跨文化交际期末考试题
Ⅰ. Define the following items.
1.c ontext ：P49
2.n oise: P54
3.i ntercultural communication ：communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
4.i ndividualism: P99
5.c ollectivism: P99
6.h igh-context culture ：P110 a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.
7.l ow-context culture ：P110 a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.
8.v erbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language 9.n onverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication
setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.
II. Answer the following questions(简答题)
1. What is the culture, and what are the characteristics of the culture? P45
what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them.
2. What’s the relationship between culture and language?
Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.
3. How do Japanese people refuse? P135
4. How do Chinese and western people respond to others’ compliment? P162
5. What kinds of nonverbal communication are often used in our daily communication? P191
6. What are the functions of the nonverbal communication? P218
7.What are the differences on receiving gift s between Chinese and westerner?
In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Norma lly we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person wh o gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts af ter the visitors have left.
In China, many people send gifts without wrappi ng them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell t he receiver what is inside, and the receiver will tha nk the sender and put the gift aside without unwra pping them since they already know what is insid e. English receivers open the gifts in front of the se nders of the gifts.
8.Describe the different ways in showing hospitality between Chinese culture and west ern culture.
Chinese guests always refuse offer of drinks or food to demonstrate politeness in seeming not to wish to put their host to any trouble.Sometimes an offer is not a real offer but a polite remark. After we say 'no', we usually wait for the second and thir d offer. If the host just brings the food or drink an d ignores 'no', we ill accept it. Chinese like to press their guests to drink or eat to show their hospitalit y. While westerners always accept or refuse offer o f drinks or food very genuinely.Their refusal is acce
pted as genuine.Westerners don’t to press. To pres s people to have food or drink after they have refu sed is frowned upon and can cause embarrassment s.
III. Case Analysis (You are required t o state cultural phenomenon in each cas e)
Case 1
Li Lan had an American friend Susan. They usually had lunch together and Li Lan often asked Susan for advice on problems she face d adjusting to American society. Susan gave Li Lan a lot of advice and helped her to impro ve her English. Once Li Lan needed urgently a big sum of money to pay her tuition fee. Si nce she has no other friends in the States, sh e turned to Susan for help and promised that she would return the money soon.
To Li Lan’s great disappointment, this time Susan didn’t seem happy to lend the money
to her. Though Li Lan returned the money as she promised, they didn’t get along well from then on.
Question: Why did Li Lan feel unpleasant?
Li Lan asked to borrow money from her A merican friend Susan, which is rarely part of Western friendship. Li Lan and Susan have di fferent expectations of friendship.
In the West, people prefer to be independe nt and equal rather than dependent, so they don't feel comfortable in a relationship in whi ch one person gives more and the other pers on is dependent on what is given. Among frie nds they mostly provide emotional support to each other and spend time together, so they rarely borrow or lend money to each other. They would ask for a loan from the bank rath er than from their friends.
While in China, people expect their friends to be loyal to each other, and they even take risks for their friends. So they would give no t only emotional support to each other but al so concrete help to each other, such as helpi ng to find a job, solving a problem, or even g iving money to help one out over a long peri od of time. So when a friend is in need, the fi rst person he or she wants to ask for help is naturally his/her friend.
