人教版英语必修四知识点总结Unit1
（一）重点单词
1. achievement n. 成就；功绩
They are proud of their children’s achievements.
他们对于孩子们的成绩感到骄傲。
Although we have made some achievements, we still have a long way to go.
虽然我们已经取得了一些成就，但是我们仍然还有很长的路要走。
Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.
即使是小小的成功也会给你一种成就感。
知识拓展
achieve v. (凭长期努力)达到（某目标、地位、标准）；完成
He achieved his success after several years’ hard work.
经过几年的艰苦工作，他终于成功了。
I have achieved only half of what I had hoped to do.
我仅完成了我希望做到的一半。
2. connection n. 连接；关系；联系
Do you believe that there is a connection between smoking and a heart disease?
你相信吸烟与心脏病有关系吗？
The machine won’t work because of a faulty connection.
由于一个地方连接不对，机器无法运转。
He asked me many questions in connection with life in Britain.
他问了我许多与英国生活有关的问题。
His dismissal has no connection with the quality of his work.
他被解雇一事与他的工作质量无关。
知识拓展
connect v. 连接；把……联系起来；衔接
The two cities are connected by a railway.
这两个城市由铁路相连。
A new road was built to connect this town to / with New York.
新修了一条马路将这个小镇与纽约连接起来。
The discussion is connected with the incident.
这次讨论与这件事有关。
3. behave vi. & vt.（举止或行为）表现behaviour n. 态度；行为；举止
He behaved badly towards the guests.
他对客人们很不礼貌。
How is your new car behaving?
你的新车性能怎样？
She behaves as if/though nothing had happened.
她显得像是什么事也没发生过。
Behave yourself; d on’t make a fool of yourself.
注意你的举止，别闹出笑话来。
Their behaviour towards me shows that they don’t like me.
他们对我的态度说明他们不喜欢我。
4. worthwhile adj. 值得的，值得干的，值得花时间/金钱/精力的
Helping the disabled is a worthwhile activity.
帮助残疾人是一项很有意义的活动。
The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.
她脸上的笑容使得这一切都非常值得。
It’s worthwhile taking / to take the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.
给新雇员详细解释一下工作要求，费点事也是值得的。
词语辨析: worthwhile / worth / worthy
worth 作形容词时，意为“值得……的；有……价值的”，只能作表语，其后一般接动词-ing的主动形式来表达被动含义，或与表示价值方面的词连用，常用well修饰。
worthy可作表语或定语，用作定语时，意思是“有价值的；值得尊敬的”；用作表语时，意思是“值得……的；应得到……的”其结构为be worthy of sth. / being done; be worthy to be done.
The laptop is worth 10,000 yuan and it is well worth buying.
这台笔记本电脑值一万元，但很值得买。
It’s a worthy cause and is worthy of our hardworking.
这是一份高尚的事业，值得我们努力。
He who does his duty is worthy of being praised/ worthy to be praised.
凡是忠于职守的人都值得赞扬。
5. observe v. 观察；观测；看到；注意到；遵守；
庆祝observation n. 观察力；言论
She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.
她花了多年时间观察并记录它们的日常活动。
She observed that all that chairs were already occupied.
她发现所有的椅子都有人坐了。
He observed a stranger hanging around the store.
他看到一个陌生人在商店附近闲逛。
She observed someone open the door.
她看到有人开了门。
Tom was observed to steal from the shop.
汤姆被人看到从商店里偷东西。
The law must be strictly observed.
这项法律必须严格遵守。
Do you observe Christmas in your country?
你们国家过圣诞节吗？
6. respect
(1) vt. 尊重；尊敬；敬重
The media should respect famous people’s privacy.
媒体应当尊重名人的隐私。
I respect you for your honesty.
由于你为人正直，我对你十分敬重。
(2) n. 尊重；敬重；（pl.）问候；敬意；方面
He has / shows no respect for the feelings of the others.
他不尊重别人的感情。
Give my respects to your wife. 请代我向你太太问好。
I can’t agree with your opinions in this respect.
在这一点上我不赞成你的意见。
7. argue (argument n. 争论；争吵；辩论)
(1) vt. 争吵；争论；辩论
He argued with Mary over / about the best place for a holiday.
他和玛丽争论关于度假的最好的地方。
He argued for / against the five-day week.
他赞成/反对一周五天工作制。
(2) vi. 主张；认为；说服
She argued that our attempt would be a waste of time.
她认为我们的尝试将是浪费时间。
I argued her into buying a new car.
我说服了她买一辆新车。
8. support
（1）支撑；维持；抚养；赡养
Th e chair isn’t strong enough to support that heavy man.
那把椅子不够结实，支撑不住那个大胖子。
Air, food and water are necessary to support life.
空气、食物和水是维持生命必不可缺的。
He has to work hard to support his family.
他必须努力工作养活一家人。
(2) 支持；拥护；赞成
His family and friends have given him lots of support.
家人和朋友给了他很多支持。
Only a few people spoke in support of the proposal.
只有几个人表示支持这个提议。
I don’t support his opinion.
我不赞成他的观点。
9. intend vt. 意欲；计划；打算
Do you intend making / to make a long stay here?
你打算在这里长待吗？
He intended his son to manage the company.
他打算让他的儿子经营这家公司。
The chair was intended for you, but she took it away.
那把椅子原来是为你准备的，可是让她拿走了。
The meeting is intended to deal with some important problems.
开这个会的目的是想解决一些重要问题。
I intended to have gone / I had intended to go to Beijing, but I didn’t get the tickets.
我本打算去北京的，但我没买到票。
She intended that her daughter should study English.
她打算让她的女儿学英语。
知识拓展
intention n. 意图；打算；目的
He has announced his intention to retire.
他已经宣布他要退休了。
I have no intention of going to the wedding.
我无意去参加婚礼。
He left England with the intention of travelling in Africa.
他离开英国，打算去非洲旅行。
10. considerate adj. 体贴的, 体谅的, 考虑周到的consideration n. 考虑，体谅
He is always considerate to old people.
他对老人一向体贴入微。
It was very considerate of you to send me a postcard.
你想得真周到，寄给我明信片。
After careful consideration, we’ve decided to accept their offer.
经过慎重考虑，我们决定接受他们的提议。
John never showed any consideration for his mother’s feeling.
约翰从来都不体谅他母亲的感情。
Your teacher will take your recent illness into consideration when judging your examination results.
老师评考分时肯定会考虑你最近生病的情况的。
The question is now under consideration. 这个问题正在考虑之中。
11. deliver vt. & vi. 递送；生（小孩）；接生；发表（演说等）delivery n. 移交；释放
The telegram was delivered early this morning.
这份电报是今天清晨送到的。
Mr. Smith delivered the opening speech.
史密斯先生致开幕词。
She had gone to a neighbouring village to deliver a baby.
她到附近一个村子里帮助接生去了。
She was delivered of a healthy baby.
她生下了一个健康的婴儿。
He delivered the thief over to the police.
他把小偷移交给警察。
（二）重点短语
1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.
她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。
△work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出
I can’t work out where the music was coming from.
我弄不清这音乐是从哪儿传来的。
She worked out the problem with no difficulty.
她毫无困难地解决了这个问题。
Everything has worked out according to plan.
一切都按计划发展。
I want to try to follow David’s example but it never worked out for me.
我想仿效大卫的做法，但这对我不起作用。
These athletes work out at the gym for two hours every day.
这些运动员每天都要在体育馆锻炼两个小时。
It wasn’t too long before we had worked out a plan acceptable to all.
没多久我们就制订出一个大家都能接受的计划。
2. She is leading a busy life but she says …
她过着忙碌的生活，但是她说……
△lead a …life = live a …life 过……的生活
Now they have retired and want to live a quiet life.
如今他们退休了，想过一种平静的生活。
Although he is very rich, he still leads a simple life.
尽管他非常富裕，但他仍旧过着简朴的生活。
3. Many people look down upon poor people. 很多人瞧不起穷人。
△ look down upon / on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起
You mustn’t look down upon/ on the disabled.
你绝不能瞧不起残疾人。
知识拓展:
英语中常与look 搭配的其它短语
We look forward to seeing you again.
我们期待着与你再次相见。
The government will look into how to reduce unemployment.
政府将研究如何降低失业率。
They stood looking on while the man was robbed.
在那个人被抢劫时, 他们却站在那儿袖手旁观。
I look on him as a good friend.
我把他视为好友。
If there are words you don’t understand, look them up in a dictionary.
有生词就查字典。
I look up to Bill for his courage and determination.
我敬重比尔，因为他既勇敢又果断。
Tell the children to look out when they cross the main street.
告诉孩子们过大街时要当心。
Every time I try to fool him, he looks through my tricks.
我每次企图愚弄他都会被他识破。
The stranger looked around/round him with great interest.
那陌生人怀着极大的兴趣看着他的四周。
4. If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb.
如果group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。
△refer to指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅、参考
Does your remark refer to all of us?
你的评论指的是我们所有的人吗?
We agreed never to refer to the matter again.
我们一致同意永远不要再提这件事了。
She referred to the subject several times during her speech.
在演讲中她好几次提到这个话题。
Refer to the dictionar y when you don’t know how to spell a word.
当你不知道怎么拼写一个词时，查阅一下词典。
All his classmates referred to him as “Black beard.”
他的同学都称他为“黑胡子”。
5. By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in women’s diseases.
很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名妇科专家。
△by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地
I met her quite by chance/accident.
我遇见她完全是偶然的。
I heard their talking by chance/accident.
我偶然听到他们的谈话。
△ come across 偶然发现，偶然遇见；被理解、接受
I came across him in the street yesterday.
