1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical background
The Celts 〉the Brythons.
The Iron Age.
The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.
From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.
London was founded.
Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,
Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.
De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus
450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sw ord.
Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.
Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.
King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)
Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.
597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.
2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.
Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.
Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.
The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.
The reign of King Alfred (871-899)
First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.
Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.
Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.
3. Anglo-Saxon poetry
The earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.
Beowulf
As early as the 6th in oral form
Written down in the 8th.
The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect. One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520. 3183 lines.
Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.
Grendel for 12 years.
Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.
Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.
Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.
One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.
Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.
A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.
Old English Poetry:
1. The technical structure:
1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which
is a caesura. The two parts of the line are united by alliteration,
a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound or
sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.
2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up of an
accented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.
3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first half
line and one on the first foot of the second half line.
2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”
3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.
PS: 第4頁第2段第3行經Word自動更正提示以及維基百科確認，“Ecclesiatical”為印刷錯誤，應為“Ecclesiastical”。
2. Chapter Two The Norman Period (1066-1350)
1. Historical background
1066, the battle of Hastings
The Normans, also descendants of Scandinavian marauders, having seized a wide part of northern France.
Accelerated the feudalism in England.
Large tracts of land by the king, barons, knights and the church.
A peasant uprising in 1381.
2. Middle English
For 3 centuries after the Norman conquest, two languages were used side by side in England: Latin and French.
Words and expressions from Latin and French and Greek in the 14th. Inflectional forms dropped and grammar simplified.
3. Religious literature
The issue of personal salvation.
Moral and spiritual responsibilities of individual rather than his ethical and social responsibilities.
Conventional theme: homiletic paraphrases of the Gospels
4. Romance and the influence of French literature
Through French literature the introduction of Italian literature.
Chief breeding ground was the aristocratic society in France in the 12th and early 13th and was introduced into England in the second half of the 13th and the 14th.
In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories.
1) The matter of France: the exploits of Charlemagne the Great and Roland,
a national hero in the 8th, Chanson de Roland.
2) The matter of Rome: Alexander the Great and the siege of Troy.
3) The matter of Britain: the Arthurian legend, Sir Gawain, Launcelot, Merlin, the Holy Grail, the death of King Arthur.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Written about 1375-1400.
About 2500 lines.
Four “fyttes”.
Green Chapel
First day, a deer; second day, a boar; the third day a fox. A girdle. —〉the Order of Garter
A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also should possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.
It contained several element which prepared for a new culture.
A vivid portrayal of the hero and a fine analysis of his psychology.
A well unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.
The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other.
A mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the alliterated initial syllables and French poetry, the musical effect of which depends on the fixed number of accented and unaccented syllables in a verse line. Paragraphs of long alliterative lines of varying length are followed by a single line of two syllables, called “the bob”, and a group of four-stressed lines called “the wheel”, i.e., a set of short lines forming the concluding part of a stanza.
3. Chapter Three The Age of Chaucer (1350-1400) Historical background
Chaucer and William Langland (1330?-1400?) and the writer of Sir Gawain were contemporaries.
But he deserves a period of his own.
Two historical events which their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland: The Hundred Years’ War from the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) to the reign of Henry VI (1421-1471), or from 1337-1453; the peasant uprising of 1381, the reign of King Richard II.
The Hundred Years’ War for the French throne.
The first seven English kings were in fact living in France.
Starting from King Henry III, England became the principal concern of the English kings.
An awakening of national consciousness in England. No longer vassals to the French but claimed that they had the right to succeed the French
throne. And the French language was gradually replaced by the native tongue.
Peasant uprising. John Ball: “When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentlemen?”
From Kent to London under the leadership of Wat Tyler.
William Langland and another writer John Wycliff (1324?-1384) expressed people’s hatred for the church and the government.
John Wycliff (1324?-1384)
One of the first figures who demanded to reform the church.
Translated the Bible into standard English. Fixed a national standard for English prose to replace various dialects. Father of English prose.
Many pamphlets in Latin to attack the feudal lords and the church. Opposed to the claim of the Pope to the English throne. Civil authority had the right to deprive the church of the property if it proved unworthy of people’s trust. The views were taken over by the peasants in their uprising.
