7.Confucianism & Translating
7.1 Confucius(551—479 B.C.), the founder of Confucianism （Tomb of Confucius in Kong Lin cemetery）
22）子曰: “吾十有五而立志于学,三十而立,四十而不惑,五十而知天命,六十而耳顺,七十而从心所欲,不逾矩”。
A）The master said: “At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At forty, I had no doubts. At fifty, I know the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was an obedient organ for the reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing what was right. ( James Legge 1814—1897 )
B) The Master said: “At fifteen, I set my heart upon learning. At thirty, I had planted my feet firm upon the ground. At forty, I no longer suffered from perplexities. At fifty, I knew what were the biddings of Heaven. At sixty, I heard them with docile ear. At seventy, I could follow the dictates of my own heart; for what I desired no longer overstepped the boundaries of right.”
( Arthur Waley 1889-1966)
C) Confucius said: “At fifteen, I made up my mind to study; at thirty, I was established; at forty, I was no longer perplexed; at fifty, I understood the will of Heaven; at sixty, I listened to everything without feeling unhappy; at seventy, I followed all my desires and none of them was against the norms.
( Ding Wangdao 1924-2010)
7.2 Humanity and 8 virtues
义、礼、智、信、忠、恕、孝、悌
7.3 The Analects
Humanitarianism & equality
Morality
Education & knowledge
Others
7.3.1 Humanitarianism & Equality
23) “性相近也;习相远也。”
A) By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they
get to be wide apart. (by Legge)
B) By nature near together, by practice far apart.
(by Waley)
C) By nature men are pretty alike, but learning and
practice set them apart. (by Ding )
24) “己所不欲，勿施于人。”
A) What you do not want done to yourself, do
not do to others. (by Legge)
B) Do not do to others what you would not
like yourself. (by Walley)
C) Not to impose on others what one does not
desire oneself. (by Ding)
D) Do as you would be done by.
25) “夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达
人。”
A) To help others to stand up when one wants to stand up oneself, and help others to understand things when one wants to understand things oneself.(2001)
( by Ding)
B) A humane person is one who helps others to be established when he wishes to be established himself, and helps others to be successful when he wishes to be successful himself. (1999)
(by Ding)
26) “志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀生以成
仁。”
A) The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete.
(by Legge)
B) Neither the knight who has truly the heart of a knight nor the man of good stock who has the qualities that belong to good stock will ever seek life at the expense of Goodness; and it may be that he has to give his life in order to achieve Goodness. (by Waley)
C) A man with lofty ideals or a humane man never gives up humanity to save his life, but may sacrifice his life to achieve humanity.
D) A determined or humane man never gives up humanity to save his life, but he may sacrifice his life to realize humanity.
(by Ding)
7.3.2 Morality
27) 道听而途说，德之弃也。
A) To tell, as we go along, what we have heard on the way, is to cast away our virtue.
(by Legge)
B) To tell in the lane what you have heard on the highroad is to throw merit away.
( by Arthur Waley)
28) 德不孤，必有邻。
A) Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who
practices it will have neighbours.
( by Legge)
B) Moral force(te) never dwells in solitude; it will
always bring neighbors.
( by Arthur Waley)
29). 巧言令色，鲜矣仁。
A) The Master said, “Fine words and an insinuating
appearance are seldom associated with true virtue.”
( by Legge)
B) Clever talk and a pretentious mare are seldom
found in the Good. ( by Arthur Waley)
C) Tricky talk and pretentious manner are seldom
compatible with the benevolent.
30) 富与贵，是人之所欲也，不以其道得之不处也。贫与贱，是人之所恶也，不以其道得之不去也。
Wealth and high position are desired by all men, but I would not have them if they were not won in the right way. Poverty and low position are hated by all men, but I would not leave them if they could not be rid of in the right way.
7.3.3 Education & knowledge
31) 有教无类。
32) 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。
33)温故而知新，可以为师矣。
34)知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
7.3.4 Some other aspects
35.智者乐水，仁者乐山；智者动，仁者静；智者乐，仁者寿。
The wise enjoy water, while the benevolent prefer mountains; the wise are active and the benevolent placid; the wise are happy and the benevolent long lived.
The wise man delights in water, the Good man delights in mountains. For the wise move; but the Good stay still. The wise are happy; but the good, secure.
(Arthur Waley)
36.学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎。
A) Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take note of him?”
( Legge)
B) The Master said, To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, is this not after all delightful? To remain unsoured even though one’s merits are unrecognised by others, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman?
( Arthur Waley)
B) Isn’t it a pleasure to have a frequent use of what is learned? How happy we are to have friends from afar, and isn’t it gentlemanly to be unperturbed when not appreciated?
C) Is it not a pleasure to learn and practise from time to time what is learned? Is it not a joy to see a friend who has come from a faraway place? Is it not gentlemanly to have no resentment when one is not properly understood?