昨天我在街上无意中碰到了他。
I came across her name on the list.
我无意中在名单上发现了她的名字。
He spoke for a long time but his meaning did not come across.
他讲了很久, 但没把意思讲明白。
知识拓展
英语中常与come搭配的短语还有：
How did the difference come about?
差别是如何产生的？
The question hasn’t come up yet.
问题还没提出来。
When will the dictionary come out?
那本字典什么时候出版?
6. Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?
为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？
△carry on 继续；坚持
We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.
尽管条件极其困难，我们必须坚持下去，直到成功。
Anyhow, we should carry on with our research.
无论如何，我们必须坚持我们的研究。
If you carry on working like that, you will make yourself ill.
如果继续那样工作，你会生病的。
知识拓展
英语中常与carry搭配的短语
I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan.
实施这个计划我有些困难。
Their faith and courage carried them through.
他们的信心和勇气使他们渡过了难关。
本单元其它重要短语
fight for… 为……而战
concern oneself with /about关心，忙于
devote…to…把……奉献给……
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
as …as possible 尽可能……地
move off 离开；启程；出发
spend some time doing sth. 花费时间做某事
set up 成立；建立
crowd in （想法、问题等）涌上心头；涌入脑海
say to oneself心中暗想；自言自语
gain a doctor’s degree获得博士学位
catch sb.’s eye/attention引起某人注意
second to… 比……差；次于……
later on 以后
can not wait to do sth. 迫不及待地要做某事
of one’s own 属于某人自己的
prepare for… （使）为……作准备
（三）重（难）点句型
1. This means going back to the place where we left the chimp family sleeping in a tree the night before.
这就意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。
2. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.
只有在她母亲头几个月过来帮忙后，她才得以开始自己的计划。
△only + 状语，位于句首，引起部分倒装。
Only in this way can we solve this problem.
只有用这种办法，我们才能解决这个问题。
Only then did I realize I was wrong. 此时此刻我才意识到自己错了。
注意：
Only when one loses something, can he know its value.
只有当一个人失去某样东西的时候，他才会知道它的价值。
Only Tom knew the result of the football match.
只有汤姆知道那场足球比赛的结果。
3. It was a small book explaining how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness.
这是一本小书，介绍如何在妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率。她提出一些可以遵循的简单的做法来保持婴儿清洁、健康，并让他们远离疾病。
△本句中explaining how to cut the death rate是book的后置定语，explain与book 构成主动关系，故用v. –ing 形式。
The child standing over there is my brother.
站在那儿的（男）孩子是我弟弟。
They lived in a house facing south.
他们住在一所朝南的房子里。
4. Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time.
我突然想到，在那个年代，一个女子去学医是多么困难啊！
△本句中i t hit me …意为“我突然想到（起）……”。
It hit me all of a sudden that I had forgotten her birthday.
我突然想起，我把她的生日给忘了。
知识拓展
英语中类似的句型还有：
It suddenly struck me that we ought to make a new plan.
我突然想到, 我们应该制订一个新的方案。
It occurred to me that I had left the door unlocked.
我忽然想起来忘了锁门了。
5. Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school.
进一步阅读使我了解到，是苦干、决心和善良的天性使她走进了医学院的大门。
在英语中，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，即主谓一致。一般来说，主谓一致要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
（一）语法一致原则
即在语法形式上取得一致，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。
1. 单数名词、不可数名词、单个动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
学习英语时大声朗读非常重要。
When they could finish the task is not known yet.
他们何时能完成任务还未知。
Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.
要参加比赛的人请在这里签名。
注意：what引导的主语从句充当主语时，有时要以what所指代的词的意义来决定谓语动词的数。
What he said is true.
他所说的是真的。
What we need are more volunteers.
我们所需要的是更多的志愿者。
2. 由连接词and或both … and连接的名词、动词
不定式短语、动名词短语以及句子作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.
他说的话及行为极大地鼓舞了其他学生。
Both his father and his mother are advanced workers.
他的爸爸和妈妈都是先进工作者。
注意：有时，一些用and连接的主语表达的却是单数的概念，这时谓语动词也应用单数形式。
（1）用and连接的名词表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主语时
Bread and butter is nutritious for patients.
黄油面包对病人很有营养。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
早睡早起使人健康、富有和聪明。
The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting.
那位书记兼经理在会上讲话。
（2）“each/every/no/ many a + 单数名词+ and + each/every/no/many a + 单数名词”作主语时
Every hour and every minute is precious.
每一小时，每一分钟，都很宝贵。
No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall.
每个人都不允许进入大厅。
3. “名词+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词同第一个名词的数保持一致。
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加宴会了。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.
实验室只有一个老师和三个学生。
4. “more than one 或many a + 单数名词”作主语时，尽管其意义为复数，但谓语动词还是用单数形式。
More than one student is against the decision.
不止一个学生反对这个决定。
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页。
5. 不定代词either, neither, each, every 或no +单数、名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Nothing in the world moves faster than light.
世上没有什么东西比光传播得更快。
Each one of us has his own duty.
我们每个人都有自己的职责。
注意：若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数形式；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数形式或复数形式都可以。
None of the money has been spent on repairs.
这笔钱没有花费在维修方面。
None of the passengers were/was aware of the danger.
乘客中没有一个意识到危险的存在。
6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定.
The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
大多数医生都认为吸烟有害健康。
The majority of the damage is easy to repair.
这次的损害大部分都容易补救。
The rest of the books were returned to the library.
其余的书都归还给图书馆了。
The rest of the money was given to the villagers.
其余的钱都给了村民。
7.“a large amoun t of + 不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“large amounts of +不可数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。类似的结构还有“a large quantity of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语动词用单数）以及“large quantities of +可数/不可数名词”结构（谓语动词用复数形式）。
Quantities of food were spread out on the table.
许多食品被摊放在桌子上。
A large amount of damage was done in a short time.
在短时间内就造成了巨大的损失。
8. 在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.
我是你的老师，我会尽全力帮助你的。
Those who have finished the work can go home first.
那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。
注意：“one of + 复数名词+who /which / that” 引导的定语从句中，若关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，谓语动词常用复数形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修饰时，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。
He was one of the students who were given a prize.
他是那些获奖的学生之一。
I was the only one in my office who was invited.
我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
9. 由两部分组成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，boots，trousers / pants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks等，谓语动词通常用复数，但这类词如用a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday.
昨天踢足球时我的眼镜被打碎了。
A pair of shoes is lying under the bed.
床底下有一双鞋。
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
这里有几双新鞋。
10. 由“kind / form /type / sort /species /series +of + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于这些词的单复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome .
必须克服各种各样的困难。
This kind / sort of questions is very difficult. 这种问题很难。
（但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.谓语动词要用复数形式。）
（二）意义一致原则
即谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的意义而不是形式所决定。当主语形式为单数，但意义为复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；但主语形式为复数，而意义却为单数时，谓语动词用单数形式。
1. 有些名词如people, cattle，police，trousers等没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数。
The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately.
警察立即被派往现场维持秩序。
Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.
允许牲畜在这个地区吃草。
2. 英语中一些单复数同形的名词作主语时，应根据其表达的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式，这类名词常见的有sheep，deer，fish，means，species，Chinese，Japanese，series等。
Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.
为了防止大气污染，每一种方法都试过了。
All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.
为了使动植物的生命不受到威胁，所有的方法都试过了。
3. 有些集合名词，如public，family, enemy, audience，government，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew等作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据其包含的意义而定。如果该名词表示一个整体，其谓语动词用单数形式；但如果这些集体名词表示集体中的若干个体时，谓语动词用复数形式。
A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.
情绪高昂的球队比较可能获胜。
The team are practicing hard on the playground.
队员们正在操场刻苦地训练。
The government has taken possible action.
政府已经采取了可能的措施。
The government are discussing the proposal.
政府正在讨论这项提案。
4. “the + 形容词或过去分词”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式；如“the + 形容词”指一个人或表示一种抽象概念或品质时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The wounded were saved by the villagers at last.
最后，伤员们被村民们救起。
The wounded in the accident was a policeman.
这次事故的受伤者是一名警察。
The beautiful is not always useful.
好看的并不总是有用的。
5. 有些以s结尾表示学科名称的词，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作书名、地名、国名、地区名的复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Politics is a complicated subject.
政治是一门复杂的学科。
The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world.
《纽约时报》是世界上最具影响力的报纸之一。
6. 表示距离、长度、价值、金额、重量等的复数名词作主语时，如作为一个整体来看待的话，谓语动词通常用单数。
Twenty kilometers is a quite long distance.
二十公里是一段相当长的距离。
Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.
那时五十美金对我来说是一大笔钱。
7. “a numbe r of ＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
A large number of people have applied for the job.
很多人申请了这项工作。
The number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly at present.
目前中国学习英语的人数正在增加。
8. such作主语时要根据其所指的内容决定谓语动词的单复数形式。
Such is our plan.
这就是我们的计划。
Such are his words.
这些就是他所说的话。
（三）就近一致原则
即谓语动词的人称和数须与邻近的主语保持一致。
1. 在there be 结构、here 以及表示地点的介词词组位于句首引起的倒装句中，
谓语动词的人称和数应与最近的一个主语保持一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the office.
办公室中有两把椅子和一张桌子。
Here are my replies to your questions.
这些是我对你的问题的回答。
South of the lake stand two stone towers. 湖泊的南边有两座石塔。
2. 当either…or…；neither…nor…；not only…but also…；not…but…；or；nor等并列连词连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数应与邻近的主语保持一致。
Either he or you are to blame for it.
不是他就是你必须为此事负责。
Not you but I am responsible for the delay.
不是你而应是我应对这次的延误负责。
Unit2
（一）重点单词
1. struggle
(1) vt. & vi. 奋斗；挣扎；努力
She struggled to keep back her tears.
她努力地忍住泪水。
The poor had to struggle for life.
穷人必须为生活而努力。
They had to struggle with / against all kinds of difficulties.
他们必须和各种各样的困难作斗争。
The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet.
狮子突然发出一阵怒吼，挣扎着站了起来。
(2) n. 搏斗；斗争；努力；奋斗
It was a hard struggle to get my work done on time.
为使工作按时完成, 我做了一番努力。
2. hunger
(1) n. 饥饿；欲望
Many people die of hunger before liberation.
解放前很多人死于饥饿。
His hunger for/after excitement got him into a lot of trouble.
他寻求刺激的欲望给他添了许多麻烦。
（2）vt. & vi.（使）饥饿；渴望
There is no food; they have to hunger the children.
没有食物了，他们不得不让孩子们挨饿。
All the time she hungered for/after news from her youngest son.
她每时每刻都在渴望得到她小儿子的消息。
知识拓展
hungry adj. 饥饿的；渴望的
We’re hungry for news about our brother.
我们渴望得到弟弟的消息。
I’d rather go hungry than eat that.
我宁愿挨饿也不吃那东西。
3. disturbing adj. 令人烦恼的；令人不安的
It is disturbing that there has been an increase in
crime in the last six months.
过去六个月里犯罪案件的增加令人非常不安。
知识拓展
disturbed adj.心烦的；不安的disturb vt. 打扰；扰乱；妨碍；使（人）心神不宁
I felt disturbed to hear of your illness.
听说你生病了，我感到不安。
Don’t disturb me while I am reading.
我读书的时候不要打扰我。
4. therefore adv. 因此，所以，因而
We have a growing population and therefore we need more food.
我们的人口在日益增长，所以我们需要更多的食物。
There is still much to discuss. We shall, therefore, discuss it at our next meeting.
要讨论的问题还很多，所以，我们将在下一次会议上讨论这个问题。
辨析：therefore/so
therefore是副词，放在句子中，前后要有逗号隔开。
so可以作连词，后接从句。
I was ill and therefore I couldn’t g o to the party.
=I was ill so I couldn’t go to the party.
我病了所以不能去参加这个聚会了。
5. equip vt. & vi. 配备；装备; 使胜任equipment n. [U] 装备；设备
Your education will equip you to earn a good living.
你所受的教育会使你过上富裕的生活。
Your training will equip you for your future job.
你的训练使得你能够胜任将来的工作。
He equipped his bike with a head light.
他给自行车装上了前灯。
Our lab is well/poorly equipped.
我们的实验室配备良好/简陋。
6. confuse vt. 使困惑，使迷惑；混淆
They asked so many questions that they confused me.
他们问了许多问题，都把我弄糊涂了。
I confused her with / and her sister because they were so alike.
我把她和她妹妹弄混了，因为她们长得太像了。
We are confused by a lot of information.
我们被大量的信息搞糊涂了。
知识拓展
confused adj. 困惑的confusing adj. 令人费解的；使人困惑的confusion n. 困惑，糊涂
I am still a bit confused about what happened.
我对发生的事仍有点困惑。
The instructions on the box are very confusing.
盒子上的使用说明令人费解。
7. regret
(1) vt. 遗憾；后悔
He regretted his carelessness.
他对自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。
I regret that I shall not be able to come.
很遗憾，我不能来。
They regretted not having taken / not taking his advice.
他们后悔没有听他的建议。
I regretted to tell you you hadn’t passed the driving test.
我很遗憾地告诉你你没有通过驾驶执照的考试。
（2）n. 懊悔；遗憾
He told me with regret that he couldn’t come to the party.
他很抱歉地对我说他不能参加这个聚会了。
I felt great regret about /for what I had said to him.
我真后悔对他说了那样的话。
Much to my regret, I am unable to accept your invitation.
非常抱歉，我不能接受你的邀请。
8. reduce vt. 减少，缩小；降低reduction n. 减少，缩小；减少的量
They’ve reduced the prices in the shop, so it’s a good time to buy.
商店已经降低了商品的价格，看来现在是买东西的好时候。
The number of the students in our school reduces by 20% this year.
今年我们学校学生的数量减少了20%。
She reduced her weight to 45 kilograms.
她的体重减轻到45公斤。
9. focus
(1) vt. & vi. 集中(注意力、精力等)；聚焦
Focus your camera. 把照相机的焦距调准。
He focused the sun’s rays on a paper with a burning glass.
他用一面凸透镜把阳光聚焦在纸上。
Today we’re going to focus on the question of homeless people.
今天，我们主要讨论无家可归者的问题。
You must focus/fix / concentrate your attention on your work.
你必须把注意力集中到你的工作上。
All eyes were focused on him when he came in.
他进来时大家都注视着他。
（2）n. 焦点；（活动、注意力、兴趣等的)中心
She was the focus of everyone’s attention at the party.
她是聚会上大家注意的焦点。
10. comment
(1) vi. & vt. 表达意见；作出评论
He commented that she was not fit for the job.
他评论说她不称职。
I won’t comment on what people say.
对人们说的话我不作评论。
(2) n. 评论；议论
The scandal caused a lot of comment. 这件丑闻遭到很多议论。
He made several favorable comments about / on their candidates.
他对他们的候选人发表了一些有利的评论。
（二）重点短语
1. Thanks to his research, the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.
多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的方法。
△thanks to幸亏；由于；因为
Thanks to your help, much trouble was saved.
多亏你的帮助，减少了许多麻烦。
Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled.
因为天气不好, 比赛被取消了。
知识拓展
英语中表示“由于；因为”这一意思的其他短语还有：because of /owing to /due to / on account of /as a result of
The team’s success was largely due to her efforts.
该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
Owing to the rain, the meeting has to be put off.
会议因雨而推迟了。
△rid sb./sth. of... 使某人/某物摆脱……；从……中解脱
You should rid yourself of the bad habit.
你应该改掉那个坏习惯。
I tried all kinds of ways to rid the kitchen of mice.
我使用各种各样的方法除去厨房的老鼠。
知识拓展
英语中常见的与rid 搭配的短语还有：
She was glad to be rid of him.
她因摆脱了他而感到高兴。
I have tried all sorts of medicines to get rid of this cold.
为了治好感冒，我已经试用了各种药物。
2. Dr. Yuan is quite satisfied with his life. 袁博士对自己的生活非常满足。
△be satisfied with… = be content with… 对……感到满足或满意
I’m sure you’ll be satisfied with our product.
我相信您会满意我们的产品的。
One shouldn’t be satisfied with only a little success.
一个人不应该只因一点小成就而感到满足。
知识拓展
△satisfy vt. 使满意；满足
Nothing satisfies him—he is always complaining.
什么事情都不能让他满意—他总是在抱怨。
Her father tried his best to satisfy her demands.
她的父亲想尽一切办法来满足她的要求。
△satisfied adj. 满意的；满足的satisfying= satisfactory adj. 令人满意的
When she had finished her meal, she gave a satisfied smile.
当她吃完饭后，她露出了满意的笑容。
I’m not at all satisfied to be appointed to this post.
我一点也不满意被分配到这个岗位上。
It’s a most satisfying me al.
这是一顿很令人满意的饭。
What he did is far from satisfactory.
他所做的远不能令人满意。
△satisfaction n. 满意，满足
Much to my satisfaction, my boss agreed to my suggestion.
令我非常满意的是老板同意了我的建议。
It gives me a sense of satisfaction that I can play a role.
我能起点儿作用使我有一种满足感。
3. He would rather keep time for his hobbies.
他更愿意把时间花在自己的业余爱好上。
△would rather 宁愿……
I would rather go out tonight, if you don’t mind.
如果你不介意的话, 我宁愿今晚出去。
“Some more wine?” “Thank you, I’ d rather not. I have to drive home.”
“再来一点酒好吗?”“不要了，我不能再喝了。我还得开车回家呢。”
I’ d rather walk than take a bus.
= I prefer to walk rather than take a bus.
= I would walk rather than take a bus.
我愿意走路而不愿意坐公共汽车。
John wants to see me today. I would rather he came tomorrow.
约翰今天想来看我。我宁愿他明天来。
I’d rather you hadn’t told me about tha t.
我宁愿你未曾把那件事告诉我。
I would rather not have taken his advice.
我宁愿没有听他的建议。
4. These chemicals in the food supply build up in people’s bodies over time.
随着时间的推移，食物中的这些化学成分会在人体中堆积。
△build up 逐步建立，增进，增强，使扩大
Traffic is building up along the road to the coast.
通往海边的道路上的车辆在不断增加。
Try and build up his confidence a bit.
试试让他增加点对自己的信心。
You need a lot of fresh fruits to build up your body.
你需要多吃新鲜水果来增强你的体质。
You will need to build up your strength slowly after the operation.
手术后你要慢慢恢复体力。
We are trying to build up overseas markets for our cars.
我们正设法为我们的汽车开拓海外市场。
5. Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illness.
这些化学物质有些会引起癌症或其他疾病。
△lead to 导致；造成（后果）；通向（无被动语态）
Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.
吃太多糖会导致健康问题。
His actions could lead to him losing his job.
他的行为有可能会导致他丢了工作。
All roads lead to Rome.
条条大路通罗马。
知识拓展
英语中常见的lead的其他用法：
We are leading a happy life.
我们过着幸福的生活。
I tried to lead the discussion to the main issue.
我试图把讨论引到主要话题上。
What led him to kill his wife?
是什么致使他杀死了自己的妻子？
6. This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals.
这还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。
keep...free from/of = protect sb./sth. from... 使……免受(影响/伤害)；使……不含(有害物) Balanced diet and proper exercise keep you free from disease.
均衡的饮食和适当的锻炼能让你远离疾病。
We should keep ourselves free from drugs. 我们应该远离毒品。
知识拓展
英语中常见的与free搭配的短语还有：
Relaxation exercises can free your body of tension.
放松的运动可以舒缓身体的紧张感。
A judge shall be free from / of prejudice.
法官应该不带偏见。
The delivery is free of charge. 免费送货。
本单元其它重要的短语
search for 寻找
in addition 而且；还有
turn to 转向；求助于
try doing sth. 尝试做某事
graduate from… 从……毕业
less developed countries欠发达国家
lead a …life过着……的生活
care about 关心；在乎
with the hope of… 怀着……的希望
care for 喜欢；照料
cause damage to… 对……造成破坏
be full of 充满
prevent …from …阻止……干某事
avoid doing… 避免做……
（三）重（难）点句型
1. Have you ever grown any plants? If so, what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing?
你种过植物吗？如果种过的话，你是怎么种植的？如果没有种过的话，你想要尝试种植什么植物？
△ If so为省略句式，意为“如果是这样的话”，if用作连词，so 用来代替上文的内容，以避免重复。If not 意为“如果不是这样的话，否则，要不然”，意义与If so 相反。
You may have some difficulty at first. If so, ring us.
一开始你可能会有些困难，如果是这样的话，给我们打电话。
Get up early tomorrow. If not, you will miss the early train.
明天早点起床，否则你将错过早班列车。
Are you feeling cold here? If not, how about opening the window?
你觉得这儿冷吗？要是不冷，把窗户打开怎样？
知识拓展
英语中有类似用法的句型还有：
I don’t know if there are some mistakes in my composition. If any, please point them out.
我不知道我的作文中是否有一些错误，如果有的话，请指出来。
If necessary, give me a ring.
如有必要的话, 打个电话给我。
I’ll help you if possible. 如果可能的话，我会帮助你。
2. In 1974, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output.
1974年，他成了世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
△不定式放在表示次序的词如the first, the last以及the only, the very, the right, the best等词后面作定
语,且与所修饰的名词之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
He is always the first (student) to come and the
last to leave.
他总是第一个来和最后一个离开的（学生）。
I think he is the right person to tell her about this.
我认为他是告诉她这件事的最合适的人选了。
3. Using his hybrid rice, framers are producing
harvest twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻，农
民种出的粮食是以前的两倍。
△“…times as+形容词、副词的原级+ as”为常
见的倍数表达法，意为“是……的几倍”。
This room is three times as big as that one.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
知识拓展
英语中常见的倍数表达法还有：
This room is twice bigger than that one.
= This room is three times the size of that one.
这个房间是那个房间的三倍大。
The output of TV sets in our factory is 15 times
that of ten years ago.
= The output …is 15 times what it was ten years
ago.
我们厂电视机的产量是10年前的15倍。
4. This special strain of rice makes it possible to
produce one-third more of the crop in the same fields.
这种特殊的稻种使得同样多的田地多收获三分
之一的产量。
动词-ing的形式一方面具有动词的性质，另一
方面也相当于一个名词、形容词或副词，在句中可
以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
（一）动词-ing的形式
主动形式被动形式
一般式doing being done
表示的动作完成式having done having been done
表示的动作
其否定形式是在doing前加not While shopping, people sometimes can’t help
being persuaded into buying something they don’t
really need.
购物时，人们有时会情不自禁地被说服去购买
不是自己真正需要的东西。
Tony was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.
托尼因未被邀请去参加宴会而感到非常生气。
（二）动词-ing形式作主语
1. 动词-ing形式作主语时，主要有三种形式。
（1）动词-ing直接置于句首主语的位置上
Playing tricks on others is something we should never do.
捉弄别人是我们万万不能干的。
Saying is easier than doing.
说起来容易做起来难。
（2）用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语移置句尾，以保持句子平衡。常见句型有：
It is / was a waste of time / money doing ….做……是浪费时间或金钱
It is / was useless / no use / no good doing …做……是无用/无益的
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing …做……是值得的
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。
It’s worth making the effort. 这事值得去做。
It’s a waste of time arguing about it.争辩此事是在浪费时间。
(3) 在there is no 结构中通常用动词-ing形式作主语
常见的句型有：
There is/was no doing… 无法在……；不允许……
There is/was no sense (in) doing… 做……没有道理/意义
There is/was no use/ point (in ) doing… 干……无意义
There is no joking about such matter.
这种事开不得玩笑。
You don’t t ake advice so there is no point in asking for it.
你不听劝说，因此征求别人的意见也就没有什么意义了。
注意：
There is no need to do sth. 干……没必要，在此句式中to do 不可换为doing。
There is no need to tell her. 没有必要告诉她。
2.动词-ing 形式作主语与不定式作主语的区别：
动词-ing 形式作主语通常表示一种抽象的动作概念，即泛指某种行为或动作；不定式作主语通常表示具体动作或具体意义。
Talking mends no holes. 空谈于事无补。
It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party.
我很荣幸被邀请参加这个晚会。
3. 当动词-ing 形式用作主语时，其逻辑主语由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格构成。
My sister’s being ill made me worried.
我姐姐病了，使我很担心。
Your being right doesn’t necessarily mean my being wrong.
你正确未必就意味着我错了。
（三）动词-ing形式作宾语
1.动词-ing形式作动词（短语）的宾语。后接动词-ing 形式作宾语的动词（短语），常见的有：avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest/advise, dislike, delay, escape, can’t help, give up, put off, imagine/fancy, mind, miss, practice, forbid, appreciate, risk, stand, admit等。
We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake.
我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。
Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper?
晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗?
I suggest doing it in a different way.
我建议用另一种不同的方法做这件事。
2. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接动词-ing 形式作宾语，但含义有所不同：
（1）在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用v.-ing形式或不定式在意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有所不同，动词-ing形式表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
He likes getting up early but doesn’t like to get up this morning，because he stayed up late last night.
他喜欢早起,但今天却因昨晚熬夜而不想早起。
（2）动词begin/start，continue，intend之后，用动词-ing形式或不定式均可，意义上无多大区别。
Price will continue rising / to rise. 物价将持续上涨。
What do you intend to do / doing next? 你下一步打算做什么？
（3）在动词forget，remember，regret之后，
用动词-ing形式或不定式则意义会不同。动词-ing形式表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生，不定式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
I remember posting the letter. 我记得我已把信寄了。
I’ll remember to post the letter. 我会记着去寄信的。
I regret missing the report. 我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。
I regret to say I can’t take your advice.
我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。
（4）在try，mean，stop，go on，can’t help ,be used to 等后，接动词-ing形式或接不定式作宾语则意义会有所不同。
We must try to get everything done in time.
我们必须设法及时把一切做好。
Would you please try doing that again?
请你再试一下好吗？
I didn’t mean to make you angry.
我并不想叫你生气。
Choice always means giving up something.
选择总是意味着有所放弃。
Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.
做完练习后，他们继续学习下一单元的生词。
After a short rest, they went on working.
短暂的休息之后，我们继续工作。
While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.
工作的时候，他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。
He stopped talking when the teacher came in.
老师进来的时候，他停止了谈话。
I can’t help (to) do t he housework. I am too busy.
我不能帮忙做家务了，我太忙了。
I can’t help thinking of my happy childhood.
我禁不住想起我幸福的童年。
Wood can be used to made paper.
木材可以被用来造纸。
He has been used to living alone.
他已经习惯了一个人生活。
（5）动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 等后可直接接动词-ing 形式作宾语，不可接动词不定式作宾语，但可以接不定式作宾语补足语。
We do not permit smoking in the room.
我们不允许在屋里吸烟。
Please permit me to say a few words.
请允许我说几句话。
（6）动词need, require, want 作“需要”讲时，其后接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式。
Your composition needs correcting / to be corrected.
你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.
他的外套需要洗了。
3. 动词-ing 形式作介词的宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。
They two can never talk without smiling.
他俩谈话没有不笑的时候。
On hearing the news, all the students jumped with joy.
听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴地跳了起来。
What prevented you from joining us last night?
昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我们在一起？
注意：
to既可以是介词，也可以是不定式符号，在使用中比较容易混淆。若是不定式符号，to后接动词原形；若是介词，to后需接动词-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.
你必须习惯用冷水洗脸。
He is looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.
他盼望今年暑假见到你。
英语中常见的带介词to的短语还有：
devote to，object to/ be opposed to, pay attention to，get down to，lead to，stick to，be equal to 等。
4. 动词-ing形式作宾语时，可用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语后置。
I don’t think it possible living in such a cold place.
我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。
Do you consider it any good trying again?
你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？
5. 动词-ing 形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语由名词所有格/普通格、形容词性物主代词或代词宾格构成。
Do you mind my / me opening the window?
你介意我把窗户打开吗？
Can you imagine him / Jack / Jack’s cooking at home?
你能想象他/ 杰克在家做饭的样子吗？
Unit3
（一）重点单词
1. content
(1) adj. 满足的；满意的
People who aren’t content with what they have always feel depressed.
对已拥有的东西感到不满足的人总感到沮丧。
He is content to remain where he is now.
他安于现状。
（2）n. 满足；内容；目录；容纳的东西
I managed to understand the content of her speech.
我设法去理解她演讲的内容。
She dropped her purse and the contents fell out on the floor.
她的钱包掉到地上，里面的东西散落在地板上。
（3）vt. 对……满足；满足于
We should never content ourselves with book knowledge only.
我们切不可仅仅满足于书本知识。
2. astonish vt. 使惊讶；使震惊
The news he brought astonished everybody in the class.
他带来的消息使全班人都很吃惊。
It astonished me that he could be so thoughtless.
我真没料到他会如此轻率。
知识拓展
astonishing adj. 令人感到惊讶的；astonished adj. 感到惊讶的；astonishment n. 惊讶；惊奇
The jeep is driving through the forest at an astonishing speed.
那辆吉普车以惊人的速度穿过森林。
He was astonished to hear he had failed in the exam.
听到自己考试不及格的消息他感到很吃惊。
We were astonished at / by the news of her sudden death.
她突然去世的消息使我们感到震惊。
To my astonishment, it had completely disappeared.
使我吃惊的是，它消失得无影无踪了。
He stared at the sight in astonishment.
他惊奇地看着这一景象。
3. bored adj. 厌烦的；厌倦的
After a while, I began to get bored with my work.
过了一段时间，我开始厌倦我的工作。
The children quickly got bored with staying indoors.
孩子们很快就厌倦呆在屋子里了。
知识拓展
boring adj. 令人厌倦的；bore vt. 使厌烦
He is such a boring man!
他就是这么惹人烦的一个人。
There is so much noise and she is bored to death.
嘈杂声太大，她都快烦死了。
4. entertain vt. 使欢乐；款待
Could you entertain the children for an hour, while I make supper?
我做晚饭时，你能哄孩子们玩一个小时吗？
He entertained us for hours with his stories and jokes.
他既讲故事又说笑话，把我们逗乐了几个小时。
Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night.
昨晚鲍勃和利兹设宴招待了我们。
知识拓展
entertaining adj.愉快的；有趣的；entertainer n. 表演者；艺人entertainment n. 娱乐；款待
I found the talk both informative and entertaining.
我发现这种谈话既有知识性又有趣味性。
He fell in the water, much to the entertainment of the children.
他掉进水里，逗得孩子们乐不可支。
5. throughout
(1) prep. 遍及；贯穿
The disease spread throughout/ all over the whole Africa.
这种疾病蔓延到了整个非洲。
It poured with rain throughout / all through the night.
大雨下了整整一夜。
(2) adv. 到处；始终；全部
I watched the film and cried throughout.
我看那部电影时从头哭到尾。
6. failure
(1) [U] 失败
He is too proud to admit failure.
他太骄傲了，不肯承认失败。
To my disappointment, all my efforts ended in failure.
令我失望的是，我所有的努力都以失败告终。
(2) [C] 失败的人或事
As a musician he was a failure, but as an artist, he was a great success.
作为音乐家他是个失败者，但作为艺术家，他非常成功。
7. overcome vt. & vi.（overcame; overcome）战胜；克服；被(感情等)制服
He has enough courage to overcome the difficulty.
他有足够的勇气来克服这个困难。
They overcame the enemy easily.
他们轻松地战胜了敌人。
They were overcome with sadness.
他们悲痛欲绝。
8. convince vt. 使信服；使确信
His argument is too weak to convince me.
他的论点太薄弱了，说服不了我。
We convinced him to go by train rather than plane.
我们说服了他坐火车去，不要搭飞机去。
How can I convince you of her honesty?
我怎样才能使你相信她很诚实呢?
I couldn’t convince him that he was wrong.
我无法使他明白他错了。
知识拓展
convincing adj. 令人信服的convinced adj. 信服的，相信的
Nobody has come up with a convincing explanation of why dinosaur die out.
没有人能对恐龙的灭绝作出一个令人信服的解释
I am convinced of his guilt / that he is guilty.
我确信他有罪。
9. direct
(1) vt.&vi. 导演；指示；指挥；指引
He prefers to act rather than direct.
他宁愿当演员也不愿当导演。
Can you direct me to the station?
你能告诉我到车站怎么走吗?
（2）adj. 径直的；直接的；直率的
She has a direct way of speaking.
她说话直爽。
There is a direct train to Leeds.
有一列直达利兹的火车。
(3) adv. 径直地；直接地
It costs more to fly direct to Hong Kong.
直飞香港的航班票价要高一些。
10. particular adj. 特别的，特殊的，挑剔的
I have nothing particular to do today.
我今天没有特别的事情要做。
She is very particular about her clothes.
她对衣服特别挑剔。
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
整顿饭都很好，尤其是葡萄酒更好。
11. occasion n.时刻；场合；时机
On one occasion, she called me in the middle of the night.
有一次，她深更半夜给我打电话。
I only wear a tie on special occasion.
我只有在特殊的场合才打领带。
知识拓展
occasional adj. 偶尔的；临时的occasionally adv. 偶尔；有时
He has been known to lose his temper on occasion/occasionally.
大家都知道他有时会发脾气。
There will be occasional showers during the day.
白天将偶有阵雨。
12. whisper
(1) ｎ. 耳语；低语
They sat at the back of the room, talking in whispers/ in a whisper.
他们坐在房间的后面低声私语。
(2) vt. & vi. 低语；小声说
Don’t you know it’s rude to whisper?
你难道不知道窃窃私语是不礼貌的吗？
She whispered to me that she felt very afraid.
她小声地对我说她觉得很害怕。
13. mess
（1）n. 脏或乱的状态
She cleared up the mess from the table.
她把桌子上乱七八糟的东西收拾好。
The room was in a terrible mess.
这个房间杂乱不堪。
I feel I’ve made a mess of things.
我觉得我把事情弄糟了。
(2) vt. 把……搞乱；把……弄脏
Don’t mess up the house while I am away.
我不在的时候别把屋子弄得乱七八糟。
14. react vi. 作出反应；回应reaction n. 反应；回应
How did Wilson react to your idea?
威尔逊对你的想法有什么反应？
She reacted to the insult by turning her back on him.
她受辱之后就不再理他了。
His parents’ reaction to the news was surprising calm.
他父母对那消息的反应出乎意料的平静。
（二）重点短语
1. …and up to now nobody has been able to do this better than Charlie Chaplin.
……到现在为止还没有人（在这方面）做得比查理·卓别林更好。
△up to now 到现在（目前）为止，一般用于现在完成时。
Up to now, the work has been quite smooth.
到目前为止，工作很顺利。
Up to now I haven’t worked out the meaning of the word.
直到现在我还没明白那个词的意思。
2. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even worse off, so Charlie spent his childhood looking after his sick mother and his brother.
不幸地是他的父亲去世了，整个家庭的状况更糟了，所以查理在童年时期就要照顾生病的母亲和弟弟。
△worse off是badly off 的比较级，badly off穷的；缺少的
They are too badly off to have a holiday.
他们贫困得根本谈不上度假。
We shouldn’t complain about being poor — many families are much worse off.
我们不应该因为穷而叫苦连天——许多人的家境更糟。
知识拓展
badly off的反义词为well off富的；富有的
His family is not very well off. 他家不太富裕。
3. Charlie first picked out the laces and eats as if they were spaghetti.
查理首先挑出鞋带来吃，像是吃意大利面条一样。
△pick out挑出；选出；辨别出
She was picked out from hundreds of applicants for the job.
她是被从数百位申请人里挑选出来做这份工作的。
He picked out his sister from the crowd.
他从人群中认出了他的姐姐。
知识拓展
pick up
(1) 拾起，捡起
She picked up all the pieces on the floor when she left the classroom.
当她离开教室时，她把地上所有的碎片都捡了起来。
(2) 无意中学会
She soon picked up some French when she went to live in France.
她到法国居住后很快就学会了一些法语。
（3）收听，接收
My radio can pick up the BBC programs very clearly.
我的收音机能非常清楚地收听到英国广播公司的国际广播节目。
(4) 恢复健康，恢复体力
He soon picked up after a few days’ rest.
他休息了几天，身体很快复原了。
(5) 搭载；接某人
I’ll pick you up at 8 o’clock. 我会八点去接你。
4. Then he cut off the leather top of the shoe as if it were the finest steak.
然后他切下鞋子最上边的皮革，好像那是最好的牛排一样。
△cut off切掉；切断（水、电、煤气等）供应；中断（联系），打断（谈话）；使……隔绝
She cuts off a big piece of beef from the steak.
她从牛排上切下一大块肉来。
The water supply has been cut off for several days in the city.
这个城市的水供应已经被切断好几天了。
They were cut off in the middle of their conversation on the phone.
他们的电话会议被中断了。
She feels very cut off living in the country.
她住在乡下感觉与世隔绝。
知识拓展
常见的与cut搭配的短语还有：
I must cut my expenses down. 我必须削减我的开支。
It’s bad manners to cut in when people are talking.
在人们谈话时插嘴是不礼貌的。
I cut up the meat for dumplings.
我把这些肉切碎来包饺子。
I usually cut across the park on my way home.
我回家常抄近路，从公园里走。
You can cut out the unimportant details.
你可以删掉不重要的细节。
本单元其它重要的短语：
break into 强行闯入
look after 照顾；照料
as time went by = with time going by 随着时间的推移
throughout/ all over the world 全世界
in search of 寻找
star in 担任主角；主演
look up at 仰望
think of 想起；想到
（三）重（难）点句型
1. Not that Charlie’s own life was easy!
倒不是说查理自己的生活是轻松的。
△not that“并非，倒不是说”，用于句首或短语之前，表否定含义。
Mary has a new job—not that I care.
玛丽有一份新工作—那我倒不关心。
Not that I hate the work. I am not strong enough for it.
并非我讨厌这份工作。而是我不够强壮，无法胜任。
知识拓展
not that …but that “不是因为……而是因为……”；“不是……而是……”，用于肯定一个原因，否定另一个原因，或者肯定一个判断，否定另一个判断。
He felt a bit worried, not that they were not working hard, but that they did not pay enough attention to safety.
他有些担心，倒不是因为他们不努力工作，而是因为他们不够注意安全。
Not that I am not willing to go with you, but that I am busy now.
并不是我不愿意跟你去，而是我现在很忙。2. You may find it astonishing that Charlie was taught to sing as soon as he could speak and dance as soon as he could walk.
你会觉得震惊，卓别林则会讲话的时候就被教唱歌，刚会走路的时候就学跳舞。
△此句中it作形式宾语，that从句是真正的主语；astonishing是动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，与宾语构成主谓关系。
It is hardly surprising that rumors continue to circulate.
谣言继续散播就不足为奇了。
I’ m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
很抱歉让你久等了。
3. Unfortunately his father died, leaving the family even wors e off…
不幸地是他的父亲去世了，整个家庭的状况更糟了……
△本句中leaving the family even worse off…为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示顺其自然的结果。
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.
他父母双亡，成了孤儿。
European football is played in 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.
八十个国家踢欧式足球，使它成为世界上最流行的运动。
知识拓展
动词不定式也可作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果。
He hurried to the bus stop, only to find the bus had left.
他匆匆忙忙去了车站，结果发现车已经离开了
。
（一）动词的ing形式作表语
1. 动名词作表语一般表示抽象的、习惯性的行为，这时主语与表语的位置可以互换。
Her duty is taking care of the babies.
照看婴儿是她的职责。
Our job is playing all kinds of music.
我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐
2. 现在分词作表语，表明的是主语的性质与特征，相当于形容词，可有比较级形式，亦可被very, quite，so等副词修饰，这时主语与表语的位置不可互换The music they are playing sounds exciting.
他们演奏的音乐是如此令人兴奋
The film we saw last night is quite moving.
我们昨晚看的电影十分感人。
（二）动词的ing形式作定语
1. 动名词作定语，表示该名词的用途或与其有关的动作，通常只能放在所修饰的名词前。
a walking stick手杖reading room 阅览室washing machine洗衣机
2.现在分词作定语，说明所修饰的名词正在进行的动作或存在的状态，现在分词与所修饰的名词具有逻辑上的主谓关系，可换成定语从句来表达，单个的现在分词作定语常置于被修饰的名词前，现在分词短语作定语须置于被修饰的名词后。
Nobody can stop the running horse(=the horse that is running).
没人能阻止那匹奔跑的马。
The student making the experiment(=who is making the experiment) is our monitor.
正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
（三）动词-ing形式作宾语补足语
动词-ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行，这时宾语与宾补之间构成主谓关系，主要用于以下两类动词之后：
1. 表示感觉和状态的动词，如see, hear, feel, smell, watch, find, notice，catch，observe等。
I felt someone patting on the shoulder.
我感到有人拍了拍我的肩膀
I caught a stranger sliding into the mana ger’s office.
我无意中发现一个陌生人溜进了经理的办公室。
2. 表示“指使”等意义的动词，如have, set, keep, get, leave等
Do you think you can get the radio working ?
你认为你能修好这台收音机吗？
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting long.
对不起，让你久等了
知识拓展：
感官动词和使役动词后，除用动词-ing形式作宾语补足语外，还可以用省略to 的不定式（强调动作的完成，指全过程）及过去分词（宾语与宾补之间构成被动关系）作宾补。
I saw the thief get on the train and disappeared .
我看见那个贼上了火车，消失了。
There was so much noise in the hall that I couldn’t make myself heard.
大厅里太嘈杂了，我说话的声音无法被别人听到。
（四）现在分词（短语）（动词-ing形式）作状语1. 现在分词（短语）作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，分词必须和句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。现在分词作状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随情况等。
（1）表示时间，作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句，有时可以在动词-ing 形式前加一个表示时间的连词，如when，while等。
Turning away (= When she turned around ), she saw a car driving up.
转过身来，她看见一辆车开过来了。
While shopping(= While I was shopping ) in the supermarket , I met an old friend of mine.
在超市购物时，我碰到了一个老朋友。
Having finished(=After he had finished ) the homework , Henry went home.
完成作业后，亨利就回家了。
(2）表示原因，作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。
Not knowing his telephone number (= Since I didn’t know …) , I couldn’t get in touch with him.
由于不知道他的电话号码，我无法和他取得联系。
Having lived in London for many years (= Because I have lived …) , I almost know every place quite well.
在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。
（3）表示结果，作结果状语，相当于结果状语从句。通常放在句末，中间有逗号隔开，表示一种
自然的、顺理成章的结果。
The fire lasted nearly a month , leaving nothing valuable ( = and left nothing valuable).
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下有用的东西。
His parents died in the accident, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在车祸中丧生，以致他成了孤儿。
(4)表示条件，作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句。
Being more careful ( = If you are more careful), you can make fewer mistakes.
如果你更细心点，就会少犯错误。
Working hard( = If you work hard ), you will succeed.
努力工作，你会成功的。
(5)表示让步，作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句，有时分词前可带有连词although , even if , even though.
Admitting what you say ( = Although I admit what you say ) , I still think you are wrong.
虽然承认你所说的话，但我仍然认为你错了。
Although repeating his words many times( = Although the teacher repeated …) , the teacher couldn’t make his students understand.
尽管重复了许多次，老师还是无法让学生理解他自己所说的话。
(6)表示方式、伴随或补充说明。
分词短语表示方式、伴随或补充说明时，常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，常置于句末，可以用并列句来转换。
I stood by the door, not daring to say a word ( = and didn’t dare to say a word).
我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。
He was walking along the street , looking this and that (= and looked this and that ).
他左顾右盼地在街上走着。
When people heard about Qu Yuan’s death , they sailed up and down the river searching for his body(=and searched for his body ).
人们听到屈原的死讯后，在江上来来回回地寻找他的尸体。
2. 现在分词作状语时应注意的问题。
(1)现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性。当分词的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用分词的一般式。当现在分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作发生时，用分词的完成式。
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.
因为没听出这个人的声音，他没把自己的地址给他
Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him.
因为没收到父亲的信，他决定打个电话给父亲
(2) 有时现在分词（短语）有自己的逻辑主语，它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，称之为独立主格结构。
It being a holiday , all the shops were shut.
由于是假期，所有的商店都关门了。
Class being over, children could play football.
下课了，孩子们可以踢足球了。
(3)动词-ing 形式可以作插入语，在句中作独立成分，表明说话人的态度。
常见的有：
generally / frankly (honesty ) / exactly(properly)/ speaking
一般/坦白/确切/严格来说
judging by / from …从……判断
considering …考虑到……
supposing …假设……
seeing …因为；鉴于；由于……
Generally speaking , the Chinese prefer tea to coffee.
一般来说，中国人爱喝茶而不爱喝咖啡。
Judging from his accent , he is from the south.
从他的口音判断，他是南方人。
Unit4
（一）重点单词
1. represent vt. 代表；象征；表现, 描绘
representation n. 表现形式；图画；雕塑
representative n. 代表；代理人
The painting represents the scene of a bumper harvest.
这幅画描绘了丰收的景象。
The Foreign Minister represented the country at the conference.
人教版高中高一英语必修4（四）各单元重点知识点归纳 Unit1 Women of achievement 重要词汇拓展 1 welfare n 福利事业，福利 2 achievement n.成就，功绩→achieve v.达到，完成，实现 3. specialist n.专家，专业工作者→special adj.特殊的，专门的→specialize vi.专攻，专门从事 4. project n.方案, 计划,, 设计，工程, 企业, 事业，科研项目; 课外自修项目 vi. ①伸出, 突出②设想自已处身于(into) 5. connection n.连接，关系→connect v.连接 6. condition n. 状况（不可数），条件（可数），环境（复数）on no condition 决不 https://www.doczj.com/doc/2914247474.html,anization n.组织，机构，团体organize—vt.组织;筹备, 成立; 使加入工会，使有条理 8.behave v.举止，表现→behavior n.行为，举止 9. shade n.阴凉处v.遮住光线 10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的，值得做的It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth. worth adj.值……，值得……be worth doing worthy adj.值得做的，可尊敬的be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done
11. observe v.观察，观测，遵守→observation n.观察，观测 12. respect v./n.尊敬，尊重，敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的，正派的，体面地→respectful adj.有礼貌的，恭敬的 13. argue .v.争论，辩论→argument n.争论，辩论argued-adj 引起争论的 14.entertainment-n 款待，娱乐entertain-v 款待；招待，娱乐，抱有，怀着（想法、疑问） 15. crowd n.人群，观众v.挤满，使拥挤→crowded adj.拥挤的 16. inspire v.鼓舞，激发→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的，有灵感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞，灵感 17 support v.支持，拥护→supporter n.支持者，拥护者 18.refer-vi 谈到，查阅，参考 19.intend v.计划，打算→intention n.打算，目的，意图 20.considerate adj.考虑周到的→consider v.考虑，认为 →consideration n考虑，体谅→considering prep考虑到 21.kind adj 仁慈的，和善的，友爱的kindness –n 仁慈，好意，善良 22.deliver v.递送，生（小孩），接生，发表（演讲等）→delivery n.投递，交货，分娩 23.modest adj 谦虚的，谦让的，适度的 重点短语梳理 1 devote…to (doing) sth.把…奉献给devote oneself to致力于，献身于be devoted to专心致志于 2 human beings 人类 3 move off 离开，启程，出发 4 lead a…life 过着……的生活
高中英语人教版必修一知识点总结 Unit 1 Friendship Unit 2 English around the world Unit 3 Tracel journal Unit 4 Earthquakes Unit 5 Nelson Mandela - a modern hero 第一单元 1）add vt/vi加；添加；增添 add up合计加起来，但在口语中有时用于否定句，表示“莫名其妙，不说明问题”。add up to 总计共达，所有一切都说明，总而言之。 add sth（to sth）把……加到……里去。 add to 增加，扩建。 add 表示“继续说，补充说”。 区别add和increase add意思是“加，增加”，强调添加。或者表示将数字加起来求和。 increase“增加”，表示在数量，产量，尺寸，程度等方面的增加。 2）cheat v 欺骗；作弊n 骗子；作弊者；骗人的事 cheat sb of sth cheat sth out of sb 从某人处欺诈某物 cheat on/at/in 作弊，欺诈 3)list v 将事物列于表上；编事物的目录n 名单；目录；一览表 make a list of 造表，列……表 take…off the list 从表上去掉…… stand first on the list 居首位，列前茅 as listed above 如上所列 3）share share in 分享，分担，共用 share sth with sb 和某人共用/共享某事物 share out 分配，分发；得到股息，升股息 share（n.）in/of 一分，部分 4）trust vi/vt 信任，信赖；依赖 trust in 相信，信任，信仰 trust to 依靠（运气等），依赖 trust that… 希望，想 5）suffer vt/vi 遭受，受到，蒙受；受痛苦，受折磨，受惩罚，受损伤 suffer from 受……伤害；患……病痛 注意：suffer 和suffer from 都不能用于被动语态 6）calm vt/vi/adj. 使平静；使镇定。平静的，镇静的，沉着的。 calm down 平静下来，镇定下来 quite指人对外界事物感触的安静。对人时，侧重不激动，平静温和，不发表意见。still指完全没有声音或者没有动静，突然静止不动。 silent主要指人不爱说话，沉默不语。 7）concern
欢迎使用，祝您学有所成。 第一单元 1）achieve 表示“完成，到达”。 区别achieve，reach，gain： achieve着重表示达到一定目的的过程中所需要的技能，耐性和努力。 reach指达到任何目标、目的或指达到发展过程中的某个阶段。 gain强调经过奋斗才达到所期望的目标、优势或者有利地位。 2）condition 表示“条件”，condition为单数时，表示人/物所处的“状态”。 conditions（复数）指一般情况，环境。 in good/poor condition状况好/不好。 out of condition状况不好。 on condition that在……条件下，假使。 on no condition决不。 3）connection 表示“连接，关系”。 connections亲戚。 in connection with与……有关。 4）behave 表示“举止，举动，行为表现”。 behave oneself表现良好，行为良好。 behave as起……作用，表现为……。 5）worthwhile 表示“值得做的，值得出力的”。 句型It is worhtwhile doing/to do sth“干……是值得的”。 6）observe 表示“观察，注意”，可接省略to的不定式的复合结构，当observe用被动语态时，其后的不定式应回复to。 observe后也可接由现在分词构成的复合结构。 后接that从句，表示“注意到，说”。 observe还可以表示“遵守，庆祝”。 7）respect 作动词，后直接跟宾语。 respect oneself自重，自尊。 作名词，表示“尊重，尊敬”。have/show respect for意为“对……尊重/尊敬”。 have respect to注意，考虑。 表示“敬意，问候”时，用复数形式，常与give，send，pay连用。 in respect of sth就某方面而言。 with respect to 涉及，关于。 8）argue 表示“争论，辩论”。
高中英语黄金阅读(高一版) 习俗类 (1) In the US, people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they don’t know. This means a hostess may not seat a small group until a small table is available, even if a large one is. If you are sitting at a table with people you don’t know, it is impolite to light up a cigarette without asking if it will disturb them. At American restaurants and coffee shops you are usually served tap water before you order. You may find the bread and butter is free, and if you order coffee, you may get a free refill. Most cities and towns have no rules about opening and closing time for stores or restaurants, though they usually do make rules for bars. Especially in large cities, stores may be open 24 hours a day. Serving in restaurants is often large; too large for many people. If you can’t finish your meal but would like to enjoy the food later, ask your waitress or waiter for a “doggie bag”. It may have a picture of a dog on it, but everybody knows you’re taking the food for yourself. Supper and dinner are both words for the evening meal. Some people have “Sunday dinner”. This is an especially big noon meal. Tips are not usually added to the check. They are not included in the price of the meal, either. A tip of about 15% is expected and you should leave it on the table when you leave. In some restaurants, a check is brought on a plate and you put your money there. Then the waiter or waitress brings you your change. 1. Which statement is true? A. American people like sitting with people they don’t know. B. A hostess always seats a small group at a large table. C. American people never sit with people they don’t know. D. American people would not light a cigarette if the people who sit at the same table mind their smoking. 2. What is served before you order? A. bread B. butter C. coffee D. cold water 3. What do American people always do when servings are too large for them? A. They take the food home with a doggie bag for their dogs. B. They leave the food on the table and go away. C. They take the food home with a doggie bag and enjoy the food later. D. They ask the waitress or waiter to keep the food for them. 4. Sunday dinner is_______. A. a dinner in the evening B. A big noon meal C. a big lunch on Sunday D. A supper on Sunday 【答案解析】本文介绍了美国人在外就餐时的风俗习惯。 1. D。细节题。根据第一段及关键句…it is impolite to light up a cigarette without asking if it will disturb them 可知 A、B、C 与原文不相符，同时关键句告诉我们“未
人教版高中英语必修一知识点总结 人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心
14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且 不要加引号。 例： Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则
高二英语必修四知识点总结 目录 Unit 1 Women of achievement 知识点总结 (2) Unit2 Working the land 知识点总结 (7) Unit3 A taste of English humor 知识点总结 (11) Unit4 Body language 知识点总结 (14) Unit 5 Theme parks 知识点总结 (15)
Unit 1 Women of achievement 知识点总结【重点词汇、短语】 1. human beings 人类 2. campaign 运动，战役 3. behave 行为 4. shade 阴凉处 5. move off 离开，启程 6. observe 观察 7. respect 尊重 8. argue 讨论，辩论 9. lead a...life 过着…的生活 10. crowd in 涌入脑海 11. support 支持 12. look down upon/on 看不起 13. refer to 查阅，参考，涉及 14. by chance 碰巧 15. come across 偶遇 16. intend 计划，打算
17. deliver 提送，生（小孩），接生，发表（演说） 18. carry on 继续，坚持 【重点句型】 1. She also discovered how chimps communicatewith each other and her study of their body language helped her work out theirsocial system. 她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社会体系。 △ work out 解决、解答、计算出；产生结果、发展；锻炼；作出、制订出 2. She is leading a busy life but she says … 她过着忙碌的生活，但是她说…… △ lead a …life = live a …life 过……的生活 3. Many people look down upon poor people. 很多人瞧不起穷人。 △ look downupon / on 蔑视；轻视；瞧不起 4. If the word group refers to differentmembers, use a plural verb.如果group（作主语）指的是各个成员，谓语动词用复数。 △ refer to 指的是：提及；谈到；提到；查阅、参考
