展,是在第二次世界大战后。土木工程师的出现最初是由重建被摧毁的巨大需求所致,目的是更多和更好的社会追求。但是很快,这种演变一个长期的趋势,因为政府为了努力实现经济发展,采取了全世界的凯恩斯主义的理论,即公共基础设施投资作为动力。首先积极的结果导致公民为了更好的生活条件(住房,旅游等)和增加私人投资基础设施而创造机会。这些现象再国家的发展中尤为为明显。虽然前景并不明朗(例如,世界石油危机在70年代),在80年代领先的国家采用新自由主义经济的方法(如里根经济政策),这是最近的金融危机及金融危机造成的后果(即收缩的基础设施投资,在技术部门的高失业率),消除发展前途无限的误区。 技术教育的大学所认可的大量研究土木工程部。旧学校拓展专业并且新的学校建成,并招收许多学生。由于高的职业声望,薪酬,吸引高质量的学校的学生。在工程量的增加和科学技术的发展,导致到极强的专业性,无论是在研究还是工作当中。结构工程师,液压工程师,交通工程师等,都属于土木工程。试图在不同的国家采用专业性的权利,不同的解决方案,,从一个统一的大学学历和广泛的专业化的一般职业许可证。这个问题在许多其他行业成为关键。国际专业协会的专家和机构所确定的国家性检查机构,经过考试后,他们证明不仅是行业的新来者,而且专家通过时间来确定进展情况。尽管在很多情况下,这些证书虽然没有国家接受,他们赞赏和公认的世界。 在试图改革大学研究(不仅在土木工程)更接近市场需求的过程中,欧盟确定了1999博洛尼亚宣言,它引入了一个二能级系统。第一级度(例如,一个三年的学士)是进入

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本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目:Designing Against Fire Of Building 文献、资料来源:国道数据库 文献、资料发表(出版)日期:2008.3.25 院(部):土木工程学院 专业:土木工程 班级:土木辅修091 姓名:武建伟 学号:2008121008 指导教师:周学军、李相云 翻译日期: 20012.6.1

外文文献: Designing Against Fire Of Buliding John Lynch ABSTRACT: This paper considers the design of buildings for fire safety. It is found that fire and the associ- ated effects on buildings is significantly different to other forms of loading such as gravity live loads, wind and earthquakes and their respective effects on the building structure. Fire events are derived from the human activities within buildings or from the malfunction of mechanical and electrical equipment provided within buildings to achieve a serviceable environment. It is therefore possible to directly influence the rate of fire starts within buildings by changing human behaviour, improved maintenance and improved design of mechanical and electrical systems. Furthermore, should a fire develops, it is possible to directly influence the resulting fire severity by the incorporation of fire safety systems such as sprinklers and to provide measures within the building to enable safer egress from the building. The ability to influence the rate of fire starts and the resulting fire severity is unique to the consideration of fire within buildings since other loads such as wind and earthquakes are directly a function of nature. The possible approaches for designing a building for fire safety are presented using an example of a multi-storey building constructed over a railway line. The design of both the transfer structure supporting the building over the railway and the levels above the transfer structure are considered in the context of current regulatory requirements. The principles and assumptions associ- ated with various approaches are discussed. 1 INTRODUCTION Other papers presented in this series consider the design of buildings for gravity loads, wind and earthquakes.The design of buildings against such load effects is to a large extent covered by engineering based standards referenced by the building regulations. This is not the case, to nearly the same extent, in the

软件开发概念和设计方法大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目:软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目: 文献、资料来源: 文献、资料发表(出版)日期: 院(部): 专业: 班级: 姓名: 学号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2017.02.14

外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement,and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the

土木工程岩土类毕业设计外文翻译

姓名: 学号: 10447425 X X 大学 毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 (2014届) 外文题目Developments in excavation bracing systems 译文题目开挖工程支撑体系的发展 外文出处Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 31 (2012) 107–116 学生XXX 学院XXXX 专业班级XXXXX 校内指导教师XXX 专业技术职务XXXXX 校外指导老师专业技术职务 二○一三年十二月

开挖工程支撑体系的发展 1.引言 几乎所有土木工程建设项目(如建筑物,道路,隧道,桥梁,污水处理厂,管道,下水道)都涉及泥土挖掘的一些工程量。往往由于由相邻的结构,特性线,或使用权空间的限制,必须要一个土地固定系统,以允许土壤被挖掘到所需的深度。历史上,许多挖掘支撑系统已经开发出来。其中,现在比较常见的几种方法是:板桩,钻孔桩墙,泥浆墙。 土地固定系统的选择是由技术性能要求和施工可行性(例如手段,方法)决定的,包括执行的可靠性,而成本考虑了这些之后,其他问题也得到解决。通常环境后果(用于处理废泥浆和钻井液如监管要求)也非常被关注(邱阳、1998)。 土地固定系统通常是建设项目的较大的一个组成部分。如果不能按时完成项目,将极大地影响总成本。通常首先建造支撑,在许多情况下,临时支撑系统是用于支持在挖掘以允许进行不断施工,直到永久系统被构造。临时系统可以被去除或留在原处。 打桩时,因撞击或振动它们可能会被赶入到位。在一般情况下,振动是最昂贵的方法,但只适合于松散颗粒材料,土壤中具有较高电阻(例如,通过鹅卵石)的不能使用。采用打入桩系统通常是中间的成本和适合于软沉积物(包括粘性和非粘性),只要该矿床是免费的鹅卵石或更大的岩石。 通常,垂直元素(例如桩)的前安装挖掘工程和水平元件(如内部支撑或绑回)被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去,从而限制了跨距长度,以便减少在垂直开发弯矩元素。在填充情况下,桩可先设置,从在斜坡的底部其嵌入悬挑起来,安装作为填充进步水平元素(如搭背或土钉)。如果滞后是用来保持垂直元素之间的土壤中,它被安装为挖掘工程的进行下去,或之前以填补位置。 吉尔- 马丁等人(2010)提供了一个数值计算程序,以获取圆形桩承受轴向载荷和统一标志(如悬臂桩)的单轴弯矩的最佳纵筋。他们开发的两种优化流程:用一个或两个直径为纵向钢筋。优化增强模式允许大量减少的设计要求钢筋的用量,这些减少纵向钢筋可达到50%相对传统的,均匀分布的加固方案。 加固桩集中纵向钢筋最佳的位置在受拉区。除了节约钢筋,所述非对称加强钢筋图案提高抗弯刚度,通过增加转动惯量的转化部分的时刻。这种增加的刚性可能会在一段时间内增加的变形与蠕变相关的费用。评估相对于传统的非对称加强桩的优点,对称,钢筋桩被服务的条件下全面测试来完成的,这种试验是为了验证结构的可行性和取得的变形的原位测量。 基于现场试验中,用于优化的加强图案的优点浇铸钻出孔(CIDH)在巴塞罗那的

土木工程外文翻译.doc

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