( Ding)
37.人之生也直，罔之生也幸而免。
(人生本来就是正直的，至于受染了坏的习气而邪曲诬罔，失去了正直，难免遭受祸害；如果仍然得以生活着，那只是侥幸而已。)
A) Man is born for uprightness. If a man lose his
uprightness, and yet live, his escape from death is
the effect of mere good fortune.
B) Man’s very life is honesty, in that without it
he will be lucky indeed if he escapes with his life.
( Arthur Waley)
C) Men live with honesty. The dishonest live, spared
by fortune.
38.君子和而不同，小人同而不和
A) The gentleman aims at harmony, and not at uniformity. The small man aims at uniformity, and not at harmony.
B) The true gentlement is conciliatory but not accommodating. Common people are accomodating but not conciliatory. ( Arthur Waley)
7.3.5 The Mencius & the four moral qualities
39. Wealth and honor cannot make him dissipate, poverty and mean condition cannot make him swerve, and power and force cannot make him bend himself.
Five Canons/Classics and Four Books
31. A) I teach everyone without making
distinction.
B) In education there is no class distinction.
C) In teaching there should be no distinction
of classes. (Legge)
D) There should be education for everyone
without distinction. (Ding)
E) There is a difference in instruction but
none in kind. （Arthur Waley)
32.A) He who learns but does not think, is lost.
He who thinks but does not learn is in great
danger. （by Arthur Waley)
B) He who learns without thinking
will be bewildered; He who thinks
without learning will be in danger.
C) To learn without thinking is labor
in vain, and to think without learning is
Desolation.
33. A) Confucius said, “He can be a teacher
who finds what is new in reviewing what
is old.”( Legge)
B）He who by reanimating [warming up] the
Old can gain knowledge of the New is
fit to be a teacher. (Arthur Waley)
C) Exploring more based on the known make
a teacher.
34 A) When you know a thing, to recognize that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to recognize that you do not know it . That is knowledge. (Arthur Waley)
B) To admit what’s known as the known, and what’s unknown as the unknown is the known itself.
Chapter 8 Taoism and Translating
8.1 The book and its content
Classic of the Way and Virtue / The Lao Zi
/ The Book of Lao Zi / Tao Te Ching
8.2 Tao/Dao
Tao / Dao: the way of nature, the origin of the universe.
Tao / Dao is invisible, intangible and indescribable.
In its essence, it is eternal, absolute, and beyond space and time; in its operation, it is spontaneous, everywhere, constant and unceasing, always in transformation, going through cycles and finally returning to its root.
道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。
A) The Tao begets the One,
The One consists of theTwo in opposition
(the Yin and Yang);
The Two begets the Three;
The Three begets all things of the world.
（辜正坤）
B) The Tao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things. ( Legge)
Tao/Dao is defined as an idea or concept of philosophy.
40.《道德经》（老子）
A.
第一章
道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。
无名，天地之始；有名，万物之母。
故常无欲，以观其妙；常有欲，以观
其徼。
此两者，同出而异名，同谓之玄。
玄之又玄，众妙之门。
Version I
The Way and Its Power Chapter I
That can be told of is not the way. (Though there are ways, but the way is uncharted.)
Those named are not realia themselves.
It is from nothingness that Big Bang comes;
What named rears all things on earth.
Truly, Only who rids himself forever of desire can see what it does.
Otherwise he can only see outcomes.
Both two originated from nothingness, nevertheless with different names. Nothingness is indeed nothingness,
Only the way uncharted expresses all this, but who knows what it is?
Version II
Tao De Ching—Lao Tze Chapter I The Way
The Way that can be experienced is not true;
The world that can be constructed is not true.
The Way manifests all that happens and may happen;
The world represents all that exists and may exist.
To experience without intention is to sense the world;
To experience with intention is to anticipate the world.
These two experiences are indistinguishable;
Their construction differs but their effect is the same.
Beyond the gate of experience flows the Way,
Which is ever greater and subtler than the world.
Peter A. Merel
Version III
The Tao that is utterable
Is not the eternal Tao;
The name that is namable
Is not the eternal Name.
The Nothingness is the name of the beginning
of heaven and earth;
The Being (substance) is the name
of the mother of all things.
Hence one should gain an insight
into the beginning of the Tao
by constantly observing the Nothingness,
And should perceive the end
of the Tao by constantly observing the Being.
These two things, the Nothingness
and the Being, are of the same
origin but different in name.
They are both so profound
as to be a key to the door of myriad secrets.
辜正坤
Version IV Chapter I
The Way that can be told of is not an Unvarying Way;
The names that can be named are not unvarying names.
It was from the Nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;
The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand
creatures, each after its kind.
Truly, ‘Only he that rids himself forever of desire can see
the Secret Essences’;
He that has never rid himself desire can see only the
Outcomes.
These two things from the same mould, but nevertheless are
different in name.
This ‘same mould’we can but call the Mystery,
Or rather the ‘Darker than any Mystery’,
The Doorway whence issued all Secret Essences.
