Outline for Each Chapter
Chapter 1 Setting up a Business Four forms of business in a market economy:
Ⅰ Sole proprietorship: ①definition:
②Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:1 Simple to Establish
2
3
4
5
Disadvantages: :1 Unlimited Liability
2
3
Ⅱ Partnership: ①definition:
②Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages: 1 Improved Access to Capital and Credit
2
3
4
Disadvantages: 1 Unlimited Liability
2
3
Ⅲ Corporation: ①definition:
②Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages: 1 Limited Liability
2
3
4
Disadvantages: 1 Double Taxation
2
3
Ⅳ Franchising: ①definition:
②Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages: 1 instant customer recognition
2 enjoy some independence as a sole proprietor
3 receive training and guidance
4 less difficulty getting bank loans
Disadvantages: 1 not guarantee success
2 sacrifice some independence
Chapter 2 Marketing
Ⅰ The origin of Marketing:
The essence of marketing —-- finding the needs of the customers and satisfying them.
Ⅱ The Function of Marketing.
1
2
3 Selling
4 Transportation
5
6
7
8
Ⅲ The Marketing Mix
4Ps:
Ⅳ Market Segmentation
1 definition
2 four variables in identifying market segments:
Chapter 3 Products and Pricing
Ⅰ What is a Product ?
convenience goods
Consumer products shopping goods
Ⅱ Types of Products specialty goods
Industrial products
1.Consumerproduct:________________________________________________________.
2.Industrial product:
Ⅲ The development of new Products
1 Generating New Product Ideas
2
3
4
5
Ⅳ Product Life Cycle
1 Introduction
2
3
4
Ⅴ Pricing
1 Pricing objectives
1)
2)
3)
Ⅵ Who sets the price?
1 buyers
2 supply and demand
Ⅶ Break—Even Analysis
1 definition
2 formula
Ⅷ Pricing Strategies
1
2
3
4
5
Chapter 4 Channels of Distribution
ⅠThree common channels of distribution:
1.wholesaler:
_______.
2.retailer:
.
3.agents and brokers:
1)agents:
2)brokers:
Examples of retailers: department stores, discount stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, general stores, specialty stores, door-to-door sellers, mail-order shops, vending machines, virtual stores.
Ⅱ The value of middlemen
1.time utility
2._______________
3._______________
4._______________
5._______________
Ⅲ Modes of Transportation
1.Rail
2._______
3._______
4._______
5._______
Chapter 5 Promotion
Common promotional tools: _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Product advertising
1.Advertising
Institutional advertising
eight popular ways of advertising: _____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2.Personal selling:
1)_________________________________________________________
2) _________________________________________________________
3) _________________________________________________________
4) _________________________________________________________
5) _________________________________________________________
6) _________________________________________________________
7) _________________________________________________________
3.Sales promotion
4.Public Relations and Publicity
5.Word of Mouth
Chapter 6 Money and Banking
ⅠWhat is Money? ----- the currency of a country
characteristics: portability (light in weight & easy to carry)
divisibility (divisible into smaller parts with a fixed value)
stability (stable in v a lue)
durability (stand the wear and tear)
acceptability (acceptable to the public)
ⅡWhat does money do?
1.medium of exchange
2.store of value
3.unit of account
ⅢTypes of Money
Currency
1. spendable(liquid) forms of money demand deposits
(可使用的类型)other ―checkable‖ deposits
1)currency is mainly made up of paper money and metal coins.
2)Demand deposit: People must have their money deposited in banks before they can draw
checks against it; such money is demand deposit.
3)Demand deposit is also called NOW accounts(negotiable order of withdrawal).可转让提款帐
户
Time deposit
2. unspendable forms of money money-market mutual funds
(不可直接使用的类型) other items
ⅣThe Financial System
Five Major Parts: Commercial banks / savings and loan associations / mutual savings banks / credit unions / insurance companies
https://www.doczj.com/doc/317421863.html,mercial Banks
1)taking in deposits
2)making loans
3)providing service in foreign exchange, letters of credit and banker’s acceptance
4)issuing plastic money(credit cards)
5)providing financial counseling
2.Savings and Loan Association
Accept deposits and make loans (与商业银行相似)，but the difference is most of the loans are for home mortgage.
3.Mutual Savings Banks
与储蓄贷款社相似，也提供住房抵押贷款。The difference is the ownership.
