语言学复习习题集
P a r t O n e Ex e r ci s es fo r P h o n et i c s
I. Fill in the blanks
1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.
2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.
These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs.
3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel sounds
are_________.
4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are
brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________..
5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the tips.
6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.
7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________.
8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________.
9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours.
11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
II . Choose the best answer.
13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pronunciation
D. voice
14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes.
A. allophone
B. phone
C. phoneme
D. morpheme
15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues
B. tagmemes
C. morphemes
D. allophones
16. 'The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_________.
A. gottis
B. vocal cavity
C. pharynx
D. uvula
17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as_________ diphthongs.
A. wide
B. closing
C. narrow
D. centering
18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____________.
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
G. phones D. allophones
19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
A. Acoustic phonetics.
B. Articulatory phonetics.
C. Auditory phonetics.
D. Neither of them.
20. Which one is different from the rest three according to manners of articulation?
A. [z]
B. [w]
C. [?]
D. [v]
21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n] C. [1]
B. [m] D. [P]
22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i:]
B. [u]
C. [e]
D. [i]
23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. V oiceless
B. V oiced
C. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?
A. [f]
B. [?]
C. [z]
D. [s]
III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .–
______ 25. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. –
______ 26. Sound [p] in the word "spit" is an unaspirated stop.
______ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
______ 28. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.
______ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other.
______ 30. [ p ] is voiced bilabial stop.
______ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
______ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
______ 33.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
______ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be
divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.
______ 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.
______ 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to is where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.
Explain the following terms.
37.Minimal pair38. Sound assimilation
39.Suprasegmental feature40. Free variation
41.Rounded vowel42. Pitch
43.V owel glides44. Anticipatory coarticulation
45.Allophones46. Complementary distribution
47.Distinctive features48. Sonority scale
V. Answer the following questions.
49. What is meant by phonetic transcription?
50. In which two ways may consonants be classified?
Keys
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. Articulatory
2. airstream
3. voiced; voiceless; voiced
4. friction
5. tongue
6. height
7. obstruction 8. minimal pairs 9. diphthongs
10. Coarticulation 11. Phonemes 12. the maximal onset principle
II . Choose the best answer.
13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D
19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. A
III. Decide whether the Mowing statements are true[T] or false[F].
35. [F] It should be articulatory phonetics.
26. [T] 27. [T] 28. [T] 29. [T]
30. [F] It is a voiceless bilabial stop.
31. [F] Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.
32. [T] 33. [T] 34. [T]
35. [F] In many cases the pronunciation of English depends on individual speaker's accent and personal preference. However, one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. It is called Received Pronunciation.
36. [F] The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r M o rp h o l o g y
E x e r ci s e s
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took.
2. Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and ______ root.
3. An ______ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word.
4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with______.
5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______ , ______ and ______
6. All words may be said to contain a root______.
7. A snail set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to______, class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to______ class.
8.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of ______
shortening.
9.______ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.
11. A word formed by derivation is called a______ , and a word formed by compounding is called a______ . (derivative; compound)
12..
II. Choose the best answer.
13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______.
A. lexical words
B. grammatical words
C. function words
D. form words
14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme.
A. inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
15. There are ______ morphemes in the word denationalization?
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
16. In English -ise and -tion are called ______.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. free morphemes
17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and______.
A. affixation
B. etymology ?(46) ?
C. inflection
D. root
18．The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________.
A. derivational affix
B. inflectional affix
C. infix
D. back-formation
19. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. Affixation
B. back-formation
C. Insertion
D. Addition
20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .
A. acronymy
B. clipping D mation
C. imitialism
D. acronymy
21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix word "learned" is known as
a(n) _________ .
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. backformation
D. acronymy
23. The.stem of disagreements is _________ .
A. agreement
B. agree
C. disagree
D. disagreement
24. All of them are meaningful except for _______.
A. lexeme
B. phoneme
C. morpheme
D. allomorph
F. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . –
______ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
_______ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.
_______ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.
_______28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.
_______29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion.
_______30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. _______31. The word; whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of
onomatop-(eia).
_______32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.
_______ 33: Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.
_______ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.
_______ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
_______ 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.
IV . Explain the following term.
37. Morphophonology 38. Allomorph
39. Bound morpheme 40. Back clipping
41. Derivation 42. Morphological rule
43. Closed-class word 44. Analogy
45. Full conversion 46. Blending
47. Base 48. Hybrid
V . Answer the following questions.
49. Of all the word-formations, which involve the process. of addition? Which the process of subtraction? And which the process of transition?
50. Illustrate the axiom, “The actual grammatical classification of any word is dependent upon its use.”
Keys
1 . Fill in the blanks.
1. lexeme
2.affix. b,ur.,,:
3. initialism; acronym
4. vocabulary
5. solid; hyphenated; open
6. morpheme
7. close; open 8. Backformation
9. Conversion 10. morphemic
11. derivative; compound 12. partial
II - Choose the best answer.
13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B
19. B 20. C 21. C 22. A
III. Decide whether the following statements are True[T] or False[F]
25. [F] Phonetically, a compound usually has a s element, or a main stress on the first element on the second element.
26. [T]
27. [F] Stem is the part of word that remains %s:o:r. removed.
28. [T] 29. [T]
30. [F] Reduplicative compound is formed b_v repeat almost identical word.
31. [T]
32. [F] The number of syllables of a word is not necex morphemes.
33. [F] Backformation is a productive way of forming v
34. [F] Inflection and word-formation are two sub-fields of morphology.
35 .[F] The meaning of a compound cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts, and sometimes is
36. [F] Roots are divided into free roots and bound always free.
P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r S y n t a x
Exercises
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. A _______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
2. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _______ clause.
4. _______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.
5. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their ________ properties.
6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed_______ structure.
7. The term_______ refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any other; under the latter element as well. 8. _______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalent
syntactic status.
