当前位置:文档之家› 云计算翻译

云计算翻译

云计算翻译
云计算翻译

云计算

1.引言

云计算被称为在整个世界上最值得期待的技术革命,为什么云计算带来了广泛的关注,是因为它不仅代表了一种新的技术出现,也导致整个行业的改变。因此,国家竞争力的排名将发生相应的变化。

2.云计算的定义和应用

云计算的概念是由谷歌提出的,这是一个美丽的网络应用模式。基于对互联网相关服务和交付模式越来越多,它通常会通过互联网提供动态的,易于扩展的虚拟资源。这种服务可能涉及到IT,软件和因特网;其他服务也能得到支持。它意味着计算能力也可以作为商品流通。正如我们所预期的,越来越多的企业将这种新技术应用到实际应用,如网络邮箱,Gmail和苹果商店用它来计算和存储。随着技术的发展,云计算已经充分发挥了它的作用,行业,新人和媒体购买电脑技术,使网络更便宜,速度更快,方便,更好的控制。

云计算是用在分布式计算机,而不是在本地计算机或远程服务器中,企业数据中心的操作和互联网更相似。这个过程使公司能够根据计算机和存储系统的需求获取资源切换到紧急申请。这意味着,计算功率可以是改变的,像水和电,访问方便并且成本低。最大的区别在于,它是通过互联网传输。

3.优点

通过提供云计算一个大而安全的数据存储中心,用户不用再担心自己的数据因某些原因或计算机病毒的入侵破坏而丢失,如一些存储在硬盘中的数据会因电脑损坏,病毒的入侵而丢失,使用户无法访问数据并恢复数据,还有一个缺点,也可能出现在其他人使用你的电脑窃取用户的计算机,如个人机密信息和业务数

据丢失。“蓝照片门”就是一个典型的不安全例子。如果用户通过网络将照片上传到数据存储中心,它可能有更少的访问个人机密信息的机会。而随着云计算的发展,对于用户来说,这些服务都是免费的,对于未来,先进的技术,必将成为商人的摇钱树,对于国家,计算能力也能反映一个国家科技水平和综合国力的水平。

由于用户数据存储在云存储中心,可以减少客户在硬件层次的需求,再加上云计算非常强大的计算能力,如果能加上高速网络,它可以使用户能够更方便快捷的调用数据。用户不再需要更换计算机因为没有足够的硬盘空间和CPU运算能力。如此,用户只通过互联网访问云存储中心,然后轻松地访问数据。

作为功能强大的数据存储中心,最奇妙的功能是共享数据。不管计算机数据还是各种设备如移动电话和PDA。当您的手机出现一些损坏,丢失或为了追逐时代和手机的发展趋势更换时,数据复制是一个繁琐的事情。然而,以另一种方式,可以通过云存储中心解决整个问题。

云计算服务将创造更多的数以百万计的就业机会。3月6日,一个消息显示,微软声明一项由世界著名的市场分析公司IDC进行的委托研究。研究表明,云计算将在2015年创造全球近14万个新的就业机会。还预测,它可以刺激IT 革新并且带来可以达到约为11万亿美元的新收入,再加上云计算的效率大大提高,该企业将加大再投资和工作机会。IDC首席研究官,高级副总裁约翰·甘茨F.说:“对于大多数企业来说,毫无疑问,云计算将显著加强投资和灵活性的回报,降低投资成本,并带来成指数增长的收入,我们通常错误的认为,云计算将减少就业机会,相反,它可以创造很多世界各地的就业机会,无论新兴市场,还是小城市和小企业都将增加就业机会,并从云计算中获益。“[参考[1]]

4.坏处

随着大型存储中心,云计算强烈敦促强大的硬件条件和安全措施,其中包括大量的存储空间和强大的计算能力。随着现在的科学技术的快速发展,用户的增加,硬件能力成为发展的必要条件之一,而且,云应尽量提高他们的计算能力和存储空间。安全措施还包括两个方面;首先,有必要确保用户数据不被损坏,丢失,被盗,这需要强大的IT团队,全方位的维护和严格的准入管理策略。一些信息已被证实,现有的云计算服务提供商仍不能保证不会发生类似的问题。对于用户来说,这是一个非常严重的问题。另一个安全问题是一个自然或非自然灾害,也可能造成存储中心的损坏,可造成用户无法访问。

