新目标初中英语十大词类复习全功略
I．词法:英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类，即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。
一、名词(n．) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词
(一)名词的分类:名词分为普通名词和专有名词，其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。
可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy，desk，cat，window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family，class，police)。
不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water，paper，silk，money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work，happiness，music，difficulty，housework) 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom，the Great Wall，the Spring Festival，France，the United States)注意：专有名词的首字母必须大写。
(二)名词的数
1．可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：
(1)一般情况下，在词尾加s。eg．book—books，dog—dogs，pen—pens，boy—boys
(2)以s，x，ch，sh结尾的词名词变复数时，要在词尾加es。eg．beach—beaches，bus—buses，
(3)以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加es。eg．city—cities，family—families，
(注：以“元音字母+y”结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s。eg．boys，holidays，days)
(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下：①加eg．tomato—tomatoes，potato—potatoes
②结尾是两个元音字母的加s，eg．Zoo—zoos，radio—radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s，eg. piano—pianos④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s，eg．photo(photograph)—photos
⑤zero变复数时，既可加s，也可加eg．zeros／zeroes
(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时，先把f或fe变为v，再加es。eg．wife—wives，leaf leaves，half——halves，knife—knives，thief--thieves(res读音为[vz]注意：roof的复数为roofs
(6)有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es，而是变换其中的字母，eg．man—men，woman—women，policeman—policemen，Englishman—Englishmen，Frenchman—Frenchmen，foot—feet，tooth—teeth，child—children，mouse—mice，ox—oxen(公牛)
(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg．Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish
(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg，people，police，trousers，pants，clothes，scissors
另外，①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。
eg．an apple tree，five apple trees，a girl friend，two girl friends，a twin sister
但是，当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，就要用其复数形式。
eg．two men teachers，three women doctors
②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。
eg.a room Of students，two boxes Of pencils
2．不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“量”的表示方式如下。
(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little，a lot of／lots of，some，any等词修饰。eg，much money，
a little bread
(2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如：two／three／…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。eg．a bag Of rice，two glasses Of milk，four bottles Of water
3．有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同。eg: fruit水果—fruits表示不同种类的水果；food食物—foods各种食品；fish鱼—fishes鱼的种类；drink饮料、酒—a drink一杯／一份饮料、一杯酒；cloth布—,a cloth桌布、抹布；sand沙—sands沙滩；tea茶—a tea一杯茶；chicken鸡肉—a chicken小鸡；orange橘汁—an orange橘子；glass玻璃—a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜；paper纸—a paper试卷、论文；wood木头—a wood小森林；room余地—a room房间
(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)
(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。
①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，在词尾加’s。eg．Mike’s watch；Women’s Day
②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时，只加’。eg．teachers’ office，students’ rooms
③两个或两个以上名词并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一个名词后加’s。
eg．Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)
④两个或两个以上名词并列，表示分别所有，需在几个名词后都加’s。
eg. Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)
(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构
eg．a map Of China，the beginning Of this game，the door Of the room
(3)特殊形式
①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格eg．the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)
the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)/ China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口) China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)
②双重所有格eg．a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片
二、代词(pron)代替名词，兼有名词和形容词的作用
相互代词each other，one another
指示代词this，that，these，those
不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each，every，both，all，either，neither，none，no，one，(a)few，(a)little，some，any，many，much，other，another
复合不定代词everybody，nobody，everyone，someone，anyone，no one，every-thing，something，thing
疑问代词what，who，whom，which，whose
直接代词疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句．表语从句等。
关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which用引导定语从句。
（二)代词的用法
1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法
（1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。
eg. She gaveｍｅa red apple．她给了我一个红苹果：(She作主语，me作动词宾语)
Kathy is near him．凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)
2，物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。
①形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school，his backpack
②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。
eｇIt isn’t my pen．→Mine(=my pen) is missing．(作主语)
I left my pen at home．You can use hers(=her pen)，(作宾语)
③"of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。
eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗，a friend of yours你的一个朋友
(3)反身代词①反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的宾语。
eg．A few days later，I myself had to go to Paris．(作同位语)
She bought herself a new b
teach oneself自学help oneself to随便吃些…吧say to oneself自言自语．learn．．．by oneself自学…enjoy oneself过得愉快leave one by oneself把某人单独留下hurt oneself伤了自己dress oneself自己穿衣服come to oneself苏醒过来
(4)相互代词①表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。
eg．For years，the two sisters looked after one another(each other)．多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。
We should learn from each other．我们应当互相学习。
②可以用格表示所有关系：each other’s，one an other’s互相的，彼此的
eg．They are looking at each other’s pictures．他们相互看对方的照片。
(5)指示代词
①指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介绍人。
Eg This is an apple tree，and that is an orange tree．这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。
These are my friends，and that is my sister．这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。
②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情：
eg.Steve had a bad cold．That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·
2．不定代词的用法
(1)each，every，both，all，either，neither，no，none的用法
①each"每个／各个”(强调个体)，用于两者或两者以上。
eg．Two girls came and l gave an apple to each．来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。
Each of them has a nice ring．她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。
②every"每个／各个”(强调全体)，用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。
eg．Everyday is important to us．每天对我们都很重要。
He has read every book(all the books) On the subject．他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。
③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。eg．Her parents are both doctors．她父母都是医生。
Both of them are doctors．他俩都是医生。They both like potatoes．他俩喜欢吃土豆。
④all“全体／大家／一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。
eg．That’s all for today．今天到此为止。All of us are from China．我们都来自中国。
All the food is delicious．所有的食物都很好吃。
⑤either“两者之一”，用于两者(强调个体)。eg．The two coats are cheap，so you can choose either of them．那两件外套便挑一件。
⑥neither“两个都不”，用于否定两者。eg. Neither Of the books is／are so interesting.
⑦no(=not any／not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数，也可接不可数名词。
eg.I have no brothers Or sisters．我没有兄弟姐妹.A clock has no mouth，but it can talk．
⑧none“没有一个人／物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司。
eg.None Of them has／have been to Japan．他们都没去过日本。
I like none of the books．这些书我全都不喜欢。
⑨neither和none表示完全否each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。eg．I don’t know all of you．我不完全认识你们。
Not everyone Of us know how to go there．不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。
(2)one，ones和no one的用法：one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人，以免重复；复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one表示否定。
eｇ．——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?
一Which one?哪一本?一The one on my shelf．我书架上的那本。
No one has traveled farther than to the moon．没有人旅行远过月球。
(3)(a)few，(a)little；many，much；some，any的用法
①many(+复数名词)，much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。
eg．Many Of the students come from England．那些学生许多是从英国来的。
Thanks，it’s too much for me．谢谢，我承受不起。
②few(+复数名词)，little(+不可数名词)表示“没多／很少”(表否定)。
eg，There were few people in the street last night．昨晚街上没什么人。
I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job．我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。
③a few(+复数名词)，a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些／有几个”(表肯定)。
eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge．我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意：quite a few表示“相当多”eg．There are quite a few students over there．那儿有相当多的学生。
④some(+复数名词／不可数名词)，any(+复数名词／不可数名词)表示“有一些／有几个”(表肯定)。eg．There are some birds in the tree．树上有些鸟。There is some water in the bottle．瓶里有些水。
I don’t have any brothers Os there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?
⑤.some一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中，多用some。
eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗？
Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought．．．)你怎么没买点糖果?