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试 英语专业跨文化交际试题 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the Examinees： This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are： Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes) Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20 minutes) SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes) Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Time allowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)． Section I：Listening [20 points] You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D to answer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet． 1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women? A．The modern concept． B．The traditional concept． C．The responsibility to the society．’ D．The responsibility to the family． 2．According to the passage，raising children——． A．is an unbearable burden to women B．is a significant part of a woman’s life C．is the permanent task of women D is the task 0f both a man and a woman 3．Giving birth ． A．brings great pleasure to women B．differs men from women physically and spiritually C．makes the women’s life complete D．all the above 4．Those oppose giving birth think that ． A．giving birth is something rather primitive
第6章非语言交际 1．如果比较语言交际和非语言交际，你认为哪个更重要？为什么？ 答：非语言交际更重要，原因在于： （1）非语言交际通常与语言交际结合进行，在不同的情况下起着不同的作用，大致上起补充、否定、重复、调节、替代或强调的作用。我们在机场欢迎客人，一边说：Welcome to Beijing，一边热烈握手。这握手的动作是对所说的话的一种补充。当你接到你不喜欢的礼物时，尽管嘴里说如何如何喜欢，但脸上的表情却流露出你的真实的不愉快的表情，也就是说，你的表情否定了你所说的话。 （2）一般说来，在语言交际和非语言交际传达的信息冲突时，人们倾向于相信后者。我们有时一边说话一边用手势表达同样的意思。例如，一边说要两杯饮料，一边伸出两个手指，重复已经发出的信息。在两个人谈话时，常用眼神和语调表示下面该是谁讲话，调节相互的关系。在有的情况下，无法用语言交流信息，必须用手势或其他办法。例如，交通警察指挥机动车辆，股票交易所的交易员在嘈杂的大厅里传递买卖的信息和行情都使用非语言手段手势或指挥捧替代语言交际。在人们讲话时，常常用手势加强语气，或强调某一个论点。 2．在非语言交际的各种手段中，你认为哪一种最容易引起误解？ 答：（1）在非语言交际的各种手段中，我认为手势最容易引起误解。 （2）各民族都用手势表达意义，但同一手势在不同文化中可以表示并不相同的意义例如，将手掌平放在脖子下面；在我国文化中是杀头的意思，但是在英语国家的文化中
却可以表示吃饱了的意思。即使在同一民族中，由于地区习俗的不同，同一手势也可能会具有不同意义，例如，在广东，主人给客人斟酒时，客人为了表现感谢，用食指和中指轻扣桌面，而在北方同一动作却表示不耐烦的情绪。 （3）有些手势是某一文化所特有的 例如，英美人所用的一些手势我们并不使用。美国人站在公路旁边向上伸出拇指，这是向过往的汽车司机表示，希望能搭他们的车。英语thumb a ride表达的即是这个意思。英美人把中指放在食指上面，表示希望事情能办成功。把两只手摊开、耸耸肩膀，表示“我不知道”，或“没有办法”。把手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。把手伸出来，微微展开手指，表示等一等，别着急等等。招呼人走过来时，我们伸出手臂，手掌向下，手指上下移动；而美国人则是伸出手臂，手掌向上，手指前后移动。我们招呼人过来的手势类似美国人叫人走开的手势。 3．非语言交际是否一成不变？你能否举出例子说明它的变化？ 答：非语言交际不是一成不变的。 例如，在我国，历代朝廷都对于官服的颜色、花纹、式样有极严格的规定。黄色是帝王服装的颜色，文武官员不论职位多高都不得使用。而随着封建制度的解体，服饰的文化功能就发生了变化，黄色不再是帝皇家的专属颜色。而服装的颜色和花纹不再受到严格的规定。如今，服装的要求与场合的关系更密切些。场合正式，对于服装要求比较正式。在非正式场合，衣着可以比较随便。 4．在非语言交际方面我国各地区的差别是否很大？请举例说明。
第一讲跨文化交际 1. 在你的日常活动中哪些是比较典型的跨文化交际？ 答：（1）具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程就是跨文化交际。 （2）日常活动中比较典型的跨文化交际有： ①中外领导人谈判、进出口公司的工作人员与外国商人谈生意； ②和外国旅游者、外国留学生、外国教师交往； ③阅读外国小说、观看外国电影、电视节目。 2. 你认为强调个人之间的文化差异有什么利弊？ 答：强调个人之间的文化差异有如下利弊： （1）利：每个人都隶属于若干群体，而且没有哪两个人隶属的群体是完全相同的。即使在同一群体中，每个人的态度、价值和信念也不会完全一样。因此，每个人都应该被认为是独特的。强调个人的差异，就是在从地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面来研究不同文化对个体的影响，这有助于跨文化交际深入开展。 （2）弊：过于强调个人之间的文化差异也有一定的弊端。个体只是一种或多种文化的具体情况。根据传统的观念，文化通常不是指个人行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯，个人之间的差异研究只有在把他们当作群体代表时才有意义。过于强调个人文化之间的差异会使跨文化交际变得非常繁琐，实际上取消了跨文化研究的意义。 3. 我国的地区文化差异是否可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面？ 答：我国的地区文化差异可以作为跨文化交际研究的重要方面。 （1）跨文化交际研究的重要性排序如下：主流文化—亚文化—地区文化—小群体文化。 （2）地区文化的差异是跨文化交际研究的重要课题之一。我国幅员辽阔、地域广袤，地势高低起伏，地形复杂多变，由于空间分布差异，各地区形成了具有各自地方特斯的区域文化。 （3）同时，我国是一个多民族国家，每个民族都有自己的民族文化传统，这些也构成了地区文化的一部分。这些地区文化从总体上看，特点显著，区别性强，差异性大，值得进行跨文化研究。