云计算服务通过互联网提供,因此,用户通常对网络存取速度有较高的需求,虽然国内的存取速度提高快,但与局域网相比较,它会出现延迟,无法比拟的,另外,没有网络,用户将不能够访问云服务。

快速云技术的兴起,从另一个角度,也限制了发展的速度,这也导致降低对高端设备的需求。这是限制终端的发展根本原因。客户的需求,确定产品的业务需求,如果客户降低终端的硬件和软件要求,企业将大大降低产品开发的程度,制约了终端技术的发展步伐。

5.云计算在中国的发展

在中国,云计算服务一直处于高速发展的状态。纵观云计算产业,政府占主要地位,并在市场上它们也被赋予了对云计算的肯定。云计算服务主要支持政府机构和企业,因此,中国的个人云计算服务是一个潜在的大蛋糕,等待人享受。但是由于国内个人网络速度升级太慢,以及相关政府网络监管,个人云计算服务的发展将有更多的困难。由于在国际方面过度投机,在我国,很多企业都希望从

技术的飞速发展得到一些利益,利用云计算服务项目,促进企业发展。我个人的看法是,企业应该做一些准备,判断它的好坏和发展前景,以及估计该公司的实力,各尽其能。通过查阅资料发现,云计算作为一种技术趋势已经引起了世界的注意,但看看外国企业最前沿紧密结合,我们不难发现,几乎没有企业启动依赖于云计算的业务;云计算的应用和相关的研究也大多是那些拥有更多资金大型企业在实施。至于发展前景,对于企业来说,利润是最关键的问题。

虽然云计算已经融入了我们的生活,但云计算的国内发展还面临着诸多问题,如缺乏用户的认知,迁移的风险,缺乏标准,用户锁定,安全和数据保密,安全,标准,数据隐私已经成为其中大家最关心的一个话题。如今,人们还缺乏对云计算全面,系统的认知,其中一部分只是完全模仿别人和国外经验,忽视了我国的具体情况,导致花费很多钱,但未能缓解复杂的IT问题。在原始数据中心,硬件是相对独立的,但迁移到云计算数据中心,系统的评估和科学分析是必不可少的。否则可能会导致硬件平台不发挥效果甚至应用系统的崩溃。云计算产品非常多样化,但云计算标准的诞生,是非常困难的,各大厂商只是有自己的标准,政府也参与进来,他们都在努力成为能够主宰的位置,所以仍然更需要努力。其他面临的挑战是如何向用户提供合法的服务,这也是很重要的,除了系统风险。与传统的数据中心相比,它的云提供更多的多样性服务,这也伴随着更难以控制的风险。因此,分析用户提供的,合理的,可执行的服务水平协议(SLA )的需求将很大程度上帮助用户在云计算服务上树立信心。可以说安全问题是云计算着陆的关键因素。亚马逊失败使人们陷入沉思,这是安全的只是一个因素。其他的安全风险包括用户隐私保护,数据主权,灾难恢复,甚至黑客造成的非法利益。

在云计算时代,将有更多的用户隐私数据放置在云端,更多的数据和更大的价值。最重要的是,缺乏用户的信任将导致云计算落地。

尽管发展之路很远,但政府一直给予支持和鼓励。2012年云计算产业发展论坛成功举行,这是有力的证据。会上,作为赛迪顾问,云产业观察家,以及云计算产业的卓越先行者,微软,与他们的合作,完成了首个“中国云经济发展报告”,其中显示了深入解读云的内容,并指定在云经济发展的关键因素。