⑥.any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句eg．There isn't any water left．没有剩下一点水。
If you have any questions，put up your hands。please．如果有问题，请举手。
⑦：some+单数名词表示“某一个”，any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。
eｇ．I'll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。Come any day you like．你哪天来都行。Tom is taller than any other student in his class．汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。
④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法
1.○ ● one……the other 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”
eg. Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher，the other is a nurse．
2.○ ○○●○ one ………another表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。
eg. I don’t want this One，please give me another．
3.○ ●●● one ……the others强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。
eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American，the Others are Chinese．
4.○○○●●●● some…… the others表示许多人或物，不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。eg．Some students are reading，the others are drawing pictures．
⑤others=other+名词；the others＝the Other+名词。
eg．Some students like traveling，others(other students) like watching TV at home．
⑥another表示“再／又”时既可接单数名词，也可接数词+复数名词。
eg. He will be able t．有人在敲门
②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后，即定语后置。
eg．There is something important On today’s newspaper．今天的报纸有些重要新闻。
③复合不定代词变否定句时，要否定主语：eg．Something is wrong．(变为否定句) Something isn’t wrong.(错误) Nothing is wrong．(正确)
④Somebody，someone，something一般用于肯定句；anybody，anyone，anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句eg．There is something new in the park．公园里有些新的景点。
Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?
⑤当somebody，someone等用于疑问句时，表示肯定、请求、建议或反问；anybody，anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。eg．Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?
Anyone can make mistakes．任何人都可能犯错误。
3．疑问代词的用法。
(1)who／whom 谁(指人)．①作主语eg. Who wants to go with him? ②作宾语eg．Who／Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)eg.Who／Whom do you want tomeet?(作动词meet的宾语) ③作表语eg．Who／Whom are they?
(2)whose谁的①作定语eg．Whose pen is this? ②作表语eg．Whose is this pen?
(3)which哪一个，哪一些①作定语eg．Which girl is Kathy? ②作表语eg．Which is the boy’s ball?
(4)what什么①作主主语eg．What’s on the table?②作宾语eg. What are you doing?
③作表语eg．What is he? ④作定语eg．What class are you in?
4．关系代词的用法
关系代词用来引起定语从句，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。
eg·This is the man who gave me the book．这就是给我书的那个人。
The money that／which is on the table is mine．桌上的钱是我的。
The money that／which my mother gave me is on the table．我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。
三、形容词(adj．) 表示人和事物的特征，对名词起修饰和描绘作用
四、副词(adv．) 表示动作特征或性状，主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
(一)形容词的用法及位置
1．形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等，作定语时一般放在名词前。
Eg. She has short hair．(作定语)Paul is tall．(作表语)We must keep our room clean．(作宾补)
2．形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。eg．She has something important to tell us．／
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence．
(二)副词的种类、用法及位置
1．副词的种类(1)时间副词①表示大体时间：now，then，yesterday，today，tonight，before，justnow，recently，sO faf②表示频率：always，usually，often，sometimes．seldom，never
③其它作用：already，yet，late，early，soon，at once，immediately，atfirst，at last，finally
(2)地点副词①表地点：here，there，home，abroad，upstairs，downstairs，anywhere，everywhere，nowhere，somewhere②表位置关系(后接宾语时，用作介词)：above，below，round，around，down，up，in，out，inside，outside，across，back，along，over，away，near，off,past (3)方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”，(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成)：badly，bravely，gratefully，calmly，carefully，carelessly，nervously，proudly，patiently，politely，sadly，properly，rapidly，wrongly，suddenly (4)程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词：much，(a)little，a bit，very，sO，too，enough，quite, rather，completely，terribly，deeply，nearly，almost，hardly(5)疑问副词构成特殊疑问句：how，when, where，why (6)连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句：how，when，where，why (7)关系副词引导定语从句：when，where，why (8)其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明，一般用逗号与主句隔开：frankly(坦率地说，说真的)，generally(一般说来)，luckily(幸运地是)，first of all(首先)等。
2．副词的用法及位置
(1)修饰动词作状语①多数位于动词之后，及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。eg．The farmers are working hard in the field She speaks English well .The nurse looks after the babies carefully．
②频度副词放在动词前，情态动词和助动词之后。eg．He always goes to school on foot．
She was often late for school．I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修饰形容词作状语，放在形容词前。eg．He has a very nice watch．The box is too heavy.
(3)修饰另一副词作状语，放在另一副词前。eg．She paints quite well．You speak too fast．．
(4)作表语，放在系动词后。eg．Is anybody in/here?
(5)作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后。eg．I saw him out just now．
(6)作定语，放在名词之后。eg．There is a man here on vacation．
(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps，first，sometimes，finally等副词，一般放在句首。eg．Finally，I finished the work．Perhaps he’s watching TV at home．
(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前，而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school．
(三)形容词和副词的比较等级
1．比较级、最高级的构成(1)单音节和少数双音节词
①一般在词尾加er或est:great--greater—greatest，young—younger—youngest，slow→slower→slowest
②以e结尾的只加r或st:nice——nicer----nicest，large——larger—largest．
③以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er或est:heavy—heavier—heaviest，easy—easier—>easiest，busy—busier—busiest，funny—funnier—funniest，early—earlier→earliest
④以重读闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er或est big—bigger—biggest，thin—thinner—>thinnest，fat—>fatter→fattest，ht—>fitter→fittest
(2)多音节和部分双音节词，前加more为比较级，加(the)most为最高级
careful→more c areful—>most careful useful—>more useful—>most useful
(3)不规则变化的词:good／well→better→best bad／ill／badly→worse→worst many／much→more→most little→less→least old→older／elder→oldest(指年龄大小)／eldest(指长幼顺序)far→farther／further→farthest(指距离)／furthest(指程度)
2．形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法
(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法
①用于两者比较，表示“比…更…”：“A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B，
eg．I am two years older than my little sister．
“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+Ｂ：eg．She gets to school earlier than the other students．
②用于两者之间的同级比较，表示“…和…一样”：
“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.eg.Bill is as funny as his father．
“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B” eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
③表示甲在某方面不如乙：“A+系动词+notas／so+形容i司原级+as十B”
eg．These books aren’t as interesting as those．
“A+助动词／情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS／SO+B”:She didn’t sing so well then as she usually does．
④表示某个范围内的两者相比：“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg．Penny is the taller of the two girls．Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。
⑤表示“越来越…”：“比较级+and+比较级”eg．In spring the days are getting longer and longer．
⑥表示“越…就越…”…;“the+比较级…;the+比较级”
eg．The mort：you practice using English，the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。
①可以用much，far，even，a bit，a little，a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。eg．Tom is a little taller than Mike．Tom比Mike稍高一点；
It is even colder today than yesterday。今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。
eg．The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown．这儿比我的老家热得多。
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.
(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法:对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the，副词最高级前可加the，也可省掉the；后面可带of／in短浯来说明比较范围：“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语／in短语”eg．She is the youngest Of all．
“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语／in短语” eg．Linda draws most carefully in her class．
五、冠词(art．)用在名词前，帮助说明其意义.冠词分为不定冠词a／an和定冠词the，放在名词前、a／3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前)。1．不定冠词(1)不定冠词的用法①泛指—类人或物。eg．This is a pencil case．She’S a doctor．
②指不具体的某个人或物。eg.I met an old man On my way home．
③用在序数词前，相当于another。eg．There’s a third boy near the shop.
④表示“每—(个)”，相当于every。eg．They have music lessons twice a week．
⑤固定搭配。 a lot of，a lot，a little，a few，a glass Of，such a／an，have a word with，have a look，have a try，have a swim，a quarter，half an hour，three times a day，have a talk，give a talk，ten Yuan
a kilo
(2)不定冠词的位置:①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。eg，a bike，an egg
②当名词被such，what，many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。eg．It took me half an hour to finish my homework. He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door .What a dangerous job it is! Many a man has gone to the big cities for work．
③当名词前的形容词前有so，how，too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station．How nice a film this is!