Arthur Waley
41. 第二章
天下皆知美之为美，斯恶已；皆知善之为善，斯不善已。
故有无相生，难易相成，长短相形，高下相倾，音声相和,前后相随。
是以圣人处无为之事，行不言之教，万物作焉而不辞，生而不有，为而不恃，功成而弗居。
夫唯弗居，是以不去。
Version 1 Chapter 2
The whole world knows the beautiful as beautiful
Only because of the existence of the ugly;
The whole world knows the good as good
Only because of the existence of the bad.
Hence the Being and the Nothingness exist in opposition;
The difficult and the easy complement each other;
The long and the short
manifest themselves by comparison;
The high and the low are inclined
as well as opposed to each other;
The consonants and vowels
harmonize with each other;
The front and the back follow each other.
Thus the sage behaves
Without taking active action,
Teachers without using words,
Lets all things rip without interference,
Gives them life without claiming to be their owner,
Benefits them without claiming to be their benefactor,
succeeds without claiming credit,
His credit is never lost.
Version II
Chapter II Abstraction
When beauty is abstracted
Then ugliness has been implied;
When good is abstracted
Then evil has been implied.
So alive and dead are abstracted from nature,
Difficult and easy abstracted from progress,
Long and short abstracted from contrast,
High and low abstracted from depth,
Song and speech abstracted from melody,
After and before abstracted from sequence.
The sage experiences without abstraction,
And accomplishes without action;
He accepts the ebb and flow of things,
Nurtures them, but does not own them,
And lives, but does not dwell.
When Beauty is recognised in the World
Ugliness has been learned;
When Good is recognised in the World
Evil has been learned.
In this way: Alive and dead are abstracted from growth; Difficult and easy are abstracted from progress;
Far and near are abstracted from position;
Strong and weak are abstracted from control;
Song and speech are abstracted from harmony;
After and before are abstracted from sequence.
The sage controls without authority,
And teaches without words;
He lets all things rise and fall,
Nurtures, but does not interfere,
Gives without demanding, And is content.
Perter A.Merel
八章
上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，政善治，事善能，动善时。夫唯不争，故无尤。
1、最善的境界就像水。
2、水善，利于万物的需求而不争，处于众人的弃地而无怨，故而几乎同于道。
3、随遇而安是善的表现，心胸开阔是善的表现，仁爱待人是善的表现，信守诺言是善的表现，以身作则是善的表现，实事求是是善的表现，适时而动是善的表现。
4、只有不去好大喜功，才能无忧。
最高之善仿佛水，水容纳于一切容器而没有固定之形。
能存在于人们所厌恶之地，那就接近于懂得“道”了。
居处适应于任何之地，心灵沉静有如深渊。
交往善于择人，立言善于守信，执政谋求治平，作事善有耐性，举动善择时机。
他总是不与人争，所以永远不招怨恨。
42 V ersion I Chapter 8
The perfect goodness is like water.
Water approaches all things
instead of contending with them.
It prefers to dwell where no one
would like to stay;
Hence it comes close to the Tao.
A man of perfect goodness
chooses a low place to dwell as water,
He has a heart as deep as water,
He offers friendship as tender as water,
He speaks as sincerely as water,
He rules a state as orderly as water,
He does a thing as properly as water,
He takes action as timely as water.
Like water, he never contends with others,
So he never commits a mistake.
Tran. By 辜正坤
Version II Chapter 8
The highest good is like that of water. The goodness of water is that it benefits the ten thousand creatures; yet itself does not scramble, but is content with the places that all men disdain. It is this that makes so near to the Way.
And if men think the ground the best place for building
a house upon,
If among thoughts they value those that are profound,
If in friendship they value gentleness,
In words, truth; in government, good order;
In deeds, effectiveness; in action, timeliness–
In each case it is because they prefer what does not
lead to strife,
And therefore does not go amiss.