基于长期的观察和深入云计算产业研究的结果而获得。此外,与会者分享他们自己的观点关于行业环境,市场情况,技术开发,应用服务内容等;他们也能提出关于云计算的任何问题,预计将尽最大努力给予分析和权威观点。[参考文献[2 ] 6.前景

关于云计算服务未来的发展前景,在我看来,这将有很大的潜力,我们可以发现各大IT企业巨头的动作的答案,但现在仍处于过度投机的状态。很多小公司对它没有任何知识和经验,还是要利用服务项目。我不认为这是一个明智的决定。其实,对于目前的状态,我保持着谨慎的态度,因为没有雄厚的资金实力的企业,我想他们应该着眼于企业的发展壮大,以减少不必要的资源浪费,他们可以到该技术成熟的阶段再开发和使用它。

最后,不得不说云计算的未来,它不仅为存储,阅读和使用网络管理数据提供了无限的可能。同时也为我们提供了无限的计算能力,因为其巨大的存储空间,也没有强大的计算能力,它不能为用户提供方便,快捷。总之,云计算的发展潜力是无穷的。

7.参考

[1] Microsoft news, Cloud computing services will create more millions of

jobs.2012-03-06

[2] CCIDNET news, Cloud Computing Industry Development Forum was successfully.

新技术云计算外文文献

云计算——新兴的计算技术 摘要:云计算是涉及通过互联网提供托管服务的总称。这些服务大致分为三类:基础设施即服务(IaaS)、平台即服务(PaaS)和软件即服务(SaaS)。云计算这个名字的灵感来自于云符号经常用来代表在互联网上流程图和图表。这是在继主机计算、个人电脑计算、客户端服务器计算和Web计算之后的第五代计算技术。本文将围绕云计算进行讨论。 关键词:云计算,IaaS(基础设施即服务),PaaS的(平台即服务),SaaS(软件即服务) 1引言 云服务有三个鲜明的特点区别于传统的主机服务模式,它们分别是:云服务的出售通常按分钟或小时收取费用;云服务是有弹性的,一个用户可以在不同的时间拥有可多可少的服务;云服务完全由供应商托管(消费者只需要通过个人电脑和互联网就可以使用)。虚拟化的重大创新、分布式计算的发展,以及高速互联网的建设和经济的衰落,都加速了对云计算的兴趣。 云可以是私有的或公有的。公有云向互联网上的任何人销售(目前,亚马逊的网络服务是最大的公有云服务提供商)。私有云是一个专有网络或数据中心,向一部分人提供托管服务。当服务提供商使用公有云资源来创建自己的私有云,这样的结果被称为虚拟化的私有云。私有云或公共云的云计算目标是提供方便的、可扩展的计算资源和IT服务[1]。 2云计算的优势 云计算具有的优势是什么? (a)最小化的资本开支 (b)位置和设备独立性 答案:供应商的视角:申请厂商更容易吸引新客户。 (a)提供最低成本的方法和配套应用; (b)能够使用商品服务器和存储硬件; 3云计算的障碍 从客户的视角来看,云计算的障碍有: (a)数据安全; (b)很多客户不希望他们的数据迁移到可以信任的“云”上; (c)数据必须进行本地保留; (d)延迟; (e)云可以走多少毫秒; (f)不是实时应用的理想选择; (g)应用程序可用性; (h)无法通过现有的传统应用进行切换; (i)等效的云应用不存在; 总结,并非所有的应用程序都要工作在公共云之上。

ASP外文翻译原文

https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型,它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 应用程序的代码时,可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码,这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言,可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 应用程序。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 包括: ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架,它在 Web 服务器上运行,可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 网页,https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记(例如 HTML)。通常,您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页,因为 https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是,您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 网页,并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备(如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA))的移动控件。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