④当名词前面有形容词和quite，rather，very时，不定冠词放在quite，rather之后，very之前。eg．It is quite a good book．That is rather a useful too1.This is a very interesting story
2．定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。
eg:l have two children，a boy and a girl．The boy's name is Mark．The girl’s name is Penny.
(2)特指某(些)人或物。eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America．
(3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。eg: My shoes are under the bed．
(4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。eg Tom is the taller of the two boys．
(5)用在序数词前。eg Monday is the second day of a week．
(6)yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。
cg The moon moves round the earth．
(7)用在某些形容词前，表示—类人或物。the rich(富人)，the poor(穷人)，the deaf(聋人)，the blind(盲人)，the dead(死者)，the wounded(伤员)
(8)用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。eg．The Greens are having dinner at home．
(9)用在乐器前。eg．play the piano／guitar／violin／drums．
(10)用于逢“十”的复数数词前，指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。
eg. In the 1970s，a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown．I think he is in the thirties．(11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。the United Nations，the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，the Palace Museum，in the end，in the day，in the middle of，all the time，in the east，by the way，On the way to，the Ou River, the Yandang Mountain
3．不用冠词的情况
(1)名词前有指示代词this，that，these，those时不用冠词。eg．That girl is my friend．
(2)名词前有物主代词my，your，his her，their等时不用冠词。eg．Lucy is her sister．
(3)名词前有whose，which，SO[1ie，any，each，every等代词时不用冠词。eg．Which man is Mr Green? Each student has a beautiful picture．
(4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。eg．Those young men are teachers，not students．
(5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。eg．Snow is white．
(6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。eg．Does she like music?
(8)在三餐前不用冠词。eg．have breakfast／lunch／supper／dinner—have a big dinner
(9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。Eg. Tina，Wenzhou，New Year’s Day，Tuesday，January
(10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。eg．My favorite is English．
(11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。eg．at noon，at work，at home，by bus, by air，On foot，from morning till night，at night，go to school，go to bed，at last
4.在有些词组中，用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。
in hospital(在住院)；in the hospital(在医院) in prison(在坐牢)；in the prison(在监狱里)
at table(吃饭，用餐)；at the table(在桌旁) go to college(上大学)；go to the college(去那所大学)
in front of(在某个范围之外的前面)；in the front of(在某个范围之外的前面)
take place(发生)；take the place(代替)
六、数词(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。
1．基数词的构成(1)1-20 :one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty
(2)21-99 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间加连字符。23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four
(3)101—999先说“几百”，再加and，再加末两位数或末位数；586→five hundred and eighty-six
(4)l,000以上，先从右往左数，每三位数加一个“，”，第一个“，”前为thousand．第二个“，”前为million，第三个“，”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式)，然后一节一节地表示。
6,260,309→six million t wo hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
2．基数词的用法(1)作主语eg．Four Of them come from Paris．
(2)作宾语eg．一How many books would you like?一I would like two．
(3)作表语eg．Seven minus two is five．
(4)作定语eg．There are three people in my family·
(5)作同位语eg. You two will go swimming with us．
(6)表具体数字时，hundred，thousand，million用单数。eg. There are six hundred students in our grade．
(7)表不确定的数字时，数词用复数。若带名词，再加of hundreds of(数百，成百上千的)，thousands of(数干，成千上万的)，millions of(数百万)eg，They arrived in two sand threes．他们三三两两地来了。
(8)表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。eg. He is in his early thirties．他有三十来岁(31—34岁)：This took place in the 1930s．这事发生在二十世纪三十年代；
(9)表示时刻eg．I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.
(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。
1、序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加theg．four→fourth，thirteen→thirteen th
(2)不规则变化one→first，two→second，three→third，five→fifth，eight→eighth，nine→ninth，twelve--~twelfih
(3)以y结尾的十位整数，变y为ie再加thtwenty→twentieth，forty→fortieth，ninety→ninetieth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。wenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth
2．序数词的用法
(1)序数词作定语时，一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。eg．He is the first one to come here．
(2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用，表示数量上"又—"，“再一”
eg: He tried a second time．他又试了—次.
（3）序数词的缩写形式为：阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st 2nd，3rd，4th，20th，21st，(4表示年、月、日时，年用基数词，日用序数词。2005年8月15日：(英)15，8，2005=15th，August，2005；(美)8，15，2005=August 15th，2005
(三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No．1(1号)，No．3bus(3路公共汽车)，Room 103，The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)
(四)分数词的表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s：
eg．1／3-one third；2／5-two fifths
(五)数学运算的表达eg．3+5=8 Three plus／and five is eight．9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven．6x5=30 Five times six is thirty ／six unutilized five is thirty．8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four．七、介词
(一)表示时间的介词
(1)at①接具体时间：eg．at six，at half past two，at ten to twelve
②表示“在…时刻”；eg: at noon，at midnight
(2)in①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”；eg．in January，in a month，in spring，in 2005
②在将来时中，表示“在某段时间之后” eg．In ten years，I think I'll be a reporter．
(3)on 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。
eg. On Monday，On Tuesday afternoon，On May4th，On the morning of July 6th
(三)固定搭配的介词
(1)动词+介词：look after，look at，look for，laugh at，listen to，hear from，turn On，turn off, wait for，worry about，think of，spend．．．On
(2)介词十名词：by train，on foot，at the end of ,at last，in the end，in trouble，at table，at breakfast，in hospital,in time，On time, On one’s way to，with pleasure
(3)be+形容词+介词：be afraid of ,be good at，be good／bad for，be late for，be interested in，be angry, with，be full of，be sorry for
八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句
(1)并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)
①表并列关系：not only．．．but also，neither．．．nor，and
②表选择关系：or，either．．．or
③表转折关系：but，while
④表因果关系：for，so
(2)从属连词(用来引导状语从句)
①引导时间状语从句：after，before，when，while，as，until，till，since，as soon as
②引导原因状语从句：because，as，since
③引导目的状语从句：so that，in order that
④引导结果状语从句：so that，so…that，such．．．that
⑤引导比较状语从句：than，as…as
⑥引导宾语从句：that（陈述句），if,/whether（一般疑问句）
九、动词(verb．)动词表示主语的动作或状态
(一)动词的种类。(1)及物动词vt，其后接宾语。eg．She wears a uniform．
(2)不及物动词vi，不接宾语。eg :She can dance．
(3)连系动词like-v．接表语。eg．They are nurses．That sounds interesting.His mother looks young.
If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad．
(4)助动词aux--V．接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思，只起语法作用)。eg,DO you like pandas? He has gone to Australia．She is looking at the cat．
(5)情态动词mod-v．接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语，有自己的意思，无人称和数的变化)。
Eg. He must go now．You should clean the classroom after class．
(6)有些动词既可作及物动词，也可作助动词或不及物动词，be也可作助动词。
eg．I do my homework after class．(Vt．)Do as you like．(Vi．)She is a little bit quiet．(mod-v．) She is swimming now．(aux-v．)
二)情态动词的用法(一)can，could，may的用法
l .can／could(1)表示具有某种能力，意为“能，能够，会”(could表过去)。
eg．I can sing English songs．Lisa can’t speak Japanese．She could swim when she was four years old．
(2)表示许：可、允许，意为“可以”。eg．--Can we watch TV now?—No, you can’t.
(3)表示请求某人做某事，意为“能，能够”(用could使晤气更委婉)。Can／Could you help me，please?
(4)表示推测“可能”，多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must，might，could等)
cg。it can’t be true．这不可能是真的。Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢?
2．may／might (1)表示许可、允许，意为“可以”，比can更正式。May l use your pen?
May l ask you a question?我可以问你—个问题吗?
(2)表示推测“可能”，用于肯定句和否定句，不能用于疑问句。He may be at home now．
She may not be there today．今天她可能不在那儿。
(二)can与be able to的区别
1．两者都可以用来表示能力。eg．I can／am able to mend the bike．
2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could)，而be able to可用于多种时态。
eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.He hasn’t been able to get there before dark．3．can可以表示推测，但be able to不能。
eg．That can't be Gina's dictionary．那不可能是吉娜的词典。
4．can与be able to；不能重复使用
eg．他能做好这件事。He can be able to do is well．(X)He can do it well．(√)He is able to do it well．(√)
(三)must与have to的区别
1.主客观方面不同。must表“义务”或“强制”，表示主观的必要；在肯定句中must还可表推测，语气要比may肯定多。have to表“必须”或“不得不”，表示客观的必要。
eg．We must clean the room．(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)
We have to clean the room．(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)
He must beat home before supper。(他晚饭前一定在家。)
2.人称和时态不同。must无人称和时态的变化，一律用must十动词原形。have to后接动词原形，有人称、数和时态的变化，一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to，过去时中要用had to，将来时中要用will have to。另外，have to还可与情态动词和助动词连用。eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day．The train has left．We'll have to wait for the next train．
3．否定式及意义不同。must not=mustn't“决不可／千万不可／务必不要”；don’t／doesn’t／didn’t／won’t+ have to“不必”eg．We mustn’t tell jokes on him．我们千万不可与他开玩笑。
We don’t have to tell jokes on him．我们不必和他开玩笑。在对May I…? 作否定回答时用No，you mustn’t／can’t．eg. May l go to the movies? NO，You mustn't
5．疑问式及回答不同。
Must+主语+动词原形+…? Yes，主语+ must．／NO，主语+needn’t．
助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+…?
Yes，主语+助动词．／No，主语+助动词+not．
eg．Must l go now? Yes，you must．／NO，you needn’t
Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes，she does．／NO，she doesn’t.
中考英语必备名词
( ) 1 She was very happy. She ________in the maths test.
A. makes a few mistake
B. made a few mistakes
C. made few mistakes
D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please?
A. potato
B. potatos
C. potatoes
D. potatoe
( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things.
A. Knife/used
B. Knives/used
C. Knife/using
D. Knives/using
( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has!
A. tooth
B. teeth
C. tooths
D. toothes
( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___.
A. leafs
B. leaves
C. leaf
D. leave
( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please.
A. banana
B. oranges
C.apple
D. pear
( ) 7 On the table there are five____.
A. tomatos
B. piece of tomatoes
C. tomatoes
D. tomato
( ) 8 They got much ___ from those new books..
A. ideas
B. photos
C. information
D. stories
( ) 9 He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
A. some advices
B. some advice
C. an advice
D. a advice
( ) 10. When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad.
A. some news
B. a news
C. the news D news
( ) 11. What___ lovely weather it is!
A. /
B. the
C. an
D. a
( ) 12 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____.
A- any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 13. He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat.
A. two breads
B. two piece of bread
C. two pieces of bread
D. two pieces of breads ( ) 14.It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse.
A. sometimes
B. hour
C. long time
D. some time
( ) 15. I would like to have___.
A. two glasses of milk
B. two glass of milk I
C. two glasses of milks
D. two glass of milks ( ) 16. Can you give me ____?
A. a tea
B. some cup of tea
C. a cup tea
D. a cup of tea |
( ) 17. Please give me ___ paper.
A. one
B. a piece
C. a
D. a piece of
( ) 18. John bought___for himself yesterday.
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pair of shoe
C. two pair of shoes
D. two pairs shoes ( ) 19. -How many ____ have you got on your farm? -I've got five.
A. sheeps
B. sheep
C. pig
D. chicken
( ) 20. Some ___ came to our school for a visit that day.
A. Germans
B. Germen
C. Germany
D. Germanies
21. In the picture there are many____ and two.
A. sheep; foxes
B. sheeps; fox
C. sheeps; foxes
D. sheep;foxs
22. A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow.
A. Hungarian
B. Australian
C. Japanese
D. American ( ) 23. This table is made of___.
A. many glass
B. glasses
C. some glasses
D. glass
( ) 2 4.-What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. !
A. chicken
B. a chicken
C. chickens
D. the chicken ( ) 25. Children should make____ for old people in a bus.
A. room
B. a room
C. rooms
D. the room
) 26. Tables are made of___.
A. wood
B. some woods
C. wooden
D. woods ( ) 27. I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films.
A. people
B. peoples
C. the people
D. the peoples ( ) 28.I have read____ of the young writer.
A. works
B. work
C. this works
D. the works ( ) 29. Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___?
A. the People's Park
B. the Peoples' Park
C. the People Park
D. People's Park ( ) 30.___ Chinese people are ___ hard working people.
A. /; a
B. We; the
C. The; the
D. The; a ( ) 31.How many ______were there in the street when the accident happened?
A. policeman
B. polices
C. police
D. peoples ( ) 32.If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller____.
A. set
B. one
C. piece
D. pair
( ) 33. Last week I bought a TV____.
A. pair .
B. set
C. piece
D. block ( ) 34. There is a ________of wood left on the ground.
A. cup
B. piece
C. box
D. pair
（) 35. There are sixty-seven___ in our school.
A. women's teacher
B. women teachers
C. woman teachers
D. women teacher ( ) 36. There are five___in our factory.
A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers ( ) 37. These ____ were sent to the villages to help the farmers.
A. women doctor
B. women doctors
C. woman doctors
D. woman doctor
( ) 38. They write most of their.___ in English.
A. business letter
B. business letters
C. businesses
D. businesses letters
( ) 39. We came to a ___ at last .and went in.
A. watch shop
B. watches shop ,'
C. watching shop
D. watchs shop
( ) 40. This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___
A. food shop
B. book shop
C. fruit shop
D. vegetable shop
( )41. She broke a___while she was washing up.
A. glass of wine
B. glass for wine
C. glass wine
D. wine glass
( )42. I've forgotten both of the____.
A. room numbers .
B. rooms number
C. rooms numbers
D. room number
( )43.. September 10th is____in China.
A. Teacher's Day
B. Teachers'Day
C. Teacher Day
D. Teachers Day
( ) 44. -Is the broom under ____ desk? -No, it's under____,.
A. the teacher's; my
B. teacher's; mine
C. teacher's; me
D. the teacher's; mine
( ) 45. Excuse me, where is the___?
A. men's room
B. mens' room
C. men's rooms
D. men room
.( ) 46. The football under the bed is____.
A. Lily and Lucy
B. Lily's and Lucy's
C. Lily's and Lucy
D. Lily and Lucy's
( ) 47. This is my____dictionary.
A. sister Mary
B. sister's
C. sister, Mary's
D. sister's Mary's
( ) 48. He went to ___ shop to buy a shirt.
A. a tailor
B. the tailor
C. a tailors
D. the tailors'
( ) 49. Joan is____.
A. Mary's and Jack sister
B. Mary and Jack's sister
C. Mary and Jack sister
D. Mary's and Jack's sister ( ) 50. In a few____ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.
A. year
B. years'
C. year's
D. years
( ) 51. It's about ___ walk from my house.
A. ten minute
B. ten minutes'
C. ten minute's
D. ten minutes
( ) 52. The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____..
A. thirty minutes's walk
B. thirty minute's walk
C. thirty minutes' walk
D. thirty minutes walk ( ) 53. Half___ telephone calls are made in English.
A. the world
B. world
C. the world's
D. world's
( )54. ____ face to the south.
A.Windows of the room
B. The windows of the room
C. The room's windows
D. The windows in room 中考试题演练：三、单项填空
11. There are five oranges on the table. This one is bigger than ______.
A. other oranges
B. the other oranges
C. the other
D. the other orange
12. It’s over three weeks ______ he left home.
A. for
B. before
C. since
D. because
13.---Bob and Mike? I didn’t believe they could do the work. ---___, but they really did it well.
A. So did I
B. So I didn’t
C. Me too
D. Neither did I
14. ---Can you come to my birthday party? ---______.
A. It doesn’t matter
B. Yes, please come
C. I’d love to
D. Not at all
15. More than one student ______ go to the sea for summer holiday.
A. wants to
B. want to
C. would like
D. are going
16. ---Do you know ______ Miss Yang will leave? ---Tomorrow morning.
A. when
B. what
C. who
D. where
17. ---Will you help me repair my bike? ---______.
A. Yes, but I’m busy now
B. No, thanks
C. Certainly, I’ll be glad to
D. Of course, I would like
18. Whenever you ______, you should do something good for yourself, go shopping, do something kind for others or try to think more positively（积极地）.
A. feel blue
B. feel green
C. feel red
D. feel black
19. You can talk with anyone ______ you think is friendly.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
20. ---Will you go to the museum tomorrow? ---I will if I ______ no visitors.
A. have
B. shall have
C. will have
D. am having
21. Let’s move that bag, ______ there may be an accident.
A. or
B. but
C. and
D. because
22. He may be watching TV. He ______ be working in front of the computer.
A. can’t
B. may not
C. mustn’t
D. needn’t
23. I was not told ______.
A. what should be done if it would rain
B. he had seen the film long before
C. it rained before long
D. if it rained what should we do
24. This kind of work ______ by hand, but now it is done by electricity.
A. get used to doing
B. used to be done
C. was used to doing
D. used to do it
25. ---What a day! It’s raining again. I’m afraid we can’t go boating tomorrow.
---Don’t worry. It won’t ______ long.
A. drop
B. last
C. rain
D. go
四、完型填空（共计15分）通读下列短文，掌握其大意，然后在各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
Pagoda Street is a street like many others---not very clean, not very wide, __26__wide enough for two buses__27__. But it is a__28__street all the same, particularly during rush hours (高峰时间) . People come and go, __29__to work. When a bus comes, the__30__at the bus-stop__31__to rush and push to get__32__. There are a lot of__33__, buses, trucks, bicycles and__34__tractors. The place is noisy and dusty, and the noise of the tractors is deafening. But it is not so__35__when the rush hour is__36__. Old people come out to sit__37__the door-steps and have a smoke and talk. Housewives go shopping__38__bags or baskets on their arms. When friends meet, they__39__to exchange (交换) a few
words of greeting. There are also children playing ball games. They don’t__40__the dust or the passing cars. It certainly is not a good place for ball games. But where else can they play?
26. A. also B. even C. and D. just
27. A. to pass B. passing C. to drive D. driving
28. A. famous B. useful C. busy D. free
29. A. coming B. going C. hurrying D. running
30. A. class B. family C. group D. crowd
31. A. decides B. starts C. hesitates D. wants
32. A. off B. on C. out D. over
33. A. ships B. trains C. cars D. carriages
34. A. even B. still C. already D. yet
35. A. bad B. good C. dirty D. safe
36. A. back B. away C. over D. here
37. A. to B. over C. in D. on
38. A. with B. without C. having D. and
39. A. hope B. learn C. refuse D. stop
40. A. know B. mind C. look at D. like
六、词语填空（15小题，计15分）用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使短文通顺、正确、连贯（每个单词限用一次）。[三、四、五部分为2006年杭州市中考试卷内容]
_56_
are in a hurry and looking at their _57__ . It is not that our friends are all very busy, it is just that we _58_ got a television. People think that we are very strange. “But what do you do in the evenings?” We _59_ by some people. The answer is simple. Both my wife and I have a lot of things to do. We certainly don’t spend our evenings looking at the walls. My wife _ 60__ cooking and painting. She often goes to evening classes _61_ foreign languages. This is very __62 as we always go to foreign countries _63_ our holidays. I like stamps and I am always busy with my collection. Both of us enjoy listening to music and playing cards together.
Sometimes there are power cuts _64_ we have no electricity in the house. This does not worry us as we just light candles and carry on with what we _65_ before. Our friends are __66_ no television! So they don’t know what to do. On such evenings our house is very full __67_ they all come to us. They all have a good time. Instead of sitting _68_ in front of the television, everybody talks and plays games. Yes, life is possible without television! I think our life is _69_ than our _70_ .
三、11-15BCDCA 16-20 AAAAA 21-25 AABBB
四、26-30 DACCD 31-35 BBCAA 36-40 CDADB
六、56. telling 57. watches 58. haven’t 59. are asked 60. enjoys
61. to learn 62. useful 63. for 64. and 65. are doing
66. lost 67. as 68. quietly 69. more interesting 70. friends’
英语十大词类讲解
英语十大词类讲解 什么是英语十大词类呢?能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词，根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(parts of speech)。英语中，词又分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。下面我们一起来学习英语十大词类讲解。学好英语十大词类，是学好英语这门课程的基础，只有基础学扎实了，以后学习句型和语法才会更轻松。 一、名词(n = noun)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。 名词的概念很好理解，可以从名词的类和名词的数来讲解。名词的类可分为专有名词和普通名称，同时名词的数又可分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。具体介绍如下： 1、普通名词：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。
family家庭、air空气、boy男孩、desk 桌子、work、职业 2、专有名词：指特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。 Hemingway海明威、China中国、New York纽约、United Nations联合国 3、可数名词：表示名词的单数(一个、一本一只等)，要在名词前加冠词a或an。 4、复数名词：表示两个或两个以上的概念时要用名词的复数形式，一般情况下，名词的复数形式是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的，也有特殊情况，以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es 等等。 book——books, dog——dogs, pen——pens, boy——boys
beach——beaches, brush——brushes, bus——buses, box—boxes(es读音为/iz/〕 二、冠词(art = article)：这是一个虚词，不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面帮助指明名词的含义。冠词分为不定冠词a(an)和定冠词the两种。 1、不定冠词a(an)：用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。 a boy、a book、a map an honor 、an egg、an umbrella This is a pencil case. I met an old man on my way home. 2、定冠词the：即the，表示某一类人或
新目标初中英语单词七年级上学期单词表 Unit 1 my pron.我的 name n.名字 is v.是 name's name is 之略 clock n.时钟 I pron.我 am v.是 I'm I am之略 nice adj.好的；令人愉快的 to part.不定式符号 prep.向；朝；至；达meet v.遇见；相逢 you pron.你；你们 what pron. &adj.什么 what's = what is your pron.你的；你们的 hello int.（表示问候）喂 hi int.（表示问候或打招呼）嗨 his pron.他的 and conj.和；又；而且 her pron.她的 question n.问题；难题；询问；疑问answer n.问答；答复；答案 look v.看；望；看起来 n.看；注视 first num.第一 first name 名字 last adj.最后的；上一个的 last name 姓氏 boy n.男孩 girl n.女孩 zero num.&n.零 one num.&pron.一（用来代替单数的人或物）two num.二 three num.三 four num.四 five num.五 six num.六 seven num.七 eight num.八 nine num.九 telephone n.电话number n.数；数字 telephone number 电话号码 phone n.电话；电话机 phone number 电话号码 it pron.它 it's it is 它的 card n.卡；卡片；纸牌 ID card (ID=identification)身份证family n.家；家庭 family name 姓氏 Unit 2 this pron.&adj.这；这个 pencil n.铅笔 pen n.钢笔 book n.书 eraser n.橡皮；铅笔擦；黑板擦 ruler n.尺；直尺 case n.箱；盒；橱 pencil case 铅笔盒；文具盒 backpack n.双肩背包 pencil sharpener 卷笔刀；铅笔刀dictionary n.字典；词典 that pron.&adj.那；那个 yes adv.（表示肯定）是 no adv.（表示否定）不；不是 not adv.（构成否定形式）不是 isn't is not 不是 excuse v.原谅；宽恕 excuse me 请原谅 thank v.感谢 OK adj.好；不错 in prep.用（表示方法，媒介，工具等）English n.英语；英文 a art.一个（只，把，台……） how adv.（指程度）多么；何等；怎样 do v.&aux.（助动词无意义）做；干；行动spell v.拼写 baseball n.棒球 watch n.手表 computer n.电脑；电子计算机
英语十大词类的用法和名称速记 一．英语的词类的意义： 词类英语名称意义例词 名词Noun(n.) 表示人或事物的名称。pen, boy 代词Pronoun(pron.) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词。we, that, what 动词Verb(v.) 表示动作或状态。walk,, have, is 数词Numeral(num.) 表示数量或顺序。two, second 形容词Adjective(adj.) 用以修饰说明名词或代词，表示人或事物的特征。good, red. nice 副词Adverb(adv.) 用以修饰说明动词、形容词或其它副词often, very 介词Preposition(prep.) 用在名词、代词之前，说明表示名词、代词和句中其 它词的关系。at, on, in, for, to, under 冠词Article(art.) 用在名词之前，帮助说明名词所指的人或事物是泛指 （类别）还是特指。 a, an; the 连词Conjunction(conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。and, or, but, 感叹词Interjection(int.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。oh, hi, hello 十大词类的意义一定要理解→熟记！！！因为非常非常重要！！！ 二．英语十大词类名称记忆 英语十大词类很重要，十大词类名称和英语名称缩写都是很基本的常识，也是很重要的。然而，有的同学对十大词类名称和英语名称缩写却记忆模糊，经常弄错，张冠李 戴。有的同学直到初中毕业还没记住，可悲啊！我们必须熟记，不然，那就标志着他（她）的英语水平太差了！英语十大词类名称和英语名称缩写具体如下： 名代动数形副介冠连感 ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓ n. pron. v. num. adj. adv. prep. art. conj. int. ←一定要熟记！！ 实词虚词 （意义完整，能独立作句子成分的词）（意义不完整，不能独立作句子成分的词） ●—十大词类汉语名称记忆歌诀：“名代动→数形副→介冠连感”（背熟！！） 根据上面的记忆歌诀，我相信任何一个用心的同学，只要用一分钟左右的时间就能背会 英语十大词类的名称了，进而达到熟记的效果。不信，就试试看！ ●—十大词类英语名称缩写记忆点拨：名词(n.)、动词(v.)单独记好记；数词(num.)缩写相当于number的前三个字母；形容词(adj.)和副词(adv.)两个放在一起记；代词(pron..)和介词(prep.)两个易混淆，可放在一起对比记；冠词(art.)、连词(conj.)和感叹词(int.)三个放在一起对比记。句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句
英语十大词类 名词：用来表示人或事物的名称的词。 Nouns (n.) box, pen, tree, apple 动词：表示动作或状态 Verb (v.) Jump, sing,visit 代词：用来代替名词,数词等 Pronouns (pron.) We, this, them, myself 形容词：用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 Adjectives (adj.) good, sad, high, short 副词：修饰动,形,副等词,表示动作特征 Adverbs (adv.) there,widely,suddenly 数词：表示人或者事物数目的多少或者顺序的先后。 Numerals (num.) one,two, first 介词：用在名词或代词前,说明它与别的词的关系。 Prepositions (prep.) in,on,down,up 冠词：用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的范围 Articles (art.) a, an, the 感叹词：表示感叹语气的词。 Interjections(int.) oh,hello,hi,yeah 连词：连接作用的词,词与词,短语与短语,句子与句子之间 Conjunctions(conj.) if, because, but 冠词 一、定义与分类 冠词是用于名词之前用以说明该名词含义的虚词(在现代英语中冠词被称为限定词)。冠词是典型的限定词。一般依附于名词而产生功能，不能离开名词而单独存在。
二、不定冠词的主要用法a;an 1. 泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。如： A bird has wings. 鸟有翅膀。 2. 表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per)。 We meet twice a week. 我们每星期碰两次头。 They are sold at two dollars a dozen. 他们的售价是每打两美元。 3. 用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”。如： We'll have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。 4. 在某些物质名词前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”；还用于具体化了的抽象名词前。 A coffee / tea / beer, please. 请来杯咖啡 / 茶 / 啤酒。 He was a success in business. 他事业成功。 It’s a pleasure to talk with you. 同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。 5. 在专有名词前表示“某一个”、“类似的一个”。如： A Mr Smith wants to see you. 一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。 三、定冠词的主要用法the 1. 表示特指。如： Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里? 2. 表示独一无二的人或事物。如： The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 3. 表示方向或方位。如： The sun rises in the east. 红太阳从东方升起。 4. 用于序数词或形容词最高级前。如： You will be the first to speak. 你将第一个发言。 He was thought to be the best player. 他被公认为是最佳选手。 5. 用于表示乐器名称的名词之前。如： He plays the piano very well. 他的钢琴弹得很好。 7. 用于姓氏的复数前（表示这一夫妇或者一家人）。如： The Greens have no children. 格林夫妇没有小孩。 8.用于世纪前或者表示年代的数词前 It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD.