William Langland (1330?-1400?)
Piers Plowman, or The Vision of Piers Plowman, another alliterative poem besides Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Giving a realistic picture of the 14th century England.
The form of allegory, a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching. An allegory has a double meaning. A primary or surface meaning, and a secondary meaning, or underlying meaning. In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity or truth, are personified as characters in the story.
The visions the poet had on a May morning.
A high tower ——Truth
A deep dungeon ——the Father of Falseness
People from all walks of life, laymen and religious people.
Gluttony.
Lady Meed (bribery) to be married to Falseness but protested by Theology. The king proposed to marry her to Conscience but failed. Meed is expelled and Conscience and Reason become king’s counsellers.
Conscience preaching to the people and Repentance moving their hearts, including the Seven Deadly Sins.
People came to seek for truth but no one knows the way. Then Piers Plowman appears. This episode suggests that man should do the task that falls to his lot.
Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340-1400)
Born in a wine merchant family with rising fortunes.
Grew up in London.
1357, a page at court.
1359, joined the army in the Hundred Year’s War and was taken prisoner. 1360, returned to England and married a maid of honour of the queen. For the next ten years in the Continent on diplomatic missions.
1382, Controller of Customs at the port of London.
1386, PM from Kent
John of Gaunt(Duke of Lancaster. 1340-1399. English soldier. The fourth son of Edward III, he ruled England during his father's last years and in the beginning of Richard II's reign.) as his patron.
〉A great variety of occupations and experiences as well as close observation of life made him familiar with the lives of various classes.
Died on Oct 25, 1400, the Poet’s Corner in WestminsterAbbey.
Works divided into 3 periods, corresponding to the 3 periods of his life.
(1) 1360-1372, wrote under the influence of the French literature, even translated French poems himself. Poem The Book of the Duchess, much of conventional romance elements in it.
(2) 1372-1386, under the influence of the Italian literature. Troilus and Cryseyde, adapted from a long poem by Boccaccio, the writer of The Decameron. The Parliament of Fowls and The House of Fame.
(3) the last 15 years of his life. The Canterbury Tales between 1387 and 1400. A general prologue and 24 tales that are connected by “links”. Tarbard Inn. 29 pilgrims to St. Thomas Beckett’s tomb at Canterbury.
The host is Harry Bailey. Expected to tell 120 tales, i.e. each person tells 4 tales.
The significance of The Canterbury Tales
(1). A comprehensive pict ure of Chaucer’s time. The gentle class; the burgher class, the wife of Bath included, who has married five times; the professionals. All persons connected with the church are drown with touches of gentle irony and mild satire, with the exception of the poor parson. His satire can be the bitterest in the portrayal of the pardoner and the summoner. In this sense Chaucer himself is “the smyler with the knyf under the cloke.”
Each character not only a representative of his or her class but also has an individual character of their own.
(2). The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics. Unlike The Decameron, it is cleverly woven together by links between the stories. Most of the stories are related to the personalities of the tellers, the personalities of each character, his or her private life and habits, his or her mood and social status are revealed in the prologue and in the story he or she tells, as well as by their behaviour along the road and their remarks on the way.
Most important is the part played by the host Harry Hailey.
(3). Chaucer’s humour: a characteristic feature of the English literature.
(4). Contribution to the English language: wrote in the London dialect of his day. He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language can be easily handled to express different moods.In doing so Greatly increase the prestige of the English language.