期末考试范围 ? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%） ? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%） ?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. ? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%） 4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%） 5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论 （comment)。（30%） 如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中 美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。 价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等 篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B Unit1 A Key concepts reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神 Q1、what is a reserved person like? Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen? Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship. Q3、what is sportsmanship? Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while al so showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Case study Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案） Paper 1 Communication Analysis ? The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.? ? Question 1 Case 1: Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it! Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? ? Question 2 Case 2: Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory. Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong! Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music. Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game. Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment! Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? ? Question 3 Case 3: This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.
对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院 2009-2010学年第二学期 跨文化交际导论(英) 复习大纲 课程名称: ENG338a【跨文化交际导论(英)】 考核方式: 开卷笔试[占总分的70%] 复习范围：以指定教材（第1-9章）为主，课件内容为辅。 试题形式：客观试题50 题，每题2分，题型共三种形式： I. Definition Matching.Match the terms with their definitions. （给 术语配对定义，10题，1题2分，共20分） II． True-False. Circle A if the statement is true; circle B if it is false. （判断各句是否正确，20题，1题2分，共40分） III. Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response. （在所给的4个选项中选择一个最恰当的答案，20题，1题2分，共40分） 复习方法： ●认真学习指定教材，结合课件的教学内容，全面复习，从总体上掌握这 门跨学科课程的特点； ●理解各讲中的主要教学内容，即每讲开始前的Learning Objectives， 不要死记硬背，重理解、勤思考、细观察，从跨文化交际的角度对文化 差异进行分析、记忆、总结；
●要力图将跨文化交际理论与交往实践相结合，将西方文化交际的理论与 实践与中国的本土文化相结合，通过大量真实生动的交际的成败案例的 学习，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力； ●参考指定教材各章后的练习以及书后附的两套模拟自测题，术语定义配 对题、是非题和多项选择题可帮助复习检验对所学内容熟悉的掌握程度，熟悉客观题型，问答题和案例有助于进一步理解。 跨文化交际导论课程期末考试模拟题 （答案供参考） Ⅰ. Match the following terms with their definition. （20%） 1.the study of the way that people use physical space to convey messages. B 2.the way in which time is used in a culture. A 3.the actual practice of concepts or beliefs. E 4.the total activity of learning one's culture. C 5.social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. D A.Temporal language/chronemics B.Behavior communication C.Spatial language/proxemics D.Enculturation E.Values 6. between nations and governments rather than individuals A 7. perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities C 8. a learned organization of rules for making choices and for solving conflicts B 9. volume, pitch, and rate that affects message meaning E 10. the idea that every act of communication must happen in some sort of surroundings D A.international B.context C.value
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