4.Credit Unions
Credit unions are non-profit cooperative organized to meet the needs of their members.
5.Other Financial Institutions
A Pension fund
Insurance companies take in a lot of funds form premium.
ⅤMoney Supply and the Federal Reserve System
The most frequently used instruments by The federal reserve system(Fed):
1)reserve requirements (储备要求高，贷款少，则资金来源少)
2)discount rate（贴现率高，资金来源少，储备多）
3)open-market operations
Chapter 7 Financing
Two types: Shot-term Financing and Long-term Financing
1.Short-term financing: trade credit/ bank loans/ commercial paper / factoring accounts
available
mutual trust
open account no formal written agreement
1)trade credit : cash discount
promissory note (定义P63)
trade draft(定义P63)
for seller : account receivable
for buyer: account payable
2）bank loans
When a firm takes out a loan from a bank, it must sign a promissory note.
co-signer
Secured loans
Types: collateral
Unsecured loans one-time-only loans, lines of credit, revolving credit agreements.
3) commercial paper
For large and credit-worthy firms, they can issue commercial paper ------ an unsecured promissory note with face value.
4)Factors
Factors are collection agents who buy accounts receivable under their value from firms who are in need of cash.
2.Long-term financing:
retained earnings
1)internal source
depreciation
debt capital loans and bonds
2)external source
equity capital common stocks and preferred stocks
3.Bonds:
A bond is actually an IOU, a written contract which stipulates the par value, the maturity date and the rate of interest paid by the issuing company to the bond holders quarterly, semi-annually or annually.
Features of Bonds:
1)carry a face value and a predetermined interest rate
2)has a maturity date (if the issuing company wants to buy back bonds before this date, it must
pay redemption premium.)
3)the face value is stable.
4)Selling bonds can raise large sum of money.
5)Administrative and selling costs are high.
4.Stocks:
Two types of stocks common stocks and preferred stocks
Preferred stocks are similar to bonds:
1)callable
2)enjoy certain privileges: claim dividends at first / claim assets before common stocks when
liquidity.
3)Cumulative feature and participating feature
Common stocks
1)cannot be recalled
2)have the right to vote and elect the board of directors.
本单元掌握的词汇或结构：
financing short-term ( long-term) loans trade credit
commercial paper factoring accounts receivable accounts receivable
accounts payable promissory note open account
trade draft cash discount lines of credit
principal interest-free (secured) unsecured loan
collateral compensating balance revolving credit
face value retained earnings depreciation
corporate bonds preferred stocks common stocks
debt(equity) capital dividends IOU
creditors debt financing capital structure
maturity date liquidation
Chapter 8 Accounting
Accounting is the recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting of financial events and transactions that affect a business firm.
ⅠTwo types of accounting:
Managerial and financial accounting
ⅡBalance Sheet
current assets
assets fixed assets
intangible assets
current (short-term)liabilities Balance Sheet Liabilities
Long-term liabilities
?Owner‘s equity = (assets – liabilities)
资产负债表的两个比率：
1）Current ration = current assets / current liabilities
2）Quick ration = current assets -- inventories / current liabilities Ⅲincome statement
Revenues
Costs of goods sold
Income Statement
Expenses
Net income
几个运算公式：
1）gross profit margin = gross profit / net sales
2）net profit margin = net income / net sales
3）inventory turnover = cost of goods sold / average inventory
Ⅳcombined ratios 联合比率
1)accounts receivable turnover = net sales / accounts receivable
2)return on equity = net income / total owner‘s equity
本单元需掌握的词汇与结构：
accounting (managerial / financial accounting) financial statement balance sheet income statement assets
liabilities owner‘s equity current(quick)ratio fixed(current)assets accounts receivable accounts payable accumulated depreciation total assets current liabilities accrued wages mortgage payable debt-equity ratio gross profit net sales rental revenues gross profit margin net profit margin inventories
cost of goods sold expense net income before tax inventory turnover accounts receivable turnover
return on equity
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
9 B Chapter 1 一、基础篇 1.单词 1．review 动词:复习----revision 名词:复习 2.write 动词:写----writer 名词:作家 3.pollute 动词:污染,弄脏----pollution 名词: 污染 4.chemical 形容词: 化学的----chemistry 名词:化学 5.Britain 名词:不列颠,英国----British 名词:英国人; 形容词:英国的 6.save 动词:搭救;节省;储蓄----safe 形容词:安全的; 名词:保险柜----safety 名词:安全 ----safely 副词:安全地;平安地 7.mean 动词:意味着----meaning 名词: 含义, 意思 8.drive (drove—driven) 动词:驾驶;驱赶----driver 名词: 驾驶员,司机 9.Africa 名词:非洲----African 形容词: 非洲的; 名词: 非洲人 10.heat 名词: 热度;热量; 动词: 加热----hot 形容词:热的 11.suggest 动词建议——suggestion 名词建议 12.cover 动词，覆盖；名词封面——discover 动词，发现 13．bad 形容词，坏的——worse 比较级 14．danger 名词，危险——dangerous 形容词危险的 （二）词组 1.tell sb to do sth., 告诉某人做某事tell sb not to do sth告诉某人别做某事 2.become green (连系动词+形容词) 3. a piece of +不可数名词 4.talk to sb about sth和某人谈论谋事 https://www.doczj.com/doc/317421863.html,e from/be from 来自 6.protect …from…保护…免受… 7.in danger 处于危险中 8.act like look like sound like (like像, 介词) 9.keep …from….使…不做… 10.as…as…和…一样, not as(so)…as和…不一样 11.such as 例如 12.rise升起,上升;起立(不及物) raise 举起;使升高;饲养;抚养;筹钱(及物) 13.cut down 砍倒 14.take in 吸入,吸收 15.as well as 和 16.throw away 扔掉, throw it away (let out, pick up, work out, give up) 17.what to do with the rubbish 怎么处置垃圾 18.either 也（用于否定句的句末） 19.reach, get to, arrive in/at 到达 20.spend…on…在…上花费(钱/时间) 21.wear –wore—worn 穿,戴, put on 穿;戴上;上演 22.allow…to do…允许…做… 23.ask for reasons (询问理由), give reasons (给出理由) 24.because+句子, because of +名词或名词短语或代词
Chapter 8 Learning Aims 学完本章，学生应能： 1．识别装船指示和装船通知； 2．熟悉一些模具产品名称； 3．掌握装运方面信件的结构以及相关术语和表达方式； 4．学会案例分析，并撰写与装运相关的信函。 Background Information 在国际贸易中，在装运前，买方通常把他们的装运需求发送给卖方，告知他们包装和标志，运输方式等，此为装运指示。 卖方在装运货物后应立即向买方发送装船通知，告知他们装运情况。装船通知通常包含以下内容： （1）预计出发时间；预计到达时间 （2）装船货物 （3）船名 （4）集装箱号 （5）铅封号 （6）所附单证 装运当事人有三方，即货主，承运人和收货人。 提单可被看作为货物收据、运输合同证明和物权凭证。 Letter 1
李友
Letter 2 Letter 3 Letter 4
Letter 5 Letter 6
Exercises I．Fill in the following blanks. 1. importance; urgent; advance; co-operation 2. circumstances; compelled; an alternative/alternatives; 3. extended; expired 4. pleasure; informing 5. in duplicate II．Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1．我们很高兴在此通知，贵方所订的车灯模具已由“魅力”号货轮发出，将于5月15号抵达宁波。 2．我们很奇怪至今尚未收到于8月1号所订的螺钉，我方客户要求予以解释，因为他们急需此批货物。 3．由于交货长期延误，给我们带来不便。我们要求立即发货，否则，我们将不得不按合同规定取消订单。 4．请尽快安排装运我方所订的货物。 5．这艘货船将于7月20号左右驶往上海。 III．Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Upon receipt of the L/C, please effect shipment of the goods booked by us as soon as possible. 2. We are informed by ABC shipping company that S.S. “Beauty” is due to sail from your city to our port on or about 6th this month. 3. We are very much obliged for your kind cooperation. 4. We hope that these goods will reach you in time and turn out to your entire satisfaction. 5. We are in urgent need of the goods and have to request you to ship them without any further delay.
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
审计学课堂笔记
审计总体目标: 1:对财务报表整体是否不存在由于舞弊造成错误导的重大错报获取合理保证,使得注册会计师能够对财务报表是否在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报表编制基础编制发表审计意见. 2:按照审计准则的规定,根据审计结果对财务报表出具审计报告,并与管理层和治理层沟通. 接受业务委托 是否接受或保持某客户关系和具体审计业务.应考虑:客户诚信,是否具备执行审计业务所必须的素质,专业胜任能力,时间和资源,能否遵守职业道德要求. 主要工作:了解和评价审计对象的可审性;决策是否考虑接受委托;商定业务约定条款;签订审计业务的约定书等. 计划审计工作 在本期审计业务开始时开展的初步业务活动；制定总体审计决策；制定具体审计计划等；计划审计工作不是审计业务的一个独立阶段，而是一个持续的、不断修正的过程，贯穿于整个审计业务的始终。 评估重大错报风险 了解被审计单位及其环境；识别和评估财务报表层次以及各类交易、账户余额、列报认定层次的重大错报风险，包括确定需要特别考虑的重大的错报风险即特别风险，以及仅通过实质性程序无法应对的重大错报风险等。
风险应对：实施控制测试和实质性程序。实施进一步审计程序，包括实施控制测试和实质性程序。 完成审计工作和编制审计报告 根据所获取的各种证据，合理运用专业判断，形成适当的审计意见。 审计过程中修改重要性 修改的情况:审计过程中情况发生重大变化;获取新信息；通过实施进一步审计程序，注册会计师对被审计单位及其经营所了解的情况发生变化。 总体审计策略用以确定审计范围、时间安排和方向，并指导具体审计计划的制定。内容：审计范围；报告目标、时间安排以及所需要沟通的性质；审计方向；审计资源配置。 具体审计计划 错报的汇总数=已经识别的具体错报+推断错报=事实错报+判断错报+抽样推断错报 事实错报：毋庸置疑的错报；判断错报：由于注册会计师认为管理层对会计估计作出不合理的判断或不恰当地选择和运用会计政策而导致的差异；推断错报：注册会计师对总体存在的错报作出最佳估报数，涉及根据在审计样本中识别出的错报来推断总体的错报。 审计证据的充分性：审计证据的充分性是指审计证据的数量足以将与每个重要认定相关的审计风险限制在可接受的低水平。
Chapter 8 课后答案 Sociolinguistics 1. Define the following terms briefly. (1) sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society, that is, how social factors influence the structure and use of language. (2) standard language: the variety of a language which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. (3) dialect: a language variety characteristic of a particular social group; dialects can be characteristic of regional, social, temporal, occupational or gender groups. (4) register: a language variety associated with a particular situation of use, e.g. baby talk and legal language. (5) pidgin: a variety of language that is not a native language of anyone, but is
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识 点 英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。 英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。 1、考前重点词汇复习方法 要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要 考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习
加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。 3、英语主观题拿分技巧 首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。 如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。 点击进入>>>
CHAPTER 8 Stock Valuation II. CONCEPTS VALUATION OF ZERO GROWTH STOCK c 26. The James River Co. pays an annual dividen d of $1.50 per shar e on its common stock. This dividend amount has been constant for the past 15 years and is expected to remain constant. Given this, one share of James River Co. stock: a. is basically worthless as it offers no growth potential. b. has a market value equal to the present value of $1.50 paid one year from today. c. is valued as if the dividend paid is a perpetuity. d. is valued with an assumed growth rate of 3 percent. e. has a market value of $15.00. VALUATION OF ZERO GROWTH STOCK e 27. The common stock o f the Kenwith Co. pays a constant annual dividend. Thus, the market price of Kenwith stock will: a. also remain constant. b. increase over time. c. decrease over time. d. increase when the market rate of return increases. e. decrease when the market rate of return increases. DIVIDEND YIELD VS. CAPITAL GAINS YIELD c 28. The Koster Co. currently pays an annual dividen d of $1.00 and plans on increasing that amount by 5 percent each year. The Keyser Co. currently pays an annual dividend of $1.00 and plans on increasing their dividend by 3 percent annually. Given this, it can be stated with certainty that the _____ of the Koster Co. stock is greater than the _____ of the Keyser Co. stock. a. market price; market price b. dividend yield; dividend yield c. rate of capital gain; rate of capital gain d. total return; total return e. capital gains; dividend yield DIVIDEND GROWTH MODEL d 29. Th e dividend growth model: I. assumes that dividends increase at a constant rate forever. II. can be used to compute a stock price at any point of time. III. states that the market price of a stock is only affected by the amount of the dividend. IV. considers capital gains but ignores the dividend yield.
一．概论 Chapter 1. Introducing SLA 1.Second language acquisition (SLA) 2.Second language (L2) （也可能是第三四五外语） also commonly called a target language (TL) 3.Basic questions: 1). What exactly does the L2 learner come to know? 2). How does the learner acquire this knowledge? 3). Why are some learners more successful than others?
4. linguistic; psychological; social. Only one (x) Combine (√) Chapter 2. Foundations of SLA Ⅰ. The world of second languages 1.Multi-; bi-; mono- lingualism 1)Multilingualism: the ability to use 2 or more languages. (bilingualism: 2 languages; multilingualism: >2) 2)Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language. 3)Multilingual competence (Vivian Cook, Multicompetence) Refers to: the compound state of a mind with 2 or more grammars. 4)Monolingual competence (Vivian Cook, Monocompetence) Refers to: knowledge of only one language. 2.People with multicompetence (a unique combination) ≠ 2 monolinguals World demographic shows: 3.Acquisition 4.The number of L1 and L2 speakers of different languages can only be estimated. 1)Linguistic information is often not officially collected. 2)Answers to questions seeking linguistic information may not be reliable. 3) A lack of agreement on definition of terms and on criteria for identification. Ⅱ. The nature of language learning 1.L1 acquisition
单片机基础（第3版） 第8章 80C51单片机串行通信 （一）填空题 1. 异步串行数据通信的帧格式由（起始）位、（数据）位、（奇偶校验）位、（停止）位组成。若串行异步通信每帧为11位，串行口每秒传送250个字符，则波特率应为（2750 b/s ）。 2. 串行通信有（单工）、（全双工）和（半双工）共3种数据通路形式。 3. 串行接口电路的主要功能是（串行）化和（反串行）化，把帧中格式信息滤除而保留数据位的操作是（反串行）化。 4. 串行异步通信，传送速率为2400 b/s ，每帧包含1个起始位、7个数据位、1个奇偶校验位和1个停止位，则每秒传送字符数为（240个）。 5. 80C51串行口使用定时器1作波特率发生器时，应定义为工作方式2，即（8位自动加载）方式。假定晶振频率为12MHz ，则可设定的波特率范围是（122 b/s ）~（62500 b/s ）。 分析：定时器1工作方式2时的波特率为： ()()()S M O D S M O D o sc 223213212256f X =?=??-波特率定时器溢出率 当SMOD=0，X=0时， 6 1 1210122 3212256 b s ?=?=?波特率（最小波特率） 当SMOD=1，X=255时， 62 1210 62500 32121b s ?=?=?波特率（最大波特率） 6. 在80C51串行通信中，方式（0）和方式（2）的波特率是固定的，波特率的大小只与（晶振）频率有关。而方式（1）和方式（3）的波特率是可变或可设置的，波特率大小与定时器（T1）的（溢出）率有关。 （二）单项选择题 1. 下列特点中，不是串行数据传送所具有的是（A ） （A ）速度快 （B ）成本低
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
课后练习题（三） 1.在下列每组过渡金属羰基配合物中，挑选出在IR谱中具有较低羰基 CO伸缩振动频率的 结构，并加以解释原因。相应的中心金属电子密度的情况怎样？ 2. 选出最适合的，并简要说明理由： a)最短的C-O键：Ni(CO)4，Co(CO)4-，Fe(CO)42- b)最高的C-O伸缩振动频率：Ni(CO)3(PH3)，Ni(CO)3(PF3)，Ni(CO)3(PCl3)，Ni(CO)3(PMe3) 3. 图中是两个金属羰基化合物的IR谱，根据谱图分析哪个化合物其金属中心具有较少的电子密度？为什么？哪个化合物的CO配体更容易失去？解释原因。
4. 以下三个金属羰基化合物中，哪个结构其IR 谱中具有最高的CO 伸缩振动频率？为什么？该化合物的金属中心是具富电子的还是最缺电子的？ Ir F CO CO F Ir Me 2Me 2 N CO CO N Me 2Ir Br CO CO Br a)b)c) 5. 完成以下反应 1) Cr(CO)6 + PPh 3? 2) ? + ?Ni(CO)4? 3) Mo(CO)6 + H 2NCH 2CH 2NH 2 ? 4) CrCl 3 + Al + 6 CO AlCl 3 30 MPa ? + 1/2 Al 2Cl 6 5) Fe + 5CO ?Fe(CO)5Fe 2(CO)9 6) Fe(CO)5 + 2 Na/Hg ? + CO + 2 Hg 7) (CO)5ReBr + 2 NaMn(CO)5 ? + NaBr 8) [CpMo(CO)3]2?2 9) Fe(CO)5? ?CH 3I ? 10) Ni(CO)4 234?? 6. 按照要求对每组膦配体进行排序。 a) 按σ-给电子能力的强弱排序（由强到弱）：P(OEt)3，PPh 3，PPr 3，PCl 3，PPh(OMe)2 b) 对P(OEt)3，PPh 3，PPr 3，PCl 3，PPhCy 2按照（1）立体位阻由大到小排序；（2）按照π-电子接受能力由强到弱排序。
Chapter1 speakinginpublic People throughout history have used public speaking as a vital means of communication and empowerment. Because you will live the rest of your life in a globalized world, the need for English public speaking will almost surely touch you at some time. To be successful giving speeches in English, you need to be culturally competent communicator. You must show respect for the cultural values and expectations of the people who come to hear you. This dose not mean that you have to devalue your own culture. There is no inherent conflict between being a competent English public speaker and being fully Chinese. Because public speaking involves the use of English as a working language, it requires critical thinking skills. Critical thinking helps you organize your ideas, spot weaknesses in other people’s reasoning, and avoid them in your own. There are many similarities between public speaking and conversation, but there are also important differences. First, public speaking requires more detailed preparation than ordinary conversation. Second, it requires more formal language. Third, it demands that speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerisms and verbal habits. The speech communication process includes seven elements: speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The interaction of these elements determines the outcome of any public speech. Chapter2 speakingconfidentlyandethically stage fright is an issue for public speakers in all countries. Rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should try to transform it into positive energy. To some extent, this will happen naturally as you gain experience as a speaker, but you should also think positively, prepare thoroughly, visualize yourself giving a successful speech, remember that most nervousness is not visible to the audience, and think of your speech as communication rather than as a performance in which you must do everything perfectly Because public speaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibili ties. There are four basic guidelines for ethical speechmaking. The first is to make sure your goals are ethically sound. The second is to be fully prepared for each speech. The third is to be honest in what you say. The fourth is to put ethical principles into practice at all times Of all the ethical lapses a speaker can commit, few are more serious than plagiarism lobal plagiarism is lifting a speech entirely from a single source. Patchwork plagiarism involves cutting and pasting a speech from a limited number of sources. Incremental pla giarism occurs when a speaker fails to give credit for specific quotations and paraphrases that are borrowed from other people Because it is so easy to copy information from the Internet, it poses special challenges with regard to plagiarism. If you don't cite Internet sources, you are just as guilty of plagia- rism as if you take information from print sources without proper citation. As you research your speeches, be sure to take accurate notes of the Internet sources you use so you can identify them in your speech Chapter3 giving your first speech One of your first assignments will be to present an introductory speech, either a speech of self-introduction or a speech introducing a classmate. Focus the speech on a limited number of ideas and be creative in developing them. Use interesting supporting materials and present them in colorful, descriptive language. When organizing the speech, make sure you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Most introductory speeches fall naturally into chronological or topical order. Using clear transitions will help your audience follow you from point to point. Although you will write a complete manuscript or outline of your speech when preparing it, you should deliver it extemporaneously. This means you have rehearsed fully and can present your talk from a brief set of speaking notes. Concentrate on establishing eye contact with the audience and on speaking in a dynamic, engaged tonof voice Chapter4 selecting a topic and purpose The first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic. If you have trouble picking a topic, you can use clustering, a personal inventory, or an Internet search to come up with something that is right for you. The general purpose of your speech will usually be to inform or to persuade. When your general purpose is to inform, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view Once you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus on a specific purpose statement that indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve. The specific purpose statement should (1) be a full infinitive phrase; (2) be worded as a statement, not a question:(3) avoid figurative language;(4) not be vague or general; (5) be appropriate for your audience; and(6) be achievable in the allotted time. The central idea is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points. In most cases, it encapsulates the main points in a single declarative