2012年成人英语三级语法(一)
在这部分我们将对时态、语态、情态动词以及主谓一致这些知识点分别进行详细讲解。
(一)动词的时态
动词的时态指的是作谓语的动词用来表示动作或者状态发生时间的各种形式。英语中共16种动词时态。
现在：1一般现在时、2现在进行时、3现在完成时、4现在完成进行时
过去：5一般过去时、6过去进行时、7过去完成时、8过去完成进行时
将来：9一般将来时、10将来进行时、11将来完成时、12将来完成进行时
过去将来：13一般过去将来时、14过去将来进行时、15过去将来完成时、16过去将来完成进行时
这部分常考知识点有：
(1)条件、时间、让步状语从句中的“主将从现”。
(2)一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时的区别。
(3)将来完成时。
1、一般现在时
(1)表示经常如发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always，usually，often，sometimes，every day，every week等时间状语连用。例：He goes to work every day。他每天去上班。
(2)表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
(3)有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例：I don′t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
(4)在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作，遵循“主将从现”的原则。常用的连词有as soon as，when，until，if，unless。
例1-When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?
-As soon as ____ _ our work for tomorrow.
A.we′re complete B. we′d complete C. we′ll complete D. we complete
答案【D】(2003年11月34题)
例2 They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ____ their exams.
A.have finished B.finsh C.finished D.was finishing
答案【B】(1996年22题)
例3 When the mixture ____ ，it will give off a powerful force.
A.will heat B.will be heated C.is heated D.has heated
答案【C】(1992年5题)
2、现在进行时
(1)表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作。
例：The teacher is talking with his students.老师正在与学生们谈话。
(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作。
例：I am attending a conference in New York. 我正在纽约参加一个会议。
2012年成人英语三级语法(二)
3、现在完成时
(1)表示动作刚刚结束(常和just，now，already，yet等词连用);或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)
例1 Li Ming has just turned off the light. 李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯已经关上了)
例2 I has lost my pen. 我把笔丢了
。(说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔)
(2)表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下午(常与由since 引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的短语连用)。
例1 He has ____ the army for ten years and is now an officer. 他入伍10年，现为军官。(现在还在军中)
A.gone into B.joined in C.been in https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c6148669.html,e into
【答案】C(1995年49题)
例2 They′ve known each other since childhood.他们从小认识。(现在还继续来往)
(3)非延续性动词和it is + 时间 + since... (过去的)
英语中有些动词不能延续，因为不能和表示延续的时间状语连用(如for ten years)
例：It is ten years since he left home and joined the army.他离乡入伍已10年。
对非延续性动词，表达完成时态时常用it is+时间+since... 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。
(4)have (has) been to和have (has) gone to的区别：
have (has) been to：去过某地(表示某人的一种经历)，可以和once，twice，often，never，ever连用。
have (has) gone to：去某地了(表示某人已经离开本地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句只用于第三人称)，此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。
例1 He has gone to America. 他已经去了美国。(现在不在本地)
例2 He has been to America twice. 他(曾经)去过美国两次。
4、现在完成进行时
表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调说话时为止一直在做的动作。
例1 I ____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.
A.was knocking B.am knocking C.knocking D.have been knocking
【答案】D (1998年49题) now 一次表示敲门动作持续进行一直到现在
例2 Since he left the university， he ____ in an accounting company.
A.has been working B.had worked C.had been working D.have been knocking
【答案】A (2006年4月16题)表示自大学毕业起一直在会计公司工作。
2012年成人英语三级语法(三)
1、一般过去时
(1)表示过去的动作或状态，常和具体的过去时间状语连用，如just now，last year，when I was 18 years old等。
例：You′ve already missed too many classes this term.You ____ two classes just last week.
A.missed B.would miss C.had missed D.have missed
【答案】A (1995年59题)
(2)used to do sth.过去常常做……
例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了)
注意：
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
一般过去时主要表示过去某个时间发生或完成的动作或存在过的
状态。这种动作或状态与现在没有任何联系。它只是表示过去发生过(或已完成)，过去存在过。句中往往有明确的表示过去的时间状语。如：just now，last year，when I was 18 years old等。
现在完成时则是由现在回顾过去的一种状态，强调的是“是否曾经有过怎么一回事，该事完成后一流下来的影响或结果”。绝对不能使用指定过去某一时间点的时间状语。常与下列副词连用：aleady，recently，yet，before，just，ever，never，since，so far，in (over，during) the past few years 等。上面举的例子就能很好地体现这一区别。
2、过去进行时
(1)表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文莱判断时间。
例子：He was doing his homework form seven to nine last night.昨天晚上7点到9点他正在做作业。
(2)when和while的用法区别：
when 表示一定特定时间点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。
例1 I fell and hurt muself while I ____ tennis.