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
第4章15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争） The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne. 百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。 (2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争） The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war. 玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。 (3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现） In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with the
《英语口译》课程标准 课程名称：英语口译 课程类别：专业必修课 教学学时：32（理论）+32（实践） 课程学分： 4 先行课程：高级英语听力，英语视听说，基础英语等 适用专业：英语专业 参考教材：1、《英语口译实务》，外文出版社，2009年1月（主编：梅德明） 2、《实战口译》，外语教学与研究出版社，2004年9月（主编：林超伦） 3、《英语中级口译证书考试：中级口译教程（第4版）》，上海外语教育出版社，2014年3月（主编：梅德明） 4、《英语中级口译证书考试：中级听力教程（第4版）》，上海外语教育出版社，2014年3月（主编：周国强） 一、课程性质 《英语口译》是英语专业三年级翻译系列课程中的一门必修课，也是英语专业的核心课，着重口头翻译训练。口译是一项实践性很强的语言交际活动，通过口头表达形式，将所感知和理解的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言形式转化成另一种语言形式，进而达到完整并及时传递交流信息之目的的交际行为，是现代社会跨文化，跨民族交往的一种基本沟通方式。表面上看，它似乎是一种被动，单一，机械性的语言传达活动，其实不然，它是一种集语言信息，语境信息，文化信息，心理信息等于一体的综合交际活动，是一种综合运用视，听，说，写，读等知识和技能的语言操作活动。准确、流利是衡量口译优劣的两条基本标准。 本课程旨在帮助学生掌握与专业相关主题的有关词语、表达方式及句型；让学生更好地了解中国的基本国策及国情，同时也能了解其它国家的历史、政治、经济、文化等概况。本课程要求学生具有扎实的双语基本功，了解口译活动的基本过程，口译过程中大脑的反应，对笔记的要求，各类句式的处理，各类意外情况的处置，以及基本的社交礼仪(着装,提前到场,文具准备)等。本课程以英汉互为口译为主，培养学生掌握口译的基本理论和专题连续传译的技能，帮助学生掌握口译记忆方法，口头概述，口译笔记，及公众演讲技巧以求学生能较准确、流畅地进行汉英对译。 二、课程目标 本课程的授课对象是英语专业学生，属英语类专业技能课。学生通过学习该课程掌握良好的口语水平和娴熟的口译技能。通过该课程的学习，学生能了解口译基本理论，掌握口译技巧，并运用到不同情景的口译实践当中，可从事一般的生活翻译，陪同翻译，涉外导游以及外事接待等翻译工作。 （一）专业能力目标： 在对语言理解和运用方面，以英语录音、录像、电影电视、多媒体教学片的形式进行教学，通过观赏英文电影、电视、多媒体教学片等，使学生能够增加对语境和语用场合了解；能较好地复述所观看的故事情节，讲述自己的理解和分析，具备用英语讲述和组织语言的能力；能针对特定语境和语用场合中的若干话题，进行模仿、对话、讨论等，具备用英语解决实际问题的能力、较强的上口能力和正确的语音、语调和较快的语速。经过系统
船用导航产品技术发展趋势 1概述 船用导航技术很多，主要由磁导航、卫星导航、无线电导航、雷达导航、惯性导航和天体导航。我公司主要涉及磁导航和惯性导航，磁导航发展较早，主要产品为磁罗经，惯性导航产品同样有着辉煌的历史，是国内最早一批开始惯性导航产品的企业。 磁罗经因其连续工作时间长、自主性强、可靠性强和经济性好等显著地优点，始终是为各类舰艇与传播提供航向和观测物标方位等数据所必备的导航仪器。尽管近年来陀螺罗经、GPS定位设备、船用雷达的技术与精度有了飞跃式发展，但依然不可以取代磁罗经在舰艇上的使用地位。惯性导航设备可以为载体提供航向、位置、姿态、速度等基本物理信息，是信息化装备中最核心的传感设备之一。惯性导航设备仅需要敏感地球自转而不需要借助外界任何的光、电、磁信息的机理决定了它的完全自主的特点，是复杂战场环境中保底的导航手段。惯性导航技术是最重要的军用技术之一，可以毫不夸张的说，惯性导航的发展水平直接影响了一个国家的武器装备的先进性。惯性导航产业起步于军用，目前仍主要应用于军用领域。不过随着随着成本的降低和需求的增长，其范围已由原来的舰艇、飞机、航天宇航、制导武器、战车等军用或军民两用领域，扩展到大地测量、资源勘测、地球物理测量、海洋探测、铁路、隧道等民用领域，甚至在机器人、摄像机、儿童玩具中也被广泛应用。 2国外发展现状 2.1磁罗经 磁罗经是利用地磁场对磁针具有吸引力的现象而制成的一种航海指向仪器，地磁场是一种天然的矢量场，由地球自身的物理特性所产生，其方向和强度几乎不随时间、天气等的影响。因此，与其它导航方式相比，地磁导航是一种极为稳定，误差不累加（陀螺），不依赖于外界数据交互（GPS）的自主导航方式。虽然历史悠久，直到今日仍然被广泛的用于各类导航领域。并且是IMO（国际海事组织）强制装船的设备。过去，由于弱磁测量技术的限制，一直采用机械式磁罗经，与其他导航技术相比，地磁导航技术并未有真正的突破和发展。Sperry Marine 作为国外老牌导航产品厂商，生产的磁罗经目前依然在销售，其航向精度标称值优于0.5°。