最新云计算中侧信道攻击的防御-毕业论文外文翻译整理

附录一英文文献 Security against Side Channel Attack in Cloud Computing Bhrugu Sevak Abstract--Cloud computing is a word that delivering hosted service over the internet. Cloud computing has been ideate as the next generation architecture of IT enterprise ecause of it’s provides ubiquitous network, cost reducing, flexibility and scalability to users. Now days with the fast growing of cloud computing technology introduces new more vulnerabilities so security is considered to be one of the most critical aspect in clod computing environment due to the confidential and important information stored in the cloud. As per AMAZONE EC2 service case study it is possible to identify the particular target VM(virtual machine) in internal cloud infrastructure and then placed new VM with targeted VM and extract confidential information from targeted VM on same physical machine called as simple side channel attack. This paper introduces how to avert the side channel attack in cloud computing. This is accomplished by using combination of Virtual firewall appliance and randomly encryption decryption (using concept of confusion diffusion) and provide RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Security) of client’s data or information. Keywords--Cloud computing, side channel attack, Amazon EC2 service case study, virtual firewall appliance, randomly encryption decryption. I. INTRODUCTION Cloud computing is a word that delivering hosted service over the internet.

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

Hadoop云计算外文翻译文献

Hadoop云计算外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Meet Hadoop In pioneer days they used oxen for heavy pulling, and when one ox couldn’t budge a log, they didn’t try to grow a larger ox. We shouldn’t be trying for bigger computers, but for more systems of computers. —Grace Hopper Data! We live in the data age. It’s not easy to measure the total volume of data stored electronically, but an IDC estimate put the size of the “digital universe” at 0.18 zettabytes in

2006, and is forecasting a tenfold growth by 2011 to 1.8 zettabytes. A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or equivalently one thousand exabytes, one million petabytes, or one billion terabytes. That’s roughly the same order of magnitude as one disk drive for every person in the world. This flood of data is coming from many sources. Consider the following: ? The New York Stock Exchange generates about one terabyte of new trade data per day. ? Facebook hosts approximately 10 billion photos, taking up one petabyte of storage. ? https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html,, the genealogy site, stores around 2.5 petabytes of data. ? The Internet Archive stores around 2 petabytes of data, and is growing at a rate of 20 terabytes per month. ? The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, will produce about 15 petabytes of data per year. So there’s a lot of data out there. But you are probably wondering how it affects you. Most of the data is locked up in the largest web properties (like search engines), or scientific or financial institutions, isn’t it? Does the advent of “Big Data,” as it is being called, affect smaller organizations or individuals? I argue that it does. Take photos, for example. My wife’s grandfather was an avid photographer, and took photographs throughout his adult life. His entire corpus of medium format, slide, and 35mm film, when scanned in at high-resolution, occupies around 10 gigabytes. Compare this to the digital photos that my family took last year,which take up about 5 gigabytes of space. My family is producing photographic data at 35 times the rate my wife’s grandfather’s did, and the rate is increasing every year as it becomes easier to take more and more photos. More generally, the digital streams that individuals are producing are growing apace. Microsoft Research’s MyLifeBits project gives a glimpse of archiving of pe rsonal information that may become commonplace in the near future. MyLifeBits was an experiment where an individual’s interactions—phone calls, emails, documents were captured electronically and stored for later access. The data gathered included a photo taken every minute, which resulted in an overall data volume of one gigabyte a month. When storage costs come down enough to make it feasible to store continuous audio and video, the data volume for a future MyLifeBits service will be many times that.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要: 努力保护水源,尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源,是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用,目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的,处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景,人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率,一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地(thcw)应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构,第二部分分三层,呈圆形,呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层,形成瀑布溢流,因此水中溶解氧浓度增加,从而提高了硝化反应效率,反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善,增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏(Taxodium ascendens),经济作物蔺草(Schoenoplectus trigueter),野茭白(Zizania aquatica),有装饰性的多花植物睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona),香蒲(Typha angustifolia)被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷(16 cm/d 和32 cm/d)对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定,发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词: 人工湿地;硝化作用;反硝化作用;生活污水;脱氮;硝化细菌;反硝化细菌 1. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求,尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区,生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因,废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺,经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效,并且要便于施用,能量输入及维护费用较低,而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂,对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性,主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering,Fen xia ,Ying Li。