9. IC analysis emphasizes the_______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.
10. Surface structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic ?interpretation by the introduction of the_______ theory.
11. XP may contain more than just X. e. g. the "NP" "the girl who is watering the flowers" consists of Det, N and S, with Det _______ being the , N the head, and S the complement. 12. _______ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.
II. Choose the best answer.
13. The head of the phrase "the city Rome" is _______.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city and Rome
14. The phrase "on the shelf" belongs to_______ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
15. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves”is a
_______ sentence.
*A. simple B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
16. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n)
_______ clause.
A. finite
B. non-infinite
C. embedded
D. matrix
17. _______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.
A . Morphology B. Syntax
C. Semantics
D. Pragmatics
18. _______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.
A. Auxiliary
B. NP
C. N
D. PP
19. _______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.
A. Conjoining
B. Embedding
C. Concord
D. Government
20. The term_______ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.
A. pronominal
B. anaphor
C. r-expression
D. binding
21. In Halliday' s view, the _______ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.
A, ideational B. interpersonal
C. textual
D. social
22. The criterion used in IC analysis is _________. .
A. transformation
B. conjoining
C. grouping
D. substitutability
23.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.
A. Concord
B. Government
C. Binding
D. C-command
24. The phrase "my small child's cot" is an ambiguous phrase, revealed by tree diagrams -
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
III . Decide whether the following statements are true[ T] or false[F] .
_______ 25. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure.
_______ 26. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. It has just one head.
_______ 27. Move a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in. grammatical strings.
_______28. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.
_______ 29. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax: they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable witn each other semantically. -(F)
_______ 30. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause one of a part to a whole.(T)
_______ 31.A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence.
_______32. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures. _______ _______33. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse.
_______ 34. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme.
_______ 35. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.
_______ 35. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.
IV . Explain the following terms.
37. Syntax 38. C-command
39. Hierarchical structure 40. Syntactic category
41. Phrase structure rules 42. IC analysis
43. Concord 44. X-bar theory
45. Subordinate construction 46. Deep structure
47. Trace theory 48. Move-a Answer the following questions.
V. Answer the following questions:
49. What is a sentence? What is grammaticality? Please explain with examples what is a grammatical sentence?
50. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope.
(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.
(2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.
(3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)?
Keys
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. sentence
2. transformational
3. finite
4. Exocentric
5. recursive
6. deep
7. C-command
8. Coordinate
9. hierarchical 10. trace 11. specifier 12. Grammatical
II . Choose the best answer.
13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B
19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. B
III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [F] .
25. [F] Application of the transformational rules yields surface structure.
26. [F] Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: ' subordinate and coordinate constructions. Coordinate constructions have more than one head.
27. [F] Move-a rule together with other syntactic principles.
28. [T]
29. [F] They are not replaceable with each other semantically.
30. [T] 31. [T]
32. [F] For example, IC analysis cannot be used to analyze the phrase "t love of God".
33. [T]
34. [F] This is called the rheme.
35. [ F] Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories s as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that servt heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.
36. [T]
P a r t T h r e e E x er c i s e s fo r S e ma n t i cs
Exercises
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. _______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
2. _______is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false.
3. "Charge" and "accuse" are said to be _______ synonyms.
4. Sentence meaning is the combination of the compound words and ________.
5. _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.
6. Predication analysis is to break down predications and into their constituents: _________ and _________
7. _________ sentences express judgment.
8. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _________ and _________.
9. "mean" and "frugal" are said to be ________ synonyms.
10. We call the relation between "animal" and "cow" as_________.
11. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _________.
12. "Words are names of labels for things." This view is called _________ theory in semantic studies.
II. Choose the best answer.
13. _________ in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to
formal according to the type of communicative context.
A. Stylistic variation
B. Ideolectal variation
C. Social variation antonyms.
D. Regional variation
14. Cold and hot are a pair of _________
A. gradable
B. complementary
D. converseness C. reversal
15. Idioms are_________..
A. sentences
B. naming units
C. phrases
D. communication units
16. _________ describes whether a proposition is true or false.
D. Truth B. Truth value
C. Truth condition
D. falsehood
17. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _________.
A. proposition
B. sentence
C. Utterance
D. truth
18. Bull: ( BOVINE) (MALE) ( ADULT) is an example of _________.
A. componential analysis
B. predication analysis
C. compositionality
D. selection restriction
19. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_________.
A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.
B. is related to the thing it refers to.
C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.
D. is the image it is represented in the mind.
20. When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b) and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that _________.
A. sentence ( a ) presupposes sentence (b)，
B. sentence (a ) entails sentence (b)
C. sentence (a ) is inconsistent with sentence (b)
D. sentence (a ) contradicts sentence (b)
21. "Socrates is a man" is a case of _________.
A. two-place predicate
B. one-place predicate
C. two-place argument
D. one-place argument
22. "John killed Bill but Bill didn' t die" is a(n) _________.
A. entailment
B. presupposition
C. anomaly
D. contradiction
23. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppositions is called _________.
A. presupposition condition
B. truth condition
C. presupposition trigger
D. Truth value
24. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or _________ which can not be
determined by the context.
A. homonymy
B. antonymy
C. metonymy
D. synonymy
III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F] .
_________ 25. Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value.
_______ 26. The relationship between " human body " and " face/nose " is hyponymy. _________ 27. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.
_________ 28. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship of the two items are said to be relational opposites.
_________ 29. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
_________ 30. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same a; meronymy.
_________ 31. "Either it is raining here or it isn't raining here" is empirically true.
_______ 32. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.
_________ 33. The linguistic context considers the probability of one word' s rnoccurrenee or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication.
_________ 34. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same referenae always have the same sense.
_________ 35. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to neg. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition still true.
_________ 36. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between lingu form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. ?90 ?