2018年自学《英国文学选读》试题及答案 1. What are Shakespeare ’s achievements? a. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations of the people. b. Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. c. Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. d. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audienc e. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays. e. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry. f. Shakespeare as master of the English language. 2. What are the basic characteristics of ballads? a. The beginning is often abrupt. b. There are strong dramatic elements. c. The story is often told through dialogue and action. d. The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic
第9章维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） (1) 1832～1848 The first reform bill—the industrial capitalists gain their power in Parliament. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers. 凭借第一部改革议案，工业资产阶级在议会中赢得了权利。这个议案使工业资产阶级和中下层阶级获得了选举权，但是工人却并没有获得选举权。 (2) In the fifties and sixties（五十年代和六十年代） England had become the workshop of the world and the world’s banker. It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism. 英国成为“世界工厂”和“世界银行”。这个时期的社会稳定发展，人们对未来信心百倍。 (3) In the 1890s（十九世纪九十年代） The 1890s is a period of serenity and security. By 1890, England continued to grow in strength. The British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth. 九十年代是一个安稳而宁静的年代，这个时期，英国的实力持续增长，英国占据了世界四分之一的领土。
整理课堂笔记的正确方式 记课堂笔记的五大技巧 1．不要记得太紧太密，每页右边留下约1/3的空白处，以便日后补充、修改。 2．用词用语要简洁浓缩。 3．写字速度要快、字迹不必要求太高，能看清就行。 4．注意听课与看书结合，有些内容可直接在书上批注。 5．用不同颜色的笔，比如你用蓝色和红色，一般的用蓝色笔写，重要的内容如概念、公式、定理用红色笔写，这样便于以后复习只需看一下提纲然后进行联想。 整理笔记“七步法” 01第一步，忆 “趁热打铁”，课后即抓紧时间，对照书本、笔记，及时回忆有关的信息。实在忆不起来，可以借同学的笔记参看。这是整理笔记的重要前提，为笔记提供“可整性”。 02第二步，补 课堂上所做的笔记，因为是要跟着老师讲课的速度进行的，一般的讲课速度要比记录速度快。于是笔记就会出现缺漏、跳跃、省略甚至符号代文字等情况。在忆的基础上，及时作修补，使笔记有“完整性”。 03第三步，改 仔细审阅笔记，对错字、错句及其他不够确切的地方进行修改。其中，特别要注意与解答课后练习，与教学(学习)目的有关的内容的修改，使笔记有“准确性”。 04第四步，编 用统一的序号，对笔记内容进行提纲式的、逻辑性的排列，注明号码，梳理好整理笔记的先后顺序，使笔记有“条理性”。 05第五步，分 以文字(最好用红笔)或符号、代号等划分笔记内容的类别。以语文为例，哪些是字词类，哪些是作家与作品类，哪些作品(课文)是分析类，哪些是问题质疑、探讨类，哪些是课后练习题解答等。为分类摘抄做好准备，使笔记有“系统性”。 06第六步，舍 省略无关紧要的笔记内容，使笔记有“简明性”。 07第七步，记
分类抄录经过整理的笔记。同类的知识，抄在同一笔记本，或一本笔记的同一部分里，也可以用卡片分类抄录。这样，日后复习、使用就方便了。按需所取，纲目清晰，快捷好用，使笔记有“资料性”。
导航罗经校准及精度分析 摘要：本文介绍了电罗径测定方位角的基本原理，阐述了海洋工程中电罗径校 准的步骤以及一些注意事项，并给出计算公式。另外分析了直接法和天文法对电 罗径校准产生的误差和消除误差的一些建议。 关键词：罗经；误差；校准；全站仪 一、前言 罗经即测定方向基准的一种仪器。船舶用罗经以确定航向和观测目标方位。目前在海洋 工程测量中主要采用电罗经来确定船舶的方位，但是由于船舶上的陀螺罗经会因船舶运动而 产生很多误差，如速度差、冲击误差、摇摆误差、纬度误差等；而且安装时又有基线误差等，定位测量用电罗经的精度要求比对航海用电罗经的精度要求更高，所以在定位测量采用电罗 经来确定方位的时候必须在定位测量工作开始前进行校准，使它的精度满足作业的需求。本 文主要介绍利用全站仪校准电罗经的误差以及误差对测量结果会产生的影响进行探讨。 二、电罗经测量校准的方法 电罗经校准的基本原理就是通过测量坐标方位角计算船舶的中轴线的真方位角来校准电 罗经测量的天文方位角，即当电罗经基准线零刻度线与船舶中轴线平行时，电罗经测量值与 船舶中轴线真方位角差值即为电罗经改正值。 （1）在平行于中轴线或者在船的中心线上选择观测点A和B，分别架设棱镜； （2）在观测开始前开始设置电罗经的采样时间，采样时间不得大于2S并记录。记录内 容主要包括时间和罗经的读数； （3）电罗经采样时间和观测时间（如电子表）要进行校准，使它们的时间与GPS时间都达到同步； （4）将全站仪架设在一个已知的坐标点STATION（x0，y0）中设站，后视另外一个已知 的坐标点OP（x1，y1）； （5）在观测点STATION上观测A（Bow）、B（Stern）两点，记录相应的时间、两点的 水平角αA、αB和它们的水平距离Sa、Sb。记录表格如下 图1：校准示意图 公式一 （7）观测水平角αA和αB，距离SA和SB，然后计算出A和B的坐标EA，NA，再根据这两 个坐标进行反算得到船体中心线的坐标方位角，最后将坐标方位角换算为真方位角。 公式二 式中：β是船舶的真方位角，γ是本地区的子午线收敛角，C-O是罗经的校准值，Oβ是罗经 的读数。 三、全站仪在罗经校准中的设置和使用 3.1、全站仪的介绍 全站仪是一种集光、机、电为一体的高技术测量仪器，是集水平角、垂直角、距离（斜距、平距）、高差测量功能于一体的测绘仪器系统。广泛用于地上大型建筑和地下隧道施工 等精密工程测量或变形监测领域。 3.2、全站仪误差分析 利用全站仪进行电罗经校准容易产生人为误差、整平误差、对中误差以及仪器误差、外 界环境带来的误差、大气折光所带来的误差、其它环境因素的影响等 根据公式二，由误差传播公式，可以得到罗经校准值中的误差表达式： 公式三 式中mc-o2 是代表罗经校准值得误差，mγ2为本地区子午线收敛角误差，可以准确计算，
英国文学选读样题答案 一、选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分） 1---5 ABCCC 6---10 ABBAB 11---15 BBAAC 二、填空（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，总计20分） 1．Heroic 2 comedies 3. couplet 4. metaphysical poetry 5. Eve 6. My Luve’s Like a Red, Red, Rose 7.Houyhnynms 8. Coleridge 9. Odes 10. Emily Bronte 三、诗歌分析（本大题共4个小题，每小题分值见各小题，共20分） 1．William Wordsworth; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 2．Iambic tetrameter; ababcc ababcc 3. The waves beside them danced; but they _ / _ / _ / - / Out-did | the spark|ling waves | in glee: _ / _ / _ _ _ / A po|et could |not but |be gay, _ / _/ _ / _ _ In such | a jo|cund com|pany: _ / _ / _ / _ / I gazed--|and gazed-|-but lit|tle thought _ / _ / _ / _ / What wealth |the show |to me |had brought: 4. 水波在边上欢舞，但水仙 比闪亮的水波舞得更乐； 有这样快活的朋友做伴， 诗人的心儿被欢愉充塞； 我看了又看，却没领悟 这景象给了我什么财富。（黄杲炘） 四、小说分析（本大题共5个小题，每小题分值见每小题，共20分） 1.Jane Eyre; Sharlotte Bronte 2.He had a mad wife who set the building on fire and climbed to the roof of the building. He tried to save her. But the staircase broke and he fell down He was wounded and became blind. 3.When Jane knew that Mr. Rochester had a wife. She was surprised and fled from Thornfield. Mr. Rochester was very sad at it.
第1章盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景） (1) The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the Celts, who migrated to the British Isles about 600 B.C. 不列颠群岛最早的定居者是凯尔特人，他们大约在公元前600年移民到不列颠群岛。 (2) From 55 B.C. to 407 A.D. the British Isles were under the rule of the Roman Empire. 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛处于罗马帝国的统治之下。 (3) About 450 A.D., waves of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded the British Isles. They settled in England, and drove the Celts into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 公元450年左右，盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人占领了不列颠群岛。他们在英格兰定居，将凯尔特人驱逐到威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰。 (4) It was around 500 A.D., in the struggle against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex, that the Celtic King Arthur, a legendary figure, is said to have acquired his fame. 大约在公元500年，在与威塞克斯王国创始人塞迪奇的斗争中，传说中的凯尔特王亚瑟获得了他的名声。 (5) Beginning from the later part of the 8th century, the Danes, or the Vikings, came to invade England, at first, along the eastern coast, but later they threatened
转载：小学生怎样记课堂笔记 一段时间以来，一直在思考这样一个问题，小学生在课堂上记笔记有什么好处。因为在我的课堂上，每一个班的学生都要求记课堂笔记，而且每堂课在我走进教室之前笔记本就是打开着的，省得一到让学生动笔的时候课堂就有一段时间显得特别混乱，转身掏书包找练习本、铅笔、橡皮掉在地上，影响正常课堂教学时间。 课堂笔记就是学生对老师课堂上所讲授的内容做书面记录，并把它作为今后复习和学习的重要资料，好处有很多，比如有助于知识的存储和记忆，因为“好记性不如烂笔头”；帮助学生提高课堂注意力，因为小学生注意力保持的时间比较短。再有就是回到家里复习或等到期末复习的时候课堂笔记就派上用场了。 记课堂笔记的方法很多，但不是每一种方法都适合于每一个学生，教师得想办法让学生找到适合自己的记笔记方法。 一、在书本上作“旁注”。 有的时候老师可能会发现这样一种现象，一个学期下来，翻开学生的教科书时像新的一样，一个字也没有。这样的学生积累的东西一定特别少。认为在课堂上对于老师的讲解重点例如一些词语的解释、重点的段落，或用画线、或用自己喜欢的符号、或写一些简单的注解等标注出来。比方说重点的地方可以用直线画下来，比这个还重要的内容用波浪线现出来，遇到有疑问的地方可以画一个问号，需要积累的词语可以用圆圈、方框圈起来。总之教科书不能空着，不能学过了还和新的一样!这不利于积累，复习时也没有依据。毕竟在课堂上，教师的讲解一定会有精彩的部分，这些精彩有时是转瞬即逝的，可能课堂上你还记得很牢固，但你保证不了过一段时间不遗忘，如果你记笔记了，做标注了，复习时当你看到你的标注，课堂精彩处的镜头就会马上再现，可能一些知识点很快回到你的记忆当中。 二、准备一个专门的课堂笔记本。 每一个学科都应该有一个专门的笔记本，包括语文、数学、思品与社会、科学等等，这是养成一种好的学习习惯的基础。课堂笔记本不是要你把课堂上老师说的每一句话都记下来，一般情况下以老师的板书为主，其次是抓住老师讲解的重点记录在本子上。每一个学科的记录方法也有不同，比方说数学科中的一些概念、法则，书本上都有，所以这些不必记，在书上画上重点号就可以，但一些老师对概念的理解，一些解题的技巧等一定要记下来，因为这些可能是老师用很长时间、甚至是用一辈子的时间总结出来的经验，你说这重不重要，值不值得记下来？语文课上一些课文的作者简介、写作时代背景、写作特点等书本上可能没有作注解，老师为了拓展学生的知识面，或根据教学要求，课堂上一定会对这些作出简要介绍，这也是老师通过查阅很多资料或用自己的教学经验在对教学内容进行补充，是教学的重点，也是学生作笔记的重点。这样复习的时候效率才会高，积累的东西才会多。为什么说每一个学科要有一本专门的笔记本呢？因为不同的学科记笔记的方法有所不同，而且混用笔记本有的时候会很乱，复习起来不方便，找来找去的效率不会高。 三、学会在笔记中质疑。 细心的老师会发现，有的学生课堂记笔记的方法也掌握了，课听得认真、笔记记的详细，学习成绩本该提高得很快，可就有个别学生的成绩提高起来还很慢，成绩好的学生的知识面拓展得也不够好，就是我们俗话所说的没后劲。什么原因？其一、写字速度慢，课堂只为记笔记而记笔记，有的时候跟不上老师的讲解。其二、学生不会思考!课堂只为了记而记，没有充分的思考时间，或没有自主思考问题的习惯。所以在记笔记的过程中，要学会记重点，留下一些时间把自己的困惑写下来，然后留在课后思考、与人交流，这样才会有发展。记完课堂笔记后，一定要记得整理。因为课堂老师的讲解一定要快于学生动笔记录，所以没跟上的地方一定要和同学比较一下，把自己没跟上的抄到自己的笔记上，使笔记更趋于完整以免使一些知识点掌握有误，其实这个过程也是记忆和复习的过程，一定要趁热打铁，不要拖拉。
1.The national epic of the Anglo-Saxons is ____. A Robin Hood B Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C The Canterbury Tales D Beowulf 2. ____was the most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend written in alliterative verse. A The Canterbury Tales B Piers the Plowman C Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D Beowulf 3. ____was famous for The Canterbury Tales. A Geoffrey Chaucer B John Milton C William Shakespeare D Francis Bacon 4. Most of the ballads of the 15th century focused on the legend about ____ as a heroic figure. A Green Nights B Gawain C Robin Hood D Hamlet 5.In the 16th century, Thomas More’s work ____became immediately popular after its publication. A Paradise Lost B A Pleasant Satire of the Three Estates C Of Studies D Utopia 6. ____was Edmund Spencer’s masterpiece which has been regarded as one of the grea t poems in the English language. A Amoretti B The Shepherd’s Calendar C The Faerie Queene D Four Hymns 7. ____ is from Shakespeare’s sonnet No.18. A “Let me not to the marriage of true minds” B “To be or not to be: that is the question” C “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” D “No longer mourn for me when I am dead” 8. _____, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London about 1340. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Dryden 9.The four great tragedies written by Shakespeare are Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello and ___ _. A. Antony and Cleopatra B. Julius Caesar C Twelfth Night D King Lear 10. Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare’s romantic love comedies? A Twelfth Night B The Tempest C As You Like It D The Merchant of Venice D C A C D C C A D B 1. All of the following are the most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England except______.
上海市高等教育自学考试 英语专业（独立本科段）（C050201）口译与听力（口译部分）（08681） 自学考试大纲 上海外国语大学自学考试办公室编上海市高等教育自学考试委员会组编 2014年版
I. 课程性质及其设置的目的和要求 （一）本课程的性质与设置的目的 “口译与听力（口译部分）”是自学考试本科段的一门实践性考核课程。 本课程是一门语言技能应用性课程，在语音、语调和听说训练的基础上，结合口译技巧训练，培养学生一定的口译能力。 本课程主要培养学生进行不同场合英汉—汉英口译的能力，使学生在进一步提高英语听说能力的同时，掌握基本的口译知识与技能，为今后从事一般口译工作打下扎实的基础。 （二）本课程的基本要求 1.听的技能 1）能全面理解与日常生活和社会紧密联系、体现时代性和实用性的段落。 2）能逐句理解、听懂说话者的主要意思，能听懂交际场合中各类英语会话和讲话。 要求具有一定的听力理解、短时记忆、笔记以及听译等能力。 2.说的技能 要求掌握英语口语表达的基本技能，包括语音语调、措辞与语法、语句 的连贯以及表达的流利度。 3.口译技能 1）能完成英—汉、汉—英口译互译。口译材料的题材带有普遍性，紧扣社会、时代与日常生活内容，深度与难度适中。 2）能在听懂和理解原话的基础上译出原话的主要内容。 3）掌握一定的口译技能，包括短时记忆能力、笔记能力、概括主题思想的能力、专有名词及固定表达的快速互译、无笔记口译能力等。 要求掌握英译汉、汉译英的口译基本技能。口译时应能完整、准确、流利地传达原文的思想与内容，语音语调基本正确。 （三）与相关课程的联系 本课程同其他专业英语课程，如“口译与听力（听力部分）”、“高级英语”、“英语翻译”、“英语语法”、“英语词汇学”等一起从不同的角度和层次使考生对英语口译有个比较全面、多维的认识。 II. 课程内容与考核目标 Unit 1 本单元要求考生主要掌握下列口译、听说基本技能： 1. 英语数词一至十，两位数乃至三位数的念法及相对应的翻译。 2. 秒、分、时、日、星期、年、年代、世纪、千年等时间概念及其在英语中 的念法与对应翻译。
1．{The Isles of Greece} QUESTIONS: 1. Who is the writer of these lines? Byron 2. It is taken from the writer's masterpiece entitled ___ "Don Juan"_________. 3. Who is "Sappho" in line 2? Sappho is an ancient Greek poetess , known for her passionate love lyrics. 4. Who is "Phoebus" in line 4? It's Apollo, the Greek Sun-god. 5. Whom does the "Scian muse" refer to? Homer, because Scio claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. 6. What does the whole section "The Isles of Greece" write about? The section "The Isles of Greece" is among Byron's most effective poetical utterances on national freedom. All the 16 stanzas are supposed to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast of Don Juan and Haidee on the isle of Greece. In the song, by contrasting the freedom enjoyed by the Greek ancient people with the enslavement of the early 19th century Greeks under the Turkish rule, the poet calls on the Greeks to struggle for their national freedom and liberation. 7. This selection consists of two six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rime scheme of ___ Ababcc__________ What does the poem mainly write about? This poem is about the beauty of nature. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts. What is the rime scheme in each stanza? ababcc 2．I wandered lonely as a cloud 1.What does the poem mainly write about? This poem is about the beauty of nature. There is a vivid picture of the daffodils, mixed with the po et’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts. 2.What is the rime scheme in each stanza? ababcc 3. What is the poet’s view on nature? And how is that view shown in this poem? Wordsworth’s conception of nature is that nature has a lot to do with man, it can not only refresh one’s soul and fill one with happiness, but it can also be reduced into a beautiful memory which will comfort one’s heart when in solitude. In the narrative poem, the poet successfully compared his loneliness with the happy daffodils. The daffodils, the symbol of the nature, bring great joy and relief to the speaker. The diction of this poem is, in general, simple, direct, and clear. The image of the daffodils conveys qualities of movement and radiance through carefully chosen words. At first sight, the flowers are seen as “fluttering and dancing”; then the poet compares the flowers to the “stars that shine and twinkle on the milky way”, and then to the “sparkling waves” of a nearby lake. The daffodils are described as “golden”, not yellow, because “golden” suggests more than a color; it connotes light. These words of movement and radiance create a picture of nature as vital, animated, and glowing. Words for joy (glee, sprightly, gay, jocund, bliss) are used in a crescendo that suggests the intensity of the speaker’s happiness.
第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400) 3.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景） Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords. 在乔叟生活的年代，发生过两件大事，它们的影响力可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。第一件大事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。它是英国国王和法国国王为了争夺法国王权而展开的一系列战争。第二件大事是1381理查德二世统治时期的农民起义。这次农民起义是封建领主对农民剥削和压迫的直接产物。 Ⅱ. John Wycliff (1324?～1384)（约翰·威克利夫） John Wycliff was important because he was one of the first figures who