学术论文常用词汇
学术论文的语言表达
一、时态
时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的
规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时
需要注意的语法
In recent years作时间状语时通常要用完成时
In recent years,Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature.
二、数词
数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上
的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可
以下是需要注意的语法
不规则变化的单复数
单数复数
criterion criteria依据
phenomenon phenomena现象
medium media介质
radius radii半径
index indices指数
appendix appendices附录
stimulus stimuli刺激
basis bases基础
2
synthesis syntheses合成
matrix matrices基体
Novel biomaterials with improved,specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli.
一些数有特殊性的名词
data,kinetics通常作复数名词
research,work:不可数名词
The data in Table1are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures.
The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization.
Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein.
Most research on poly(ortho esters)has focused on the synthesis of polymers.
一些结构的数<主谓的统一>
one of复数名词单数
none of复数名词复数
none of单数名词/不可数名词单数
no复数名词复数
no单数名词/不可数名词单数
a kind of单数名词单数this/that kind of单数名词单数
these kinds of复数名词复数
复数名词of this/that kind复数
sort与kind类似
a type of单数名词单数
a series of复数名词复数
a class of复数名词复数
the number of复数名词单数
a number of复数名词复数
Ara-C is one of most important antitumor agents,especially used in the treatment of various leukaemias.
One of possibilities for enhancing the pharmacological properties is to link it to a carrier. Biocompatibility is one of the main criteria for the selection of a particular biomaterial.3 Controlled drug delivery technology represents one of most rapid advancing areas of science in which chemists are contributing to human health care.
Several models have been proposed but none appear to be generally applicable.
None of the presently used ones are applied rigorously.
Thus far no studies have conclusively demonstrated long-term value of any of the cardiac gene therap approaches.
This type of termination is often referred to as spontaneous termination.
A number of polymer backbones that are potentially degradable are detailed in the text.The number of mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the stereopecificity of Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
*The number of复数名词:整个做主语时谓语应为单数;但此句的动词have是从句的谓语而从句是形容mechanisms.
在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如:One of the mechanisms which have been……
A series of telomers reported in table1were then synthesized.
A diverse range of mechanisms have been developed.
Polymers are a promising class of biomaterials that can be engineered to meet specific end-use requirements.
The most import
ant class of poly(amides)for controlled release are the poly(amino acids).The majority of poly(anhydrides)are prepared by melt-condensation polymerization.
A wide variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been used to fabricate tissue-engineering matrices.
后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言
various different
most all many several
one of many of
kinds of
a number of the number of
a(wide)variety of a class of
a series of a wide range of
Dozens of different types of receptors are present on the average mammalian cell.
4
In a number of special applications(e.g.contact lenses and skin-grafting materials),additional requirements such as transparency should be considered when selecting a polymer.
Many of these transmembrane proteins are receptors.
Some polymers are highly crystalline primarily because their structure is conductive to packing, while others are crystalline primarily because of the secondary forces.For still other polymers, both factors may be favorable for crystallization.
形容可数名词的量词
a few many a number of
形容不可数名词的量词
a great/small/certain amount of a great/good deal of
形容可数和不可数名词均可的量词
a lot of lots of
Although a few polymers may be completely amorphous and a few completely crystalline,most polymers are partially or semi-crystalline in character.
The use of IPNs has received a great deal of attention in recent years and different kinds of IPN have been synthesized with different compositions.
The major amount of work on size distributions has been on polyesters and polyimides.
A sizeable amount work has been published on the copolymerizations of various cyclic monomers.以下结构的谓语的数
由前一个决定
,as well as……
由较靠近谓语动词的决定
not only……but also……
either……or……
neither……nor……
三、冠词
冠词是最易犯错误的地方一定要注意否则编辑的负担极重因为每句话都会用到冠词最普通的规则如下
单数名词前一般要加冠您身边的论文好秘书：您的原始资料与构思,我按您的意思整理成优秀论文论著,并安排出版发表，企鹅1550116010、766085044自信我会是您人生路上不可或缺的论文好秘书词a,the等但有些情况可不加
复数名词前一般可不加冠词也可加the,these,those.
5
The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthesis and application.
The rate constant can be expressed by an Arrhenius type relationship
K=A e-E/RT
Where A is the collision frequency factor,E the Arrhenius activation energy,and T the Kelvin temperature.A plot of lnK versus1/T allows the determination of both E and A from the slope
and intercept,respectively.
When a water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble monomer is added,a very small fraction dissolves and goes into solution.A large but still small portion of the monomer enters the interior hydrocarbon part of the micelles.The largest portion of the monomer is dispersed as monomer droplets.
被修饰的名词前要加the:
There has been a rapidly increasing effort in the last ten to fifteen years toward the synthesis of new polymers with markedly higher temperature resistance than those previously available.
The catalysts usually must be prepared at the low temperatures since most of them become heterogeneous when prepared at or warmed up to the temperatures above about-40.四从句分词不定式
这些是写作时常用且必须用到的结构一定要掌握在学术论文中从句分词不定式通常用来作修饰
Applications in the relatively new field of tissue engineering,where polymers are used to assist regeneration of three-dimensional tissue structures,are more and more integrated with biological demands.
There are three general synthetic approaches that have been used to produce polymers with increased thermal stability.
If certain symmetry requirements are met,the molecules are able to pack into an ordered,lattice arrangement and crystallization occurs.The temperature at which this occurs is Tm.There are at least two mechanisms through which the infectivity of a vector can be blocked. Biodegradable polymers containingˋhydrolysableˊgroups in their chains,which are susceptible to biodegradation to low molecular weight,nontoxic products,have also been considered for controlled drug delivery systems.
Polymers possessing high strength,solvent and chemical resistance,and serviceability at high temperatures would find a variety of uses.
6
The challenge facing cell and molecular biologists is to decipher how cellular events occur.
A general problem encountered in many of the polymerization systems has been a difficulty in obtaining polymers of sufficiently high enough molecular weight to have reasonable strength properties.
Another approach to obtain rigid polymer chains is by the synthesis of spiro polymers.五标点
英文中一句话结束要用句号注意避免过长的句子这点与汉语中常用逗号的习惯不同请注意以下结构的标点
……such as A and B……
……such as A,B and C……
……,such as A,……
……,for example,……
……,for example……
……,e.g.,……
……,i.e.,……
……,respectively.
四、掌握一些学术论文常用的短语结构可大大降低写作的难度
In order to meet all of these criteria,the vector must deliver the gene accurately.To overcome this problem,it would be advantageous to pseudotype lentiviral vectors with
targeted MLV envelopes.
Besides identifying suitable proteases for targeting,the success of this
protease-targeting
strategy relies on the accessibility of the linker to protease cleavage.
We have focused our investigations on the in vitro and in vivo biological response of a mouse cell line.
On the contrary,the homotelomer derivative11exhibits no substantial loss of cytotoxicity compared to free Ara-C.
After more than three decades of development,in which numerous polymers have been used to replace body parts,clinical success is still relatively rare.
7
In some cases,polymeric materials for drug delivery must satisfy additional requirements,such as environmental responsiveness(e.g.pH-or temperature dependent phase or volume transformations.)
Owing to the nature of these interactions,surface modification strategies have been used to
常用词的学术替换 动词替换： 1.Improve 提高： Promote: 促进AC之间的贸易promote the trade between A and C; He was promoted to senior manager in this company. Advance: our understanding of human genetics has considerably(非常的，可换做vastly) advanced. Enhance: the publi city has enhanced his reputation.这次宣传提高了他的名望 2.change 改变： Transform:多指改头换面，完全改变，不能用于形容slight change。说到人口变化：the increasing population has transformed the landscape and structure of local industry structure.人口剧增改变了小镇的景色以及当地的工业结构 3.Emphasize 强调： Highlight：the report highlight the decline in the numbers of native(可以换作local) plants and insects. Stress: He stresses the need for parents to listen to their children. Accentuate: the crisis accentuates the gap between rich and poor. (highlight and emphasize 的区别：highlight是告诉人们重点，因而能够让别人注意，类似于老师勾重点；而emphasize则是使重点清晰，不管别人是否能注意得到。而stress则和emphasize差不多) 4.Develop培养： Cultivate: cultivate the ability of … ；培养情操；cultivate a more relaxed and positive way towards life. Nurture: 养育，同样可以指培养人才（talents）the sea nutures ample marine animals. 5.Break 破坏： Impair：impair ability; 主要是破坏能力，莫乱用。 Undermine这个词也是指的是抽象意义上的破坏，有逐渐削弱之意，重点是循序渐进的过程。Undermine one’s ability/confidence/authority/position/credibility Jeopardize: 不能乱用，破坏的东西要上一定的等级才能配上此词。比如Jeopardize the process of peace.破坏和平进程 Devastate特指毁灭、蹂躏the earthquake devastated the whole city. 6.Keep 保存 Preserve、Conserve 保护资源用的就是这个词，不要用protect，protect这个词用在保护具体的东西。 7.deal With解决 Tackle: tackle the problem. Resolve: resolve dispute争论/conflict冲突/problem/issue/crisis危机；来自拉丁语，比较正式。 8.need 需要 Require：xxx requires courage and confidence. Necessitate: 用法不简单，没有摸透。 call for（这也是个很高级的用法，奥巴马就用这个【我不晓得奥巴马咋个用的，原帖是这样