A.was playing B.am playing C.play D.played
【答案】A(1983年43题)
例2 When you ____ this over with her，you should not see her any more.
A.talk B.talked C.will talk D.talking
【答案】B(1999年35题)
例2 One of the guards ____ when the general came in，which made him very angry.
A.has slept B.were sleeping C.slept D.was sleeping
【答案】D(1996年23题)
(3)过去进行时表示过去将来的作用。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作。同样过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。
例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning. 他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。
2012年成人英语三级语法(四)
3、过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by，before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。
例1 When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week，I was told she ____ two days before.
A.has left B.was leaving C.would leave D.had left
【答案】D(2003年11月40题)
例2 About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read，the Chinese ____ paper.
A.inented B.had inwented C.have inented D.had been invented
【答案】B(1997年35题)
(2)表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。
例：The chemistry class ____ for live minutes when we hurried there.
A.had been on B.was on C.has been on D.would be on
【答案】A(1995年24题)
(3)在含有before，after，as soon as 等连词引
导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。
例：I called him as soon as I arrived. 我刚一到就给他打电话。
(4)过去完成时常用在 no sooner … than …，hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，“一…就…”句型之中，句子倒装。
例1 No sooner had we sat down ____ we found it was time to go.
A.than B.when C.as D.while
例2 Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out. 他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风催灭了。
注意：
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别：
两者都表示的动作，但一般过去时表示相当于现在的过去时间，而过去完成时则表示相当于过去某一时刻的过去，即过去的过去。过去曾经做过的事，应该用过去时。过去完成时一般表示两个过去的动作的一先一后。过去完成时单独使用时要用by引导的时间状语表示“到……时候为止”，如：
I finished the work yesterday.
They had fulfilled their task by the end of last year.
4、一般将来时
(1)will(shall)+ 原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态
例：He will come and help you. 他回来帮助你的。
(2)be going to + 动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。
例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个讲座吗?
(3)be to + 动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。
例：The Five-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 五环路将在国庆节前通车。
(4)be about to + 动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。
例：The lecture is about to begin. 讲座即将开始。
(5)某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词，如：go，come，start，arrive，leave等，用现在进行时可表示将来。
例1 We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京
例2 The foreign guests are arriving in Shnghai tonight.
2012年成人英语三级语法(五)
9、将来完成时
表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。这是近年来考试的重点。其句型的基本结构就是will have hone. 我们下面通过几道真题来讲解这一语法点。
例1 By next year he ____ in New York for live years.
A.has worked B.has been working C.works D.will have worked
【答案】D (2004年11月30题) 意思是：到明年为止，他在纽约已经工作了5年了。
补充：如果句子中由by引导的时间状语，句子需要用完成时;by后跟的是将来的时间，句子需要用将来完成时，表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作，如
By next Friday，he will have studied here for three years.到下周
五，他在这里学习就要满3年了。
例2 By the end of next year they ____ together for twenty years.
A.will have worked B.had worked C.would work D.have worked
【答案】A (2001年48题) 意思是：到明年年底为止，他们已经一起工作了20年。
例3I ____ writing the article by the time you get back.
A.shall finish B.must have finished C.have finished D.shall have finsihed
【答案】D(2000年24题) 意思是：到你回来的时候，我会完成这篇论文。
10、将来完成进行时
这一语言点在最近的考试中也有所考查。句型结构为will have been doing。
例：By the time you arrive this evening， ____ for two hours.
A.I will study B.I will have been studied C.I had studied D.I will have been studying
【答案】D(2004年11月41题)本句的意思是：到今晚你来的时候，我就已经学习了两个小时了。
动词时态配套练习
1. Mary ____ in the garden when it began to rain.
A.was walking B.walked C.walking D.had waked
2. English ____in a new way at my college in the past few years.
A.has been teaching B.was being taught C.has been taught D.has been taught
3. Smith is to study medicine as soon as be ____ military service.
A.will finish B has finished C finish D would finish
4. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you ____ .
A.will come B.would come C.shall come https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c6148669.html,e
5. When I got to the top of the mountain ，the sun ____.
A.shone B.shines C.has shone D.was shining
6. Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you ____ with it.
A.finish B.are finished C.have finished D.are finishing
7. -How are you feeling?
-I have been feeling better since ____.
A.the orctor has come B.the doctor will come C.the doctor had come
D.the doctor came
8. The chemistry class ____ for five minutes when we hurried there.
A.had been on B.was on C.has been on D.would be on
9. By the time Juan gets home，her aunt ____ .
A.will have B.leaves C.will have left D.is leaving
10. You′ve already missed too many classes this term.You ___ two classes just last week.
A.missed B.would miss C.had missed D.have missed
11. One of the guards ____ _ when the general came in，which made him very angry.
A.has slept B.were sleeping C.slept D.was sleeping
12. Dr.Robert went to New York，bought some books and ____ .
A.visiting his daughter B.to visit his daughter C.visit his daughter
D.visited his daughter
13. I ____writing the article by the time you get back.
A.shall finish B.must have finished C.have finished D.shall have finished
14. There is a knock on the door. It is the second time someone _
___ me this evening.
A.interrupted B.has interrupted C.would interrupt D.interrupt
15. -Is there anything wrong?
-No，so far I ____ no trouble.
A.have had B.had C.have D.had had
16. No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she _____ them.
A.tries B.will try C.are trying D.has tried
ACBDD; CDACA; DDDBAA
2012年成人英语三级语法(六)
(二)被动语态
时间状态 一般 进行 完成
现在 be done be being done have been done
过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done
将来 will be done will be being done will have been done
考试重点：谓语动词的被动语态，情态动词的被动语态;感官动词和使役动词的被动语态;用主动表示被动的含义。
1、谓语动词的被动：基本形式见上面表格，多结合时态来考查。
例1 The goods ____ when we arrived at the airport.
A.were just unloading B.wrer just been unloading C.had just unloaded
D.were just being unloaded
【答案】D(2006年4月22题)
例2 He _____ when the bus came to a sudden stop.
A.was almost hurt B.was almost to hurt himself C.was almost hurt himself
D.was almost hurting himself
【答案】A(2005年4月33题)
2、情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+be+过去分词
例：I can′t find the recorder in the room. It _____ by somebody.
A. must have taken B.may have taken C.may have been taken
D.should have been taken
【答案】C(2003年11月22题) 此题考察的是综合知识点。首先是被动语态，录音机被人拿走了。另外还考察了情态动词加完成式表示对过去时间的推测。
3、感官动词及使役动词(如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式作宾补，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to
例1 Because of many mistakes，she was made _____ these letters again.
A.tape B.to typing C.typed D.to type
【答案】D(2006年11月22题)本句的意思是：因为错误太多，她又把字重新打了一遍。
4、用主动表示被动的含义
(1) need/require+doing sth.(=to be done)(此句型主语大多为物)。
例1 It is hot and dry;the flowers need _____ .
A.being watered B.be watered C.to water D.to be watered
【答案】D(2006年11月23题)本句的意思是：天气又热又干燥，花需要浇水。
例2 My room is a mess.It needs _____ .
A.to be tidying up B.tidying up C.to tidy up D.tidied up
【答案】B(2000年47题)本句的意思是：我的房间很乱，需要收拾。
(2)sell，wash，read，write，run等动词带状语修饰时。
例：This kind of clothes sells well.这种衣服卖得很好。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔书写流利。
(3)主语 + sound(fee
l，look，smell，taste)+形容词。
例：The dish ____ _ terrible! I don′t like it at all.
A.tastes B.tasted C.will taste D.is tasted
【答案】A(2005年11月19题) 本句的意思是：这盘菜太难吃了，我一点也不喜欢。
2012年成人英语三级语法(七)
被动语态配套练习
1. The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.
A.came https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c6148669.html,e C.to come D.have come
2. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably.
A.in worn B.wearing C.wears D.are worn
3. This out-of-date teaching method ___ _ .
A.must do away with B.must have done away with C.must being done away with D.must be done away wish
4. A fire _____ during the night and a large number of houses ____ _ to ashes.
A.broke out ， were burnt B.was broke out ， were burnt C.broke out ， burnt
D.set out ， were burned
5. English _____ in Australia.
A.speaks B.are spoken C.is soeaking D.is spoken
6. A new house ____ at the corner of the road.
A.is building B.is being built C.been bulit D.be building
7. His new book _____ next month.
A.will be published B.is publishing C.si beding published D.has been published
8. _____ the watch been repaired yet? I bably need it.
A.Does B.Has C.Is D.Are
9. The flowers ___ _ often.
A.must be water B.must be watered C.must watered D.must water
10. The pot ___ _ for ____ _ hot water.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c6148669.html,ed;keeping B.was used;keeping C.is used;to keep D.are used;keep
11. How dirty the tables are ! They need _____ .
A.to clean B.clean C.cleaning D.cleaned
12. Newly-born babies _____ in hospital.
A.are taken good care B.are taken good care of C.take good care of
D.take good care
13. The apple _____ very sweet.
A.is tasted B.taste C.tastes D.are tasting
14.-What do you think of the TV play?
-Wonderful. It is worth _____ a second time.
A.watching B.watched C.seen D.seeing
15. A photo _____ each time that button ______ .
A.has taken;has pushed B.has been taken;has pushed C.is taken;will be pushed
D.is taken;is pushed
CCDAD; BABBB; CBCAD
2012年成人英语三级语法(八)
(三)虚拟语气
虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考知识点之一，也是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象。在汉语里表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示，例如“假设”、“如果”等，而英文中表示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要相应的变化。
虚拟语气的基本作用是：
(1)表达假设的情况与事实相反;(2)表达异想天开很难实现的愿望;(3)表达建议命令劝告等语气。本部分重点讲if引导的虚拟条件句，含蓄条件句、特殊结
构中虚拟语气，及should+动词原形的用法。
1、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法
虚拟(条件)语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：
假设类型条件 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反 If+动词的过去式 would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
(be用were而不用was)
与过去事实相反If+had+过去分词 would(第一人称可用should)+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反If+were to+动词原形或 would(第一人称可用should)+动词原形
If+should+动词原形
例1 Mary said to me，“Had I seen your bag，I ____ _ it to you.”
A.will return B.must return C.could return D.would have returned
【答案】D(2004年4月45题)
例2 I would ask George to lend us the money if I ____ _ him.
A.would come B.would have come C.had come D.came
【答案】C(1995年38题)
例3 If Bob ____ _ with us，he would have had a good time.
A.would come B.would have come C.had come D.came
【答案】C(1995年59题)
2、省略if的虚拟形式
在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were，had，should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。
例1 ____ the advice of his friends，he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.
A.If he took B.If he should take C.Were he to take D.Had he taken
【答案】D(2004年4月32题)
例2 ___ ，I should ask them some questions.
A.Should they come to us B.If they come to us C.Were they come to us
D.Had they come to us
【答案】A(1997年30题)
例3 ____ ，you were busy，I would′t have bothered you with my questions.
A.If I realized B.Had I realized C.Did I have realized that D.As I realized
【答案】B(1996年39题)
3、含蓄条件句
有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for引导。
例1 Without heat and sunlight，plants on the earth _____ well.
A.would not grow B.will not grow C.had not grown D.would not be grown
【答案】A(2004年11月32题)
例2 But for my classmates′help，I ____ the work in time.
A.did not finish B.could not finish C.will not finish D.would not have finished
【答案】A(2004年11月32题)
例3 But for the rain，we _____ a nice holiday.
A.should have B.would have had C.would have D.will have had
【答案】B(2003年4月28题)
4、特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气
(1)以wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句。
wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类
似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语+wish+从句(主语+过去时);表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语+wish+从句(主语+过去完成时)。
例1 I didn′t go to the party，but I do wish I _____ there.
A.were B.would be C.had been D.will be
【答案】C(2001年53题)
例2 Peter wishes that he ____ law instead of literature when he was in college.
A.could study B.studied C.had studied D.would study
【答案】C(2000年53题)
(2)if only+句子(过去时/过去完成时)“要是……就好了”。
If only后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去时did;如果是对过去情况的虚拟，用过去完成时had done。要注意与if区别，if只表示假设，意为“如果”，用真实语气。而if only表示不可能实现的情况，用虚拟语气。
例： If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响就好了。(对过去虚拟)
If only I were rich.要是我富有就好了。(对现在虚拟)
(3)would rather+句子(过去时)。 表示宁愿、宁可的意愿，语气比较婉转，后接过去式。
例1 I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you ____ next month for a dinner.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c6148669.html,e B.would come C.came D.have come
【答案】C(2002年46题)
例2 I′d ____ you didn′touch that，if you don′t mind.
A.rather B.better C.happier D.further
【答案】A(1998年45题)
(4)it is time (that)，it is high time(that)…句型中，谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，意思是“该……了、早该……了”。
例1 Let′s finish our homework in a faw seconds;it′s time we ____ _ .
A.played football B.will play football C.play football D.are playing football
【答案】A(2004年11月43题)
例2 Don′t you think it is time you _ _ smoking?
A.give up B.gave up C.would give up D.should give up
【答案】B(1999年31题)
(5)以as if，as though引导的从句。
在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，他们所引导的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish后面的从句动词形式变化相同。
例：He talks as he ___ everything in the world.
A.konws B.knew C.had known D.would have known
【答案】B 本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去的。
5、should +动词原形及should的省略
(1)一些表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见。因此这些动词(或其派生词，如名词、形容词、分词等)后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，即“should do”结构，其中的“should”常被省略。如：
表示“提议、建议”的动词：suggest，advise，propose，recommend，move(提议);
表示“要求、主张”的动词：insist，require，request，demand，desire;
表示：“命令”的动词：order，command。
例1 I don′t think it advisable that Tom _____ to she job since he has no experience.
A.be assigned B.is assigned C.will be assigned D.has been assigned
【答案】A(2006年11月29题)
例2 His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.
A.put on B.puts on C.to put D.putting on
【答案】A(1999年58题) 此处省略了should。
例3 The doctor advised that Mr.Malan ____ an operation right away so as to save his life.
A.had B.would have C.have D.was going to have
【答案】C(1998年28题) 此处省略了should。
(2)It is necessary/important/essential/vital/urgent/surprising/amazing that…引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should + 原形动词，should也可以省略。此类形容词的特点是表示重要性或吃惊。
例1 It is vital that enough money _____ collected to get the project started.
A.is B.be C.must be D.can be
【答案】B(2004年11月24题)
例2 It′s urgent that a meeting _____ befor the final decision is made.
A.will be arranged B.must be arranged C.be arranged D.would be arranged
【答案】C(2003年4月45题)
(3)以in case，lest，for fear that 引导的状语从句，表示“以防、以免”其形式为should+动词原形。
He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. 他把雨衣带在身上以防下雨。
2012年成人英语三级语法(九)
虚拟语气配套练习
1.You didn′t let me drive. If we ____ in turn，you ____ so tired.
A.drove ;did′t get B.drove wouldn′t get C.were driving;wouldn′t get
D.had driven;wouldn′t have got
2. ____ ，we could not have finished the work on time.
A.If they do not help us B.Was it not for their help C.Should they other to help us D.But for their help
3. ____ today，he would get there by Friday.
A.Was he leaving B.If he in leaving C.Were he to leave D.If he leaves
4. If only I ____ how to operate a computer as you do!
A.had known B.would know C.should know D.knew
5. When a pencil is parly in a glass of water， it looks as if it ____ .
A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken
6. The chairman requested that ____.
A.the members studied the problem more B.the problems were more carefully studied
C.the problems could be studied with more care D.the members study the problem more carefully
7. If I ____ you，I ____ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A.was; shall pay B.am; will play C.would be; would pay D.were; would pay
8. We cannot imagine what our world ____ like without electric power.
A.is B.will be C.w
ould be D.were
9. There was a half smile on his face which suggested that be ____ happy to have given his life for his country.
A.was B.should be C.would be D.were
10. We all agreed to her suggestion that we ____ to the Great Wall for sightseeing.
A.will go B.go C.shall go D.should have gone
11. The young man insisted that he ____ nothing wrong and ____ free.
A.did; set B.had done; should be set C.do; be set D.had done; must be set
12. I lost your address，otherwise I ____ you long befor.
A.had visited B.have visited C.would have sisited D.should visit
13. ____ the rain we would have had a nice holiday.
A.But that B.But for C.Despite D.In spite of
14. ____ no gravity ，there would be no air around the earth.
A.Were there B.There were C.Was there D.There be
15. It′s getting rather late.It′time we ____ .
A.are going B.went C.go D.must go
16. They keep telling us that it is vital that we ____ there on time.
A.are B.be C.must be D.would be
DDCDC; DDCAB; BCBAB; B
2012年成人英语三级语法(十)
(四)情态动词
情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。从这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法，尤其是与虚拟语气结合来考查学生的掌握情况。另外情态动词表推测也成为今年考查重点，须引起重视。
1.must+完成时 表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测
例1 Since this road is wet and slippery this morning，it ____ last night.
A.must rain B.was raining C.must have rained D.may rain
【答案】C(2004年11月35题)
例 2 I believe he ____ an accident，otherwise he would have arrived on time.
A.would have had B.could have had C.should have had D.must have had
【答案】D(2001年58题)
例3 Mr.Green ____ my letter，otherwise be would have replied before now.
A.must have received B.must have failed to receive C.must receive
D.must fail to receive
【答案】B(1998年44题)
例4 She ___ be ill because I saw her playing tennis just now.
A.can′t B.could′t C.mustn′t D.may not
【答案】A(2005年10月20题)
2、should(ought to)+完成时 表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。
例1 You ought ____ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.
A.oughtn′t to go B.hadn′t gone C.shouldn′t have gone D.mustn′have gone
【答案】C(2006年11月30题)
例2 You ought ____ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.
A.to report B.to have reported C.to reporting
D.have reported
【答案】B(2003年11月36题)
例3 I′m sorry I couldn′t get in touch with him before be left，I ____ him earlier.
A.had a telephone B.have phoned C.should have phoned D.should be phoned
【答案】C(2000年26题)
3.could/might + 完成时 表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜、遗憾。
例1 He could have joined us，but he didn′t get our invitation in time.
他本来能够和我们在一起，但是他没有及时收到我们的请柬。
例2 He might have given you more help，but he was busy then.
他本来可以给你更多帮助的，但他那时很忙。
例3 He abandoned a career that _____ to his becoming one of the most influential people in the world.
