Economy - overview:
Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role - in 2010 China became the world's largest exporter. Reforms began with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, creation of a diversified banking system, development of stock markets, rapid growth of the private sector, and opening to foreign trade and investment. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion. In recent years, China has renewed its support for state-owned enterprises in sectors it considers important to "economic security," explicitly looking to foster globally competitive national champions. After keeping its currency tightly linked to the US dollar for years, in July 2005 China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. From mid 2005 to late 2008 cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the US dollar was more than 20%, but the exchange rate remained virtually pegged to the dollar from the onset of the global financial crisis until June 2010, when Beijing allowed resumption of a gradual appreciation. The restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis that adjusts for price differences, China in 2010 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, having surpassed Japan in 2001. The dollar values of China's agricultural and industrial output each exceed those of the US; China is second to the US in the value of services it produces. Still, per capita income is below the world average. The Chinese government faces numerous economic challenges, including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic demand; (b) sustaining adequate job growth for tens of millions of migrants and new entrants to the work force; (c) reducing corruption and other economic crimes; and (d) containing environmental damage and social strife related to the economy's rapid transformation. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and approximately 200 million rural laborers and their dependents have relocated to urban areas to find work. One consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long-term problem. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. The Chinese government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on nuclear and alternative energy development. In 2009, the global economic downturn reduced foreign demand for Chinese exports for the first time in many years, but China rebounded quickly, outperforming all other major economies in 2010 with GDP growth around 10%. The economy appears set to remain on a strong growth trajectory in 2011, lending credibility to the stimulus policies the regime rolled out during the global financial crisis. The government vows, in the 12th Five-Y ear Plan adopted in March 2011, to continue reforming the economy and emphasizes the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy less dependent on exports for GDP growth in the future. However, China likely will make only marginal progress toward these rebalancing goals in 2011. Two economic problems China currently faces are inflation - which, late in 2010, surpassed the government's target of 3% - and local government debt, which swelled as a result of stimulus policies, and is largely off-the-books and potentially low-quality.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$9.872 trillion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
$8.95 trillion (2009 est.)
$8.204 trillion (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$5.745 trillion
note: because China's exchange rate is determine by fiat, rather than by market forces, the official exchange rate measure of GDP is not an accurate measure of China's output; GDP at the official exchange rate substantially understates the actual level of China's output vis-a-vis the rest of the world; in China's situation, GDP at purchasing power parity provides the best measure for comparing output across countries (2010 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
10.3% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7
9.1% (2009 est.)
9% (2008 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$7,400 (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
$6,800 (2009 est.)
$6,200 (2008 est.)
note: data are in 2010 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 9.6%
industry: 46.8%
services: 43.6% (2010 est.)
Labor force:
780 million (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 38.1%
industry: 27.8%
services: 34.1% (2008 est.)
Unemployment rate:
4.3% (September 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
4.2% (December 2008 est.)
note: official data for urban areas only; including migrants may boost total unemployment to 9%; substantial unemployment and underemployment in rural areas
Population below poverty line:
2.8%
note: 21.5 million rural population live below the official "absolute poverty" line (approximately $90 per year); an additional 35.5 million rural population live above that level but below the official "low income" line (approximately $125 per year) (2007)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 15%
note: data are for urban households only (2008)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41.5 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 52
40 (2001)
Investment (gross fixed):
47.8% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
Budget:
revenues: $1.149 trillion
expenditures: $1.27 trillion (2010 est.)
Public debt:
17.5% of GDP (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 113
16.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140
-0.7% (2009 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
2.79% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 110
2.79% (31 December 2008)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
5.81% (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
5.31% (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of narrow money:
$3.838 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$3.242 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of broad money:
$10.08 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5
$8.933 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of domestic credit:
$8.156 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$7.24 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$5.008 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
$2.794 trillion (31 December 2008)
$6.226 trillion (31 December 2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
world leader in gross value of agricultural output; rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish
Industries:
world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites
Industrial production growth rate:
11% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Electricity - production:
3.451 trillion kWh (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
Electricity - consumption:
3.438 trillion kWh (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 2
Electricity - exports:
16.64 billion kWh (2008)
Electricity - imports:
3.842 billion kWh (2008)
Oil - production:
3.991 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 5
Oil - consumption:
8.2 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 3
Oil - exports:
388,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Oil - imports:
4.393 million bbl/day (2008) country comparison to the world: 4
Oil - proved reserves:
20.35 billion bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 13
Natural gas - production:
82.94 billion cu m (2009)
country comparison to the world: 9
Natural gas - consumption:
87.08 billion cu m (2009)
country comparison to the world: 9
Natural gas - exports:
3.32 billion cu m (2009)
country comparison to the world: 32
Natural gas - imports:
7.462 billion cu m (2009)
country comparison to the world: 27
Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.03 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13
Current account balance:
$272.5 billion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
$297.1 billion (2009 est.)
Exports:
$1.506 trillion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
$1.204 trillion (2009 est.)
Exports - commodities:
electrical and other machinery, including data processing equipment, apparel, textiles, iron and steel, optical and medical equipment
Exports - partners:
US 20.03%, Hong Kong 12.03%, Japan 8.32%, South Korea 4.55%, Germany 4.27% (2009)
Imports:
$1.307 trillion (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
$954.3 billion (2009 est.)
Imports - commodities:
electrical and other machinery, oil and mineral fuels, optical and medical equipment, metal ores, plastics, organic chemicals
Imports - partners:
Japan 12.27%, Hong Kong 10.06%, South Korea 9.04%, US 7.66%, Taiwan 6.84%, Germany 5.54% (2009)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.622 trillion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
$2.426 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)
Debt - external:
$406.6 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23 $349.3 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $574.3 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 9 $473.1 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $278.9 billion (31 December 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 15 $229.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Exchange rates:
Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar -
6.7852 (2010)
6.8314 (2009)
6.9385 (2008)
7.61 (2007)
7.97 (2006)
Do you have a spare room in your house? What about a driveway for your car? Both of these can help you make money. Many people who are feeling the pinch are taking advantage of what's been called the 'sharing economy'. Perhaps the best-known example of a company in this field is Airbnb - an American web business which allows you to rent out your spare room to holidaymakers. It says it operates in 34,000 cities and it has 800,000 listings of rooms and apartments. They seem to have cornered the market! A British company is doing something with parking spaces. JustPark's founder, Anthony Eskinazi, says: "When I had the original idea, I spotted a driveway close to a sports stadium. It would have been so convenient if I could have just parked in that driveway rather than in a commercial car park." And he has a big clientele: around 20,000 people have advertised their spaces on the site, and he says around half a million drivers use it. There are other sites doing very similar things, like Uber and Lyft - these let drivers share their cars with other passengers. Any driver knows how valuable a place to park is. A church near Kings Cross in central London has apparently made over ￡200,000 by renting out space in its yard to travellers! But the sharing economy has its critics: the competitors of these new companies. People who run things like traditional B and Bs, commercial car parks and taxi services are afraid of ending up out of pocket. And there is another issue: regulations for these new businesses are unclear. How will renting out your driveway affect your neighbour? Because this is a new business world, those rules aren't there yet and many people are happy to share... as long as it pays! Glossary 词汇表 spare room 家里的空房间 to feel the pinch 感到手头拮据
当前常用政治术语的英文翻译 作者：夜孔守望| 来源：沪江博客 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the gre at rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside
中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。
【词汇】常用政治与行政术语英文翻译 ——————摘自知米背单词官方论坛 专八专四中常常会有一些政治类的文章，有些词汇分开认识，放在一起就傻眼了，那么我们来看看这些词汇吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 大家仅供参考：马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent’s”important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second/third)generation 人民民主专政the people’s democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。“Three Represent’s”shows that our Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China, they are the foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its exercise of state power and a source of its strengthen，only by doing so can we really ensure that our Party always stand in the forefront of the time and maintain
体验经济(The Experience Economy) 农业经济、工业经济和服务经济到体验经济之间的演进过程，就象母亲为小孩过生日、准备生日蛋糕的进化过程。在农业经济时代，母亲是拿自家农场的面粉、鸡蛋等材料，亲手做蛋糕，从头忙到尾，成本不到1美元。到了工业经济时代，母亲到商店里，花几美元买混合好的盒装粉回家，自己烘烤。进入服务经济时代，母亲是向西点店或超市订购做好的蛋糕，花费十几美元。到了今天，母亲不但不烘烤蛋糕，甚至不用费事自己办生日晚会，而是花一百美元，将生日活动外包给一些公司，请他们为小孩筹办一个难忘的生日晚会。这就是体验经济的诞生。 体验经济基本特征 一、非生产性 体验是一个人达到情绪、体力、精神的某一特定水平时体验经济:经济形态区分，他意识中产生的一种美好感觉，它本身不是一种经济产出，不能完全以清点的方式来量化，因而也不能象其它工作那样创造出可以触摸的物品。 二、短周期性 一般规律下，农业经济的生产周期最长，一般以年为单位，工业经济的周期以月为单位，服务经济的周期以天为单位，而体验经济是以小时为单位，有的甚至以分钟为单位，如互联网。 三、互动性 农业经济、工业经济和服务经济是卖方经济，它们所有的经济产出都停留在顾客之外，不与顾客发生关系；而体验经济则不然，因为任何一种体验都是某个人身心体智状态与那些筹划事件之间的互动作用的结果，顾客全程参与其中。 四、不可替代性农业经济对其经济提供物 --产品的需求要素是特点，工业经济对其经济提供物--商品的需求要素是特色，服务经济对其经济提供物--服务的需求要素是服务，而体验经济为其经济提供物--体验的需求要素是突出感受，这种感受是个性化的，在人与人之间、体验与体验之间有着本质的区别，因为没有哪两个人能够得到完全相同的体验径历。 五、深刻的烙印性 任何一次体验都会给体验者打上深刻的烙印，几天、几年、甚至终生。一次航海远行、一次极地探险、一次峡谷漂流、一次乘筏冲浪、一次高空蹦极、一次洗头按縻，所有这些，都会让体验者对体验的回忆超越体验本身。 六、经济价值的高增进性 一杯咖啡在家里你自己冲，成本不过2毛钱，但在鲜花装饰的走廊、伴随着古典轻柔音乐和名家名画装饰的咖啡屋，一杯咖啡的价格可能超过10元，你也认为物有所值；在家里烧一盆洗头水，成本不会超过一元，但在洗头洗脚城找一下放松、快慰的感觉，一次可能会花上几百元；截止目前，有幸进入太空旅游的只有美国富翁丹尼斯.蒂托和南非商人马克.沙特尔沃斯，他们各自为自己的太空体验支付了2000万美元的天价。而一个农民二亩地种一年的产值不过上千元，一个工人加班加点干一个月的工资也不过千元。这就是体验经济，一种低投入高产出的暴利经济。请他们为小孩筹办一个难忘的生日晚会。这就是体验经济的诞生。 体验可以分为四种——娱乐的体验、教育的体验、逃避现实的体验和审美的体验。娱乐当然是吸引客户的良好方式。在赌城拉斯维加斯，商店把自己打扮成古罗马集市的模样，每隔一
Chinese Stock Market is Crazy 中国股票市场的不稳定因素 Maybe I am among the minority who didn't notice the recent bull market trends in Chinese stock market. I heard some news, but never really look at what is happening in the market. Maybe people outside Chinese also didn't pay attention to the performance. Here is what happened. The Shanghai Stock Exchange Index was 998.23 in June 2005. Yesterday, it reached 2870.42, which is the highest in the history of the stock market, and almost three times than one and half year ago. What a crazy stock market! Individual Stocks are Even More Crazy The 3 time increase are only the overall increase. Individual stocks - those good performers are even better. Stories like people get 50% gain in days are not rare. When I watch the financial news, I can smell money in air. Double! Double! is the theme of change, instead of the conservative 6% - 7% expectation. Buy stock in China is always like buy lottery. If you bought the right stock, it can easily bring your wealth to the sky in days, and if you are not lucky enough and get the bad stock, it will shrink at the same speed. I don't have experience in the Chinese stock market - I never bought any or sell any in my life. I don't know what my friends felt when he saw his wealth just increased 30% last week. Unlike NASDAQ, the stock price in China has a threshold. If it raise or drop too much, it will stop trading and hold until the next day. When I chatted with my friend who know stock, he said, you have to catch the first 10 minutes between 9:30 - 9:40 AM. 9:30 is the market opening time. You start to trade at 9:30. However, if you do not act quick enough, the stock you buy may either stop for raising too much, or dropping too much, so you don't have a chance to either buy or sell. I cannot confirm whether this is true. But based on the recent crazy articles I read, it seems cash is flying in air. Instinct tells me it is the right time for the market to crash. Disclaimer: I know nothing about stock market, so this article didn't provide any suggestion. 纽约：经济危机殃及餐饮业 New York's vaunt ed restaurant scene is in for some lean times, according to the newest Zagat survey released on Tuesday, with price hikes coming at a time when diners say they are eating out less
the Fifth Plenum of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 十七届五中全会Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 中央政治局Boost domestic demand 扩大内需12th Five-Year Program for China's Economic and Social Development (2011-2015)/12th Five-Year Plan 经济和社会发展第12个五年规划economic growth mode 经济增长方式inclusive growth 包容性增长macroeconomic regulation 宏观经济调控comprehensive national power 综合国力international competitiveness 国际竞争力capability in shielding against risks 抵御风险能力Urbanization 推进城镇化rural modernization 农业现代化the construction of new socialist rural area 社会主义新农村建设maintain coordinated development in rural and urban regions 统筹城乡发展modern industrial system 现代产业体系strategic emerging industries战略新兴产业balanced development between regions 区域协调发展main functional regions 主体功能区poverty-stricken areas 贫困地区recycling economy 循环经济disaster prevention and reduction防灾减灾Cultural innovation深化文化体制改革innovative country 创新型国家scientific innovation ability 科技创新能力soft power 软实力cultural innovation文化创新public service system of culture 公共文化服务体系income distribution 收入分配public service system 公共服务体系primary distribution of national income 国民收入初次分配the social security system that covers urban and rural residents 覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系contradictions among the people 人民内部矛盾adjust income distribution 调整收入分配social harmony and stability 社会和谐稳定public service-oriented government 公共服务型政府Economic system reform 大力推进经济体制改革"people first" principle 以人为本promote social equality and justice 促进社会公平正义the pillar industries for the national economy 国民经济支柱性产业political restructuring 政治体制改革reforms of fiscal and taxation systems财税体制改革resource products pricing 资源性产品价格reform in social program system 社会事业体制改革improve the quality of foreign investment utilization 提高利用外资水平the "going global" strategy “走出去”战略global economic governance and regional cooperation 全球经济治理和区域合作resource-saving and environment-friendly society 资源节约型、环境友好型社会 马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、江泽民"三个代表"重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin "Three Represent's" important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure社会主义制度socialist system社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China马克思主义政党Marxist political Party党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship国民经济体系national economic system综合国力aggregate national strength国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP)独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity,