常见中国传统文化名词英语翻译 风水：Fengshui; geomantic omen 阳历：solar calendar 阴历：lunar calendar 闰年：leap year 十二生肖：zodiac 春节：the Spring Festival 元宵节：the Lantern Festival 清明节：the Tomb-sweeping Day 端午节：the Dragon-boat Festival 中秋节：the Mid-autumn Day 重阳节：the Double-ninth Day 七夕节：the Double-seventh Day 春联：spring couplets 春运：the Spring Festival travel 把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运：turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year 庙会：temple fair 爆竹：firecracker 年画：(traditional) New Year pictures 压岁钱：New Year gift-money 舞龙：dragon dance 舞狮：lion dance 元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings 花灯：festival lantern 灯谜：lantern riddle 食物对于中国佳节来说至关重要，但甜食对于农历新年特别重要，因为他们能让新的一年更加甜蜜。Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year. 传统的佳节食物包括年糕、八宝饭、饺子、果脯和瓜子。Traditional holiday treats include nian gao (rice pudding), ba bao fan (eight treasure rice), jiao zi (crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds. 四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle 亭/阁：pavilion/attic 刺绣：Embroidery 剪纸：Paper Cutting 书法：Calligraphy 针灸：Acupuncture 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 偏旁：radical 战国：Warring States 人才流动：Brain Drain/Flow 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals ——仅供参考
郑州信息工程职业学院 2017—2018学年下学期期末考试 2017级国际学院计网专业 《大学英语语法》试卷A 说明 一、本试卷共有六道大题，总分为100分，考试时间为100分钟。 二、严格按照要求填写好自己的姓名、学号和座位号等信息。 三、请仔细阅读以下注意事项： 1.在试卷的有效位置作答。 2.监考人员宣布考试开始时，考生方可答题。 3.监考老师宣布考试结束时，考生应立即停止作答，将试卷、答题卡反扣在桌面上，待监考老师确认数量无误后，方可离开。 4.若有答题卡时，一定要对准题号将“答案”填写在答题卡上。 PartⅠChoose the best one from the four choices given. (10×2′=20 scores) 1.They are_________. A . woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher 2.Would you like _______, please? A. two glass of water B. two glasses of water C. two glass of waters D. two glasses of waters 3.About_________ of the students in their school are boys. A. one-three B. one third C. one three D. one thirds 4. How_________ the song sounds! A. pleasure B. pleasant C. pleased D. pleasantly 5. _________, he is very good at numbers. A. A little boy as he was B. A little boy he is C. As he was a little boy D. A little boy as he is 6.I _________ from the scientist you mentioned so far. A. don’t hear B. didn’t hear C. haven’t heard D. hadn’t heard 7.By this time next year, we _________ all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. have turned C. will have turned D. have been turning 8.This novel_________ well. A. will be sold B. is sold C. sells D. has been sold 9. We _________ about two thousand English words by the end of last term. A. learned B. have learned C. had learned D. would learn
中国是世界上率先发明瓷器的国家，为人类历史写下了光辉的一页。瓷器的发明，堪称我国的“第五大发明”，它在技术和艺术上的成就，传播到世界各国，并深刻影响了其陶瓷和文化的发展，为我国赢得“瓷器之国”的盛誉。 传统文化内容资料1-汉服、旗袍、中山装、其他少数民族服饰、木屐、绣花鞋、翘头履 -中国书法、篆刻印章、中国结、京戏脸谱、皮影、武术 -秦砖汉瓦、兵马俑、桃花扇、景泰蓝、玉雕、中国漆器、红灯笼(宫灯、纱灯) -木版水印、甲骨文、钟鼎文、汉代竹简 -茶、中药、文房四宝(砚台、毛笔、宣纸、墨)、四大发明 -竖排线装书、剪纸、风筝 -佛、道、儒、法宝、阴阳、禅宗、观音手、孝服、纸钱 -乐器(笛子、二胡、鼓、古琴、琵琶等) -龙凤纹样(饕餮纹、如意纹、雷纹、回纹、巴纹)、祥云图案、中国织绣(刺绣等)、凤眼 -彩陶、紫砂壶、蜡染、中国瓷器 -古代兵器(盔甲、剑等)、青铜器鼎 -国画、敦煌壁画、山清水秀、写意画、太极图 -石狮、飞天、太极 -对联、门神、年画、鞭炮、谜语、饺子、舞狮、中秋月饼 -鸟笼、盆景、五针松、毛竹、牡丹、梅花、莲花
-大熊猫、鲤鱼、芭蕉扇、风箱 -黑头发黄皮肤、丹凤眼 -红旗、天安门、五角星、红领巾、红太阳、长江、黄河 -唐装、绣花鞋、老虎头鞋、旗袍、肚兜、斗笠、帝王的皇冠、皇后的凤冠 -泥人面塑、锄头、清朝大辫子、铜镜、大花轿、水烟袋、鼻烟壶、筷子 -华表、牌坊、长城、园林、寺院、古钟、古塔、庙宇、亭、井、黄土、民宅 -汉字、数字8、6、4 -唐诗、宋词、《三十六计》、《孙子兵法》、《西游记》、《红楼梦》、《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《诗经》 -金元宝、如意、烛台、罗盘、八卦、司南、棋子与棋盘、象棋、围棋 -黄包车、鼻烟壶、鸟笼、长命锁、糖葫芦 -玉佩、鹫、千层底、刺绣、丝绸、檐 另外我国有各种各样的传统节日，很多事情有各种礼仪和习俗…… 每个地方还有地方和民族的特色。 传统文化内容资料2瓷器 中国是世界上率先发明瓷器的国家，为人类历史写下了光辉的一页。瓷器的发明，堪称我国的“第五大发明”，它在技术和艺术上的成就，传播到世界各国，并深刻影响了其陶瓷和文化的发展，为我国赢得“瓷
英语语法期末试卷 注意事项：1、课程编码：2、出卷人：3、考试形式：闭卷（开、闭） 4、本试卷共8 页，满分100 分，考试时间为100 分钟. 5、答题时请使用蓝、黑钢笔或圆珠笔. 注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上 一、语法知识部分：（45 分） I、填空题(26分) 1、语言一般由____________, _____________, 和____________ 三部分组成. 2、学习词性的目的是弄清词汇在句中的起到的语法作用不同..英语的十大词性可 以划分三个范畴，第一范畴包括：___________, __________, _________, _________, 第二范畴包括_________, __________, ____________，第三范畴包括________, _________, ____________. 、限定词之所以重要是因为：它是构成 ______________ 的一个不可缺少的部分. 限定词的功能是对名词起：__________, _____________, ___________, 和___________等限定作用. 4. 副词在句中担当状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子.逻辑连接副词 在文章中起到_______________的作用. 5、英语谓语动词的三种语气是：1）__________；2）____________；3）___________. 6、就在句中充当的语法功能而言，非谓语动词有着不同的属性.动名词具有名词 的属性；分词具有形容词和_____________的属性, 动词不定式有着____________, __________, 和_________的属性.因此, 举例说，分词可以在句中充当:__________, __________, 宾语补足语和____________等句子成分. 动名词在句子中充当__________，___________，__________，和介词宾语等句子成分. 7、非谓语动词中，动词不定式和分词都可充当状语，二者的区别是：不定式通 常用作_________、_________和______状语, 而分词出现在句首时通常是__________、_________、__________和______状语, 出现在句尾时通常是
中国传统文化常识大全(干货，建议收藏) 2017-09-10 00:01 常见借代词语 1、桃李:学生 2、社稷、轩辕:国家 3、南冠:囚犯 4、同窗:同学 5、烽烟:战争 6、巾帼:妇女 7、丝竹:音乐 8、伉俪:夫妻 9、白丁、布衣:百姓 10、伛偻，黄发:老人 名家与作品 1、唐宗:唐太宗李世民宋祖:宋太祖赵匡胤秦皇:秦始皇嬴政汉武:汉武帝刘彻 2、我国第一位田园诗人是东晋的陶渊明(陶潜)，他"不为五斗米折腰"。 3、世界文学作品中四大吝啬鬼:葛朗台、夏洛克、泼溜希金、阿巴贡。 4、中国吝啬鬼的典型:严监生。 5、李杜:李白、杜甫。小李杜:李商隐、杜牧。 6、屈原:我国最早的伟大诗人，他创造了"楚辞"这一新诗体，开创了我国诗歌浪漫主义风格。 7、孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，他是儒家学派的创始人，被称为"孔圣人"，孟子被称为"亚圣"，两人并称为"孔孟"。 8、苏轼称赞王维"诗中有画，画中有诗。" 中国文学之最 1、古代最著名的长篇神话小说是明代吴承恩的《西游记》; 2、古代最著名的长篇历史小说是明初罗贯中的《三国演义》; 3、古代最早写农民起义的长篇小说是元末明初施耐庵的《水浒传》; 4、古代最伟大的现实主义长篇小说是清代曹雪芹的《红楼梦》; 5、古代最杰出的长篇讽刺小说是清代吴敬梓的《儒林外史》; 6、古代最杰出的文言短篇小说集是清代蒲松龄的《聊斋志异》; 7、古代最早的语录体散文是《论语》; 8、古代最早的记事详备的编年体史书是《左传》;
中国传统文化知识大全 何谓“十才子书”? 所谓“十才子书”，指的是这样十部作品：一、《三国演义》;二、《好逑传》;三、《玉娇梨》;四、《平山冷燕》;五、《水浒传》;六、《西厢记》;七、《琵琶记》;八、《花笺记》;九、《斩鬼记》;十、《三合剑》。它们中有小说、传奇和戏曲。有第一流的小说，如《三国演义》、《水浒传》和优秀的戏曲《西厢记》、《琵琶记》;但也有滥竽充数的，如《三合剑》。即使名列第二的《好逑传》、名称第三的《玉娇梨》和名列第八的《花笺记》，也由于格调不高，落入才子佳人小说的俗套，在中国文坛的影响也极微。因此，所谓“十才子书”的选择和排列，本身就是荒唐可笑的。有人说此出自金圣叹，恐怕不确。 古籍名称的由来 初涉古籍的人，往往为古籍的名称所惑，不知道是什么意思。其实，古人著作集名的由来，也是有规律可寻的。 以作者本名作集名，如唐代诗人杜审言的诗集称《杜审言集》。 以作者的字或别号作集名，如曹植字子建，集名即为《曹子建集》。 以作者的籍贯作集名，如唐代张九龄为曲江(今属广东)人，集名《曲江集》。 以作者曾经居住过的地名作集名，如杜牧有别墅在樊川，集名即为《樊川文集》。 以作者的官衔作集名，有的是用作者曾任官职中最高的官衔作集名，有的则以作者诗文创作较多或成名时的官衔作集名，也有一些是以作者做官时所在的地名作集名的。如杜甫一生最高曾任检校工部员外郎，集名《杜工部诗集》。 以作者的封、谥作集名，如南北朝时谢灵运袭封康乐公，集名即为《谢康乐集》;北宋司马光封温国公，谥文正，集名《温国文正司马公集》。
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。 翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness. 2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。 翻译：Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world. Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human's perception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essential to the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation. To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person's first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts. 3.象棋(Chinese chess)两人玩的棋盘游戏，源于春秋战国时期的军事战略。早期的象棋由三部分组成:棋子、骰(dice)和棋盘。现代象棋没有骰子,它在棋子和棋盘方面与古代不同。棋盘有9行宽、10行长，共90个交叉点，构成方形网格(grid)。棋子在交叉点上落子或移动。对弈者在棋盘进行象征性的军很战争，部署马匹、战车，根据自己对棋局和游戏规则的理解组织军队。目前，中国象棋已传至全世界，进一步传承、发扬中国传统文化。
西华大学课程考试试题卷（A 卷） 试卷编号： （ 2009至 2010学年第2学期） 课程名称：英语语法考试时间：110分钟 课程代码：5112470试卷总分：100分 考试形式：闭卷学生自带普通计算机器 : Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%) ：Direction: In this part, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four 名choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the 姓 sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (15 points, 0.5 point each)线 Free theatre tickets will be sent to phones us first. 1. A. whoever B. whichever C. whomever D. whatever 2.They failed six times but they have made their minds to try. A . a seven time B. seven times C. seventh time D. the seventh time 3.This is bag for me to carry. ： A. too heavy B. a too heavy C. too heavy a D. too a heavy 号 4. The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader 学than. A. the domestic marketer has B. the domestic marketer does 订 C. that of the domestic marketer D. those of the domestic marketer 5. Will all those the proposal raise their hands? ： A. in relation to B. in contrast to C. in excess of D. in favor of 号 6. It is drizzling now. It for over a week. 班 学 A. has rained B. has been raining C. had rained D. rained 教 7. I asked if he my computer the next day. A . would come and repair B. will come and repair C. came and repaired D. comes and repairs 8. He had said little so far, responding only briefly when. 装 A . speaking B. spoken C. speaking D. spoken to 9. I shall receive my degree as soon as. A. I complete my courses B. my courses have been completed C. I will be completed my courses D. my courses will be completed 10. I felt that if I had come from a different background, there is every chance that I ：guilty. A. may have found B. would have been found 业 专 C. might be found D. would be found 级 11. The lecture bored me to death. I wish I it. 年 A. could not have attended B. did not attend C. have not attended D. had not attended 12. It is absolutely essential that all the applicants one by one. A. are interviewed B. be interviewed C. will be interviewed D. should interview
Unit 1 Book3 中国传统节日 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力与生命力的体现。 Traditional Chinese Festivals Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the lunar calendar. January 1st on lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festivals that follow the lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the lunar calendar. They embody China’s cohesion and vitality. Unit 3 Book3 中国画 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。 Traditional Chinese Painting The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “Chinese painting”). The subjec t matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms：
中国传统文化大全传统文化是一个民族的根，是民族的精神支柱。中华传统文化是中国人民乃至全人类的宝贵财富。中国五千年文明历史，奠定了人的一切文化与思想行为。接受古老的人类文化的教育熏陶，就深知道德底线存在，能够辨别基本善恶。理解传统人的理念和道德文明就容易处理好人际关系，明确人生价值观念，提升人伦道德。周易是中国传统文化之首，是中华民族文化的源头，传统文化是中国古圣先贤几千年经验、智慧的结晶，她有强大的生命力和提升社会道德完善审美观的作用，表现出来的是民族内涵和辉煌灿烂的中华文明。 古代时候“华”这个字和“花”的意思一样，引申为美丽而有光彩，古代中原地区的人们，认为自己居住在衣冠整齐而华丽的文明地区，所以自称为华。作为华复民族，我们的历史文化就象花一样鲜艳美丽。民族风俗凝聚着人民对美好事物的向往，中国历史的画卷把我们民族的生活装点得多姿多彩：精美绝伦的工艺品，如诗如画的山水园林，叹为观止的民间艺术，让人折服的诗词曲赋，可歌可泣的历史典故，书法国画，大着名书，民间传说等等。 中华传统文化在影视界、商界、艺术界、饮食业、旅游业、建筑业等行业里都常常用得上，对增加创作灵感，丰富作品素材，合理布置家居，活跃思维，婚嫁做寿以及社会交际等都起很好的作用。当你还是用筷子吃饭，过传统节日过得有滋有味时，身为中国人的你就更
应该了解多些中华传统文化。 何谓“十才子书”？ 所谓“十才子书”，指的是这样十部作品：一、《三国演义》；二、《好逑传》；三、《玉娇梨》；四、《平山冷燕》；五、《水浒传》；六、《西厢记》；七、《琵琶记》；八、《花笺记》；九、《斩鬼记》；十、《三合剑》。它们中有小说、传奇和戏曲。有第一流的小说，如《三国演义》、《水浒传》和优秀的戏曲《西厢记》、《琵琶记》；但也有滥竽充数的，如《三合剑》。即使名列第二的《好逑传》、名称第三的《玉娇梨》和名列第八的《花笺记》，也由于格调不高，落入才子佳人小说的俗套，在中国文坛的影响也极微。因此，所谓“十才子书”的选择和排列，本身就是荒唐可笑的。有人说此出自金圣叹，恐怕不确。 古籍名称的由来 初涉古籍的人，往往为古籍的名称所惑，不知道是什么意思。其实，古人着作集名的由来，也是有规律可寻的。 以作者本名作集名，如唐代诗人杜审言的诗集称《杜审言集》。 以作者的字或别号作集名，如曹植字子建，集名即为《曹子建集》。 以作者的籍贯作集名，如唐代张九龄为曲江(今属广东)人，集名《曲江集》。
１、香囊(sｃentedｓachet）,古代也称“香袋”，通常就是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织得袋子，里面塞满香草（aｒomatic herｂs）。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫与避邪。香囊不仅有用,而且可作装饰品。它们得形状与大小各异,有圆形、椭圆形与其她形状。它们通常配有精致得图案，每个图案都象征着特别得含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(pｅｏny flower)等图案象征女性；松树与仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮得香囊不仅就是装饰品，而且含有丰富得文化与历史内涵。 翻译：Scenteｄsaｃhets, alｓo called “fragrant bagｓ"in ancient tiｍes，are b ａgs usｕally sｅwｅｄwitｈcloth ｏr weａvｅd with mulｔiｃoｌor sｉlk threａd ｓand ｓtuffeｄwith aromaｔicｈerbｓ、The fragrant ｂａｇs ｗere orｉｇinally used ｆor abｓorbing sweat,reｐeｌling insｅcts ａnｄwardingｏfｆeｖiｌs、Sceｎtｅd sacheｔs are ｎotｏnly uｓｅful, bｕt also ｏrｎaｍentａｌ、Thｅy e in diｆfｅrent ｓhapeｓand siｚes, such as rouｎｄ,ｏvaｌａnd ｍanｙothｅr ｓ、Ａnd thｅy arｅｎoｒｍally decｏrａted with elａborate pａtteｒns, with ｅａch patteｒn symbolizing a sｐecｉal meaｎiｎg、Fｏr ｉnｓｔaｎce，ａｄouble－fｉｓh oｒｄoｕbｌe-butterflyｐaｔtern sｍyboliｚes thｅlove ｂetweｅｎa man an ｄａｗoｍaｎ；paｔterｎs ｌｉke lotus or peony floweｒs symbｏlｉzｅwomen;piｎe aｎd crane pａtternｓsymｂoｌｉze longｅvity and a guａｖa paｔternｉs tｈe symbol of loｔs oｆchiｌdren、A nｉｃe scｅnｔed sacheｔｉs not ｊust an ornament,bｕt morｅｏf sometｈinｇｔｈat cｏnｔainｓcuｌtural and his ｔoriｃal rｉchneｓs、 2、中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳（yin－yaｎg）生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，就是对人类得人生感悟得哲学注解.中国人祖先得哲学论断就是“近瞧自己,远观她人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术得原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类得本能欲望就是生存并通过繁衍（pｒopagatiｏｎ)继续存在。人生来得首要本能就是求生，然后就是长寿。从原始社会到今天,阴阳与永生得观念始终贯穿中国得社会生活与民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会得所有基本哲学理念. 翻译:Cｈinese ｆolｋarｔaｎdＣhinesｅphilosoｐhy aｒe ｕniｆｉed inｔhe ｂｅlief thatｙｉn—yaｎg produces aｌl lｉving things ｉn tｈe ｗorlｄ、OrｉginateｄiｎＣhinesｅprimitiveｓｏｃiety, tｈiｓwas thｅｐhilosophｉcal expｌaｎａtiｏn of humaｎ＇s pｅｒception of life、Cｈinｅse ancｅstorｓpｈilosｏphｉcaｌｃoｎcluｓiｏn ｗasｔｏ“ｌｏok atｏnｅself up cｌose aｎｄｏther creａtｕres from afａｒ"，whiｃh ｉs essentｉal to the uｎdeｒsｔａｎdingｏf the priｍｉｔi ｖe ａｒtｔｏthe folk art ｏｆｔｈe naｔiｏn、To lｉｖe and tｏｃonｔinｕe life through propagation ａｒe ｔｈeｔwo ｉｎstinctｉve ｄｅsires of huｍan、From birth,ａpｅrson'sｆirｓt iｎsｔinct is to sｕrvive, and tｈen to livｅａlｏng li ｆｅ、Ｆrom primｉtｉvｅｓociｅtyｔｏthe present day，ｔｈe ｖｉew of yiｎ-yanｇand perpetuａl lｉfe hａs peｒmeated ｉn all aspectｓoｆsociaｌlife and ｔhe natｉonａｌcｕlｔｕｒe of Chiｎesｅｓocｉeｔy、Ｃｈineｓe folk aｒt ｒe ｆｌects alｌof the basicｐhｉlosｏphicａｌｃoncｅpts、
大学英语语法模拟试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they ______________any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We______________ that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn’t stay on the farm. She______________ bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he ______________so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us ______________time. A. did they have B. had they had C. had they have D would they have 6. If you were in better health, we______________ you to join in the work last week. A. would have allowed B. would allow C. should allow D. had allowed 7. She cried for her______________ lover. A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed 8. ______________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. If it______________ tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “It’s getting very late.”“Yes, it’s time______________.” A. that we left B. we leave C. we’ll leave D. we have left a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk.
中国传统文化专有名词英文翻译 中国传统文化的英语单词你都了解吗？以下内容是关于中国文化的英语单词，与大家一起分享！ 1 .上海大剧院Shanghai Grand Theatre 2 .龙须沟Longxu Ditch 3 .样板戏model opera 4 .地雷战The Mine Warfare 5 .贵妃醉酒Drunkened Concubine 6 .霸王别姬Farewell to My Concubine 7 .荒山泪Tears of Huangshan 8 .群英会Gathering of Heroes 9 .借东风East Wind 10 .将相和General and Premier Make Up 11 .杨门女将Women General of Yang Family 12 .凤阳花鼓Flower Drum Dance 13 .大海啊，故乡Home in the Sea 14 .我的中国心My Chinese Heart 15 .军港之夜Night at the Naval Port 16 .冬天里的一把火Winter Fire 17 .十面埋伏（古曲）Ambush from All Sides 18 .天仙配Goddess Marriage 19 .牡丹亭Peony Pavilion 20 .春江花月夜Moon and Flower in the Spring River 21 .琵琶记The Story of Pipa 22 .醒世恒言Lasting Words to Awaken the World 23 .梁祝（小提琴协奏曲）Butterfly Love 24 .警世通言Ordinary Words to Warn the World 25 .喻世明言Clear Words to Illustrate the World 26 .“三言”、“二拍” Three V olumes of Words,Two V olumes of Slapping 27 .拍案惊奇Surprise Stories to Make One Slap the Desk 28 .红楼梦A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber 29 .水浒Water Margin 30 .西游记Journey to the West 31 .三国演义Romance of the Three Kingdoms 32 .聊斋志异Strange Tles from a Scholar's Studio 33 .长生殿Palace of Eternal Life 34 .桃花扇The Peach Blossom Fan 35 .儒林外史The Scholars 36 .五女拜寿Celebrating Mother's Birthday 37 .清明上河图Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
中国传统文化资料 瓷器 中国是世界上率先发明瓷器的国家，为人类历史写下了光辉的一页。瓷器的发明，堪称我国的“第五大发明”，它在技术和艺术上的成就，传播到世界各国，并深刻影响了其陶瓷和文化的发展，为我国赢得“瓷器之国”的盛誉。 中国是瓷器的故乡，中国瓷器的发明是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献，在英文中“瓷器”(china)一词也有"中国"的意思。大约在公元前16世纪的商代中期，中国就出现了早期的瓷器。因为其无论在胎体上，还是在釉层的烧制工艺上都尚显粗糙，烧制温度也较低，表现出原始性和过渡性，所以一般称其为"原始瓷"。 “瓷器”的发明始于汉代，至唐、五代时渐趋成熟；至宋代为瓷业蓬勃发展时期，定、汝、官、哥、均等窑。名重千古；元代青花和釉里红等新品迭出；明代继承并发展了宋瓷传统，宣德。成化窑制品，尤为突出；清代风格古雅浑朴，比前时稍逊，却胜在精巧华丽、美妙绝伦，康熙、雍正、乾隆时所制器物，更是出类拔萃，令人叫绝。 瓷器脱胎于陶器，它的发明是中国古代先民在烧制白陶器和印纹硬陶器的经验中，逐步探索出来的。烧制瓷器必须同时具备三个条件：一是制瓷原料必须是富含石英和绢云母等矿物质的瓷石、瓷土或高岭土；二是烧成温度须在1200℃以上；三是在器表施有高温下烧成的釉面。 原始瓷作为陶器向瓷器过渡时期的产物，与各种陶器相比，具有胎质致密、经久耐用、便于清洗、外观华美等特点，因此发展前景广阔。原始瓷烧造工艺水平和产量的不断提高，为后来瓷器逐渐取代陶器，成为中国人日常生活的主要用器奠定了基础。 中国瓷器是从陶器发展演变而成的，原始瓷器起源于3000多年前。至宋代时，名瓷名窑已遍及大半个中国，是瓷业最为繁荣的时期。当时的钧窑、哥窑、官窑、汝窑和定窑并称为五大名窑。被称为瓷都的江西景德镇在元代出产的青花瓷已成为瓷器的代表。青花瓷釉质透明如水，胎体质薄轻巧，洁白的瓷体上敷以蓝色纹饰，素雅清新，充满生机。青花瓷一经出现便风靡一时，成为景德镇的传统名瓷之冠。与青花瓷共同并称四大名瓷的还有青花玲珑瓷、粉彩瓷和颜色釉瓷。另外，还有雕塑瓷、薄胎瓷、五彩胎瓷等，均精美非常，各有特色。 多姿多彩的瓷器是中国古代的伟大发明之一，"瓷器"与"中国"在英文中同为一词，充分说明中国瓷器的精美绝伦完全可以作为中国的代表。