IV. Explain the following terms.
37. Reference 38. Conceptualism
39. Synonymy 40. Entailment
41. Componential analysis 42.`Sense
43. Homonymy 44. Semantics
45. Proposition 46. Semantic field
47. prediction analysis 48. Truth condition
V. Answer the following questions.
49. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis into distinctive features?
50. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?
Keys.
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. sense
2. Truth condition
3.collocational
4. the meaning of its structure
5. gradable
6. argument; predicate
7. Declarative
8. lexical ambiguity 9. emotive
10. hyponymy 11.co-hyponymy
12. naming
II . Choose the best answer.
13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B
21. B 22. D 23.C 24. A
III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]:
25. [T]
26. [F] The relationship should be meronymy.
27. [F] Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature. :.
28. [T] 29. [T]
30. [F] Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship. 31. [F] It is linguistically true.
32. [T] 33. [T]
34. [F] Linguistic forms with the same reference may also differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and "evening star". They refer to the same star but differ in sense.
35. [T] 36. [T]
IV. Explain the following terms.
37. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.
38. Conceptualism: It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the rind. 39. Synonymy: It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Synonyms can be divided into dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms and semantic synonyms.
40. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences: (a) Tom divorced Jane. (b) Jane was Tom's wife.
In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.
41. Componential analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed ink HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.
42. Sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It i> the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
C h a p t e r 7Exercises for Language, Culture and Society
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_________ , language.
2. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.
3. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + is he’s). Black English can
_________ the form of “be”.
4.The _________ superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.
5. A_________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communities.
6. A linguistic_________ refers to a word or the "polite" society from general use.
7. Taboo and _________ are two faces of the same communicative coin.
8. Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _________.
9. Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _________ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
10. An ethnic _______(dialect is spoken mainly by a less experienced privileged population that has experienced some sort of social isolation, such as_________ discrimination.
11. In terms of sociolinguistics, _________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.
12. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, _________ inevitably results from the coming into cultures and different languages. (bilingualism)
II. . Choose the best answer.
13. _________ are language varieties for use in particular speech situations.
A. Slang
B. Address terms
C. Registers
D. Education varieties
14. In sociolinguistics, _________ refers to situations typically constrained by a common set of behaviour rules.
A. domain
B. . situation
C. society
D. community
15. _________ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.
A. A speech community
B. A race
C. A society
D. A country
16. _________ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.
A. Regional
B. Social
C. Stylistic
D. Idiolectal
17. _________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.
A. Canada
B. Finland
C. Belgium
D. Germany
18. _________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A. Lingua franca
B. Creole
C. Pidgin
D. Standard language
19. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in
__________ and vocabulary.
A. diglossia
B. bilingualism
C. pidginization
D. blending
20. _________ is a causal use of language that nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, coinages and figures of speech.
A. Language taboo
B. Slang
C. Address terms
D. Register variety
21. _________ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
A. Regional
B. Social
C. Stylistic
D. Ideolectal
22. In a speech community people have something in common __________ a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.
A. socially
B. linguistically
C. culturally
D. pragmatically
23. Probably the most wide-spread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is_________.
A. British English
B. American English
C. Black English
D. Australian English
24. __________ in a language or a particular variety of language in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a from casual to formal according to the type of communicative context.
A. Regional variation
B. American English
C. Stylistic variation
D. Ideolectal variation
II. . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same speech situations known as domains.
__________ 25. In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situation known as domains.
_________ 26. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.
_________ 27. The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy.
_________ 28. A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.
_________ 29. When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages concerned, he is converting one mode of thinking into the other.
_________ 30. Pidgins are rule-governed, like any human language.
_________31. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speaker's perceptions deternune language and pattern their way of life.
_________ 32. Diglossia is a universal phenomenon.
_________ 33. Diglossia refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
_________ 34. The sentences "He crazy" and "He be sick all the time" are both acceptable in Black English vernacular because copula deletion and habitual be are two famous features of Black English.
_________ 35. Speakers of different languages are capable of distinguishing and recognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective different linguistic coding system.
_________ 36. There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regional dialects.
Explain the following terms.
37. Register 38. Pigin
39. Slang 40. Communicative competence
41. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 42 . Lingua franca
43. Diglossia 44. Sociolect
45. Sociolinguistics 46. Speech community
47. Standard language 48: Speech variety questions.
V. Answer the following questions.
49. What is the difference official language?
50. What distinction, if any, can you draw between standard language and national language Keys
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. vernacular
2. community
3. delete
4. standard
5. creole
6. taboo
7. euphemism 8. language 9. social 10. racial 11. idiolect 12. bilingualism II . Choose the best answer.
13. C 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. D 18.C
19. C 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D
III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .
25. [F] They have a fairly clear functional differentiation, i. e. one language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.
26. [F] It is not justifiable to say that one variety of a language is better than any other.
27. [F] The standardization is not necessarily the result of a governmental policy, but of a historical and cultural tradition.
28. [T]
29. [F] When a bilingual speaker switches between the two languages, he is making transitions between the two linguistic coding systems.
30. [Tl,
31.[F] The true statement is "According to the strong version of the SapirWhorf hypothesis, language determines speaker's perceptions and patterns their way of life.
32. [F] Diglossia is not a universal phenomenon.
33. [F] Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
34. [F] Only "he crazy" is acceptable in Black English vernacular because of copula deletion.
35. [T]
36. [T]
C h a p t e r 9Exercises for Psycholinguistics
Exercises
I.Fill in the blanks.
1. The localization of co gnitive hemisphere of the brain is called _________.
2. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called _________, one on the right and one on the left.
3. The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called _________ cortex.
4. Lying under the skull, the human brain nerve cells called _________.
5. The left hemisphere may be dominant for more than the phonetic structure of language. In fact, the left hemisphere may be dominant for a number of nonlinguistic functions. Besides having a superior capacity for processing _________ ordered stimuli and programming complex motor sequences such as playing a violin, the left hemisphere is believed to be specialized for _________.
6. Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres differ in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli_________ and the
left_________ .
7. In addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language：_________: area, _________ and angular_________.
8. PET scans and MRI have greatly increased our ability to look inside the
working brain, but as sophisticated as these techniques are, they merely measure _________.. ERP research offers a new and exciting approach to the study of the_________ activity of the brain, data from which can be linked to specific structural and meaning properties of human language.
9. The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within the constraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _________ memory, and _________ memory, along with a set of control processes that govern the flow-of information within the system.
10. Of particular importance to speech and language function is the massive transverse fiber tract called the_________ , by means of which the N, hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.
11. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "_______ speech , " and speech as " overt-thought." In such a case, speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.
12. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic _________and linguistic
_________.
II . Choose the best answer.
13. _________deals with how language is acquired understood and produced.
A. Sociolinguistics
B. Psycholinguistics
C. Pragmatics
D. Morphology
14. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control d the left hemisphere in most people?
A. Language and speech.
B. Visual and spatial skills.
C. Reading and writing.
D. Analytic reasoning.
15. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, named. _______.
A. Broca’s area, Wemicke’s area and the angular gyrus
B. Bmca' s area, Wernicke' s area and cerebral cortex
C. Broca' s area, Wemicke' s area and neurons
D. Broca' s area, Wernicke' s area and Fxner' s area
16. When we speak, words are sent to _________, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.
A. Broca' s area
B. Wemicke' s area
C. the angular gynas
D. motor area
17. What kind of patients cannot convert a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa?
A. The linguistic deprivation
B. Broca' s aphasics
C. Wemicke' s aphasics
D. The damage on the angular gyms
18. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via _________ area.
A. Broca' s
B. motor
C. neurons
D. Wemicke' s
19. _________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.
A. Language and speech
B. Calculation
C. Holistic reasoning
D. Associative thought
20. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _________.
A. brain lateralization
B. linguistic lateralization
C. right ear advantage
D. cerebral plasticity
21. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _________,
one-word, two-word and multiword.
A. no-word
B. babbling
C. talking
D. uttering
22.. At the age of four, children _________.
A. can master the essentials of their mother tongue
B. can only babble several sounds
C. can name the things around them only
D. can write out the grammatical rules of their language
23. _________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A. Learning
B. Competence
C. Performance *
D. Acquisition
24. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of _________.
A. linguistic determinism
B. linguistic relativism
C. linguistic nativism
D. linguistic behaviorism
III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F].
________25. The right ear advantage (REA) is true no matter whether people have the left hemispheric dominance for speech or the less common right hemispheric dominance for speech.
_________ 26. In general, the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.
_________ 27. The left hemisphere is superior to the right hemisphere.
_________ 28. The adaptability of the nervous system decreases with age, and when left hemisphere injury occurs after puberty, the danger of permanent aphasia is great.
_________ 29. Although the age at which children will pass through a given stage can vary significantly from child to child, the particular sequence stages seems to be the same for all children acquiring a gic language.
_________ 30. At the multiword stage, simple prepositions, especially those .
indi cate positions such as ::m?, ::on… and "up", begin to turn up children's speech.
_________ 31. Children acquiring their first language beyond the critical age hardly successful, such as the case of "Genie."
_________ 32. Children acquiring a language simply as internalizing individual expressions of language.
_________ 33. In first language acquisition children's grammar models exactly after the grammar of adult language.
_________ 34. Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.
_________ 35. The presence of a grammatical distinction in a language
the ease of some cognitive processes, while the absence distinctions prevents these processes. _________ 36. A weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that the pre- -of linguistic categories influences the ease with which va-.cognitive operations are performed.
IV. . Explain the following terms.
37. Psycholinguistics 38. Arcuate fasciculus
39. Brain lateralization 40. Right-ear advantage
41. Modularity 42. Bottom-up processing
43. Cohort theory 44. Frequency effect
45. Spoonerism 46. Critical period
47. Behaviorist learning theory 48. Universal Grammar
V . Answer the following questions.
49. What is dichotic listening research?
50. What evidence can be given for the view that there is a critical period for language acquisition?
Keys
I. FIll in the blanks.
1. lateralization
2. hemispheres
3. cerebral
4. neurons
5. temporally; associative thought
6. holistically; analytically
7. Broea' s; Werrucke' s; gyrus
8. blood flow; electrical 9. working; permanent 10. corpus callosum
11. subvocal 12. determinism; relativism
II . Choose the best answer.
13. B 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. C 20. C 21. B
22. A 23. D 24. B
III Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or faLse[F].
25. [F] The right ear advantage i s true for people who have the left hemispheric dominance for speech, and the left ear advantage is observed for people who have the right hemispheric dominance for speech.
26. [T]
27. [F] Both hemispheres perform important mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli.
28. [T] 29. [T] 30. [T] 31. [T]
32. [F] In fact what is acquired is not a bunch of utterances but a set of rules, condition and elements that allow one to speak and understand speech. 33. [F] In first language acquisition children' s grammar does not model exactly after the grammar of adult language.
34. [T]
35. [F] The presence of a grammatical distinction in a language may increase the ease of some cognitive processes. However, the absence of such distinctions does not prevent these
processes.
36. [T]
C h a p t e r 11Exercises for Schools of Modern Linguistics
Exercises
I . Fill in the blanks.
1. The Prague School practiced a special style of _________.
2. The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ________ and phonology.
3. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized subject in Britain was ________ .
4. Halliday' s Systemic Grammar contains a functional theory behind his Functional Grammar is________ .
5. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a ( n ) ________ oriented functional linguistic approach.
6. Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of________ .
7. In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as the ________ Age.
8. ________ in language theories is characteristic of America.
9. The starting point of Chomsky’s TG Grammar is his ________ hypothesis.
10. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a ________, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
11. Systemic-Functional Grammar takes the actual uses of language as the object of study, while Chomsky' s TG Grammar takes the ideal speaker's linguistic ________ as the object of study.
12. The specific method of Relational Grammar in describing language structure is the
multi-level analysis of ________ relations.
II . Choose the best answer.
13. The person who is often described as "father of modern linguistics" is ________.
A. Firth
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Chomsky
14. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of________.
A. function
B. meaning
C. signs
D. system
15. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ________.
A. Boas
B. Sapir
C. Bloomfield
D. Harris
16. The theory of ________ considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.
A. Case Grammar
B. Stratificational Grammar
C. Relational Grammar
D. Generative Semantics
17.Generally speaking, the specifies ________ whether a certain tarmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.
A. Slot
B. Class
C. Role
D. Cohesion
18. ________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.
A. Traditional
B. Structural
C. Functional
D. Generative
19. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ________ .
A. Prague School
B. Copenhagen School
C. London School
D. Generative Semantics
20. ________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Leach late 1950s and the early 1960s.
A. Stratificational
B. Case
C. Relational
D. Montague
21. In Halliday's view, the ________ function is the function that the uses to know about his surroundings.
A. personal
B. heuristic
C. imaginative
D. informative
22. The rheme in the sentence "On it stood Jane" is________ . .
A. On it
B. stood
C. On it stood
D. Jane
23. Chomsky follows ________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
A. empiricism
B. behaviourism
C. rationalism
D. mentalism
24. TG Grammar has seen ________ stages of development.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
III. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or fa1se[F].
________ 25. Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Tnibetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.
________ 26. The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast. ________ 27. London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics. ________ 28. According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.
________ 29. American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.
________ 30. The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.
________ 31. American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.
________ 32. Chomsky' s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure' s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure' s langue.
________ 33. Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description.
语言学概论试题（一） 一、填空（每空1分，共15分） 1.语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是根词。 2.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字是最重要的辅助交际工具。 ?3.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 4.英语属于印欧语系的日耳曼语族的西部语支。 ?5.语音可以从生理角度分析它的产生方式，从物理角度分析它的表现形式传递过程，从社会功能角度分析它的功能作用。 6.是否能够独立运用，是区分词和语素的根本特点。 ?7.现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于拉丁字母。 ?8.具有不同功能的三种最基本的语法单位是语素、词、句子。 ?9.语言发展的主要特点是渐变性和不平衡性。 ?10.我国宪法 1982年第19条明确规定“国家推广全国通用的普通话”。 二、选择题（每题1分，共10分）?????? 1. 中国的传统语文学研究的薄弱环节是（ D ） ??Ａ.文字学Ｂ.语音学? ?Ｃ.词汇学Ｄ.语法学 ?2. 汉语属于（ B ） ?Ａ.屈折语Ｂ.孤立语 ?Ｃ.多式综合语Ｄ.粘着语 ?3. 一种语言中数量最少的是（ B ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.音位 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音节 ?4. 文字的前身是（ C ） ??Ａ.结绳记事Ｂ.手势 ??Ｃ.图画记事Ｄ.实物记事 ?5. 派生词中包含（ B ） ??Ａ.词尾Ｂ.词根 ??Ｃ.虚词Ｄ.根词 ?6. 语音和语义结合的最小的语言单位是（ C ） ??Ａ.音素Ｂ.义素 ??Ｃ.语素Ｄ.音位 7. 汉语单词“忽然”出现的位置是（ C ） ??Ａ.主语位置Ｂ.谓语位置 ??Ｃ.状语位置Ｄ.定语位置 8. 以下各种语言变体中，属于社会方言的是（ D ） ???Ａ.土话Ｂ.客家话 ???Ｃ.客套话Ｄ.黑话 9. 下列语素中属于自由语素的是（ C ） ???Ａ.初Ｂ.视 ???Ｃ.人Ｄ.民 10. 在语言结构的某一环节上能够互相替换，?具有某种相同作用的各个单位之间所形成的关系叫（ D ） ??Ａ.转换关系Ｂ.组合关系 ??Ｃ.层级关系Ｄ.聚合关系 三、名词解释（每题4分，共20分） ?1.专语语言学以具体语言作为研究对象的语言学。 2.组合关系指两个以上相连续的语言符号组合而成的线性关系。 3.语流音变语流中的某些音由于相互影响而发生临时性的变化，这种变化就叫语流音变。 4.语义场由具有某些共同义素的一群词类聚而成的场。 5.语法范畴把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别。 四、试以国际音标标出下列各词的读音（每题2分，共10分） 1.优秀 2.维持 3.宏观 4.精神 5.离开 五、用义素分析法分析下列各组词（每题3分，共9分） ?1.瞻仰 [+用眼 +往一定方向 +崇敬地]
全国 2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码： 00830 I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2%×10=20% ) 1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. () A. system B. structure C. competence D. performance 2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. () A. larynx B. hard palate C. glottis D. vocal cords 3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. () A. two roots B. a root and a prefix C. a root and a suffix D. a root and a free morpheme 4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules,which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP→ ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).) A. phrases B. clauses C. sentences D. constituents 5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the“ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed by ______. () A. Plato B. Ogden and Richards C. John Firth D. Bloomfield 6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. () 1
简答题 1.罗常培《语言与文化》的学术贡献？ 该书专门论述语言与文化的关系，在当时以语言形式研究为主的时代卓然而立。它论述了六个方面的问题：①从词语的语源和演变看过去文化的遗迹。②从造词心理看民族的文化程度。 ③从借字看文化的接触。④从地名看民族迁徙的踪迹。⑤从姓氏和别号看民族来源和宗教信仰。⑥从亲属称谓看婚姻制度。这实际上是一本词汇与文化的专门著作。 2．文化语言学与人类语言学的联系与区别？ 同：关注的焦点都集中在人身上。 异：人类语言学以活的语言为对象，以了解语言的现状为目的，以实地考察为主要方法。而文化语言学除了活的语言外，还关注语言的历史、语言的书面形态、语言现状背后的原因、有多种方法如参照法、认同法等。 3．文化语言学与社会语言学联系与区别？ 同：都强调人类与人、与社会的密切关系，都关注着语言与人和社会的互动关系。 异：社会语言学主要研究的是语言在社会中的存在状况，主要关注的是社会现象中与人有密切关系的地域、职业、行业、性别、年龄、性格等特征。文化语言学主要研究的是语言在民族文化中的存在状况，它主要关注观念、信仰、道德、习俗、意识、思维等因素。 4. 什么是语言的人文性？ 指语言结构体能通过自身的存在状态、分布范围、活动单位、变化方式等各方面表现出它所赖以生存的民族文化生态环境中种种因素的属性语言的人文性应是语言的一种属性，一种功能，而不是具体的文化因素。 5.中国文化语言学有几个学派？它们的异同点是什么？ 三个：以游汝杰为代表的文化参照派、以申小龙为代表的文化认同派、以陈建民为代表的社会学派。 同：语言研究必须要与它的人文生态环境结合起来，对几乎全盘接受西方语言学理论的中国现代语言学提出尖锐批评，要求建立独立的文化语言学科，注重语言的个性，注重语言的功能研究等。 异：语言与文化之间有着怎样的关系；如何看待语言的人文属性；怎样评价中国现代语言学的历史；文化语言学的学科性质如何。文化派：注重语言和文化的参照比较研究，认为可以从汉语来探求文化，也可以从汉文化来探求汉语。文化认同派：注重对汉语的文化功能进行研究，认为汉语不仅是汉文化的载体，也是汉文化的结晶，追求汉语与汉民族文化之间的一致性。社会学派：注重探求在社会背景下的语言变异和运用规律。 论述题 1. 这是几组关于称谓语的原式和变式，对变式结构的特点 进行分类描写，并分析其原因 叶利钦——叶氏，奥巴马——奥氏 马拉多纳——老马；贝克汉姆——小贝 穆托姆博——穆大叔；霍华德——霍二叔 莎士比亚——莎翁；萨马兰奇——萨翁 第一组是总统的名字的第一个字加上“氏” 很显然是中外结合原因是中国人命名的是根据自己民族的思维进行的即姓+氏这种表达有庄重义故用于总统第二组是加了词头即 在人的姓前加上老或小这样的词头原因表示亲切和喜爱第三组名字的头字加上辈分 这里是按年龄转换的原因表示对前辈的尊敬和喜爱最后一组在名字的头字加上翁翁指
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
语言学概论试题及答案 分享 首次分享者：◇﹎ゞ丫丫℡已被分享11次评论(0)复制链接分享转载举报语言学概论形成性考核作业及参考答案 语言学概论作业1 导言、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的，叫历时语言学。 2、语言——语言是一种社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具。就语言本身的结构来说，语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统。 3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式，词这样的符号是声音和意义相结合的统一体。任何符号都是由声音和意义两方面构成的。 4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置，其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是由语素构成的词，第三级是由词构成的句子。 5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系。所谓“社会”，就是指生活在一个共同的地域中，说同一种语言，有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面，语言在人们的使用中可以有不同的变异、不同的风格。 二、填空 1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学三个学派。 2、历史比较语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。 3、人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 4、一个符号，如果没有意义，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有声音，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成。 6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点。 7、语言的底层是一套音位，上层是符号和符号的序列，可以分为若干级，第一级是语素，第二级是词，第三级是句子。 8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合。 9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，聚合是指符号在性质上的归类。 三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉） 1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。（×） 2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。（×） 3、在现代社会，文字比语言更加重要。（×）
全国2018年10月自学考试现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% ) 1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view. （）A. lexical B. grammatical C. semantic D. structural 2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.（） A. vowels B. consonants C. sounds D. speech sounds 3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. （） A. root B. stem C. affix D. morpheme 4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntactic rules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure. （）A. linear B. hierarchical C. constituent D. syntactic 5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （） A. argument B. subject C. object D. predicate 6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone? Speaker B: I’m in the bath. Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（） 1
文化语言学考试资料 1汉语作为汉民族文化的代码，其有深刻的民族文化的历史背景，试论述有哪些文化因素对汉语的形成和发展产生过重要影响 20分 2双语阶段结束后，底层语言不会立即死亡，而是缓慢地萎缩，试举例论述语言萎缩的情况 20分 3简述汉语南方方言形成的历史层次 10分 4什么是等意异字和叠义复合？举例加以说明 10分 5语言接触后一把会产生什么变化？试举例说明 20分 6关于钢铁，枪炮和细菌 1汉语作为汉民族文化的代码，具有深刻的民族文化的历史背景，汉语同汉文化是同步形成和发展的，在漫长的历史进程中，至少有四个文化因素对汉语的形成和发展起到过重要的影响： （） 汉文化起源的多样性。 中原文化时期，夏朝和商朝的建立标志着华夏民族的开始形成。这个时期，居住在黄河流域的华夏民族与北狄、西羌、东夷及南方百越等民族时有冲突，同时也有交流，因此，汉文化是华夏民族和境内其他民族文化融合的综合体。 （二）汉字的一统作用 秦统一了汉字，使全国“书同文”，最终把我国黄河和长江两大文化中心统一起来。尽管各地的人对同一个字还是说不同的音，但汉字统一了全国的书面语，实际上也就是统一了古汉语和汉文化。同时，由于汉字符号的表义性使汉字表示的语素意义长期稳定，从而使汉语记载下来的汉文化作品具有长期稳定的延续性，这就形成了长达几千年的高度发达和统一的汉字文化。而汉字文化反过来也使汉民族的语言自古以来在长期发展中一直保持其稳定的延续性。 （三）佛教文化的融入 佛教传入中国，有史可考的时期大约在汉武帝征服西域之后，佛教文化自此渐渐融入汉民族文化。魏晋南北朝时期，佛教思潮海陆并进，涌入中国，在北方更加上少数民族武力的推波助澜，佛教变成人们生活不可缺少的一部分。到唐朝，佛教大盛，玄奘在印度求得重要的梵文经本，开始了三百年的佛经运动，从此佛学渗透到中国文化的各个领域，成为中国文化核心的一部分。佛教文化对汉语的影响主要表现在三个方面：1、四声理论的建立2、书面语口语话倾向产生3、大量借词进入汉语词汇 （四）社会分合和人口迁徙 从黄帝到清朝，中国境内曾出现过大大小小共八十多个王朝。割据和统一，依长江的南北对峙，北方王朝的南进等，分分合合的社会政治历史使社会动荡，人口迁徙。这样的结果对汉语的发展也产生了巨大的影响。 2 . 退缩到宗教领域 中国历史上的犹太移民在放弃母语后，掌教的神职人员仍使用希伯来语诵读讲解犹太经文。 .
Chapter 2：Phonology I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. F 2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. T 3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. 4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not. 5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. 6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. 7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph. 8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest. 9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing. 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest. 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. 14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning. 16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
自学考试《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案2017 2017 年自学备考正在开展中，考生们要扎扎实实地复习，一步一步地前进，以下是搜索整理的一份《现代语言学》模拟试题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想 了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们! I .Multiple Choice Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2% x 10=20%) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow”are ___.( ) A. gradable opposites B.relational opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar .( ) A. Jacob Grimm B.Rasmus Rask C.Franz Bopp D.Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( ) A.unusual B.something to be feared C.abnormal D.natural 4. __produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense,often as unintelligible.( ) A.Broca's aphasic B.The linguistic deprivation C.The damage on the angular gyrus D.Wernicke's aphasic 5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night ” as “light ”.This shows: .( ) A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is notthe sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( ) A.a polysemous B.a synonymous C.an abnormal D.a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it? ” is __.( ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/332668484.html,rmative B.phatic C.directive D.performative
文化语言学和社会语言学的异同 语言学（linguistics）是以人类语言为研究对象的学科。探索范围包括语言的结构、语言的运用、语言的社会功能和历史发展，以及其他与语言有关的问题。语言学的历史非常古老。人类最早的语言研究是从解释古代文献开始的，是为了研究哲学、历史和文学而研究语言的。中国在汉朝时产生了训诂学。在印度和希腊，公元前4世纪到3世纪，就建立了语法学。现代的语言学建立于18世纪初期，是随着历史比较语言学的出现的。它主要包括文化语言学、应用语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学等。文化语言学和社会语言学是语言学上的两个分支，它们虽然相互联系，但重点很不相同。它们的不同点主要体现在它们的定义、研究对象、研究方法、研究理论的意义，还有实践意义不同，它们对人类的其他活动都有着不同的作用。具体分析如下： 一、定义不同 人类文化语言学（ethnolinguistics）是语言学与文化人类学（cultural anthropology ，亦称社会人类学，social anthropology）的边缘化所形成的一门交叉学科，其交迭领域为“语言、思维、文化及其关系”，这是当今语言研究中最具动力和潜势的一个探索点。同时人类文化语言学是一门大跨度的综合性学科，理论语言学、应用语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学以及语言哲学和语言思想史研究构成了它的基本学科扇面，而当代最活跃的几个语言学分支诸如语用学、话语分析、跨文化交际理论、翻译理论以及（第二）语言习得理论等，都可以从中获得本体论和方法论资源。换言之，开展人类文化语言学研究，不仅可以直接介入语言、思维和文化这一领域，而且还可以高屋建瓴地带动、推进和融合当代语言学分支的研究。人类之所以会有文化，而其它动物不能有文化，其原因除脑力的差异以外，便是语言能力的有无，故语言对于文化的关系极为重大(Ellwood C ·A·,Cultural Evolution)。欧美的语言学家、文化人类学家们，如洪堡特（W ·F ·Humboldt）、马林诺夫斯基（B·Malinowski）等也都有过精彩论述。这些理论昭示了语言的文化属性或人文性，使当代语言学家反思语言研究游离于社会，游离于人文世界的缺陷。社会语言学是一个很大的术语，它覆盖了大量有关语言和社会的问题，包括语言的社会功能和语言使用者的社会特征。社会语言学研究语言多样性的特征，他们的功能特征和说话者的特征以及这三者在言语社团中持续的交互作用和变化。它试图揭示出那些能解释和限制言语社团中语言行为和作用于语言行为的社会规则和规范，同时，也努力去确定语言多样性对于说话者的符号性价值。而这种由语言的多样性产生的符号性或象征性特征，是语言功能差异的必然结果。 二、研究对象的不同 人类文化语言学的研究对象具有本土性、多样性、传统性、时代性、实用性、温和性。社会语言学的研究对象是年龄与语言变异（1）、．性别与语言变异（2）、社会阶层与语言变异（3）、集团用语（4），集团用语中主要有行话、单位用语、专业用语、术语、隐语和黑话。其中（1）（2）是从“属性论”的观点探讨语言的使用状况。一种语言即使在同一时代、也会因说话人所属的地区、年龄、性别、身份、修养等不同而产生差异。有关这方面的研究中，特别值
语言学概论题 2009年语言学概论试题及答案 第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题 1．关于“语言”的定义，下列说法不正确的一项是 A．语言是一种社会现象 B．语言就是人们说出来的话 C．语言的客观存在形式首先是有声的口头语言 D．语言是一个符号系统 2．关于“言语活动”、“语言”和“言语”三者之间的关系，下列说法不正确的一项是A．“语言”等于“言语活动”减去“言语” B．“语言”是主要的，而“言语”是次要的 C．“言语”是“言语活动”中的社会部分 D．“语言”是从“言语活动”抽象出来的一个均质的系统 3．索绪尔创立的语言学可以称为 A．传统语言学 B．历史比较语言学 C．结构主义语言学 D．社会语言学 4．从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位是 A．音渡 B．音素 C．音位 D．音节 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位
C．语汇是固D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 5．[p…]的发音特征是 A．双唇送气清塞音 B．双唇不送气清塞音 C．舌尖前送气清塞音 D．舌尖前不送气清塞音 6．下列各项中，都是不圆唇元音的一组是 A．[i，u] B．[e，o] C．[A，y] D．[?，a] 7．说话人根据表达需要有意识地加上去的句重音是 A．节律重音 B．语法重音 C．固定重音 D．强调重音 8．下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是 A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位 B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位 C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇 D．语汇是一种语言中词和语的总和 9．从词的构造方式看，汉语“健儿”一词属于 A.单纯词 B．派生词 C．复合词 D．简缩词 10．下列各个汉语词语中的“子”是词根语素的是 A．笼子 B．鸽子 C．瓜子 D．日子 11．下列关于语法的表述中，不正确的一项是 A．语法是关于词的构成变化和词构成词组和句子的规则 B．语法是说本族语的人的直觉知识和约定习惯 C.语法是与语音、语汇等要素互不相关的规则 D．语法是与语音、语汇等相比变化较慢的现象 12．在“这些书我看过了”这个语言片段中，“这些书”和“我看过了”的性质是A．既是成分也是组合 B．是成分，不是组合 C．是组合，不是成分 D．不是成分也不是组合 13．下列关于词义模糊性的表述中，正确的一项是 A．词义所指范围边缘区域模糊，中心区域明确 B．词义所指范围边缘区域明确，中心区域模糊
全国2006年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：0830 Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%) 1．Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of（） A．all consonants B．vowels only C．all consonants and some vowels D．all vowels and some consonants 2．The negative prefix“ in-”in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced/im/,and spelt as “im”. This is the result of the ______________rule at work. （） A．deletion B．assimilation C．phonetic D．sequential 3．The word “ecology” is a two-morpheme cluster that contains_______________.（）A．two roots B．a root and a suffix C．a root and a free morpheme D．a prefix and a root 4．When we move the adverbial phrase “every day” in the sentence “Every day, we study English” to the end of the sentence, we are now ______________ the phrase to the right.（）A．rewriting B．preposing C．postposing D．maintaining 5．Antonyms are divided into several kinds .Which of the following is NOT a kind of antonyms? （） A．complementary B．relational C．superordinate D．gradable 6．In terms of predication analysis , the utterance“ Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a______________（） A．one-place predication B．two-place predication C．three-place predication D．no-place predication 7．In Old English, word order was freer because the case endings were rich. So in Old English, word orders included SVO, VSO, SOV and OSV. However, Modern English has a much weaker case system, so its sentences have to follow a basic word order of________________.
《文化语言学》教学大纲 课程名称：文化语言学英文名称：metalinguistics 课程代码：[JX042006] 课程类别：限定选修课 学分学时数：2学分，32学时 适用专业：汉语言 修（制）订人：郝鹏飞修（制）订日期：2014年9月1日 审核人：审核日期： 审订人：审订日期： 一、课程性质与目的要求 （一）课程性质 文化语言学是汉语言文学专业的专业选修课。文化语言学是研究语言和文化的关系的学科，是语言学和文化学的交叉学科,本课程研究的对象定位在汉语与中国文化关系的范围内。本课程以基本掌握了现代汉语、古代汉语、语言学概论等专业基础课知识体系的学生为教学对象。通过本课程的教学，使学生了解汉语与中国文化相互作用、相互完善、相互依存的关系，引导学生对汉语与中国文化关系的深入思考和探索，初步掌握研究方法。 （二）课程目的要求 1.了解汉字和汉语语音、词汇、语法的特点，了解中国文化的特点。 2.认识汉字、汉语语音词汇语法与中国文化的相互影响和相互依存关系。 3.初步掌握从汉字、语音、词汇、语法研究中国文化和从中国文化透视汉字、语音、词汇、语法发展规律的方法。 二、教学内容、重（难）点、教学要求及学时分配 第1章文化语言学的研究内容（4学时） 教学要求：了解文化语言学的概念、文化语言学研究的内容和意义。 教学要点： 1.文化的涵义 2.文化的三个层次 3.文化语言学概念和研究内容 4.文化语言学研究的意义 教学重（难）点：对文化和文化层次的理解。
第2章汉汉语语音与汉文化（8学时） 教学要求：了解汉语语音的特点，中国文化对汉语语音的影响，由汉语语音的特点形成的独特的中国文化现象。 教学要点： 1.汉语音义结合的特点 (1)一音多义(语素)是汉语的一大特点 (2)一音多字造成汉语的奇特现象 2.语音特点形成的文学艺术手法 (1)双关 (2)借对 (3)幽默的谈笑艺术 (4)歇后语 3.汉语语音特点形成的民俗 (1)吉祥语与吉祥物 (2)禁忌语 4.语音特点形成的制度—避讳 教学重（难）点：汉语语音的特点与中国文化特点的关系。 第3章汉字与文化（8学时） 教学要求：了解汉字性质和特点，掌握从汉字中了解历史文化信息的方法。 教学要点： 1.文字是文明的标志 （1）文字使语言突破了时间上的局限，使语言得以长久保存 （2）文字使语言突破了空间上的局限，使语言得以传到远处 2.文字的形体反映了古文化的演进 （1）古文字反映古代物质生产方式的进步 （2）古文字反映古代风俗制度的变化 （3）古文字反映审美意识的起源 教学重（难）点：汉字的结构；汉字蕴含的历史文化信息。 第4章汉语词汇与汉文化（8学时）