执法部门 law-enforcing departments 群众组织 mass organizations 保证将国家机关的工作置于社会的监督下 to ensure the works of state organizations be put under social supervision 深入开展反腐败斗争 to deepen the anticorruption campaign 廉正建设 the construction of honest administering 社会主义民主政治的核心是人民当家做主,真正享有法律赋予的各项民主权利. The essence and core of socialist democratic politics is that the people are the masters and they really enjoy various democratic rights endowed by laws 集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定 collective leadership, democratic centralism, case-specific consultation, decision through meeting 全心全意为人民服务、立党为公、执政为民serve the people heart and soul, work for the public and assumes power for the people 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 小康社会、小康生活well-to-do society, well-to-do life 四项基本原则Four Cardinal Principles 社会主义初级阶段the primary stage of socialism 党管干部的原则 the principle of the Party assuming the respons ibility for cadres’ affairs 集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定 collective leadership, democratic centralism, case-specific consultation, decision through meeting 基本国策 basic state policy 精神文明 intellectual and ideological development
当前常用政治术语的英文翻译 马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、江泽民“三个代表”重要思想 Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin "Three Represent’s" important Thought. 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure. 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation. 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism. 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside. 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party. 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation. 人民民主专政the people’s democratic dictatorshipl 国民经济体系national economic system. 综合国力aggregate national strength. 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP). 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace. 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China. 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。 "Three Represent’s" shows that our Party must always represent therequirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the developmen t of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China, they are the foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its exercise of state power and a source of its strengthen，only by doing so can we really ensure that our Party always stand in the forefront of the time and maintain its advanced nature
Introduction to China’s Economy Course Description This course is designed to provide students with an intensive overview of the Chinese economy with focus on the major processes of institutional change and major sectors of economic development in China. From 1949-1977, China was a central planning economy. In 1978, China began its reform and opening up policy. In the past 35 years since 1978, China has undergone a rapid economic transformation at an unprecedented pace and scale. The aim of China’s reform is to build up a free market economy. After experiencing decades of sustained growth, China’s economy is at a crossroad–with reform difficulty of state-owned enterprises, contradiction of rapid urbanization and job shortage, prevalent dual economy, environmental degradation, disaggregate agriculture, food security and food safety, high asset price and industrial competence loss, modernization and resources limit, local protection and regional integration, etc.. This course aims to challenge students to develop a critical view of the “China miracle’ and obtain an informed perspective of developmental approach that China should take in the future. Required Textbook Naughton. 2007. The Chinese Economy: Transition to Development, Cambridge and London: The MIT Press. Lin Yifu . 2012. Demystifying the Chinese Economy, Cambridge University
常用政治术语的英文翻译 马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent's” important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second/third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP)
Economy 的用法 用作名词(n.) 动词+～ ?cool economy 使经济降温 ?develop〔plan〕economy 发展〔规划〕经济 ?encourage〔exercise, practise〕economy 鼓励〔实行,厉行〕节约 形容词+～ ?agricultural〔individual, industrial〕economy 农业〔个体,工业〕经济?different -mies 不同经济制度 ?national〔natural, prosperous〕economy 国民〔自然,繁荣〕经济 ?poor economy 不合算的 ?real economy 真的省钱 名词+～ ?peace〔product〕economy 和平〔产品〕经济 ?war economy 战时经济 ～+名词 ?economy classes 经济舱,二等舱 ?economy flights 经济舱票价航班 ?economy measures 节约措施 介词+～ ? a man of economy 节俭的人 ?lifeline of economy 经济命脉 ～+介词 ?economy in food 节约伙食 ?economy of time 时间的节约 ?economy of words 语言简洁 economy的详细讲解： 词语用法 1.economy属于抽象名词，表示“节约”。
The housekeeper is accustomed to economy. 这些家庭主妇习惯上比较节省。 2.economy是可数名词，如an economy表示“一件节约的事”，而复数形式economies 表示“多件节约的事。} 词义辨析 n.(名词) economy, economic, economical, financial 这四个词都可以表示“经济的”。economic除指“经济的”(即与国计民生有关的)外,还表示“经济上有收益的,有利可图的”; economical指“节约的,精打细算的”; financial指“财政的,财务的,财力的”; economy作形容词用在名词前面,构成名词短语,其含意相 当于economical。