被动语态
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. “Do you like the material？” “Yes, it _____ very soft.”
A. is feeling
B. felt
C. feels
D. is felt
【陷阱】此题容易误选D，想当然地根据“这布料摸起来很柔软”这一句意，认为“布料”应是“被摸”，所以feel 选用被动语态。
【分析】其实，此题正确答案为C，因为feel 在此为连系动词，而连系动词均为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，尽管有时其汉语意思有被动意味。请看以下类似例子（答案均为D）：
（1）Her forehead _____ hot. I’m afraid she is ill.
A. is feeling
B. felt
C. is felt
D. feels
（2）The new school has been completed. It _____ very beautiful.
A. is looked
B. looked
C. has looked
D. looks
（3）The dish _____ nice, but the milk _____ sour.
A. is smelt, is smelt
B. is smelt, smells
C. smells, is smelt
D. smells, smells
（4）The story of his life _____ interesting.
A. is sounded
B. is sounding
C. has sounded
D. sounds
2. He was angry _____ your work. He said that he _____ at all.
A. at, didn’t satisfy
B. to, didn’t satisfy
C. at, wasn’t satisfied
D. to, wasn’t satisfied
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能被误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C. be angry at （about）sth 意为“对某事生气”，许多同学常按汉语意思将其中的介词at （about）换成to，这是错误的。另外，许多同学将汉语的“不满意”直译为not satisfy，这是是不对的，因为，satisfy 在现代英语中只用作及物动词，其意不是“满意”而是“使（人）满意”，所以其后不能没有宾语，除非本身是被动语态（或是系表结构）。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. The president _____ a cool reception when he visited London.
A. gave
B. was given
C. had given
D. had been given
2. A red sky in the morning _____ to be a sign of bad weather.
A. says
B. is saying
C. has said
D. is said
3 If you go there alone after dark you might get _____.
A. attacked and robbed
B. attacking and robbing
B. to attack and rob D. to be attacked and robbed
4. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting ______.
A. was holding
B. had held
C. was to hold
D. was to be held
5. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.
A. develop
B. are being developed
C. are developing
D. have developed
6. I’ll come after the meeting if time ______.
A. permits
B. is permitting
C. is permitted
D. has permitted
7. The students _____ ￡50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery.
A. give
B. are given
C. have given
D. to give
8. With the development of science, more new technology _______ to the fields of IT.
A. has introduced
B. is being introduced
C. is introduced
D. was introduced
9.“How about the dishes, Dear？” “The beef didn’t taste very good. It ______ too long.”
A. cooked
B. had been cooked
C. was cooked
D. had cooked
10. He kept a little notebook, in which ______ the names and addresses of his friends.
A. wrote
B. was writing
C. was written
D. were written
11. “Look！Everything here is under construction.” “What is the small building that ______for？”
A. is being building
B. has been built
C. is built
D. is being built
12. Hundreds of jobs _______ if the factory closes.
A. lose
B. will be lost
C. are lost
D. will lose
13. A red sky in the morning ______ to be a sign of bad weather.
A. says
B. is saying
C. has said
D. is said
14. New medicines and instruments ______ every day to extend life.
A. develop
B. are being developed
C. are developing
D. have developed
【答案与解析】
1. 选B.一方面语意要求要被动语态，另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。
2. 选D.此句也可说成It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sign of bad weather.
3. 选A，“get + 过去分词”表被动。
4. 选D，从逻辑上说，“会议”应是被开，故用被动式。
5. 选B.从语境上看，develop 不仅要用被动语态，而且要用进行时态。
6. 选A，该用法中的permit 为不及物动词，不用被动语态。其中if time permits 也可换成time permitting.
7. 选B.谓语为give sb sth 结构的被动语态形式。
8. 选B.技术应该是“被”引进，故用被动语态；根据语境句子应用现在进行时。
9. 选B.从句意上看，“牛肉”应该是“被”煮，故句子要用被动语态；从时间上看，由于句中有didn’t taste very good，所以“煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前，故用过去完成时。
10. 选D.in which were written the names and addresses…为倒装句式，其正常表达为the names and addresses of his friends were written in the notebook.
11. 选D.因为building 应该是“被建”，故用被动语态；再根据前文的look, under construction 等信息词可知，此处应用现在进行时态。
12. 选B.jobs与lose应为被动关系，故用被动语态；再根据条件状语从句中的一般现在时可知主句以用一般将来时为宜。
13. 选D.因为主语a red sky 与谓语动词say之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
14. 选B.因为“新的药物和器械”与“开发”之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。
动词用法与辨析
◆典型陷阱题分析◆
1. If you want to sell your product you must _____ it.
A. advertise
B. advertise for
C. advertise on
D. advertise to
【陷阱】容易误选B，认为advertise 的意思是“做广告”，advertise for 的意思“为……做广告”。
【分析】事实上，正确答案为A.advertise 可用作及物和不及物动词：用作及物动词时，其意为“为……做广告”、“登广告宣传”；用作不及物动词时，其意为“做广告”、“登广告”，此时通常后接介词for，表示“做广告征求”。比较：advertise for sth （sb）登广告征求或寻找某物或某人（此时advertise 不及物）
advertise sth 为……登广告，登广告宣传……（此时advertise 是及物动词，其后要直接跟被宣传的东西作宾语）
People advertise things that they wish to sell. 人们为要卖的东西登广告。
The manager wants to advertise for a new secretary. 经理想登广告招聘一位新秘书。
再比较以下用例：
advertise jobs 登广告招人
advertise for jobs 登广告求职
2. No matter how much you’ve learned and how high a standard of education you have had, you must
_______ the people heart and soul.
A. serve
B. serve for
C. serve to
D. serve on
【陷阱】容易误选B，即字对字地翻译汉语的“全心全意为人民服务”，将其中的“为”译为for.
【分析】答案选A，serve 意为“为……服务”，可直接用作及物动词，其后不能按汉语意思误加介词for.请看以下类似例子：
（1）I _____ you yesterday, but you weren’t in.
A. rang
B. rang to
C. rang with
D. rang to
答案选A，ring 可以用作及物动词，表示“给……打电话”，故其后不用介词。
（2）Neither of her parents wanted her to _____ her cousin.
A. marry
B. marry to
C. marry with
D. marry for
答案选A，marry 可用作及物或不及物动词，用作及物动词时它的意思“与……结婚”，而不仅仅是“结婚”，也就是说，后接宾语时，无需用介词to, with 等。
（3）How can I _____ you, Mr. Green？
A. contact
B. contact with
C. contact to
D. contact for
答案选A，contact 为及物动词，表示“与……联系”，其后不接介词。
3. According to the rules, students must not ______ their books during examinations.
A. read
B. watch
C. notice
D. look at
【陷阱】容易误选A.因为按照英语一般习惯：看书看报用动词read，看电视用动词watch，看电影用动词see，看比赛用动词watch，看黑板用动词look at，等等。
【分析】一般说来，汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思，一是指阅读性地看书，即看书＝读书，此时通常用动词read；另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书，而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看，比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等，或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等，此时通常都不宜用动词read，而应根据情况选用其他动词（如look at）。又如：
Let me have a look at the book. 让我看看或翻翻这本书。
Please answer my questions without looking at your books. 请不看书回答我的问题。
4. “I love traveling. I hope to go with you this time.” “But does your mother _____ you to go？”
A. let
B. agree
C. allow
D. promise
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】最佳答案为C.不能选A是因为let 后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带to；不能选B是因为动词agree 习惯上不用于agree sb to do sth 这一句式；不能选D是因为在promise sb to do sth 这一句式中，to do sth 的逻辑主语是promise 的主语而不其是宾语，比如He promised me to go 的意思是“他答应我，他去”，而不是“他答应我让我去”。之所以能选C，是因为allow sb to do sth（允许某人做某事）与上文语境刚好吻合。
5. If they _______ to make heart-felt apologies soon we will have to bring an action against them.
A. disagreed
B. refused
C. agreed
D. hoped
【陷阱】容易误选A，根据agree to do sth（同意做某事），想当然地类推出disagree to do sth（不同意或不愿意做某事）。
【分析】事实上，语言有很多问题是不能类推的，如上面这一例，英语可说agree to do sth，但习惯上却不说disagree to do sth.类似地，英语中可说like doing [to do] sth，但在现代英语中习惯上说dislike doing sth，却不说dislike to do sth.其实上面一题的最佳答案是B，refuse to do sth 意为“拒绝做某事”或“不愿做某事”。
6. They own two cars, not to _____ a motorbike.
A. speak
B. say
C. talk
D. mention
【陷阱】很容易根据“他们拥有两辆小汽车，更不用说一辆摩托车了”这一中文语境而选择B.
【分析】其实最佳答案为D.因为not to say 和not to mention 均为习语，但其含义区别甚大：
not to mention＝更不用说，此外还有
not to say＝虽不能说，即使不能说
It is warm, not to say hot. 天气虽说不上热，但也够暖了。
He was impolite, not to say rude. 他即使不是粗鲁，至少也是没有礼貌。
There’re te n of us ready to help, not to mention the children. 我们有10个人愿意帮忙，还不算小孩。
They have three dogs to look after, not to mention the cat and the bird. 他们有三只狗要照顾，更别提那只猫和鸟了。
7. “Do your parents agree to your doing that？” “Yes, of course. In fact, they always ______ me to try something new.”
A. hope
B. suggest
C. support
D. encourage
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。因为若仅从汉语意思来看，四个选项均可填入空格处。
【分析】其实此题的正解答案是D.因为在以上四个选项中，只有encourage 可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语，即可用于encourage sb to do sth，而其余三者均不可后接不定式的复合结构作宾语，即英语中习惯上不说hope sb to do sth, suggest sb to do sth, support sb to do sth.顺便说一句，以下英汉语表达也有类似差别，请注意：汉语说“希望某人做某事”，但英语不说hope sb to do sth.
汉语说“同意某人做某事”，但英语不说agree sb to do sth.
汉语说“不同意某人做某事”，但英语不说disagree sb to do sth.
汉语说“害怕某人做某事”，但英语不说fear sb to do sth.
汉语说“拒绝某人做某事”，但英语不说refuse sb to do sth.
汉语说“惩罚某人做某事”，但英语不说punish sb to do sth.
汉语说“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说suggest sb to do sth.
汉语说“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说propose sb to do sth.
汉语说“赞成某人做某事”，但英语不说approve sb to do sth.
汉语说“安排某人做某事”，但英语不说arrange sb to do sth.
汉语说“要求某人做某事”，但英语不说demand sb to do sth.
汉语说“感谢某人做某事”，但英语不说thank sb to do sth.
汉语说“指导某人做某事”，但英语不说guide sb to do sth.
汉语说“祝贺某人做某事”，但英语不说congratulate sb to do sth.
汉语说“阻止某人做某事”，但英语不说prevent sb to do sth.
汉语说“通知某人做某事”，但英语不说inform sb to do sth.
汉语说“欢迎某人做某事”，但英语不说welcome sb to do sth.
汉语说“陪伴某人做某事”，但英语不说accompany sb to do sth.
要表示以上汉语意思，英语需改用其他说法。如：
advise sb to do sth 建议某人做某事
wish sb to do sth / hope for sb to do sth 希望某人做某事
arrnage for sb to do sth 安排某人做某事
demand of sb to do sth 要求某人做某事
thank sb for doing sth 感谢某人做了某事
congratulate sb on doing sth 祝贺某人做了某事
prevent sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
等等。
8. Nowadays everyone hopes to ______ good education so as to get a good job in the future.
A. accept
B. accept a
C. receive
D. receive a
【陷阱】容易误选A或B.因为accept 与receive 的基本区别是前者表示“接受”，后者表示“收到”，而汉语通常是说“接受教育”，而不是说“收到教育”，所以选A或B，
【分析】其实上，此题的正确答案是D，因为英语中习惯说receive a good education，而不说accept a good education.另外，education 表示抽象意义的“教育”时，不可数，但表示“一种教育”或“一段教育”时，可与不定冠词连用。
9. Wearing dark glasses can _______ your eyes from the sun.
A. care
B. prevent
C. defend
D. protect
【陷阱】容易误选B.因为许多同学一看到题干中的from，再联系到选项中的prevent，便马上想起了prevent … from … 这个常用搭配。
【分析】在prevent A from B 这一句式中，A 和B通常具有主谓关系，如在The rain prevented us from going out （下雨使我们不能出去）中，“我们”与“出去”就具有主谓关系。而上面一题不具备此特点。此题正确答案应是D，protect … from … 意为“保护……免受……”。
10. Mr. Smith was in great need of money, so he ____ $2 000 for his car.
A. paid
B. took
C. cost
D. spent
【陷阱】容易误选A，误选的依据是pay … for … 这一搭配。
【分析】若单独说He paid $2 000 for the car （他付了2 000美元买这车）是完全可以的，但问题是，本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money （他急需要钱），既然是“急需要钱”，又怎么还会花2000美元去买车呢？尤其还需注意的是car 前的物主代词his，这说明是为自己的车花2000美元钱，不合情理。此题的正确答案是B，take 在此表示“获得”、“得到”，句意为“他急需要钱，把自己的车以2000美元给卖掉了”。
11. There are many kinds _____, but I don’t know which to buy.
A. to be chosen
B. to choose from
C. to choose
D. for choosing
【陷阱】此题容易误选C.
【分析】其实应选B.choose 表示“选择”，其实是指“选择出来”（pick out），而不是指“从……选择”，要表示后者的意思，要用choose from，有时也用choose among.同样地，下面两例中的介词from 也不可省略：Here are some dictionaries for you choose from. 这些词典可供你选择。
In fact, there are various colors to choose from. 事实上，有各种各样的颜色可供选择。
比较：
He chose a red one. 他选了一个红色的。
He chose from some red ones. 他从一些红色的当中去选。
He didn’t know which to choose. 他不知道选哪个。
He didn’t know which to choose from. 他不知道从哪个当中去选。
请做以下试题（答案选D）：
（1）“We have sent out two best players to the sports meet. What about you？” “Well, not yet. We have few ______, I’d say.”
A. chosen
B. to choose
C. to be chosen
D. to choose from
（2）“I’d like to buy an expensive camera.” “Well, we have several models ______.”
A. to pick up
B. to pick
C. to choose
D. to choose from
12. I _____ him not to go abroad, but he wouldn’t list en.
A. persuaded
B. tried to persuade
C. have persuaded
D. was persuaded
【陷阱】容易误选A.
【分析】正确答案为B.persuade 的真正意思是“说服”，而不是“设法说服”，要表示后者的意思英语应用try to persuade （当然也可用其他词，如advise 等）。类似地：
（1）kill 的意思是“杀死”，不表示“设法杀死”，要表示后者的意思英语用try to kill.
（2）prevent 的意思是“阻止”，不表示“设法阻止”，要表示后者的意思英语用try to prevent.
13. When she came several days later, she found that all things still _______ where she had _______ them.
A. lay; laid
B. laid; laid
C. lay; lain
D. lying; lain
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】正确答案选A.第一空填lay，它是lie（位于，在）的过去式lay；第二空laid，它是lay（放，置）的过去分词，句意为“……她发现所有东西还在她当时放它们的地方”。请注意lie, lay 的以下用法及词形变换：（1）lay 有两个常见意思：一是表示“放”、“摆”（及物），二是表示“下（蛋）”（及物或不及物）。如：
Lay your coat on the bed. 把你的外衣放在床上。
Are your hens laying yet？你的母鸡下蛋了吗？
Will you please lay the table for dinner？请你摆好餐具准备吃饭好吗？
（2）lie 有三个主要意思：一是表示“躺”或“平放”，二是表示“位于”，三是表示“说谎”。用于以上三义时，均为不及物动词。如：
Don’t lie in bed all morning. 别一个上午都躺在床上。
The book lay open on the desk. 那本书摊开着放在桌上。
Don’t lay your coat on the bed. 不要把你的外衣放在床上。
The small town lies among the mountains. 小镇位于群山之中。
I’m sorry I lied to you. 我很抱歉向你撒了谎。
（3）这两个词经常被混淆的有时不是其意思，而是其词形。注意下表所示：请做下题（答案均为B）：
（1）The hens _____ 50 eggs last week, but this week they aren’t _____.
A. lay, lying
B. laid, laying
C. lay, laying
D. lied, lying
（2）The girl ______ on the ground _____ to me that had _____ the purse on the desk.
A. lying, lay, laid
B. lying, lied, laid
C. lie, lied, lay
D. lay, lied, lain
14. He _____ a visit to the factory and was warmly _____ by the workers there.
A. took, welcome
B. took, welcomed
C. paid, welcome
D. paid, welcomed
【陷阱】容易误选A或C.因为许多同学会模仿come → came → come 的变化形式，想当然地认为welcome 的变化形式是welcome → welcame → welcome.
【分析】此题第一空应填动词paid，因为pay a visit to（拜访）是惯用搭配，其中的pay 不能换成take.第二空要填welcomed，因为welcome 用作动词时，其过去式和过去分词均为welcomed，即它是规则动词。有的同学也许会问，我们不是常说You are welcome 吗？为什么其中的welcome 未用welcomed 呢？那是因为此处的welcome 为形容词，而不是动词。
15. The boy said that the fish his mother cooked tasted ______.
A. good
B. well
C. to be good
D. to be well
【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】按英语语法，连系动词后通常接形容词作表语，而不接副词，据此可以排除选项B和D.但到底是应选A还是C呢？许多同学凭感觉认为taste to be good 似乎很通顺，于是选了C.但是，错了，正确答案应是A.原因是用作连系动词的taste 后习惯上不接to be.如：
这棵树上的苹果味道很好。
正：The apples from this tree taste delicious.
误：The apples from this tree taste to be delicious.
类似地，feel, smell, sound 等连系动词后习惯上也不接不定式to be.如：
你的想法听起来很好。
正：Your idea sounds a good one.
误：Your idea sounds to be a good one.
玫瑰发出香气。
正：Roses smell sweet.
误：Roses smell to be sweet.
比较：seem, appear, prove, turn out, continue 等连系动词后可以接不定式to be，也可省略to be.如：
She seems （to be）a little tired. 她似乎有点累。
He appears （to be）quite young. 他显得年轻。
The examination turned out （to be）quite easy. 结果考试相当容易。
The weather continued （to be ）fine. 天气仍然很好。
注：用作连系动词的look 后能否接to be，各语法家意见不一：有的认为可接to be，有的认为不能接to be.为此，建议同学们以不接to be 为宜。
◆精编陷阱题训练◆
1. We’re so busy that no one in the office can _____ for any other work.
A. spare
B. be spared
C. share
D. be shared
2. He regards that book _____ one of the worst that he’s _____ read.
A. to be, ever
B. to be, never
C. as, ever
D. as, never
3. “Did you get a job？” “No, I______, but it’s no use.”
A. expected
B. tried to
C. managed to
D. planned
4. “Do you know that Jack ______ a postman for about six years？” “Yes, I see.”
A. has become
B. has turned
C. has changed
D. has been
5. The thing that ______ is not whether you fail or not, but whether you try or not.
A. matters
B. cares
C. considers
D. minds
6. I don’t want the green coat. It is red and black colours that ______ me very well.
A. suit
B. fit
C. suits
D. fits
7. “Will another fifty be enough？” “Just twenty will ______.”
A. work
B. do
C. suit
D. fit
8. Goodbye, Mr Carter — my secretary will _____ you to the door.
A. send
B. lead
C. drive
D. show
9. This kind of cancer can be cured, provided it is ______ early.
A. got
B. gained
C. seen
D. caught
10. We haven’t enough books for everyone; some of you will have to _____.
A. help
B. enjoy
C. share
D. spare
11. He asked her to marry him and she _____ him.
A. answered
B. received
C. accepted
D. agreed
12. My worst fears were _____ when I saw what the exam questions were.
A. done
B. seen
C. finished
D. realized
13. The plan looks good on paper, but will it _____？
A. work
B. pass
C. agree
D. does
14. What’s the matter with the radio？Why isn’t it _____？
A. broadcasting
B. working
C. doing
D. sounding
15. High unemployment _____ the government billions of pounds in lost taxes.
A. spends
B. takes
C. uses
D. costs
16. It’s hard to rescue drowning people because they _____ so much.
A. sink
B. swim
C. jump
D. struggle
17. She went to the station to meet her husband, but _____ him in the crowd.
A. passed
B. recognized
C. missed
D. lost
18. I missed what was happening because I wasn’t ______ very closely.
A. noticing
B. running
C. watching
D. glancing
19. If you lend me a pound, it will _____ me having to go to the bank.
A. save
B. share
C. serve
D. help
20. Don’t _______ your breath trying to persuade them; they’ll neve r listen.
A. use
B. waste
C. spend
D. put
21. He has spent little time on his lessons this term, so he _____ to fail the exam.
A. expects
B. hopes
C. wishes
D. requires
22. He will never ______ anything if he doesn’t work hard.
A. hope
B. wish
C. achieve
D. succeed
◆答案解析◆
1. 选B，spare 在表示“腾出或省去（多余的人或物）”。
2. 选C，regard … as …的意思“把……当作……”，其中的介词as 不能换成to be.
3. 选B.I tried to 为I tried to get a job 之省略。
4. 选D.因为A、B、C均为终止性动词，均不能连用for about six years 这样的一段时间。
5. 选A.matter 在此的意思是“要紧”、“关系重大”。
6. 选A.填空句为强调句，强调主语red and black colours，故其后的谓语要用复数，即排除C和D.另外，fit 与suit区别是：fit 表示“适合”或“合身”等（及物或不及物），主要是指尺寸、大小、形状等方面的适合，而suit 表示“适合”，主要指款式或花色等方面的适合。
7. 选B.do 在此表示“够”、“足够”、“适合”、“行”、“可以”等义。又如：
This will never do！这事永远不可以。
I’m hungry. Get me something to eat. A nything will do. 我饿了，给我弄点吃的东西，什么都行。
8. 选D.show sb to the door 意为“送某人到门口”。注意，其中的介词to 不可省略，否则就成了show sb the door（驱赶某人，下逐客令）。另外，也不要按汉语意思选A，因为send 通常表示派人送，而不表示亲自送。
9. 选D，catch 在此表示“发现”，句中的provided 用作连词，意为“如果”。
10. 选C.既然书不够，不能每人一本，所以有些人只能share（分享）了。
11. 选C.accept 意为“同意”、“接受”，注意不能选D，因为agree 后不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语。
12. 选D.realize 在此的意思不是“实现”，而是指“使（不安、恐惧等）成为事实”。
13. 选A，work 在此的意思是“起作用”、“奏效”。
14. 选B.work 在此的意思是“运作”、“运转”。
15. 选D.spend 和cost 均可表示“花费”，但句型不同：spend + 时间或金钱+ on sth （in doing sth），cost + 某人或某机构+ 金钱或时间。
16. 选D.由句意和常识推知。
17. 选C.miss 指“错过”。
18. 选C，由句子的语境可推知。
19. 选A，save 指“省去（劳力等）”。
20. 选B.
21. 选A，expects 在此不是表示“期待”，而是表示“预料”。
22. 选C，achieve 意为“完成”、“做到”。其余三项均不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语。