学术论文常用词汇 学术论文的语言表达 一、时态 时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的 规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时 需要注意的语法 In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时 In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature. 二、数词 数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上 的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可 以下是需要注意的语法 不规则变化的单复数 单数复数 criterion criteria 依据 phenomenon phenomena 现象 medium media 介质 radius radii 半径 index indices 指数 appendix appendices 附录 stimulus stimuli 刺激 basis bases 基础 2 synthesis syntheses 合成 matrix matrices 基体 Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli. 一些数有特殊性的名词 data, kinetics 通常作复数名词 research, work: 不可数名词 The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures. The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization. Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein. Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers. 一些结构的数<主谓的统一> one of 复数名词单数
英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
S u m m a r y 的写作技巧和常见句型 、概括原文 一）阅读 1. 读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2. 拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精 炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3. 概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题给summary 起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2. 阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是接着写出要阐述的main ideas （主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的the author .. ）。
支持）。 3. 词汇运用 注意概述的cohere nee （连贯性），运用好tran siti on words （过渡 词） , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4. 删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6. 把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion- like. ” 可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. 6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. ” 可以概括为：” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays,
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons. 2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good. rosy ；adj. 蔷薇色的，玫瑰红色的；美好的；乐观的；涨红脸的 3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive 替换。） Adverse；adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的（名词adverseness，副词adversely） 4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many. if not most:即使不是大多数 5. a slice of, quite a few 替换some. a slice of:一片，一份 6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。 harbor v/n庇护；怀有 7. affair, business, matter 替换thing. 8. shared 替换common . 9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits. 10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion. 11. Increasing, growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.） 12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly. 13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful. 14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer. 15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very. 16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable. 17. indispensable 替换necessary. 18. sth appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in. 19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention. 20. facet, dimension, sphere 替换aspect. 21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate, suggest, fear. 22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 23. There are several reasons behind sth. 替换…reasons for sth. 24. desire 替换want. 25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to. 26. bear in mind that 替换remember. 27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。 28. interaction 替换communication. 29. frown on sth 替换be against , disagree with sth. 30. as an example 替换for example, for instance. 31. next to / virtually impossible 替换nearly / almost impossible. 32. regarding / concerning 替换about. 33. crucial /paramount 替换important. 34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变change, alteration, 高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte， perform, carry out, 降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker
英语论文中常用词汇和短语[精品] 英语论文中常用词汇和短语 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, h andful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate,illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation
因为，由于，考虑到 Since Because Because of As For the reason that Given (that) Considering that Take sth. into consideration / account 所以，因此因此 Therefore Hence So Then Thereafter Thus Consequently 完成某任务 Finish Complete Accomplish Sth. is done 执行 Carry out Execute Conduct Accomplish 获得 Obtain Get Have Acquire Be given Reach the goal that 不妨 may as well might as well here is no harm 使用,用来 Use Utilize Employed Involved Included engaged 包括 Involve Include Embrace Contain Have Comprise 假设，设定，假定，如果 Suppose Assume If Set Given Considering that When 记作 Denote Note Indicate Record 提出，建立，发展，创造，发明，引入Build Create Develop Erect Establish Propose Present Produce Coin Innovate Introduce 根据 According to From 证明,表明 Prove
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上：差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
学术词汇辨析（AWL 词汇） 第一天： analysis 分析，分解，解剖 解析：【反】synthesis 综合 【衍】 analyze analyst analytic analyzable The analysis of the samples on the murder spot showed some valuable clues to the police. 对谋杀现场标本的分析为警察提供了一些有价值的线索。 approach 接近，靠近 解析：【注意】approach后面接地点、人物和目标时是及物动词，否则是不及物动词。作及物动词时还可引申为研究，考虑，商洽等义，作名词时，可表示途径，态度等。 The time is approaching when we must be on board. 我们上船的时间快到了。 area 地带，地区 解析：【同】district，zone，region 【辨析】area表示面积，地区（面积较大，但不指行政单位）如the area of your hand； region指在地理上有天然界限或有自己特色的一个单位，或自治区等行政单位，也可指领域（同sphere，realm）；district性质较region相近，但一般比region小，如县级区用district ； zone是个环绕区域，有严格的边界，如经济特区 a recreation area 重新改建的地区 tropical regions of South America 南美的热带地区 a residential zone 居住区 assessment 评估，估算，评价 解析：动词assess 【同】estimate, appraise, assess, evaluate这些词都表示对客体的重要性形成定论 estimate暗示评价的主观性和不精确y6t,,,,,,,,kl……………………… appraise 表示专业水准的评估 ,名词appraisal assess 表示为确定某物的应税价值而作出的权威估价 evaluate 表示在确定价值时经过了深思熟虑，不一定是金钱价值 assume 假定, 设想，担任; 承担; 接受 解析：【同】suppose 【辨析】suppose最不正式，表示根据一定证据作出的见解，assume用于逻辑推理，强调一种缺乏证据的结论，以检验某种建议。 authority 权威, 权力, 权势【pl.】当局, 负责人; 官方; 职权; 许可的权力根据, 凭据, 引证权威, 专家 解析：the authorities of government author作者 【衍】authorize，authorization available 可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的 解析：【衍】availability availably 注意:一般在名词之后,the apple available benefit n.利益, 好处;vt.有益于, 有助于vi.受益 解析：【同】profit advantage interest 【辨析】advantage指有利条件，优势 take advantage of benefit兼指物质及精神的好处 profit指利润 interest指利息 concept n.概念；观念
英语论文中常用词汇和短语 差另U gaps betwee n, differe ntiate betwee n, discrepa ncies, no in tergroup differe nee No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this di fference failed to achieve statistical significanee. 存在，出现occurred, occurrenee ,existed, existenee, presenee, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases , a marked majority, h an dful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率In cide nee, freque ncy, prevale nee In contrast with regions of high incidenee, the mutation spectrum did not show a high pre vale nee of mutati ons at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, con firm, elucidate, ide ntify, defi ne, characterize,clarify, est ablish, ascerta in, expla in, observe, illu min ate,illustrate ，dem on strate, show, in dicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening，isolation 改变change, alteration, 高，增力口high, enhan ced, elevated, in creased, forced 各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tu mors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte，perform, carry out, 降，少，缺decrease, reduct ion, reduced, dimini sh, loss, suppressi on, deficie nt, low, weak, fa int, light, absenee, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduc ed or completelyabsent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andwea ker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found, 角色，起作用role, part ( limited, potential, early, possible role)，serve antiapoptotic func
论文致谢词(20篇) ：大学毕业论文论文致谢词第1篇： 时光匆匆如流水，转眼便是大学毕业时节，春梦秋云，聚散真容易。离校日期已日趋临近，毕业论文的的完成也随之进入了尾声。从开始进入课题论文的顺利完成，一向都离不开教师、同学、朋友给我热情的帮忙，在那里请理解我诚挚的谢意! 说心里话，作为一个本科生，在最初试图以《周易》为题材进行研究时，还是颇有顾虑的，最大的难题在于自我对《周易》缺乏足够的了解，应对神秘瑰丽的古代典籍茫茫然不知从何处下手，几经酝酿思索，最终在文学院不少教师的鼓励和帮忙下，最终确定对《周易》的人生哲学进行尝试性的分析研究，由此才展开此论文的撰写工作。 本学位论文是在我的指导教师xxx教师的亲切关怀与细心指导下完成的。从课题的选择论文的最终完成，x教师始终都给予了细心的指导和不懈的支持，并且在耐心指导论文之余，x教师仍不忘拓展我们的文化视野，让我们感受了文学的美妙与乐趣。异常是x教师借给我的《周易美学》一书，让我对《周易》中神奇瑰丽的殿堂多了一份盼望与神往，虽然与论文不甚相关，却为我将来步入学术研究的殿堂打开了不可多得的方便法门。值得一提的是，x教师宅心仁厚，闲静少言，不慕荣利，对学生认真负责，在他的身上，我们能够感受一个学者的严谨和务实，这些都让我们获益菲浅，并且将终生受用无穷。毕竟”经师易得，人师难求”，期望借此机会向x教师表示最衷心的感激! 此外，本文最终得以顺利完成，也是与文学院其他教师的帮忙分不开的，虽然他们没有直接参与我的论文指导，但在开题时也给我供给了不少的意见，提出了一系列可行性的提议，在此向他们表示深深的感激! 最终要感激的是我的父母，他们不仅仅培养了我对中国传统文化的浓厚的兴趣，让我在漫长的人生旅途中使心灵有了虔敬的归依，并且也为我能够顺利的完成毕业论文供给了巨大的支持与帮忙。在未来的日子里，我会更加努力的学习和工作，不辜负父母对我的殷殷期望!我必须会好好孝敬和报答他们! 论文致谢词第2篇： 感激我的导师XXX教授，他们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一向是我工作、学
涨姿势|英文路演、论文写作常用词汇与表达方式 泛瑞翻译 引用数据（图表、表格）： 常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide, list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, … as从句：As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by … 引用/简述他人的研究/观点： XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state, claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe, develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss, observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume, speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend 其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to … 表达可能性： It is certain that … It is almost certain that … It is ver y probable/ highly likely that … It is probable/likely that … It is possible that … It is unlikely that … It is very/highly unlikely that … 用于表达可能性的另一种途径： There is a definite possibility that … There is a strong possibility that … There is a good possibility that … There is a slight possibility that … There is little possibility that … 表示例外： With the exception of … Apart from …