初中英语单词归类 交通工具类：bus, car, boat, ship, taxi, plane, train, streamer, je ep, motorcar, bicycle, run car, airplane 国家类：China, America, Egypt, Brazil, South Korea, North Korea, Poland, New Zealand, Japan, France, England, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Holland, Vietnam, India, Italy, Greece, Mexico, Russi a, Sweden, Norway, Spain, German, Switzerland, Thailand, Greec e, South Africa 身体部位：head, foot, leg, tooth, hand, ear, eye, nose, mouth, f ace, arm, back, neck, stomach, throat, heart, knee, finger, toe, body, hair, beard, elbow, 服饰类：scarf, belt, sneakers, wallet, earring, hat, jeans, watch, s traw hat, ring, skate shoes, backpack, tie, bag, pants, socks, dre ss, coat, shirt, T-shirt, skirt, shorts, sweater, shoes, uniform, jac ket, earring, hair clip, 场所类：club, restaurant, store, supermarket, museum, school, librar y, hotel, auditorium, pool, post office, bank, park, zoo, market, garden, hospital, TV Station, Police station, beach, cinema, churc h, factory, farm, shop, theater, aquarium, college, dining room, barber shop, gymnasium, gallery, drugstore, laboratory, mall, plaza, store, video arcade, 颜色类: red, black, green, white, yellow, orange, brown, grey, p ink, blond, blue, purple, 学习用品类：pen, pencil, ruler, eraser, paper, pencil-box, ink, not ebook, dictionary, sharpener, schoolbag, backpack, textbook, flashcard 动物类：sheep, horse, monkey, dolphin, panda, tiger, fox, snake, rabbit, li on, shark, goat, dog, cock, hen, chicken, duck, elephant, camel, bird, wol f, polar bear, giraffe, koala, penguin, camel, seal, rabbit, octopus, kangar oo, parrot, turtle, ant, mouse, spider, hamster, manatee, goldfish, chimpan zee, cheetah, 时间：January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, Septe mber, October, November, December， spring, summer, autumn, winter Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday Morning, afternoon, noon, evening, night, second, minute, hour, day, wee k, month, year, Century 职业：doctor, nurse, vet, policeman, policewoman, engineer, work er, farmer, reporter, teacher, inventor, scientist, driver, headmaster, player, singer, dancer, actor, actress, guide, waiter, waitress, assis tant, boss, businessman, psychologist, author, writer, photographer, musician, guide, violinist, pianist, coach, clerk, sales assistant, c ook, dentist, director, optometrist, translator, vegetarian, sportspeopl e, head teacher, master, pilot, chef, fisherman, lawyer, sailor, tut or, collector,
1 ?名词noun n. student 学生 2?代词pronoun pron. you 你 3.形容词adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 ?副词adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 前六类叫实词, 5?动词v erb v. cut 砍、割 6擞词 7?冠词 8?介词numeral num. three article art. a一个 preposition prep, at conjunction conj. and 和 在… rxXli 初中英语10大词类详解+用法+考点 英语语法最最基础的就是词性了，因为后续的各种时态变化、从句很多的考点都是结合词性才产生的！要想学好语法，那就一定要打牢词性这个基础！ _、词性的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分成十个大类。 专有名词 普通名词
英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反 身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 人称代词的用法: 类别 王格 宾格 形容词性 物主代词 名词性物 主代词 反身代词 第一人称 单数 I me mv mine mvself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 VOU VOU ■ vour vours vourself 复数 VOU VOU vour w vours yourselves 第三人称 单数 He She ■ It Him Her ■ It His Her its His Hers its Himself Herself itself 复数 they them their theirs themselves 指示代词 指示代词分单数(this / that )和复数(these / those )两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词。 疑问代词 扌旨人： who, whom, whose 指物：what 既可指人又可指物： which L => 四、冠词 冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或之后，在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一 种虚词。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是”的意思。 定冠词的用法 定冠词the 与指示代词this, that 同源，有“那(这)个”的意思。 ⑴特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。 (2) 上文提到过的人或事 ：He bought a house. I ' ve been to the house. (3) 指世上独一物二的事物 :the sun, the sky, the moon , the earth (敲黑板，这个是经常 会在选择题屮考到的 知识点) 三、代词 大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。
英语十大词类 Prepared on 22 November 2020
一、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词（n.）：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, . 2、代词（pron.）：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词（adj）：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词（num.）：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词（v.）：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词（adv.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词（art）：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词（prep.）：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, . 9、连词（conj.）：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词（interj）表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 二、句子成分：
英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.（我是格林小姐） 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. （杰克每天打扫房间） 3、表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .（我的名字叫萍萍） 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.（他能拼这个词） 有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . （他给我写了一封信） 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . （他给我写了一封信） 5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .（上海是个大城市）
初中七年级新目标英语上册全册教案 Unit 1 My name’s Gina 第一课时教案示例 教学目标 1．学会询问周围新同学的姓名，并且将自己刚认识的好朋友介绍给全体同学 2．通过学生制作名卡或桌卡来提高学生学习英语的兴趣，体现英语的实用性 3．通过以上任务活动，掌握形容词性物主代词的用法及其与人称代词的主格的区别，并且在第一节课让学生对英语的学习产生兴趣。 4．德育目标：热爱班集体，团结同学。 教学重点和难点 1．形容词性物主代词的用法 2．在任务活动中掌握you和your，he和his, she和her 的用法 3．重点句型(斜体字为扩展句子)： Hi / Hello! Good morning / afternoon / evening. How are you? Fine, thank you! / Very well / So-so /All right. What’s your name? My name is …/ I’m … What’s his/ her name? His/Her name is … 课前准备 1．学生课前准备： 利用网络查阅中英文姓名及初次见面时各国或各地风俗，礼仪体会它们的不同之处； 准备硬纸片和水彩笔；
用英文介绍自己的姓、名。 2．教学器材：录音机、电脑、图片。 3．教学课件：中英文名字展示片。 教学设计 Tasks Students’ activities Teacher’s activities 1. Game: ask and answer the question: What’s your name? Students make a self-introduction and pass the sentences one by one. At first, teacher makes a self-introduction. 2.Two students act out how to greet people. Act out the greeting forms they are familiar with or they find on net. Show the students the pictures of other countries’customs with computer. 3. See who can make the most friends and get the most information. Then report their results with his or hers. Move around to make friends with the ones they are interested in. Make the students move around to make friends with others. 4. Design and make their name cards . Design and make their name cards in groups. Ask them to design their name cards and see which group is the best. 教学过程设计 任务一：结识新朋友。 1．老师首先向学生做一个自我介绍，将名字写在黑板上: My name is …, My first name is…, My last name is …同时介绍一下名字的意义，然后学生就近结组，进行自我介绍。例如：一个学生叫徐烨，他说：My name is Xu Ye. Ye means light；一个叫王超的学生介绍说: My name is Wang Chao. Chao means Superman。这个任务能够激起学生学习英语的兴趣，同时扩 大词汇量。 2．“What’s your name?”传句子比赛。学生按行分组，一个同学问，“What’s your name?”第二个学生回答，“My name is …”然后再接着问第三个人, “What’s your name?”第三个人答，“My name is …His/ her name is …”再接着问第四个人What’s your name?”。。。看哪个组最先获胜。 任务二：学生利用电脑向大家展示他们所搜集的中英文姓，问候语名及各国或各地初次 见面时的礼仪，体会它们的不同之处；然后由抽签决定各组同学分别用哪个国家或哪个地区 的礼仪（例如：日式、美式、法式和学校版的礼仪）来表演两个人初次见面时的问候语及谈
2020年初中英语10大词类详解+用法+考点(总结详细篇) 一、词性得分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词凭据其在句子中得功用，可以分红十个大年夜类。 1.名词 noun n. student 学生 2.代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3.形容词 adjective adj. happy 雀跃得 4.副词 adverb adv. quickly 敏捷地 5.动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6.数词 numeral num. three 三 7.冠词 article art. a 一个 8.介词 preposition prep. at 在... 9.连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10.慨叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦 前六类叫实词，后四类叫虚词。 二、名词 名词单数得规则改变
名词得格 在英语中有些名词可以加“‘s”来示意所有关系，带这种词尾得名词形式称为该名词得所有格，如：a teacher’s book。 名词所有格得规则如下： (1)单数名词词尾加“'s”，单数名词词尾没有s，也要加“'s”，如the boy‘s bag 男孩得书包，men’s room 男厕所。 (2)若名词已有单数词尾-s ，只加“'”，如：the workers’ struggle工人得斗争。 三、代词 大年夜少数代词具有名词和形容词得功用。 英语中得代词，按其意义、特征及在句中得作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指导代词、反身代词、彼此代词、疑问代词、关系代词、毗邻代词和不定代词九种。 人称代词得用法：
指导代词 指导代词分单数（this / that）和单数（these / those）两种形式，既可作限制词又可做代词。 疑问代词 指人：who， whom， whose 指物：what 既可指人又可指物：which 四、冠词 冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或以后，在句子里首如果对名词起限制作用得词。冠词是一种虚词。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是“一个”得意思。 定冠词得用法 定冠词the与指导代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”得意思。 (1)特指双方都熟悉打听得人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。 (2)上文提到过得人或事：He bought a house. I’ve been to the house. (3)指世上独一物二得事物：the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth（敲黑板，这个是常常会在选择题中考到得常识点） (4)单数名词连用示意一类事物，如：the dollar 美元；the fox 狐狸；
新目标初中英语词组总汇 1.初中英语教材中共出现近500 个词组，其中有一部分为常用词组，要求能熟练运用。 2.在学习中，要注意词组的积累，特别要注意介词词组和短语动词的积累。 3.对固定词组的意义，切不可望文生义。例如，动词look 愿意为“看” ，但look after 意为 “照料”，look up （a word in a dictionary）意为“ （在词典中）查找（单词）”。 4.要十分注意固定词组中冠词的使用。有时冠词可引起词义的变化，例如，go to school 意为“上学”，而go to the school 意为“到学校里去” ；take place 意为“发生” ，而take the place of 意为“取代” 。有些词组中须用冠词，而另一些则不用。例如，in the evening, at night 。 一、动词词组 （一）由be 构成的词组 be back / in / out 回来/ 在家/ 外出 be at home / work 在家/ 在上班 be good at 善于，擅长于 be good for 对.. 有禾U be bad for对 ... 有害 be careful (of…)当心，注意，仔细 be covered with 被 ... 复盖 be different from 与……不同 be filled with 充满……的 be full of 充满……的 be ready for 为……作好准备 be surprised (at)(对 . )感到惊讶 be interested in 对……感兴趣 be late for 干某事迟到 be born 出生 be on 在进行，在上演， (灯)亮着 be able to do sth. 能够做…… be afraid of / to do sth. / that… 害怕./ 不敢做 ... / 恐怕 be angry with sb. 生某人的气 be pleased (with)对 .. 感到高兴(或满意) be famous for 以……而著名 be strict in / with 对某事/ 人严格要求 be from 来自.... ，什么地方人
上次的博文中给大家讲到了英语的三要素- 语音，词汇，语法。其中排第二位的就是词汇。词汇的重要性相当于建房子时的建筑材料，大树的枝枝叶叶。只有具备充足的建筑材料，才能建成高楼大厦，人们常用枝繁叶茂来形容大树的茁壮。一个语言学习者只有具备了充足的词汇量，才可以自如地表达自己的思想，准确有效地与外国人进行沟通和交流。 学习词汇首先应该了解单词的词性，把学到的单词归类，这样才能更好的掌握单词的用法。 今天给大家讲述英语词汇的十大词性： 1. noun(n.) 名词：to describe a person or thing eg. book, gril, pen 英语中的名词根据是否可数又分为：countable noun(c.) eg. book, egg, man uncountable noun(u.) eg. water, bread 2. verb(v.) 动词 eg. do, make, go, take, bring 英语中动词根据其后是否可以加宾语又分为： Vt. (及物动词） eg. speak, give, sing Vi. (不及物动词） eg. run, work 英语中动词有5中形态：原形，第三人称单数形式，过去式，过去分词，现在分词 do does did done do ing work works worked worked w orking 3. adjective(adj.)形容词 eg. good, beautiful, nice, happy, long 英语中形容词有两种形式：比较级和最高级 eg. good- better- best nice- nicer- nicest
初中英语词类和句子的种类复习 1.词类 词类英语名称意义例词 名词Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名称boy,pencil,book,backpack 冠词Article(art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指 a(an),the 的人或事物 代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句或 we,that,his,what 句子等 形容词Adjective(adj.)用以修饰名词，表示人或事物 old,red,fine,good 的特征 数词Numeral(num)表示数量或顺序one,thirteen,first,ninth 动词Verb(v.)表示动作或状态look,go,be(am,is,are) 副词Adverb(adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词not,too,here,often 介词Preposition(prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他 in,on,of,to,under 词的关系 连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语 and,or,but 或句与句 感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感oh,hello,hi 2.英语句子成分：组成句子的各个部分即句子成分。句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语 一、主语（subject）:是一个句子的主体，是全句陈述的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。 句子说明的人或事物。 1.Thesun risesintheeast.太阳从东方升起。（名词） 2.He likesdancing.他喜欢跳舞。（代词） 3.Twentyyears isashorttimeinhistory.二十年在历史中是个很短的时间。(数词) 4.Seeing isbelieving.眼见为实。（动名词） 5.Tosee istobelieve.眼见为实。（不定式） 6.Whatheneeds isabook.他所需要的是本书（主语从句） 二、谓语（predicate）:是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 1.We study English.我们学习英语 2.He is asleep.他睡着了。 三、表语（predicative）:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词来担任，常放在系动词之后。 表示主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，表语前面的动词称为系动词。 1.Heis ateacher.他是个老师（名词 2.Fiveandfiveis ten.五加五等于十（数词） 3.Heis asleep.他睡着了（形容词） 4.Hisfatheris in.他的父亲在家（副词） 5.Thepictureis onthewall.画在墙上。(介词短语) 6.Thatsounds good那听起来很好。 7.Tomlooks thin.汤姆看上去很瘦。 常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来）,feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝起来、吃起来）, feel（感觉）... 四、宾语：表示行为的对象，常用名词或者代词担任，放在及物动词或者介词之后。宾语分为间接宾语（常为人），和 直接宾语（常为物）。表示动作、行为的对象 1.Ilike China.我喜欢中国。（名词） 2.Youcanhelp me.你能帮助我。（代词） 3.Howmanydoyouneed?Weneed two.你们需要多少？我们需要两个。（数词） 4.Ilikeplaying soccer.我喜欢踢足球。（动名词） 5.Iwant tohaveanapple.我想要吃个苹果。（不定式） 6.Didyouwritedown whathesaid?你写下他所说的话了吗？（宾语从句）
七年级上册 StarterUnit1 Good morning! 【重难点】问候：Good morning/ afternoon/evening/night! Hi/Hello! Starter Unit 2 What’s this in English？ 【重难点】询问物品：(1) What’s this in English? It is… (2)What’s that in English? It is… Starter Unit3 What color is it? 【重难点】询问颜色：(1) -What colour is it? -It is… (2) -What colour are they? -They’re… Unit1 My name’s Gina. 【重难点】(1)What 引导的特殊疑问↗询问姓名 ↘询问号码 （2）adj.物主代词 （3）be一般现在时 Unit2 This is my sister. 【重难点】(1)指示代词this, that, these, those 用法 (2)人称代词的主格和宾格 (3)名词变复数
Unit3 Is this your pencil? 【重难点】(1) be一般疑问句 (2) 名词性物主代词 Unit4 Where’s my school bag? 【重难点】(1) Where 引导的特殊疑问句：询问地点 (2) 方位介词on, under 和in 的用法 Unit5 Do you have a soccer ball? 【重难点】实意动词have/has 的一般现在时 Unit 6 Do you like bananas? 【重难点】(1) 实意动词一般现在时的肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句 (2) 可数名词、不可数名词 Unit7 How much are these socks? 【重难点】询问价格、基数词 Unit8 When is your birthday? 【重难点】(1) When引导的特殊疑问句询问时间 (2) 日期的表达、序数词、名词所有格 Unit9 My favorite subject is science. 【重难点】(1) What引导的特殊疑问句询问喜爱的科目 (2) Who 引导的特殊疑问句询问人
、词性的分类 在上述十大词类中，名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词等具有明确的意义，可以在句中独立充 当句子成分，称为实义词。介词、连词和冠词只能起联系或辅助的作用，都不在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词。感叹词一般不构成句子的一部分，通常作独立成分。 说出下歹U单词的词性：restaura nt; bus; well; ofte n ；because; exercise; hardly；theirs; ah; shop；on ce; through; time; most; no; active;for ；one; about; it; junk; hey; drink; over; health; try; another; ten; classroom; first; a; keep; to; let; yourself 说出下列文中词语的词性： 1. Father: Well, Tom, I asked to your teacher today, and now I want to ask you a questi on. Who is the laziest pers on in your class? Tom: I don't know, father. Father: Oh, yes, you do! Think! Whe n other boys and girls are doing and writi ng, who sits in the class and only watches how other people work? Tom: Our teacher, father. 2. Teacher: Here are two birds, one is a swallow, the other is sparrow. Now who can tell us which is which? Stude nt: I cannot point out but I know the an swer. Teacher: Please tell us. Student: The swallow is beside the sparrow and the sparrow is beside the swallow. 第1页共2页