A.could have led B.would lead C.should have led D.must lead
【答案】A(2005年11月33题)
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习一
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指，应注意以下几点：
（1）the和可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或物，如：the fern（蕨类），the wallflower
（2）序数词之前必须用the，如：the first woman，the nineteenth century ，但前面有物主代词时除外，如my first baby
（3）形容词最高级之前必须用the（有物主代词时除外），如：the largest city，the most advanced technology
（4）of连接的名词前多用the，如：the development of the watch来源安通学校
（5）世界上独一无二的东西前应加the，如：the globe（地球），the equator（赤道），the moon，the sun
在下列情况下，一般不用the：
（1）表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前，一般不加，如：Dennis Chavez（人名），Alaska（地名），English（英语），February（二月），America（美国）
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the the Great Lakes（美国五大湖），the Changjiang River（长江）
（2）无特指的不可数名词前，如：algebra（代数学），advertising，accounting（会计学）
（3）表示类别的复数名词前，如：Historians believe that…，Amphibians（两栖动物）hatch from
（4）一些固定词组中，如：in history，in nature，at work，at home，go to school，go to bed，in bed
乘车的词组：
by train（乘火车），by car （乘汽车），by bicycle（骑脚踏车），by bus （乘公共汽车），by land（由陆路），by sea （由海路），by water （由水路） ，by air （通过航空），on foot （步行），by plane（乘飞机），by ship （乘船）
打球的词组：
play tennis，play baseball，play basketball
注意：表示职位
的词之前的冠词有无均可，如：He was elected （the）chairman of the committee. 不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用，下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词：much，a large amount of，a great deal of，a wealth of（大量的、丰富的）little /a little /less /least，a piece /sheet /slice /bar of，属不可数名词专用另外一些词（词组）如such，some /any （of），most （of），a lot of，lots of，the rest of，plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。有些形容词本身就具有“比…。年长”、“ 比………优越”等含义，因此也就没有比较级和最高级。
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习二
有些形容词本身就具备“最、极”的含义，所以就没有最高级和比较级。如：absolute（绝对的），unique（独一无二的），infinite（无限的），round（圆的），right（对的），correct（正确的），wrong（错误的），perfect（完美的），这类形容词往往被称为绝对形容词对于most来讲，除了构成某些词最高级外，most的用法有几点需要注意，经常成为改错题的考点：
1、当most表示大多数时，之前不加the，并且有两种形式来表示大多数，分别为：most + 名词
如：most people，most Indian tribes；most + of + 限定词+ 名词或代词，如：most of his paintings，most of us，most of the modern artists
2、most有时意思等同于very，此时most之前用不定冠词
如：a most lovely girl，a most impressive proposal
例题：
（1）The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.
A B C D
答案：A 应改为：Most
解释：most只有在表示形容词最高级作定语时需加定冠词，此句表示“大多数”，没必要加the
（2）Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth，but the nonmetals oxygen
A B C
and silicon are more still abundant.
D
考点：程度副词
答案：D 应改为：still more
解释：程度副词still修饰比较级more时，应置于其前。
几点参考规则：
1、多数副词放在修饰的动词之后，若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后，如：She sings very well.
I met your uncle（动词的宾语）just now.(对)
I met just now your uncle （错）
2、副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前，
如：These two are only slightly different.
right after this，very smoothly
当然，副词enough是一个例外，要放在修饰成分的后面，
如：I am not good enough to do this job. （对）
I am not enough good to do this job. （错）
3、表示
频率的副词常放在实意动词之前，be动词之后，如：He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play（实意动词） tennis、He is always here at 8'clock.（be动词之后）
4、部分副词的位置没有一定的规定，原则上接近被修饰词即可，如：only，even，still，perhaps。
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习三
容易混淆的词
hard（努力，副词）－hardly （几乎不，副词）
close（接近，形容词）－closely（接近，副词）
near（接近，形容词）－nearly （几乎，副词），nearby（adj.邻近的）
most（大多数的，形容词）－mostly（主要地，大部分 副词）
late（迟、晚，形容词）－lately （最近，副词），later（adv.稍后的）
high（高的，形容词）－highly （adv. 非常，大大的）
另外：friendly（友好的），lovely（可爱的、有趣的），尽管词尾有ly，但是都是形容词作主语：不定式短语可作主语如：To see is to believe. （百闻不如一见）
To work hard should be your major concern.
注意：由于英文不习惯句子主语过长，不定式主语常被形式主语it所代替
例如上面第二句可以变为：It should be your major concern to work hard.
又如：It is very nice of you to help me.
不定式常接在名词之后作定语，如：something to read，nothing to do，anything to declare，a lot to complain of，the right person to talk to。
由上述例子不难看出不定式和被修饰词间有动宾关系，因此不及物动词之后必须加上相搭配的介词（例如上面的complain + of，talk +to）不定式定语还可表示将来的含义，如：in the years to follow，the meeting to be held in June
独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致
如：（With）His mouth filled with water，he couldn't utter a word. （独立主格）对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致：Filling his mouth with water，he couldn't utter a word.
在考试中，经常混淆反身代词的写法，结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错
反身代词的用法
可以用来做宾语：He hurt himself when he fell.
可以用来做表语：He is not quite himself today. （他今天有些不舒服）
反身代词经常放在名词或者代名词的后面来进行强调，表示“亲自”的意思
I myself do it.
I do it myself.
They made the research themselves.
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习四
牢记make possible的三种形式：
1、make+名词+possible；
His financial aid makes this trip possible.
2、make+possible+名词（名词短语较长时）
His financial aid makes possible the poor Chinese student's entering of the world famous univ
ersity
3、make it possible（for sb.）to do
The father's hard labor makes it possible for the son to receive better education.
定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性两种，其主要区别为：
1、非限定性定语从句中，引导词和先行词之间需用逗号隔开。
2、非限定性定语从句中，引导词一般不用that，在修饰人时用who，whom，whose。
He had three children，all of whom had graduated from college.
在修饰物时用which，部分状语从句可以省略，在填空题中时有出现。
如：Although defeated，he did not lose heart. （从句中省略了he was）
If in formed timely，I wouldn't have missed the meeting. （从句中省略了I were）
注意：当现在完成时的时间状语是for + 一段时间（已经有…时间了），和since + 一个时间点（自从…以来）的时候，句中的谓语不能是非延续性动词（暂短性动词），如不能说：I have borrowed the book for ten days. （错误： borrow这个动作是发生在图书出纳台上的一次性动作，不能延续，因此不能和for引导的时间状语连用）应改为：I have kept the book for ten days.
这样的暂短性动词还有：buy/sell，break，die，graduate，drop等。
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习五
倒装
倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分。倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you？
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…（but also），Not until（直到………才），No sooner…（than）（一………就）
Never/ Rarely/Seldom Hardly/Scarcely…（when）
Few/LittleNeither/Nor （也不），At no time，Under no circumstances（决不），On no account（决不），In no way
其中not only，no sooner，hardly，scarcely 分别和but （also），than，when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装。
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest，but hecame out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就应条件反射的想到用倒装句。
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装。
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that shehad cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government，which she had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习六
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1、only + 副词（when，before，if，after等）或only+介词状语（由in，under，by，on，after等引导）提前，必须部分倒装。
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was dan ger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2、often，such，so等副词提前，部分倒装。
如：So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam. =He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”。
California relies heavily on income from crops，and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样同理，体会一下neither，nor的倒装。
He can't dance，neither/nor can I.= I can't，either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
3、in，out，down，up，away，off，here，there，over等副词提前，全部倒装。
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet？
Do you prefer tea or coffee？
by可视为被动语态的标志词，by之后的名词短语是句中动作的施动者；在题干中若见到by+名词的结构要优先考虑用被动式
如：The wall is painted by Tom.
The book was written by Mark Twain.
注意1：by之后如果接的是动名词，则表示方式、手段，不能视为被动式的标志，且此时谓语应用主动式，如：He passed the exam by cheating.
注意2：对于know来讲，一般用be known to而不用be know by强调句中it作形式主语可以替代任何被强调的部分基本模式：It + be + 强调对象+ who/ whom/that + 句子其余
部分。
如：It was only you who cared for me. （强调主语）
It is his sister whom /that I have fallen in love with. （强调宾语）
It was under the tree that she found her missing purse. （强调地点状语）
It was last week that I attended an art exhibit for the first time. （强状语）
It was not until he broke my favorite vase that I flew into rages. （强调状语从句）
注意：强调的对象是人时，可用who，whom或that，其余情况一律用that；当强调对象在从句中做主语时用who/that，当强调对象在从句中做宾语时用whom/that。
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习七
虚拟语气
在英文中是比较活跃的用法，必须对其有所了解，这样对读题非常有帮助虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义，可大致分为三类。
对现在事实的虚拟基本形式：
If + were /did等过去式…，…would /could /should /might + do
例如：If I were a bird，I would fly to the moon.
（事实上，I' not a bird，so I will not fly to the moon.）
If she knew who you are，she would go out of joy.
对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…，…would /could / should /might + have done
例如：If she had been warned earlier，she wouldn't have broken the rules.
（事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.）
If it hadn't rained，the match would have seemed more fascinating.
（事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.）
此种虚拟可进行倒装，如：
Had the letter been sent out，it would have ruined our friendship.= If the letter had been sent out，it would have ruined our friendship.
对将来事实的虚拟基本形式：
If + should do…，…would /could /should /might + do；意思类似汉语中的“万一”
例如：If he should forget the date，I might teach him a good lesson.
（事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期来源安通学校）
If it should snow this afternoon，we could make a snowman.
（事实上不大可能会下雪）
此种虚拟可倒装，如：Should my car fail，I would have to return home on foot.= If my car should fail，I would have to return home on foot.
注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do，其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist，demand，suggest，propose，order，require，decide，ask，request等。
例句：We all insist that we （should） not rest until we finish the work.
The professor suggests that the students （should）collect enough mate rials before they work on this project.
上面的动词
如果以名词形式出现时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气。
He gives me the suggestion that I（should）eat breakfast every moning.
注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情这类习语有：as if ，as though，but for，otherwise，without，wish，if，only等。
例句： But for your help，I would not have arrived here in time.
（如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达）
Without your help，I would not arrive here in time.
注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气（should）do，但是由于should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有：It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/advisable等+ that
例句：It is necessary that he（should）realize his situation.
2012年成人学位英语高分语法复习八
一致原则
一致原则贯穿英语语法，作为对前面的补充，集中讲常考的问题。
主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在数上要保持一致。在英语除了时态的变化外，名词、动词的数也有差别，这就要求主语（以名词为代表）和谓语（包括助动词）在数上要一致如：
1、在名词+of+名词这种结构中，前一个名词是整个短语的中心词，当该短语作主语时，一般以of之前名词的数为依据确定谓语的数。one of 之后需接复数名词，但one of+名词作主语时中心词是one，故谓语应用单数One of my students wins the game.
2、由and连接的多个名词作主语，谓语动词应用复数。
Career and love are important to me.
I，John and Mary are playing football.
但是如果用and连接起来表示单一的概念时，谓语动词要用单数。
The famous singer and actress，Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.
（在这里，singer和actress指得是同一人，都是Whitney Huston）
3、不可数名词，尤其是抽象名词（relation，authority，necessity，power，democr acy，young等）作主语时要视为单数，谓语自然也要用单数。
The relation between us is very simple.
4、单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数。
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.
When they will come hasn't been made public.
5、如果主语是单数，那么即使后面有with/ together with/ alongwith/accompaniedby，no less than，like，but，except，including，besides等引导的短语，谓语动词仍然要是用单数。
例如：The boy，together with his parents，goes to the cinema today.
No one except the two boys knows how to solve this problem.
6、由Not A but B，Not only A but also B，either A or B，neither A nor B引导的主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语相
一致。
Either you or Mary hurts her.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
Not you but he is tired of typing.
Not only the students but also the teacher is going to be blamed.
7、在there be句型、介词短语、副词为句首引起的倒装句中，真正的主语通常在谓 语的后面，谓语应该和后面的主语在数方面相一致。
但是在there be 句型中，如果有两个或者两个以上的主语，必须和最接近他的那个主语相一致。
There are a lot of books on the table.
There is only one pencil， two books and one cup on the table.
Many a time has he given us good advice.
主从句时态一致
主从句语义相互关联，时态也需呼应，所谓一致并不是说主从句的时态要一模一样，而是不能脱节，一般的原则是不能跨越大的时间范畴，如：主句是一般过去时，从句可能是过去完成时或过去将来时，而不大可能是现在时或将来时，掌握上述原则已是绰绰有余。
1、通常当主句中的时态是现在时或将来时态时，从句中的动词时态并不受影响，往往还是根据从句的意思而定。
I know that he will come tomorrow.
I know that he has finished reading this book.
I know that he went to school yesterday.
2、当主句中的时态是过去时态，那么从句中的时态要作一定的变化。
I knew that he would come tomorrow. （现在将来时变为了过去完成时）
I knew that he had finished reading this book. （现在完成时过去完成时）
I was told that he was free today. （现在时态变为过去时态）
代词与其先行词一致
代词的作用是替代已出现过的词，即先行词，那么代词和先行词之间也应保持性、数的一致才能保证替代的忠实性，不引起误解在改错题中，确定代词的先行词是解题的关键，主要是依靠句意来判断，还需留意下列情况：
1、反身代词需和所在主谓结构的主语一致，若不一致应改为宾格形式。
如：Her mother helped her solve the problem.
此句中helped之后若用herself则指的是her mother，语义不同。
2、在主从句中，或有分词状语的句子中，代词所代替的对象有可能在其后出现，要准确识别。
如：After she entered the room，Mary flung herself to the bed. 此句中she指代的是主句中的Mary。
2012年成人学位英语复习(一)
第一节 动词的时态
考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have （has）been, have（has
）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。
一、一般现在式：
1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。
例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。
2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。
例：The earth is round. 地球是圆的。
3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。
例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。
4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。
（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.
A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing
（答案：B）（1996年22题）
（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.
A. will heat B. will be heated C. is heated D. has heated
（答案：C）（1992年59题）
二、一般过去时：
1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。
例：You've already missed too many classes this term .You _____ two classes just last week.
A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed
（答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题）
2、used to do sth：过去常常做…
例：I used to take a walk in the morning.
我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）
3、it is high time（that）…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。
例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?
A. give up B. gave up C. would give up D. should give up
（答案：B）（1999年31题）
三、一般将来时
1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。
例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。
2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。
例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？
3、be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。
例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 三环路将在国庆节前通车。
4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。
例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。
5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive， leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。
（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。
（2）The fore