I. Culture and Intercultural Communication Culture: ●Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. (Sapir, 1921) ●Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of people thinks, says, does, and makes. (R. Kohls, 1979) ●Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰、价值观、规的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观、规对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。 The Characteristics of Culture: 1.Culture is not innate; it is learned; 2.Culture is transmissible from person to person, group to group, and generation to generation; 3.Culture is a dynamic system that changes continuously over time; 4. Culture is selective; (every culture represents a limited choice of behavior patterns) 5. Culture is composed of interrelated facets; 6.Culture is ethnocentric (centeredness on one’s own group). The American sociolinguist D. Hymes pointed out that people with communicative competence should know when, where and what to speak to whom and how. Models of communication Theoretically, the model of communication is always described in the following way: Communication is exchanging information in the form of messages, symbols, thoughts, signs and opinions. The Ingredients of Culture
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today…s soc ial and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today…s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today…s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this
《跨文化交际学概论》读后感 AP0802325 钟欣奕 在学习《跨文化交际》这门课程和看完《跨文化交际学概论》这本书之前，我对“跨文化交际”的认识是：两个来自不同国家的人、组织或是国家之间的交流和沟通就是跨文化交际，而同一个国家的两个不同地区的文化的交流并不是跨文化交际。因为我认为既然是“‘跨’文化”，那这两种文化之间的差异应该是很大的，有非常不一样的文化来源和文化背景，有不一样的发展历程和演变过程，形成了两种很不一样的文化内涵。比如，美索不达米亚平原和幼发拉底河孕育的文化、黄河孕育的文化都是各有各的特点。随着经济的发展，交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，跨文化交际成了人们的需求，成为经济全球化和“地球村”的需求。 但是，《跨文化交际学概论》这本书中的第一部分第一章中提到：任何两份人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。这让我对“跨文化交际”有了一种新的认识。 有些学者就认为，跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异探讨。地区之间文化的差异，特别是在饮食方面还是比较明显的。在肇庆一些地方，番薯和南瓜是很少被当做是一道菜，更多的是当早餐或者是相当于正餐的米饭，但是同属广东，有一些地方又偏爱“蒜炒南瓜”。又比如，在我的家乡—海南，人们很爱吃生芒果，吃法也很特别：有的人会蘸盐吃，但更多人，包括我，更喜欢蘸调料吃，这种调料是用酱油、白砂糖、海南灯笼椒、或虾酱调制而成的。我周围的朋友都觉得这种吃法很奇怪，无法想象竟然用水果蘸酱油吃。不过我们当地人觉得味道还挺不错的。 正所谓“隔行如隔山”，每种行业之间虽然有互通的知识，但是之间的差别还是挺大的。对大多数学习文史类的人来说，理工科的公式换算简直就是“鬼画符”一样难懂。具体来说，要一个只专长与计算机编程的人去欣赏充满意境、“形散神聚”的散文，也是一件很难的事情。
跨文化交际学概论笔记 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 第四章交际 一、交际与传播 这两词来源于同一英语communication表示的是同一个概念，不同学科背景的人采用不同术语。有语言学背景的学者大多使用“交际”，从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”。 三、传播的种类 传播可分为人类传播和非人类传播；人类传播又可分为社会传播和非社会传播。非社会传播指内向传播（自我传播），社会传播包括人际传播，组织传播，大众传播。 内向传播（intarpersonal communication)只一个人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语 人际传播（interpersonal communication)两个人或以上的信息传受过程。如交谈，书信，小组讨论，大会演讲等。 组织传播（organizational communication)在学校,公司，工厂，机关，军队，党派，群众团体等内部的传播，不都是自上而下的，可具有不同模式，纵式或横式，要注意因文化差异造成的传播不通的局面。 大众传播（mass communication)职业化的传播机构利用机械化，电子化的技术手段向不特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程，如报刊杂志，广播电视，因特网信息等。 第四章语言交际 一、语言与文化密不可分 （语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。）语言与文化有着密切的关系。由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。广义的文化包括语言，同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。 E.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。古人有强烈的传宗接代的观念，按血缘远近区别亲疏,家族里又有内外嫡庶之别。——后来亲属称谓的简化，意味着家族关系在社会生活中不占那么重要的地位。在我国个别地区的亲属称谓中，只有男性称谓，没有女性称谓，可能是古代父系社会的
英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释 Culture：is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them. high-context culture：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms. Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language. verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. Individual Culture：Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings. collectivist culture：Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective. Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. monochronic time (M Time)：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. polychronic time (P Time)：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. ethnocentrism ：the vie w of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity. It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards