高中作文写作有亮点的方法介绍 一、词汇选择——标新立异 在写作中“较高级词汇”的使用主要是指使用《大纲》上没有的词语、使用通过构词法变化来的新词、使用同近义词或反义词等来代替常见词语。 1这栋房子在芳草街的一栋楼上。 A: The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. B: The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street. 分析:is in是常见词语，而situates in则是《大纲》上没有的，属于高级词汇。 2在周末我们做很多作业。 A: At weekends, we have a lot of homework to do. B: At weekends, we have endless homework to do. 分析:B句在表达时没有使用过于直接的a lot of，而是使用了endless。endless就是由《大纲》词汇end加后缀-less变化来的。 3洗澡间和厨房都很好。 A: The bathroom and the kitchen are good. B. The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished. 在表达要点时，B句使用了well furnished,这比good语气强，也显得生动。 在造句时,“较高级词汇”如能运用贴切自然，哪怕整篇文章只用上一个，也会使你的作文显示出与众不同。 二、结构造句——与众不同 在造句时,既要使句子生动，又要使其简明扼要。 1、使用与人不同的表达方式，特别是提倡打破汉语句子结构的束缚而重组的句子更受欢迎。 1唐山曾在二十世纪八十年代发生过一次大地震。 A: There was a strong earthquake in Tangshan in the 1980s. B: A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan in the 1980s.
国际商事证明书（样板）在我会主要以形式认证为主，常见的认证形式有： 一、证明文书、单证上的印章、签字、签章属实 印章要清晰；印章要备案；如认证签字，签字人的手签字样要备案，如没备案且非法人代表，须有授权委托书；填写国际商事证明书申请表；文件一式两份；所有需认证印章的货运（代理）公司、保险公司都要注册备案。 二、证明文书、单证的影印件与原件相符 要求：提供正本核对 报关单 要求：海关验讫章 营业执照、医疗器械生产许可证、医疗器械注册证等由政府部门出具的文件可直接认证。质量体系认证等有关的质量认证，国内机构及国外有名的认证公司如TUV、SGS等出具的文件可直接认证，其它国外公司所做的认证则需由企业另附声明。 三、证明文书、单证的外文译本与中文译本一致 制作要求：外文译本需要清晰、明了；译本需要有资格从事翻译工作的人员的签字；对法律文本、技术规范文本等专业性较强的译本需要专业翻译公司翻译并盖章确认。 1.合同/销售确认书 制作要求：文件名称；日期；合同号；买卖双方；货名；数量；金额；价格条款；双方签字（盖章） （样板）
CONTRACT（合同） Sellers: GUANGZHOU INTERMATIONAL Contract No.: YE9504 TRADING CO., LTD Signed at: GUANGZHOU Add: Huangshi dong Road, Universal Date: Feb23,2006 Building, Guangzhou Tel: Buyers: COMPANY Fax: This contract is made by and between the sellers and the Buyers whereby the sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the under mentioned goods subject to the terms and 5. Total value in word: USD one hundred and ninety eight thousand two hundred and fifty only 6. Packing 7. Shipping Marks：At buyer’s option 8. Loading port & Destination: From Guangzhou to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 9. Time of shipment 10. Terms of payment: by T/T When fax delivery received 11. Insurance: 12. Remarks: The Sellers The buyers SALES CONFIRMATION （销售确认书） Sellers: GUANGZHOU INTERMATIONAL Contract No.: YE9504 TRADING CO., LTD Signed at: GUANGZHOU Add: NO.203,Fl.33, Huangshi dong Road, Universal Date: Feb23,2006 Building, Guangzhou Tel: Buyers: GOLDEN COMPANY Fax: This contract is made by and between the sellers and the Buyers whereby the sellers agree to sell and the Buyers agree to buy the under mentioned goods subject to the terms and
contract英文合同大全 买方 buyer 卖方 seller 项目名称 Project name 地址 address 电话 phone 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。 This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned. Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 1.详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2.合同价格 Contract value 序号 item型号 model尺寸 size, dimension数量 amount, unit单价 unit price总价 total price备注 remark货物，运费 freight, transportation合同总额（含安装费与税金） Contract amount incl. VAT installation 3.付款条件 payment conditions, payment terms 4.交货地点 delivery place 5.发货期 delivery time 6.安装条款 installation clause 7.验收条款 inspection clause 8.保证条款 guarantee clause 9.不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10.违约条款 Breach clause 11.其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12.买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 涉外合同格式 涉外合同按繁简不同，尽管可以采取不同书面形式，如正式合同（Contract）、协议书（Agreement）、确认书（Confirmation）、备忘录（Memorandum）、订单（Order）等等，但
演讲稿写作如何突出亮点 在美国南北战争后的第一次国会议员选举中，士兵约翰与将军陶克在同一个选区中竞争一个议员席位。这是一个非等量级间的竞争。前者是初出茅庐的年轻人，后者却是连任三次议员的政治家;一个是名不见经传的普通士兵，一个是声名显赫的将领。从地位、功勋、知名度来说，不需竞争已见胜负了。所以有人劝说约翰退出竞选，但约翰偏偏不肯放弃。 在约定的时间里，两位竞选者向公众发表竞选演说。陶克将军志得意满地先讲话。他的演说不无感情：“同胞们，记得17年前那晚，我带兵与敌人鏖战，在荒山野岭中露宿了一个晚上，如果大家没有忘记那次艰苦卓绝的斗争，请在选举中，也不要忘记那个吃尽苦头而屡建战功的人。”人们当然没有忘记那关键性的战斗中的军事统帅陶克将军。于是，会场上响起了热烈的掌声。 这时轮到约翰发表演说，他从容不迫地说：“从大家的掌声中可以看出诸位对那次战斗记忆犹新。我有幸参加了那次战斗，不过我只是一个普通的士兵，我和伙伴们坚守阵地，与敌人进行殊死搏斗，很多弟兄都壮烈牺牲了，这真是一将功成万骨枯啊!我是那场残酷战争中的幸存者，当陶克将军在树林中安睡时，我却还拖着疲惫不堪的身子在站岗放哨，保卫他的安全。今日我能够站在这里讲话，我充分相信诸位的判断力，会作出明智的选择。”
约翰的话被公众雷鸣般的掌声打断了。约翰的功绩虽然不如陶克大，但他巧妙地避开了这个话题，只就战后在山上露宿这一点来讲，要使选民们明白：将军虽然很辛苦，但毕竟还可以在丛林中安睡，而战士则要站岗保卫他。约翰的演讲说出了普通士兵的心声。议员作为民众的代言人，谁的心更贴近民众，谁就能获得拥戴。约翰迎合了选民们的这种心理，于是他战胜了陶克，当选为国会议员。 将军和士兵的竞选演说，其共同的特点都在各自展示自己的“亮点”。陶克将军展示的亮点是：17年前那个晚上，他带兵与敌人鏖战，艰苦卓绝，吃尽苦头而屡建奇功。而士兵约翰展示的亮点是：自己在那次战斗中虽是普通一兵，但与敌人殊死搏斗坚守阵地，并特别点示出陶克将军在树下安睡时自己还在极端困倦的情况下为将军站岗放哨，保卫将军的安全。从他们各自不同的演讲中，我们可以归纳出竞选演讲展示亮点的五种方法。 第一、选准切入亮点的最佳角度。士兵约翰避重就轻，避实击虚，选准了有利于自己的两个最佳切入角度：1.与敌人短兵相接进行殊死搏斗是士兵，作出最大牺牲的也是士兵;2.将军虽苦，但还能安睡，而站岗放哨保卫将军安全的还是士兵。结论是显而易见的：普通士兵比将军更苦!“亮点”的切入角度选准了，“亮点”也就更容易闪耀出夺目的光辉。 第二、选好表达“亮点”的最佳时机。假如士兵约翰先上台演说，也是选的最佳角度来论证士兵比将军更辛苦，而将军等士
合同 CONTRACT NO.: DATE: THE BUYER: ADDRESS : TEL: FAX: 买方：地址：THE SELLER: ADDRESS: TEL: FAX: This contract is made by and only works between the buyer and seller, which means the buyer agrees to buy and the seller agrees to sell the product according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: 买方与卖方就以下条款达成协议： 1. COMMODITY: Please refer to the detailed breakdown as attached.（as in the appendix）详见清单.（附页）名称及规格单位平均单价数量总价Description UnitAverage unit QtyAmount price (JPY) FOB PORT TOTAL VALUE FOB OSAKA PORT OR KOBE PORT 2. PACKING: The commodity is supposed to be packed with infrangible Export standard packaging that suitable for long distance ocean and land transportation and well protected against dampness, moisture, shock, rust and rough handling. The Sellers shall be liable for any damage or rust damage to the goods that caused by improper packing, and pay for all cost and loss caused by the damage. 包装：必须采用坚固的出口标准包装, 适合于长途海运和陆运，防
买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物清单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time 安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause
不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract劳动合同 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同 Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract技术合同 Technology Development Contract技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同Technical Service Contract技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同 Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同 Brokerage Contract 居间合同 Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract of sale 销售合同
笔者曾多次参加高考英语的写作阅卷工作，真正的英语高分作文已不仅仅局限于用简单的语言把内容说清楚，把意思表达完整，而是要让文章的句子表达得更加地道、流畅，能吸引评卷老师的眼球。因此，要想作文得高分，考生要善于灵活运用高级句式，充分掌握句子的润色技巧，才可让考场作文亮起来。 请认真对照并仔细体会以下各句的一般表达与高级表达，以便在写作中恰当运用高级表达，让自己的作文亮起来。 一 定语从句中的介词提前 1. [汉语]布鲁斯是一名知识渊博的外教，我们可以从他身上学到很多东西。 [一般] Bruce is a foreign teacher with a wide range of knowledge. We can learn a lot from him. [高级] Bruce is a foreign teacher with a wide range of knowledge,from whom we can learn a lot. 2. [汉语]我们住在那个宿舍，前面有一条小溪。 [一般] We lived in that dormitory. There was a small brook in front of it. [高级] We lived in that dormitory, in front of which there was a small brook. 二 使用非谓语动词 3. [汉语]正在原来校址上重建的新校将用现代化的技术来装备。 [一般] Our new school, which is being rebuilt in the previous place, will be well equipped with modern technology. [高级] Our new school, being rebuilt in the previous place, will be well equipped with modern technology. 4. [汉语] 当他听到那个令人兴奋的消息后，他整夜都睡不着。 [一般]When he heard the exciting news, he couldn’t fall asleep overnight. [高级]Hearing the exciting news, he couldn’t fall asleep overnight. 5. [汉语]在这场暴风雨中，我们发现很多房子遭到意想不到的严重毁坏。
SALES AND PURCHASE CONTRACT Granular Sulphur in Bulk DRAFT CONTRACT NUMBER: 100901 Offer subject to Seller’s final review, confirmation and approval. This agreement made and entered into on September 2, 2010 by and between: Seller: E-MAIL: ………………………………………. Phone: ____________________________ Hereinaf ter called the “Seller” and Herein Buyer: Address: Tel: E-mail:__________________________ Hereinafter called the “Buyer” and Whereas:Seller and Buyer, each with full corporate authority, certifies, represents and warrants that each can fulfill the requirements of this agreement and respectively provides the products and the funds referred to herein, on time and under the terms agreed to hereafter.
This contract is concluded on the 1th day of July 2012 (the “Effective Date”) between(the “Buyer”) and (the “Seller”). （买方）与（卖方）于二零一二年七月一日（生效日期）订立本合同。 1.SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 合同目的 The Seller agrees to sell and deliver Coal in bulk and the Buyer agrees to purchase and accept delivery of Coal in bulk at the terms and conditions set out below: 根据下述条款与条件卖方同意售卖和运送散装煤炭而买方同意购买及接受散装煤炭。 2.DEFINITIONS 定义 Actual Calorific Value means:实际热值意即the calorific value of the Coal as stated in the final certificate of analysis basis kcal/kg (NAR);载明于最后检验证的煤炭热值 Affiliates means:分支机构意即in relation to any company or corporation, a Subsidiary or Holding Company of that company or corporation or any other Subsidiary of that company or corporation or of that Holding Company; Banking Day and Business Day mean:银行工作日和营业日意即any day except a Saturday or Sunday on which banks in the city of New York, New York, USA, are generally open for the conduct of business; Calorific Value (CV) means:热值（CV）意即 the calorific value of the Coal expressed in BTU/lb or kcal/kg; Holding Company:控股公 司 has the meaning given to it in the definition of Subsidiary; INCOTERMS 2010 means:贸易术语2010意即the 2010 edition of the standard trade definitions published by the International Chamber of Commerce; Kcal/kg means:大卡/公斤 意即 the heating value of coal expressed in kilo-calories per kilogram; Laytime means:装卸时间 意即 the time allowed for discharging the vessel; Laycan means:受载期意即the agreed days during which the vessel shall arrive at the port of discharge for the commencement of discharge; Metric Ton (MT) means: 公吨（MT）意即 1 metric ton of 1,000 kilograms or 2204.6 2 lbs; NAR means:收到的净值Net As Received; Subsidiary means:子公司意即a company or corporation which, in relation to another company or corporation (a “Holding Company”): (a) is controlled, directly or indirectly, by the Holding Company; (b) more than half the issued share capital of which is beneficially owned, directly or indirectly by the Holding Company; or (c) which is a Subsidiary of another Subsidiary of the Holding Company; and for this purpose, a company or corporation shall be treated as being controlled by a Holding Company if the Holding Company is able to direct its affairs and/or to control the
合同书 Contract 甲方： Party A: 乙方： Party B: 合同名称： Name of contract: 合同编号： Contract No.:
此合同由如下双方签定 The contract shall be signed by two parties as following: 1、（以下简称甲方） (hereinafter referred to as Party A) 2、（以下简称乙方） (hereinafter referred to as Party B) 此项目经甲乙双方友好协商，按国家经济合同法，现达成协议，其条款如下：The project is friendly negotiated by two parties according to national economic contract law. Now the agreement is reached with articles as following: 一、合同价格Contract amount 合同总金额为人民币（含17%增值税）xxx元。（大写：xxx）。 The total amount of the contract is xxxRMB (including 17% VAT) (in words: xxx). 二、工作范围Working scope 三、付款方式与条件Payment terms and conditions 3.1、合同生效后，甲方预付合同总价的30%。 Party A shall pay 30% of the total contract amount as down payment after the contract is signed and valid. 3.2、完成预验收后，乙方向甲方开具相应的发票，甲方预付合同总价的30%。 After the pre-acceptance, Party A shall pay 30% of the total amount against the invoice issued by Party B. 3.3、在最终客户完成终验收，甲方预付合同总价的30%。 Party A shall pay 30% of the total contract amount after the final customer’s final acceptance. 3.4、质保期为1年，年满后付合同总价的10%。 After the warranty period of 1 year, the last 10% of the total amount shall be paid. 3.5、合同金额包含往来运费。 The total contract amount shall include all transportation fees.
有关“亮点”的作文 一、思路提示 1、关于亮点的范围：可以指生活片段中的一处亮点,也可以写你或者他人身上的亮点,也可以写心灵的亮点。也可以分类，如写生命的亮点、人类的亮点、世界的亮点。 2、思路上可以写亮点是什么、亮点的作用、如何拥有亮点。当然要有所侧重。下面这些观点供你参考 ①亮点能为你的人生增色，能改变你的人生 ②人的亮点就应该是他的优点，充分发挥好个人的亮点，就会达到成功的彼岸。 ③性格中的亮点能为人生增彩 ④亮点往往不是天生就有的，是自己努力奋斗的结果 ⑤要善于挖掘自身亮点 ⑥亮点需要发现 二、有关亮点的名言警句 1、梅花优于香，桃花优于色 2、闪闪发光的金子，代替不了生铁的用途（柯尔克孜族） 3、你消灭的每一种缺点都存在着与它对应的长处，两者相辅相成，生死与共（阿纳托尔·法朗士） 4、能从别人的过错中看出他的优点，那才是最聪明的人呢 ——（德伦西） 三、有关亮点的佳句 1、可否记得那个瞬间，玄衣老人纵身而跳的瞬间？衣袖猎猎迎风。眼神锐利，是对国家的坚定；嘴唇颤粟，是对亡国的悲痛；手指紧握，是对敌军的恨意；姿态眷恋，是对人民的怀念。那一瞬间，深刻脑海，如钻石一般放出夺目光亮，成为屈原一生的亮点，成为人们心中的不可忘却。忠诚，是屈原的亮点。 2、你曾想起那个瞬间？男子挥斧破山的一瞬间，也许你依然记得很久以前，他是个孤苦的少年，无亲人照顾，无容身之处。而现在，他是一个顶天立地的男人，强大而无畏。他的身影，变得如此巨大，他的臂膀变得如此强壮有力，他的勇气，就算是苍天见了，都会畏惧。他顽强地成长，就算风餐露宿，流离失所。豺狼虎豹没有让他退缩，饥饿疲劳，没有让他倒下，他对抗的是天，是神，而这些，却只让他更加努力。那一瞬间的强大，你可否看见它背后的不屈，那如同镶上金边的背影，静静深印在心上，变成直到今天，世人都赞叹的，沉香救母的传奇。不屈，是沉香的亮点。 3、没有人会忘却这样的瞬间，他是世界科学巨匠，而他能控制的，只有两只手指。医生曾预言，他活不过20岁。人们曾猜测，他随时都有可能死去，所有人以为，他会输给命运。而他，没有，他坚定地活了下来，他坚定着自己的科学信念，写出了伟大的《时间简史》，他所打败的，又何止是死神？《时间简史》发行的那一瞬间，人们看到的不是蜷缩在轮椅里的霍金，而是一个巨人。那一瞬间，他光芒四射，永难忘却。坚定，是霍金的亮点。 四、有关亮点的例文 成功的亮点 鲜花的亮点是它的娇艳芳香，因此它被人记住；流星的亮点是它的转瞬明亮，因此它被人珍惜；彩虹的亮点是它的多彩灿烂，因此它被人向往。 我想，人的亮点就应该是他的优点，充分发挥好个人的亮点，就会达到成功的彼岸。 三国时期东吴大将吕蒙，小时没能读书，他成了大将后，很多人嘲笑他的无知，他决定发奋读书，每天都很刻苦，最后他终于成了文武双全的人。他的亮点就是他的勤奋，因为勤
contract translate SALE AND PURCHASE AGREEMENT A company incorporated in and under the laws of China with Registration office at *********,Herein represented by ****being duly authorized to do so. Referred in this contract as BUYER, this contract made to: WHEREAS the BUYER is an International Trader of ****and the BUYER is desirous of buying all such ZIRCON SAND from the SELLER. The BUYER confirmed the purchase of the contracted amount from the SELLER in this contract. And WHEREAS the BUYER, is desirous of purchasing all such ****offered by the SELLER. WHEREAS the SELLER, is a trader of the product subjected in this contract. The SELLER is willing to give all his productions and sales in this contract to the BUYER. And WHEREAS the SELLER is in the process of selling *****, which originates from mine site based in ***, at approximately ****MT or more per month. ----------THE SELLER AND THE BUYER HEREBY AGREE AS FOLLOWS: --------- 1. DEFINITION Unless specifically stated the following terms in this contract shall refer to and will have the following meaning : Goods shall mean----; DMT shall mean dry metric ton DMT ; WMT ; shall mean wet metric ton ; Ton or "Metric Ton" shall mean a ton of 1.000 kilograms or 2,204.62 pounds avoirdupois wet or dry basis as stated ; Inspectorate shall mean independent inspectorate as SGS( Société Générale de Surveillance S.A, Switzerland) and/or its correspondence, CCIC (China Commodity Inspection Co.,Ltd.) and/or its correspondence, or any independent inspectorate accepted by both parties ; T/T shall mean Telegraphic Transfer ; L/C shall mean Irrevocable Letter of Credit in accordance and subject to Uniform Customs and Practice for Doc. Credits Revision 1993 Publication N° 500 of ICC, Paris ; $ or dollar or cent shall mean dollars and cents of the United States of America official currency ; CIF shall mean cost , Insurance and freight as per Incoterms ICC 2000. 2. PRODUCT 3. PRICE
Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议) Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法 律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词，但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。 实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是： 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都 是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。 5.5 如发生对其履行本合同项下还款义务产生重大影响的任何事件(包括但不限于离、结婚，对外投资，承担民事、行政、刑事责任等)，应当立即书面通知乙方。 乙方不能将本工程转包、倒卖。一经发现，乙方无条件退出，协议终止，所造成的损 失及法律责任均由乙方承担。
Contract, as we will use that term, ordinarily connotes an agreement between two or more persons—not merely a shared belief, but a common understanding as to something that is to be done in the future by one or both of them. Sometimes, the term contract is used also to refer to a document—the set of papers in which such an agreement is set forth. For lawyers, contract usually is used to refer to an agreement that has legal effect; that is, it creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised. Thus, it will sometimes be necessary to distinguish among three elements in a transaction, each of which may be called a “contract”: (1) the agreement-in-fact between the parties, (2) the agreement-as-written (which may or may not correspond accurately to the agreement-in-fact), and (3) the set of rights and duties created by (1) and (2). Without trying at this point to state a short but comprehensive definition of law (if that were possible), it is perhaps sufficient to suggest that we will be surveying the ways in which such agreements are made and enforced in our legal system—the role of lawyers and judges in creating contracts, in deciding disputes that may arise with respect to their performance, and in fashioning appropriate remedies for their breach. 当我们使用“合同”一词的时候，通常是说它是一份存在于两方或三方之间的契约。它不是一种简单的信任，而是通常理解为合同的一方或双方在将来要去做的某种事情。有时候，“合同”也用来指一套包括协议的文件。对于律师而言，合同通常是指具有法律效力的协议，即设置了一种法律义务，当某行为没有按照预先约定的那样去履行时，可以依照合同去依法强制履行。因此，有时候，在一次交易中，区分三种不同的因素就变得非常必要，这些因素中的每个因素都可以叫做合同：（1）双方之间的事实合同（2）书面合同，它可能与事实合同不完全一致（3）基于前（1）、（2）两项中合同所产生的权利和义务。 在权利义务问题上，如果情况可以允许，我们可做到不用去努力阐明这种短少但包含法律意义的界定情况，那么它就强烈建议我们在早己设定好的合同和现行法律柜架下的去审视在（订立）创制合同中律师和法官的（角色）作用，他们会解决各方行为引发的争执以及对违约行为以恰当的形式进行补偿。 In the Anglo-American legal system, a great number of things—both tangible and intangible—are susceptible of “ownership.” A bull dozer, a diamond ring, the Empire State Building, “Gone With the Wind”—all may be the “property” of one person or group of persons, which means that the state will protect the right of the“owner” to use, enjoy, and even consume that thing, to the exclusion of all other persons. The first-year property course traditionally focuses on the detailed rules that in Anglo-American law govern the ownership of “real property” (land and the buildings on it), as well as some types of “personal” property, such as “goods” (tangible moveable property). Later you will have the opportunity to explore bodies of law relating to ownership of other, less tangible kinds of property such as copyrights, patents, shares of corporate stock, and negotiable instruments. 在英美法律体系中，很多事物—有形的和无形的—都涉及“所有权”问题。一台推土机、一枚钻戒、帝国大厦、小说《飘》，都可能是一个人或者一些人的财产。这意味着国家将保护所有权人对其所有物的使用、享受甚至是毁灭的权利，同时排除他人对此行为的干涉。按照惯例，第一年的财产课程会侧重于英美法律对财产保护的详细规定，诸如土地和地上物等不动产的所有权的细化性规定。然后，你将会学习到基本是对版权、专利权，股权，可转让票据等无形财产的所有权的法律保护。