Sample for Title Page
REDUCING THE UNIVERSITY’S UTILITIES COSTS
Prepared for
John Smith
Vice President
University of International Studies
Prepared by
Mary Waters
Chief Accountant
University of International Studies
March 30, 2002
Sample for the Letter of Transmittal
MEMO
DATE: 03/30/2002
TO: HOHN SMITH
FROM: MARY WATERS
SUBJECT: REDUCING UTILITIES COSTS
Here is the report you requested on Feb. 28, 2002 on the University’s utility costs. Your suspicion was right. We spent too much on utilities in the past six months. Now they have become the second largest expense.
The solutions to the problem are clear. We need to take some measures to control the expenses.
●Entrust one employee with the task of saving water, electricity, and gas.
●Purchase water-saving faucets and change the old ones.
●Install an electricity-controlling system to cut off electricity after people leave the
buildings.
●Start a campaign to publicize the need to save energy.
●Reward those whose proposal leads to savings in utilities spending.
Thank you for giving me the opportunity to work on this assignment. If you have any questions about the report, please call me.
Sample for Executive Summary
Executive Summary
In the past six months, the utility costs of the School of International Studies increased 30 percent compared with those of last year. This report studies the causes of the increase and makes recommendations to solve the problem.
Causes of the increase
We have found three causes relating to the increase:
●Old facilities
●People’s waste
●Inefficient management
Some facilities are out of date, consuming a large amount of energy. Some facilities are in bad shape, causing leakage and waste. We also found that a large number of staff members and students lack awareness to save energy. The School could have reduced the utility spending by rearranging some schedules, such as the schedule for the elevators.
Measures to reduce the costs
The School needs to take some measures to control the expenses:
●Entrust one employee with the task of saving water, electricity, and gas.
●Purchase water-saving faucets and change the old ones.
●Install an electricity-controlling system to cut off electricity after people leave the
buildings.
●Start a campaign to publicize the need to save energy.
●Change schedules in order to use facilities more efficiently.
●Reward those whose proposal leads to savings in utilities spending.
Estimates for implementing the proposal
Most of the expenses of implementing the measures will be on replacing old facilities. They are estimated to be 50000 yuan.
Sample for Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Executive Summary iii Introduction 1 Propose, Scope, and Limitations 1
Sources and Methods 1
Report Organization 1
The Increasing Expenditure on Utilities 2 40% Increase compared with those of Last Year 2
School’s Average Expenses on Utilities 3
Major Causes of the Increase 3
Impact on the University 4 More Funds Needed to Improve Facilities 4
Damaging the University’s Reputation 5 Methods for Reducing the Expenditures 6
Four Ways to Reduce the Expenses 6
The Fund Needed to Carry Out the Measures 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 9
Sample for Periodic Report in Memo Format
Date: January 10, 2002
To: John Smith
Vice President for Students Life
From: Mary Waters
Director of Student Financial Aid
Subject: 2001 Annual Report
Activity Summary
The Office of Student Financial Aid administers the University’s program of financial assistance to students attending the University. Our objectives are to help students in the form of scholarships, grants, loans, and work opportunities, to assist the University in meeting the goal of equality in educational opportunity, and to provide the students with information concerning financial aid.
Highlight of the Office’s Activities for the Year 2001:
●We accomplished the above objectives of providing assistance to those who had
financial needs insofar as available funds and resources would permit. All applicants met their financial needs.
●We made an attempt to provide needy students with assistance equal to at least 50
percent of their need.
●We helped students having smaller needs to apply for bank loans.
●We helped students to find temporary employment on campus.
●We granted a total of $670000 in financial aid to students and assisted bands in
issuing $280000 of student loans.
Other Accomplishments of Our Office:
●We published a brochure to provide information to current and prospective
students concerning the University’s financial aid resources.
●We found some news sources that would like to provide scholarships for our
students.
●Our director and two of the staff members have served as consultants to the
Office of Education in the local government, and consultants to the College Scholarship Service, a nationwide organization offering grants to needy students. Problems:
We have found some problems concerning students’ financial aid:
● A 10 percent increase in tuition in the next academic year will offset our plan to
increase financial aid by 5 percent.
●The increased expenses forced some students to work longer and reduce their
study time.
●Two companies that had promised to provide grants for our students were unable
to do so because of a sharp decrease in profits.
●Increased tuition, living expenses, and inflation continue to increase the need for
financial aid.
Projection
The office will find new sources of funds and more job opportunities for needy students when there is a big increase in tuition.
Sample for Trip Report in Memo Format
To: John Smith
From: Mary Waters
Date: March 29, 2002
Subject: Trip to Two Operation Sites in China From March 25 to 28
Summary
On March 25, I visited two of our factories in Hebei and Shandong provinces and discussed with the management about the need for drafting a crisis plan. Based on what I found when inspecting the two sites, I think we must force the two factories to draft a crisis plan and make sure the plan will take effect as soon as possible to prevent and incident from happening.
Visit to Our Factories in Hebei and Shandong
Wang Jinguo, the branch office’s manager in Beijing, and I met with Zhang Liping and Zhao Weijing, directors of the two factories respectively. This was the second attempt by the Beijing office to urge them to draw up a crisis plan. We explained again the importance of such a plan in reducing the possibilities of accidents in the factories. We were disappointed when we learned they were still working on the plan and had not established an effective system for dealing with emergencies. When inspecting the factories, we did find some hidden dangers in some workshops.
Hidden Dangers
We saw some places where incidents might happen. The directors agreed that they had to do something about them. The hidden dangers were:
●In one workshop, chemicals were left near lumber and plastic.
● A number of fire extinguishers were out of date.
●Some water hoses couldn’t be connected to the faucets.
●The water pressure was low.
●One of the four doors of one workshop was blocked with raw materials. The
workers wouldn’t be able to evacuate quickly if the place were on fire.
●There was no strict regulation forbidding workers to smoke in the workshop.
●Top management didn’t inspect the factories regularly for any hidden danger. Recommendations
We think something has to be done immediately, or there would be disaster. The two factories wouldn’t be able to handle an incident. We suggest the following measures: ●Draft a crisis plan and make it known throughout the factories.
●Entrust one manger with the responsibility for implementing the plan.
●Set up a team that inspects the factories regularly. The team has the authority to
address and problems that might lead to an incident.
●Put dangerous materials in the special storage away from the workshops.
●Build a water tank to restore water in case the water pressure is low when the
factory is on fire.
●Establish effective communication channels with the company headquarters, local
government, and local media.
We talked to the directors before we left. They admitted their negligence, accepted our recommendations, and promised to take action immediately.
Sample for Progress Report in Letter Format
Sunshine Construction Co.
Pin An Ave.
Beijing, China
March 30, 2002
Dear Mr. Wang Heping,
The renovation of the bookstore is moving on schedule and is within the budget. The cost of paint is higher than our original estimate because we chose a new product that doesn’t contain harmful chemicals and releases no odor; but the air-conditioners’ price has gone down a great deal, offsetting the increase in spending on paint. We expect to complete the project without exceeding the budget.
Costs
The Materials used so far have cost $ 5000, and the labor costs are $10000. our estimate for the remaining project is $13000, $5000 going to the costs of materials and $8000 to the labor costs.
Work Completed
Until March 29, we had painted the walls, changed the windows and doors, and installed air-conditioners. We had planted trees and grass around the bookstore. The replacement of lights and ventilators are in the preliminary stage.
Work Schedule
We have scheduled the replacement of illuminations and ventilators to take place from April 1 to April 3 and the installation of flooring from April 10 to April 20. We see no difficulty in completing the project by the scheduled date of May 1.
Yours sincerely,
Wan Hewen
Sample for Investigative Report in Memo Format
To: Qing Wuping, President
From: Student Union
Date: March 30, 2002
Subject: Survey on Students’ Satisfaction with Courses
At the request of the Academic Affairs Department, the Student Union conducted an investigation to determine whether the students were satisfied with the courses offered by the University. This report gives the result of the investigation.
Scope of the Investigation
We interviewed 5000 students from all the eight colleges of the University. The interviewees ranged from first year students to graduate students, among whom freshmen accounted for 10 percent, sophomores for 20 percent, juniors and seniors for 25 percent respectively, full time graduate students for 10 percent, part time graduate students for 5 percent, and students attending training programs for 5 percent. The majority were female students, accounting for 58 percent. The percentages were almost the same as we had planned with some deviation caused by students’ failure to respond to the questionnaires.
Methods of Investigation
We conducted the investigation with three methods: interviews, questionnaires,
and students’course evaluations. We sent out 400 questionnaires and 200 students responded to them. 100 students chosen randomly from the student ID numbers were interviewed.
Findings
Students commented on the design of the current curriculum and on the individual courses as well. They appreciated the changes in the curriculum in the past years and expressed their gratitude towards some of the faculty members who led the students to reality by applying the theories from textbooks to the events taking place around them. However, they also showed great dissatisfaction with some of the courses and with some instructors whose teaching is far from students’ expectation. The following are their comments on the merits and weaknesses.
Merits:
●The overall design of the curriculum reflects the changes in the philosophy of
college education. It focuses on improving students’general intellectual skills rather than equipping students with the knowledge of one professional field.
●More emphasis has been put on offering new courses that can reflect the latest
economic development in China and in the world.
●Foreign languages are always at the core of the curriculum. Our graduates usually
have good command of foreign languages.
●More and more instructors are using visual aids in their lectures.
●The University invites famous scholars from China and other countries to give
speeches. They always bring in interesting subjects and introduce the latest development in a specific field.
Weakness:
●The materials used in a number of courses are out of date. Instructors still use the
textbooks published a decade ago.
●Some instructors use the materials from Western textbooks, including case studies.
Because of the differences in culture and economic development, they often seem too far away from the reality in China.
●Some instructors still continue their traditional teaching methods and seldom get
students involved in their teaching.
●Cultural factors play an important role in the business world today as the world is
becoming integrated. Students need more training and awareness in cross-cultural issues, so that they will have cultural competence when facing business people from other parts of the world.
● A large number of instructors attach importance to passing knowledge to students,
but ignore the importance of improving students’abilities in researching, analyzing, working with their partners on a project, etc.
●Business ethics is an important subject. The University should offer this course. ●Good public speaking requires practice. Students should learn how to deliver a
speech and how to prepare visual aids. They need to practice only if they can
often do it in class.
●They want to have more English courses in their junior and senior years. Summary
Most of the students participating in the investigation are satisfied with the courses they have taken and they are sure that they will learn more as the University improves the curriculum.
Sample for justification/recommendation report
Date: March 2002
To: John Smith
From: Mary Waters
Subject: Pilot Testing Smart Tires
Next to fuel, truck tires are our biggest operating cost. Last year we spent $211000 in replacing and retreading tires for 495 trucks. This year the costs will be greater because prices have jumped at least 12 percent and because we have increased our fleet to 550 trucks. Truck tires are an additional burden since they require labour-intensive paperwork to track their warranties, wear, and retread histories. To reduce our long-term costs and to improve our tire tracking system, I recommend that we do the following:
●Purchase 24 Goodyear smart tires.
●Begin a one-year pilot test on six trucks.
How Smart Tires Work
Smart tires have an embedded computer chip that monitors wear, performance, and durability. The chip also creates an electronic fingerprint for positive identification of a tire. By passing a hand-held sensor next to the tire, we can learn where and when a tire was made, how much tread it had originally, and its serial number.
How Smart Tires Could Benefit Us
Although smart tires are initially more expensive than other tires, they could help improve our operations and save us money in four ways:
1.Retreads. Goodyear believes that the wear data is so accurate that we should be
able to retread every tire three times, instead of our current two times. If that’s true, we could save at least $27000 in new tire costs every year.
2.Safety. Accurate and accessible wear data should reduce the danger of blowouts
and flat tire. Last year, despite our rigorous maintenance program, drivers reported six blowouts.
3.Record keeping and maintenance. Smart tires could reduce our maintenance costs
considerably. Currently, we use an electric branding iron to mark serial numbers on new tire. Our biggest headache is manually reading those serial numbers,
decoding them, and maintaining records to meet safety regulations. Reading such data electronically could save us thousands of dollars in labour.
4.Theft protection. The chip can be used to monitor each tire as it leaves or rnters
the warehouse or yard, thus discouraging theft.
Summary and Action
Specifically, I recommend that you do the following：
Authorize the special purchase of 24 Goodyear smart tires at $450 each, plus an electronic sensor at $ 1200.
Approve a one-year pilot test on six trucks that are equipped with smart tires and track their performance.
Sample for Feasibility Report
To: John Smith, Vice President
From: Mary Water
Date: March 30, 2002
Subject: Feasibility of Progression Schedule for Salespeople
The proposal suggesting a progression schedule for our salespeople is feasible, and I think it could be fully implemented by May 1. This report discusses the background, benefits, cost, and time frame involved in executing the plan. Background
As many pharmaceutical companies are seeking larger market shares, they are competing for experienced salespeople to increase their sales. Our company has an excellent training program that has trained a large number of salespeople. After they work in our company for a short period of time, they leave our company and find a better paid position. We are losing not only the salespeople, but also some clients. This problem was submitted to an outside consultant, who suggested a career progression schedule.
Benefits of Plan
The proposal sets up a schedule of career progression, including three levels: 1) trainee, 2) Level I, and 3) Level II. The program, which includes salary increments and different benefit plans, widens the differences in income between salespeople at different levels. For example, those who are promoted to Level I may enjoy a long vacation with their families once a year with the expenses covered by the company. Those who are on Level II may get free housing.
The proposal also calls for a change in the training program. We can train salespeople slowly with a combination of classroom and on-the-job experiences. Each level requires different training and expertise.
Under the new career progression, sales people see the ladder moving up to a higher level and the benefits they can enjoy there.
Problems
One of the biggest problems will be distinguishing the job duties at each level. A second is determining appropriate salary differentials, but with the help of our consultant and top management, we can solve the problems. The third is the confusion and frustration when we launch the program. This may cause some salespeople to resign from the job when they are put at different levels.
Cost
Implementing the proposal will involve two direct costs. The first is salary, which is about $40000 a year. The second is the expense of training programs. Instead of training all the new candidates at one time, we have to train the salespeople at different levels. This will cause us to spend more on the added training classes. The total costs on training will be $10000.
Time Frame
We’ll need two weeks to develop job descriptions and another two weeks to prepare a detailed training program for different levels. Once the progression schedule is carried out, we will surely see positive results in the lowered job-quitting rate.
Sample for Yardstick Report
Date: April 4, 2002
To: Wang Yiping, President
From: Zhang Jianghe
Subject: Choice of Canadian Partner
Here is the report you requested on March 15 seeking a Canadian university to establish a joint program offering both Chinese and Canadian university diplomas. The report sets up criteria for selecting the best partner. It then evaluates the three prospective universities, and presents a recommendation.
Criteria for Selecting Partner
In order to decide on an ideal partner, I set up some criteria to be based on when we choose from the three universities. Here are five groups of criteria I use in evaluating the universities:
1.Reputation
2.Fees it would charge our students
3.The number of professors it would send to China to teach and how travel
expenses would be covered
4.Possibility of sharing resources including the electronic database and
research facilities
5.Courses it would offer
Background
A large number of high school graduates plans to study abroad, but only a small
portion of them succeed. One of the reasons is that parents worry too much about their children living alone in a faraway country. One study shows that some parents prefer a Chinese university where their children can receive a diploma granted by a Canadian university.
The University of International Studies, UIS, plans to establish a program with a Canadian partner. The Canadian university will teach half of the courses and UIS will teach the other half. Students who finish all the courses will receive a diploma from a Canadian university and one from UIS.
Ten Canadian universities responded to our request and showed their interests in the program. We selected three universities, one of which we will decide on. Evaluating Universities by Criteria
Each university was evaluated using the five criteria just described. Data are summarized below in the table:
Criteria University A University B University C University Reputation Good Excellent Average Number of Prof. Sent 30 5 2
Fee Charged Per Student $20000 $16000 $4000 Courses Offered 30 15 10 Possibility of Sharing Resources definitely possibly Little Reputation
Based on MacNally’s eleventh annual university rankings, published in November 2001, University A was ranked 20 in the Comprehensive Group, University B was 5, and University C was 36.
The MacNally’s magazine ranks Canadian Universities once a year. It evaluates a university using six criteria: student body, classes, faculty, finances, library, and reputation. The result is usually reliable.
Professors Sent to China
University A agrees to send 30 professors to China to teach all the courses. The visiting professors would give intensive lectures and their Chinese teaching assistants would tutor the students after the professors leave. The papers and exams would be sent through the Internet. The University will cover one way air travel expenses and our University covers the other way.
University B plans to send 5 professors and it authorizes us to find American or Canadian professors to teach the rest of the courses. The five professors would stay on campus for the whole semester and teach the classes as they do in Canada. Our University is responsible for all airfares.
University C can send 2 professors to work as coordinators. All the course would be taught through the Internet. Our students attend lectures in virtual classrooms and communicate with the professors through e-mail messages. We must hire tutors, but
they have to get a three-week training at University C before they come to China to teach. University C pays for the two professors’ airplane tickets.
Fees Charged Per Student
University A charges each student $20000 for the whole program. It would provide textbooks at a reduced price. The textbooks would be used for several semesters, so that our students could rent the books and return them when the course is over.
University B would charge each student $16000, but would not provide textbooks with the prices reduced.
University C’s fee is the lowest among the three universities, only $4000 and did not mention textbooks when it responded to our request.
Possible Cooperation between the Two Universities
University A responded positively and mentioned it was conducting several projects related to China and it would invite our professors to join in the research. The university would allow students to use its electronic database when they do their research.
University B didn’t give a confirmed answer. University C was not interested in carrying out joint research projects.
Courses Offered
University A would offer 30 courses, including the English language courses. The courses range from sciences and social sciences to business throughout the four years.
University B offers 15 courses, most of which are third-and forth-year courses.
University C would teach 10 courses and all of them are for students’ major and concentration.
Recommendation
Comparing the three universities, I strongly recommend university A as our partner, because:
●University A’s 30 courses will build up good foundations for our students,
while the other two universities offer a limited number of courses.
●University A is responsible for teaching all the courses and saves a lot of
trouble in looking for qualified professors. University C’s plan would cause
a log of problems when all the courses are taught through the Internet,
considering the technical and language difficulties we have and the cost of
virtual classrooms.
●University A’s tuition seems high, but would will be acceptable to Chinese
parents.
●University A considers our students’ need for the English language training,
while the other universities only offer required courses for majors.
●University A offers cooperation in research with our faculty members.
●Our students can log on to University A’s database. This would give our
students tremendous power to broad
商业调查报告范本 商业调查报告要怎么写?下面我整理了商业调查报告范本，欢迎阅读! 商业调查报告范本一 一、现状分析 近年来，随着芗城区旧城改造、城市扩容步伐的加快，城市居民居住环境有了较大变化，社区服务功能大幅提升，社区商业得到了较快发展，社区商业网点数量不断增加，经营业态和服务领域进一步拓宽。从调查看，目前，芗城区共有社区69个。各类社区商业网点近1000个，经营方式有餐饮、超市、各类中介、便利店、物流、食杂店、洗衣店、维修店、回收站、书店、冲印店、药店、家庭服务站、大众浴池等。社区商业发展主要呈现以下几个特点： 1、社区商业网点发展迅速，双进工程服务对象不断扩大。随着经济的发展和中心城区的不断扩大，社区商业服务对象也不断拓展，服务对象不仅面向广大居民，更侧重于为老人、儿童、残疾人、优抚等社会弱势群体服务，以及为下岗、失业人员的提供再就业服务。 2、社区商业网点呈多业态发展趋势。社区商业过去
以商业零售业网点为主，仅限于食品、日用百货、美容美发等行业，近年来，一批新兴业态的社区商业网点应运而生，现已发展到几十个服务项目，如保姆、清洁维修、物业绿化、家教、技能培训、网络服务、婚庆礼仪、餐饮、保健、社区医疗、代理、中介服务等多个门类的便民利民服务项目。 3、新社区的各项配套服务设施、功能较为齐全。随着中心城区范围不断扩大，加速了新社区的建设，新社区的建设又带动了社区商业的发展以及周边商业中心的发展，其商业设施、网点分布、商品结构与服务功能均较为齐全，明显优于老社区。 4、传统商业和服务业在社区商业建设中得到了充分发展。近年来，流通领域的市场化进程不断加快，社区商业应市场需求得到快速发展，大大小小的商业网点渗透到社区的大街小巷，并在社区内及其周边形成一定规模。同时，社区沿街各类小型商品市场得到发展，有蔬菜市场、干果市场、水产品市场等，为社区居民消费购物提供了便利。 二、存在的主要问题 1、社区商业发展缺乏科学规划和有效指导。目前，社区商业在发展中较多的商业网点与社区住宅混在一起，严重影响了居民的正常生活，并造成安全隐患和环境污染。其中建在居民楼底层或楼内的餐馆、酒店以及各类服务机构影响较大，形成的民企纠纷较多。社区商业与区域性商业中
竭诚为您提供优质的服务，优质的文档，谢谢阅读/双击去除 商务应用文书写作学习心得 商务应用文书写作学习心得 文／苏砚 本学期学习了《应用文写作》这门课程，在“于老师”的精心指导与悉心身教下，使我对应用写作有了一个初步的了解，提高了我的写作能力，增进了我的写作素养。受益匪浅，感受颇深。在此，衷心的感谢于老师对我的教导，将会对我终身受用。下面以自己对这学期“应用文写作课”的一些感受、认识、心得，因我涉世未深、才疏学浅、才思不畅、笔力不济，借微薄、苍白文字流露一点真情实感，聊表心意。
一、羡煞于老师讲课幽默的风趣又博学又有思想，以及不失亲和力的风度。他实行独特新颖、别具一格的授课方式。在每一堂课的执教过程中，他亲切朴实、匠心独特的教学风格，对公文写作的精辟解析，独到的见解和大量的旁征博引，无不体现出他对教材深入透彻的理解，以及深厚的教学功底和高超地驾御课堂教学的能力。听他课的那种舒畅之感，就像一块干涸已久的土地被一阵绵绵甘霖漫漫滋润一样。他常搞一些与应用文写作有关方面的实践活动，形成课堂互动。增加学生活动在课堂所占的比重，把课堂交给学生，让学生成为课堂的主人。不但不会浪费上课时间，反而极大地活跃了课堂气氛。给予学生表现自我的机会，使学生的表现欲得到满足，增进了学生之间的理解，促进师生之间情感的交流。同时，他又用具有感染力的语言和恰如其分的语调，把枯燥的变得生动些，把抽象的变得具体些，把纷杂的变得规律些，把被动的变得主动些。他的课堂里总流淌着真诚，流露着真情、氤氲着智慧、充盈着幽默、弥漫着诙谐、浸润着理性、放飞着梦想、绽放着奇葩。这种奇异的、行之有效的教学方式、方法，让我耳目一新，感到震撼，无比叹服。再多么华丽的词藻优美的语句也述不尽我对他的羡佩、崇敬、感激。真正的感受到当今的教育不仅是心上的对话，更是一种爱的
工程 投标商务标书分析报告 一、基本情况简介 1、工程简介 （1）、整体项目基本特征说明/本次招标项目基本特征说明：如面积、结构类型、产品类型等。 （2）、本次招标工程范围说明：包括但不限于对各专业各系统说明，甲供设备/材料简要说明，暂定价材料/设备简要说明，指定分包工程说明等； 2、招标情况 （1）招标方式，邀请单位、弃标单位及原因，开标时间、地点、人员等； （2）投标符合情况说明； 二、评标原则 (1) 家选家； (2)经评审后的合理低价中标； (3)标书经分析后予以确认； （4）投标上限说明（如有）； （5）经审批通过的特殊评标原则说明。 三、标书分析（分标段的按标段分别填写） （一）、各公司投标报价情况表： 项目单位 投标价 （万元） 下浮率 （%） 预算价 （万元） 高于最低 标金额 高于最低 标比例 质量工期排序 限价（如有） 标底 详细情况说明，自补； *（二）、各投标单位报价的差异性分析,找出差异凸现的分项进行重点分析，找出差异原因、异常情况、问题;[从直接费及管理、利润率等间接费两方面分别作分析，要求投标单位对主 要单价进行分析；主要材料含量及单价的对比分析(与市场成交价、本区域项目近期招标单 价)],找出差异并分析其合理性。 1、分部分项工程报价分析表或单体工程报价分析表（格式供参考） 公司 项目 公司A 公司B 公司…
1 分部内或栋号 2 分部内容或 栋号 3 分部内容或 栋号 4 分部内容或 栋号 …… 合价 对上表情况进行分析说明 2、主要分项综合单价分析表（格式仅供参考） 序号项目名称计量单 位 综合单价 *公司*公司*公司 市场价/本区 域项目近期 招标单价 对以上项目报价合理性进行分析及说明3、主要人工、材料报价分析表 序号人工/材料名称单 位 单价（元）市场价/本区域项目 近期招标单价投标单位投标单位投标单位 1 2 3 对上表情况进行说明分析 4、措施费分析表 序号措施项目清单公司A 公司B … 1 2 3 4 5 6 合计费用 模板单方建筑面积造价 模板含量（模板总量/建筑面积） 脚手架单方建筑面积造价 除总包配合费及模板的总和 对上表情况进行说明分析
商务报告的结构及常用句型 1. Introduction 介绍写作背景，阐明报告要讨论的问题。 常用句型 The aim/purpose/objective of this report is to… This report sets out to /aims to… Mr. X has asked me to report to investigate / evaluate / study / recommend / analyze / give feedback / estimate / assess … As requested by/ Upon request of某人/某部门, I am submitting the following report on… As某人/某部门requested on November 12, I am submitting the following report on … 2. Findings 常用句型 According to the recent market research undertaken / investigation / survey undertaken / the chart above / the table, …… . The recent visit/investigation/survey showed that …… The table/chart above tells us that …… From the chart shown, we find/learn/notice that …… The table/chart above shows that…… 3. Conclusion 常用句型 It was decided/agreed/felt that… No conclusions were reached regarding… According to/ Based on the findings above, it can be concluded that …… From the table shown, it can be concluded that…… Therefore, it can be concluded that 也可直接陈述结论。 4. Recommendations 1) 写作中注意事项 建议必须是建立在结论的逻辑基础上，是结论的合理引申。 注意建议的合理性与层次性 ? 言之有据，前后呼应。 ? 言之有理，言之可行。 ? 数码标段，层次分明。 2) 常用句型 注意: recommendation以及recommend后面要用动词原形（虚拟语气）。 We would recommend that… It is suggested/ recommended that… The following are the recommendations …… Based on the conclusion / analysis above, we recommend that / it can be concluded that …… With reference to the facts /advantages stated above, the following recommendations can be made… Something is recommended. eg, A change of attitude is recommended. A more professional attitude will need to be encouraged through training. On the basis of the results, I have the following recommendations: On the basis of the analysis, it is reasonable to have the following recommendations: 如果需要进一步拓展，可以描述一下建议实施后可预期的进展或者景象。
摘要 商务英语应用文在外贸业务和商务活动中使用越来越广泛而频繁，它在互通商业信息，联系商业事务及促进贸易关系等方面起着重要作用。了解和掌握商务英语应用文写作对国际商务、外贸业务从业人员来说是非常重要的。商务写作的语言具有专业术语丰富性、商务文体多样性、缩略词常用性等特征。因此，商务英语写作需要坚持生动具体、内容完整、清楚简洁、有礼有节等原则。文章重点探讨了商务信函的写作技巧，即选用四部式结构（引言、详情、应答、结束语）、遵循语言原则、注意信函语气等，期望有助于商务写作能力的提高。 关键词：商务写作；商务信函；原则；方法 第2/13页 目录 摘要 (1) 目录 (2) 引言 (3) 1 商务英语写作概述 (3) 1.1 商务英语写作的种类 (3) 1.2 商务英语写作的语言特点 (3) 2 商务英语写作原则 (5) 2.1 生动具体 (5) 2.2 内容完整 (5) 2.3 准确无误 (5) 2.4 清楚简洁 (6) 2.5 有礼有节 (6) 3 商务英语写作基本策略 (6)
4 商务英语信函写作技巧 (7) 4.1 选用四部式结构 (7) 4.2 遵循语言原则 (8) 4.3 注意信函语气 (9) 结束语 (9) 致谢................................................................... 10 参考文献................................................. 错误！未定义书签。 第3/13页 商务英语的写作技巧 引言 随着对外开放的不断扩大和外贸体制改革的不断深化，特别是中国加入WTO后，我国的对外贸易取得较快的发展，国际商务和对外贸易活动日益频繁。对国际商务活动从业人员来说，英语能力是最基本的，也是最重要的。而商务英语应用文在外贸业务和商务活动中使用也越来越广泛而频繁，它在互通商业信息，联系商业事务及促进贸易关系等方面起着重要作用。了解和掌握商务英语应用文写作对国际商务、外贸业务从业人员来说是非常重要的。 众所周知，要写好商务英语应用文，首先要具有一定的英文写作水平与经济贸易知识[1]。其次，应熟悉和掌握各种应用文的写作格式和特点，特别是掌握商务英语的语汇、句型套语和谋篇布局的写作技巧[2]。除此之外，更要了解商务写作和一般性写作的区别，以及商务写作的原则[3]。经过反复地学习、模仿和套用商务英语应用文范例，才能掌握商务英语应用文的书写规律、要求与方法技巧，逐步学会写各类商务英语应用文。 1 商务英语写作概述 1.1 商务英语写作的种类 广义的应用文(Applied writings in broad sense)泛指一切应用文字，文体大致有别于记叙文、抒情文和论说文，界限不太明显；狭义的应用文(Applied writing in narrow sense)，主要指政府、机关、群众团体或企业法人间用于交往的文字，如公文(official documents)、函电(1etters or correspondences)等。而随着社会经济的发展，英语应用文的应用范围越来越广泛，以商业为主体的和为商务活动服务的各类实用文体都应包括在英语应用文范畴之内，例如，请柬、
商务文书写作考试要点 1.商务文书行文方向一般分为下行、平行、上行三种。行文的主体意图：主 动行文、被动行文。 2．商务文书的特点：商务、时效、通用、实用、精确。 3.商务文书写作原则： ①主旨表达明确集中；②信息材料处理科学；③结构布局完整协调；④形 式表现手法合理；⑤语言风格平实准确。 4.公文制作格式要求：公文三要素：眉首、主体、版记。 ㈠眉首：“发文机关全称+文件”或“发文机关规范简称+文件” ①公文份数序号：用阿拉伯数码顶格标识在版心左上角第一行②秘密等 级和保密期限：3号黑字体，顶格标识在版心右上角第一行两字之间 空一字。 5．批复的特点：被动行文、目的明确、指示的权利。为下行文 6. 批复的种类：可分为指示性批复和批准性批复。 7.办公事务文书特点：多样性、公务性、程式性。定义为：处理日常办公事务的 应用性文体。 8. 计划的特点： （1）预见性。通过以往的经验，按照工作的发展趋势，在行动之前先预期，按照实际情况安排，做到有的放矢的工作。 （2）针对性。为了特定的目的，完成某项确定的任务而制定。 （3）约束性。制定计划是要根据以往的经验和现有的实力制定适度的工作量，提出合理的要求。 9.总结与计划的区别： （1）写作时机不同。计划是事先，总结是事后或事中。 （2）性质不同。计划是工作蓝图，总结是对工作的检验完成情况。 （3）内容不同。计划是做什么、怎么做、什么时间做什么，总结是做了什么、怎么做的和做的怎样。 10. 请示的特点：针对性、强调单一性、注重实效性。请示定义是下级部用于向 上级请示、批准的行政公文。 11.会议简报：写作要项：报头、报核、报尾。 ①报头：由简报名称、期数、编发者、编发日期、保密提示。 ②报体：一般包括目录、编者按、主体内容三部分。 ③报尾：与报核间用横线分开，主要写明报，送，发的有关单位。顶格 写 12. 13种行政机关的公文⑴命令⑵决定⑶公告⑷通告⑸通知⑹通报⑺议 案⑻报告⑼请示⑽批复⑾意见⑿函⒀会议纪要 13.会议纪要： ①用于记载、传达会议情况和议定事项的文书。 ②决定性纪要、交流性纪要、总结性。 ③文体特点：概括性、权威性、纪实性。 ④写作要项：标题、发文时间、正文（导语、主体，结尾）、落款。 14.会议记录与纪要的区别：
《国际商务写作》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 二、教学内容及基本要求 课程主要内容包括五部分：课程介绍（4学时），一般商务写作（20学时），商务报告（8学时），简历及面试（6学时），复习（2学时）。 1. Course Introduction：介绍课程的主要内容、要求及考核方式。 2. Understand Business Communications：组织沟通的类型，沟通过程，沟通障碍类型和克服， 如何提高沟通技能。 3. Plan Business Messages：理解商务写作的三个步骤，分析写作目的和读者，调查必要信息， 调整信息以适合读者和目的。 4. Organize Business Messages: 准备清楚的大纲，根据大纲安排内容。 5. Draft and Revise Business Messages to Make Them Complete: 撰写草稿，修改完整。 6. Revise Business Messages to Make Them Cohesive：定义并撰写紧凑的段落。 7. Revise Business Messages to Make Them Clear and Concise 8. Revise Business Messages to Make Them Courteous：撰写优雅的语句并加以完善。 9. Edit Business Messages：最后完善以确信使用了正确的词句。
10. Write Routine, Good-news, and Goodwill Messages：用三步法写日常信息，发送日常请求， 发送日常反馈和正面信息。 11. Write Bad-news Messages：使用三步法写坏消息，发送坏消息。 12. Write Persuasive Messages：使用三步法写劝说信息，发送劝说信息，发送销售和集资信息。 13. Plan Business Reports and Proposals & Questionnaire design：商务活动需要报告的原 因，商务报告类型，商务报告准备的三过程——分析，调查和调整，调查中重点强调问卷的写作。 14. Write Business Reports and Proposals & Organize Visual Aids：组织商务报告和计划书， 组织可视化的帮助信息，写作商务报告和计划书。 15. Complete Formal Reports and Proposals：改写正式报告和计划书，打印正式报告和计划书， 详读正式报告和计划书。 16. Give Speeches and Oral Presentations & Design and Produce Visuals：口头陈述三步骤 ——计划，写作和完成。 17. Write Resumes and Application Letters：计划简历，写作简历，完成简历，写作其他类型 的聘用信息。 18. Interview for Employment and Following up：理解面试程序，准备面试，成功的参加面试， 面试的后继程序。 19. Resumes and Interview Exercise：选择面试官和被试，训练面试能力和对面试的评价能力。 20. Reviews 基本要求： 1.了解商务沟通的特征和方法； 2.掌握商务写作的三个步骤：计划，撰写和完成； 3.熟悉日常信息、坏消息和劝说信息的写作； 4.掌握商务报告的写作和口头陈述的要求； 5.了解简历写作方法和面试技巧。 三、教学安排及方式 总学时40 学时，讲课40 学时，实验0 学时。 学时分配表：
正式商务报告写作 一、Format To: From: Date: Title Introduction （The introduction might be a summary of the report and the circumstances or conditions that initiated it. It could also lay out the objectives and limitations of the enquiry. In most cases, a report must give a background to the subject of the study. This allows the reader to see how the situation arose, and how it can be corrected, improved on, or changed.） Findings （This section is essential to all reports as it explains the situation that exists and offers evidence to support the statements that the writer is making. If the reader is to be convinced that changes in a situation are necessary, well-selected and well-presented facts will influence him.） Conclusion(s) (Conclusions are the ideas you have formed from the evidence you have looked at. Whereas facts are objective statements, conclusions draw together as aspects of the situation as you see it.) Recommendation(s) (These follow from conclusions and are the suggestions that you are making to improve, or change, the current situation.) INTRODUCTION首句 1、The purpose of this report is to… 2、The objective of this report is to… 3、The aim of this report is to… 4、This report aims/sets out to… 5、Mr. X has asked me to report to investigate / evaluate / study / recommend / analyze / give feedback /estimate / assess … 6、A s requested by 某人/某部门/Upon request of 某人/某部门，I am submitting the following report on 重复题目中的目的。 7、As you 或者某人，某部门requested on November 12, I am submitting the following report on重复题目。 8、Here is the report concerning重复题目要求 9、We have done a survey showing that 重复题目要求，或者直接开始阐述数据或者信息。 10、The report is based on… FNDINGS 首句 1、According to the recent market research/investigation/survey/the chart above/the table above/undertaken,…
Report on Simulation Practice of Business Negotiation Name: No. (学号) Date:2011-3-20
1.Brief Description of the Case（罗马小三加粗）
2. The Target of the Negotiation（另起一页，字体同上） 3. Division of Work in This Group（罗马小三加粗）
4. The Procedure of Negotiation（另起一页，字体同上）
5. Conclusion（另起一页，字体同上） 英文译本的缩进格式，参照平时英语写作课程的缩进要求！字体大小使用统一使用罗马小四不加粗！保持1.5倍行距。 另外，除了2和3部分，每一项新内容都要分页！1就不能与2的内容混成一页，必须分页！
模板说明：以英文撰写，第一部分Brief Description of the Case 包括双方公司的名称，交易商品的描述，谈判的内容（包括价格、付款方式、装运时间地点、贸易术语、保险险别、产品数量、质量、包装等，各组可任选其中几项进行谈判），谈判人员的分工、谈判过程的大致计划安排等，大约150-200个单词；第二部分The Target of the Negotiation是写你所在谈判方（公司）所设定的谈判目标，50-100字；第三部分My Task in This Group写你个人在谈判中所承担的角色和任务，50-150字；第四部分The Procedure of Negotiation写你所参与的那个或那些环节的全过程，以对话为主，字数不限(参与的越多写得越多，如果你的部分使用中文，也可用中文写出)；第五部分Conclusion共三个内容：一是对谈判过程和结果的总结，二是对自己在谈判中的表现和所起作用的评价；三为自己在整个商务模拟实习过程中的总结和心得，共约300-500字。
名词解释 写作目的(writing purpose) 受众/读者(audience) 构思过程(thought process) 演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns) 归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns) 直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns) 间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns) 写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on; moving around; cutting out) 管理沟通(managerial communication) 组织沟通(organizational communication) 人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building) 销售沟通(sales communication) 商务文件(business documentation) 国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication) 表达式写作(expressive writing) 沟通式写作(communicative writing) 简洁风格(clarity) 简易风格(the plain style)
简明风格(concision) 附件说明信函(cover letters of résumé) 3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter; the prospecting letter; networking letter )后续询问信函(follow-up letter) 致谢信函(thank-you letter) 谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter) 接受工作回复(job acceptance letter) 辞职信函(resignation letter) 告别信函(farewell letter) 常见履历表格式(common résumé formats)：按年月顺序(chronological résum é format) 按任职顺序(functional résumé format) 复合式(combination résuméformat) 简短文件(short document) 信息咨询函(message to obtain information) 谈判便函(messages that negotiate) 说服沟通便函(persuasive messages) 商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence） 商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo) 商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)
美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资
商务英语可行性报告写作格式及要求 一、商务英语可行性报告写作要求 选择一个商务项目，对该项目的可行性进行调查研究与分析，直至确定实施该项目并撰写项目计划，是工商组织经常进行的商务活动。 二 英语商务报告的文体结构： 一：Title (题目) 二：Transmittals (报告传达书，包括作者姓名和单位、呈送对象、日期) 三： Contents (目录) 四： Summary (总结、提要、摘要、概要) 五： Introduction (引言、导言、导语、序言) 六： Findings (body) (正文) 七： Conclusions (结论) 八： Recommendations (建议、意见) 九： References (参考资料) 十： Appendices (附录、附件) 三、商务英语报告的写作语气 一般而言，报告大多由下属写给上司，使用的语言多为正式。此外，报告的内容和篇幅也决定了其写作语气比商务信函要正式的多。在撰写商务英语报告的过程中，可以适当多使用一些能提高语言正式度英语语法结构。具体而言如下： 使用被动语态，如：The e-Source message will be delivered to the target audience multiple times through multiple avenues.
使用复杂词汇，如：The training system incorporates (includes) many visual aids. 使用长句子，如：The content and message of the kit will be similar to that sent to conventional outlets, but will be tailored to electronic media and will either be e-mailed to the Webmaster or sent in hard copy and on a diskette (软（磁）盘). 使用名词短语，如：The rectification(矫正;改正) of this problem can be achieved by insertion of a wedge(三角木). 使用非人物主语，如：Putting a copy of this CD-ROM in the hands of editors of targeted publications will allow them to see for themselves the features of the State Computer Store. 使用分词短语，如：Armed with this information, our customers will be able to identify trends and make strategic decisions in accordance with their agency’s goals. ·使用动词不定式，如：To streamline (使成流线型; 使效率更高) the internal approval process, we can e-mail our quote to our purchasing agent for budget approval. ·使用介词短语，如：With convenient access to Web Services in our online Electronic Product and Pricing Catalog & Order Tracking and Status System, customers can generate sales and service reports upon demand.
商务英语中级写作应试技巧 如今就业形势严峻,为了在求职中更具有竞争力,高等院校的商务英语专业学生争相报考BEC证书。剑桥商务英语考试(简称BEC)对 于中国学生而言,是一种与传统英语考试完全不同的考试模式。本文 就BEC中级的考试模式及应试技巧进行分析,希望能对考生有所启发。 商务英语中级写作应试技巧 分大作文和小作文，小作文一般为电子邮件，备忘录，通知，大作文则是根据已经给出的图文信息来进行写作，其中商务报告最常见。 1.小作文(商务书信) Dear..., 顶格或空4个字符写正文 正文3部分 写作目的 具体事宜(根据固定材料编写) 表示感谢，要求，期待 写作目的的常用句型 I'mwritingthisletterinorderto/inpurposeof Iwritethislettertoinform/notifyyouthat 空格处填动词或动名词 常见的： 投诉： placeacomplaintagainst...
complainabout... expressmydissatisficationwith... 咨询：inquireabout 邀请：extendaninvitation 建议：makeasuggestiontoyouto.. 感谢：expressmysincreregratitudetoyou 道歉：expressmyheatfeltapologytoyou 2.商务报告 格式: Reporton: To: From: Date:D/M/Y Subject: introdution findings(发现的问题) conclusion recommendation(不许提出findings中没有的问题的建议) INTRODUTING中的常用句型 Thepurposeofthisreportis Theobjectiveofthisreportis Theaimofthisreportis
商务英语报告写作是剑桥商务英语证书（Business Eng-lish Certificate ，简称BEC )中级写作考试的重点。大家都知道真题是最权威的复习资料。纵观剑桥大学考试委员会授权人民邮电出版社出版的BEC 中级两套真题集，共8套真题，其中写作测试中报告6篇，信函2篇。由此可见，要求考生掌握商务英语报告的写作是BEC 中级写作测试的重点。对于尚未参加工作的广大学生考生来说，如何快速有效地掌握商务英语报告的写作要领是实施BEC 中级写作测试准备工作的重中之重。 下面就真题集第2辑Test 1Writing 、Part Two 作一范例分析，详细阐述报告的写作要领。 You work in the Customer Services Department of a mail-order company.You have been asked to prepare a short report for your line manager about complaints. Look at the information below ，on which you have already made some handwritten notes. Then ，using all your handwritten notes ，write your report.Write 120-140words. 一、结构明确，思路清晰 报告主要由四部分内容组成：标题（Title ）、导言（Introduc-tion ）、调查结果（Findings ）、结论（Conclusion ）。 标题是整篇报告的信息浓缩，应尽可能概括报告的内容。如以下几例：Report on Improving the Training Methods of HDC 、Report on Suitability of Executive Relocation Services 。在实际写作中，同学们不善于在标题中对主体进行定性，本题会写成“Report on Customer Complaints ”，改写为：“Report on Analysis of Customer Complaints ”。 导言部分主在扼要地说明一下报告的写作背景和主旨，往往可以三“is report aims to...”开始叙述。同学们在进行这部分写作时往往为了追求理想的效果，希望句子涵盖尽可能多的信息点，结果导致表达拖沓冗长。解决这一问题的办法很简单，记住商务写作的首要原则是简洁性（concise ），即简单的语言进行清晰准确的表达。 调查结果是报告的正文。它不仅需要内容紧扣题干，清楚准确地陈述试题的书面信息，而且要求结构清晰，一目了然。实践中我们可以用数字、符号标明段落、层次、要点，以加强逻辑性。 对于本文来说，报告的调查结果由书上图表所示：递送时间过长的问题遭客户投诉最多，占了56%；对邮购产品质量的不满意遭至28%的投诉；递送错误的投诉为16%。因此，在调查结果部分，可以按投诉量多少排序，加强逻辑性，有效提高对投诉内容的重视性及处理问题的技巧性。 结论是在报告调查结果的基础上对调查结果进行总结和解释，这部分不应当包括在报告的调查结构中没有提到的信息。结论可以因撰写者的不同思维角度得出不同的结论。需要注意的是，无论什么结论都必须要使用积极的语气。很多时候，换个表达方式这句话听起来就会感觉就很不一样。本题的结论学生往往会有： （1）We have not met the needs of all customers. 应改为：We are still working hard in order to meet the needs 商务英语报告写作的问题分析及对策探讨 ——剑桥BEC 中级真题范例讲解［摘 要］商务英语写作是国际商务人员必须具备的业务技能之一，而写作也是剑桥商务英语证书（Business English Certificate ，简称BEC )中级考试的测试重点之一。对于大学英语写作十分熟稔的广大学生来说，商务英语写作使刚接触的他们感到无所适从，更不要说商务英语报告的撰写了。针对这一需求，以人民邮电出版社的BEC 中级真题集第2辑第一套试卷写作的第二部分为例，对商务英语报告写作从基本结构、解题技巧、撰写要求和语言运用等各方面进行深入剖析，以满足广大学生的需要。 ［关键词］商务英语；商务报告；写作；BEC 中级［中图分类号］H319 ［文献标识码］A ［作者简介］唐力忻（1977-），女，硕士，讲师，研究方向为商务英语教学、英语语言教学。唐力忻（江苏海事职业技术学院外语系，江苏南京，211170） 第5卷第4期2010年4月 长春理工大学学报（高教版） Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology （Higher Education Edition ）Vol.5No.4 Apr.2010
商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧 (0)商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧：商务信函在国际商务中扮演着极其重要的角色。为了写出成功的信函，在写作时应严格遵守并且灵活运用7“C”原则。本文通过详细的例证，阐释了商务英语信函写作中应该遵循的简洁、礼貌原则，进一步探讨和揭示了各自的写作技巧。一、引言 随着经济全球化，国际商务的发展日益蓬勃，商务书信的沟通在各种商务情景中扮演着极其重要的角色。“一封好的商务信函有助于促进和发展同客户的关系，在促进达成新的业务方面起着积极的作用”(2003丹尼尔·肯尼迪)。因此，在写作时严格遵守并且灵活运用7“C”原则是必不可少的：Completeness(完整)、Concreteness(具体)、Correctness(正确)、Conciseness(简洁)、Clearness(明晰)、Courtesy(礼貌)和Conscientiousness(诚意)。这七个原则是商务信函写作的最基本的指导原则，在这7“C”原则中，简洁、礼貌原则又是极其重要的两个原则。本文主要研究这两个原则及探讨写作中所能运用的技巧。 二、简洁、礼貌原则及写作技巧 (一)简洁原则及写作技巧
商务信函的写作重点应始终放在“效率”二字上，要做到简洁。简洁就是用最简单的话语准确地表达自己的意思，语言精练，言简意赅。一般不需要礼节性的寒暄，最好是开门见山、直入主题，让对方很清楚地了解你想说什么，轻易地领会你的意图，从而快捷迅速地做出反应。 1．3W 的文章组织结构。一封商务信函的全文结构可以用3W 来表示，即：Why do you write the letter?(fg一部分)；What’S the detailed reason?(第二部分)；What do you expect your reader to do?(第三部分)。 第一部分(Why do you write the letter?)：在信函的一开头就要目的明确、简明扼要告诉读信者为什么要写这封信，如：W ill you please send me information about your dress material# l 23，especially as to its fabric content? I am replying to your letter of April 5 asking US to clear our M arch payment．这样的开头直接提出要求和询问，可以使得读信人立刻知道写信的意图，在读信的时候可以把注意力集中在问题的重点上。 第二部分(what’s the detailed reason?)：即叙述事实或者理由来支持信里的第一句。会显出你郑重其事、思想缜密。把所要列