外文翻译---超越台式机:一个关于云计算的介绍

附录A 译文 超越台式机:一个关于云计算的介绍 在这个世界上几乎每一天都能看到新技术趋势的崛起和衰退,一种新的趋势带来了更长久的生命力。这种趋势被称为云计算,它将改变你使用电脑和互联网的方式。 云计算预示着我们在如何存储信息和运行应用程序问题上的重大变革。而不是在单独的计算机上运行程序的散的数据,一切都托管在“云”中,通过英特网去访问“云”中的其他计算机和服务器。云计算让你能够在世界上的任何地方访问你所有的应用程序和文档,摆脱了台式机的束缚,让你更容易在不同的地方和同事进行协作。 第一部分认识云计算 云计算的出现就相当于一个世纪前电力革命的发生。在电力公司出现之前,每一个农场和企业都通过自己独立的发电机发电。在电网产生以后,农场和企业关闭他们自己的的发电机,并且从电力公司以一个比他们用自己发电机发电低得多的价格(并且更具有可靠性)买电。 为了寻找相同类型革命的发生,使得云计算成为定局。由于我们所期望的教育普及,每时每刻的可靠性和无处不在的云计算协作承诺使得以台式机为计算中心的观念半途而废。云计算将是未来发展的方向。 云计算:它是什么和它的不同 通过传统的桌面计算,你可以在你的每一台电脑上运行程序的副本,你所创建的文件都保存在你创建文件的计算机上。虽然它们能够被这个网络上的其他计算机访问,但是它们不能被外网的计算机访问。 整个的场景都是以个人计算机为中心。 通过云计算,你使用的软件程序不需要运行在你的个人电脑上,但是却可以通过访问英特网上的服务器使用这个软件程序。假如你的电脑死机了,但是这个

软件程序仍然可以供其他人使用。这种模式仍然适用于你创建的文件,它们被储存在一个可以通过互联网访问的集合中。经过许可的任何人不仅可以访问文件,还可以实时地编辑和处理这些文件。不同于传统的计算,云计算模式不以个人计算机为中心,而是以文档为中心,个人计算机使用简单的文件访问并不重要。 但是这只是一个简化。让我们来看看更详细的云计算是什么样子的?它和我们了解云计算的不同同样重要。 云计算的不同 首先,云计算不是网络计算。通过网络计算,应用程序和文档被托管在一个公司的服务器中并且通过公司的网络可以访问那些应用程序和文档。云计算要比网络计算大很多,它包含了许多个公司,许多个服务器和许多个网络。此外,与网络计算不同,云服务和储存通过网络在世界的任何地方都可以访问,但是通过网络计算,只能在自己公司的网络访问到。 云计算也不是传统的像一个公司将计算服务外包(分包)给一个外部公司。虽然外包公司可以托管一个公司的数据或者应用程序,但是这些程序和计划只有这个公司的员工通过公司的网络才能访问到,而不是通过整个英特网。 因此,尽管表面上很相似,但是网络计算和外包不是云计算。 什么是云计算 云计算定义的关键是“云”本身。对于我们而言,云是一大群互联的计算机。这些计算机可以是个人电脑或者网络服务器,它们可以是公共或者私人的。 例如,谷歌的云是由小的个人电脑和更大的服务器组成的。谷歌云是私人的(即,谷歌拥有它),是公开访问的(通过谷歌用户)。 这种计算机云继承并且超越了单一的公司或者企业。跨企业的跨平台的广大用户群可以访问云服务所提供的应用程序和数据。通过互联网访问,任何被授权的用户可以访问连接在英特网上的任何计算机上的这些文档和应用程序。并且,对于用户而言,云技术和云背后的基础设施是不可见的。 云技术是否基于HTTP,HTML协议,XML,JavaScript或者其他特定的技术是不明显的。(在大多数情况下是无所谓的)。 云计算是用户为中心的。一旦你作为一个用户连接到云,无论储存在哪里的文件,信息,图像,应用程序,无论什么都将变成你的。此外,你的数据也可以

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/3c4411514.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档