Unit 1 achievement n. 成就；功绩 △Joan of Arc 圣女贞德 △Elizabeth Fry 伊丽莎白.弗赖伊 （英国慈善家） △Quaker n. 教友派信徒；贵格会会员welfare n. 福利；福利事业 project n. 项目；工程；规划 institute n. 学会；学院；协会 △China Welfare Institute 中国福利基金会specialist n. 专家；专业工作者specialize vi. 专攻；专门从事；专注于 △Jane Goodall 简.古道尔(英国动物学家) △chimp n. （非洲）黑猩猩 connection n. 连接；关系 human being 人类 △Jody Williams 乔迪.威廉斯 （美国诺贝尔和平奖得者）campaign n. 运动；战役 vi. 作战；参加运动 △landmine n. 地雷 organization n. 组织；机构；团体 △Gombe National Park 贡贝国家公园behave vt. & vi. 举动；（举止或行为）表现behaviour (=behavior) 行为；举止；习性shade n. 荫；阴凉处 vt. 遮住光线 move off 离开；起程；出发 worthwhile adj. 值得的；值得做的 nest n. 巢；窝 bond n. 联系；关系；结合；纽带observe vt. 观察；观测；遵守observation n. 观察；观测 childhood n. 童年；幼年时代 outspoken adj. 直言的；坦诚 respect vt. & n. 尊敬；尊重；敬意 argue vt. & vi. 讨论；辩论；争论 argument n. 争论；争辩；争吵 entertainment n. 款待；娱乐；娱乐表演 lead a … life 过着……的生活 crowd n. 人群；观众 vt. 挤满；使拥挤 crowd in （想法、问题等）涌上心头； 涌入脑海 inspire vt. 鼓舞；激发；启示 inspiration n. 灵感；鼓舞 support n. & vt. 支持；拥护 look down upon/on 蔑视；瞧不起 refer vi. 谈到；查阅；参考 refer to查阅；参考；谈到 audience n. 观众；听众；读者 by chance碰巧；凑巧 come across （偶然）遇见；碰见 △career n. 事业；生涯 rate n. 比率；速度 sickness n. 疾病；恶心 intend vt. 计划；打算 emergency n. 突发事件；紧急情况 generation n. 一代；一辈 △determination n. 决心；果断 kindness n. 仁慈；好意 considerate adj. 考虑周到的 consideration n. 考虑；体谅 deliver vt. 递送；生（小孩儿）；接生； 发表（演说等） carry on 继续；坚持 modest adj. 谦虚的；谦让的；适度的Unit 2 statistic n. （常用pl statistics）数据；统计； 统计数字；统计资料 sunburnt adj. 晒黑的 struggle vt. & vi. 斗争；拼搏；努力decade n. 十年；十年期 super adj. 特级的；超级的 △hybrid adj. 混合的；杂种的 n. 杂交种；混血儿output n. 产量；输出 △strain n.（植物的）品种；种类 crop n. 庄稼；农作物；产量 hunger n. 饥饿；欲望 vt. & vi. （使）饥饿 disturbing adj. 引起烦恼的；令人不安的expand vt. & vi. 使变大；伸展circulate vt. & vi. 循环；流传
高中必修一到必修五主要语法点 必修一：直接引语和间接引语(宾语从句)；现在进行时表将来；定语从句 必修二：定语从句(非限定定从、定从中的介词前提)；被动语态(一般将来时、现在完成时及现在进行时的被动语态) 必修三：情态动词；名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句) 必修四：主谓一致；非谓语动词(V-ing) ；构词法 必修 2 第一单元,非限制性定语从句的第二单元一般将来时的主被动第三单元现在完成时的主被动第四单元 现在进行时的主被动第五单元介词+which/whom的用法 必修 3 一二单元情态动词的用法三单元宾语从句和表语从句四单元主语从句 五单元同位语从句 必修4 第一单元主谓一致第二单v-ing作主语和宾语的用法第三单元v-ing作表语,定语和宾语补足语第四单 元v-ing作状语第五单元构词法 必修5 第一单元过去分词作定语和表语第二单元过去分词作宾语补足语第三单元过去分词作状语第四单元 倒装句第五单元省略句 必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4 on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）；take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是…
最新高中英语必修四知识点归纳 平凡的人则说，勤奋是一种传统的美德。可见，勤奋富有了多么巨大的底蕴与魅力，人类如果丢弃了它，绝对不行。下面给大家分享一些关于高中英语必修四知识点归纳，希望对大家有所帮助。 高中英语必修四知识点1 重要词汇拓展 1 sunburn v.日晒，晒黑→sunburntadj.晒黑的 2 struggle v./n.挣扎，奋斗，努力struggle against struggle for struggle with 3 decade n.十年，十年期 4 super n.冗员, 额外人员;[口]特级品, 特大号商品; 超级市场adj特级的, 极好的, 非凡的 5. hunger n.饥饿，渴望/v.使饥饿→hungryadj.饥饿的;渴望的 6.output n. 产量，输出，input输入，消费 7.disturbing adj 引起烦恼的，令人不安的，disturb v. 打扰，麻烦 8.expand vt.扩大, 扩展,张开, 使发, 详谈; 引伸 9. circulate v.循环，流通→circulationn.循环，流传 10. battle n.战役，战斗v.搏斗，奋斗 11. therefore adv.因此，所以 12. rid vt 摆脱，除去 13.freedom n 自由，自主→free adj 自由的，免费的
14.equip v.配备，装备→equipmentn.设备 15. export v.输出，出口n.输出(品)→import v.输入，进口n.进口(品) 16.nationality n 国籍，national adj 国家的，民族的nation n. 国家 17.occupation n 工作，职业，占领occupy v.占用，使从事，把注意力集中于...占领, 占据 18.confuse v.使迷惑，使为难→confusedadj.感到迷惑的confusing adj.令人迷惑的 19 regret v./n.后悔，遗憾→regretfuladj.后悔的，遗憾的 20.production n.生产，制造，productive可生产的，可制造的，produce –v 生产，制造 21.discovery n. 发现，发觉，discover-v发现， 22.focus v. 集中，聚焦，n 焦点，中心点 23. reduce v.减少，缩减→reduction n.减少，缩减 24 comment n./v.评论，议论 高中英语必修四知识点2 重点短语梳理 1 if not 如果不…. If so 如果这样， 2.consider oneself sth 自认为是…consider sb sth 认为某人是… 3.since then 从那时起 4.search for a way to do sth 寻找做某事的途径。 5.thanks to 幸亏，由于，因为(to为介词)
Unit 1 Women of achievement 1． Target language a. achieve, achievement, condition, welfare, institute, connection, campaign, organization, entertainment, inspire, support, devote ... to b. Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. P2 Everybody sits and waits while the animals in the group begin to wake up and move. P2 But the evening makes it all worthwhile. P2 ... we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. P2 2． Ability goals a. Learn Warming Up, and know how to tell the great women and the famous women. b. Learn the way to describe a person from what the person did, what she/he looks like and so on. 3． Learning ability goals Teach Ss how to describe a person. Teaching important points a. By reading A protector of African wildlife, students can learn from Jane Goodall in at least two aspects: b. Ask students to answer these questions: 1) What made her a great success? 2) What should we learn from Jane Goodall? Teaching difficult points Let everyone believe that all of us can become Jane Goodall. Teaching methods Inspiration, Questioning and Discussion. Teaching aids A computer, a projector and a recorder.
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上9. join in 参加（某个活动）；take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来11. suffer from 遭受12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽15. be good at/do well in 擅长于…16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是…17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.）much too 太…(后接adj.)19. not…until 直到…才20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为…make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例：Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” →He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化
高中英语必修四知识要点归纳高中英语必修四知识要点归纳 1)achieve 表示“完成，到达”。 区别achieve，reach，gain： achieve着重表示达到一定目的的过程中所需要的技能，耐性和努力。 reach指达到任何目标、目的或指达到发展过程中的某个阶段。 gain强调经过奋斗才达到所期望的目标、优势或者有利地位。 2)condition 表示“条件”，condition为单数时，表示人/物所处的“状态”。 conditions(复数)指一般情况，环境。 ingood/poorcondition状况好/不好。 outofcondition状况不好。 onconditionthat在……条件下，假使。 onnocondition决不。 3)connection 表示“连接，关系”。 connections亲戚。 inconnectionwith与……有关。
4)behave 表示“举止，举动，行为表现”。 behaveoneself表现良好，行为良好。 behaveas起……作用，表现为……。 5)worthwhile 表示“值得做的，值得出力的”。 句型Itisworhtwhiledoing/todosth“干……是值得的”。 6)observe 表示“观察，注意”，可接省略to的不定式的复合结构，当observe用被动语态时，其后的不定式应回复to。 observe后也可接由现在分词构成的复合结构。 后接that从句，表示“注意到，说”。 observe还可以表示“遵守，庆祝”。 重点短语 1.breakinto闯入，进入 2.uptonow直到现在 4.feel/becontentwith对……满足 5.badlyoff穷的，缺少的` 7.pickout挑选出，辨认出 8.ontheedgeof在…边沿 9.cutoff切断，断绝 10.insilence沉默，不作声 11.makeuseof使用
新人教版高中英语课文译文 必修四 第一单元卓有成就的女性 Reading 非洲野生动物研究者 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起，我们一行人准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么的相似。我们当天的首相任务就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候黑猩猩睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或互相喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家族里是爱的表达方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又脏又累。她说对了，但是到了傍晚时分我们就觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们一起回窝里睡觉了。我们明白了黑猩猩家庭成员之间的联系像人类家庭一样紧密。 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录黑猩猩的日常活动。从孩提时代起，简就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件简单的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时。对女性来说，住进大森林还是很稀罕的事情。她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩猎食动物。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到
过一群黑猩猩捕杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。 40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不是用于娱乐或公告。她还为黑猩猩建起了可以安全生活的专门的保护区，她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，正如她所说的：“我一旦停下来，所有的一切就会涌上心头。我就会想起实验室的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我会对自己说：…难道它们不幸运吗？?然后我就想起了那些没有如何过错却被关在笼子里的小 黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……。” 简已经得到了她想要得到的一切：在动物的栖息地工作：获得博士学位；还向世人证明女人和男人一样也能在森林里生活。她激励着人们为妇女们的成就而喝彩。 Using Language 为什么不继承她的事业？ 上学时我喜欢英语、生物和化学，但是我进大学该选哪门专业呢？直到有一天晚上坐在电脑旁研究中国的伟大女性时，我才有了答案。 很偶然地，我看到了一篇关于林稚巧大夫的文章。她是妇科专家，1901年生，1983年去世。林稚巧似乎一直都在为自己选择的事业而奔忙，去国外留学，写了很多书和文章。其中有一本书引起了我的注意。这是一本小书，介绍如何从妇女怀孕到护理婴儿的过程中降低死亡率，她提出了一些可以遵循的简单的做法，保持婴儿清洁和健康，让他们远离疾病。她为什么要写这些东西呢?林稚巧认为哪些妇女会需要这些忠告呢？我仔细地看了这篇文章，了解到那是为农村妇女写的。也许是她们在遇到紧急情况时找不到医生。
第一单元 1）add vt/vi加；添加；增添add up合计加起来，但在口语中有时用于否定句，表示“莫名其妙，不说明问题”。add up to 总计共达，所有一切都说明，总而言之。add to 增加，扩建。 add sth（to sth）把……加到……里去。add 表示“继续说，补充说”。 区别add和increase add意思是“加，增加”，强调添加。或者表示将数字加起来求和。 increase“增加”，表示在数量，产量，尺寸，程度等方面的增加。 2）cheat v 欺骗；作弊n 骗子；作弊者；骗人的事 cheat sb of sth cheat sth out of sb 从某人处欺诈某物cheat on/at/in 作弊，欺诈 3)list v 将事物列于表上；编事物的目录n 名单；目录；一览表 make a list of 造表，列……表take…off the list 从表上去掉…… stand first on the list 居首位，列前茅as listed above 如上所列 3）share share in 分享，分担，共用share sth with sb 和某人共用/共享某事物 share out 分配，分发；得到股息，升股息share（n.）in/of 一分，部分 4）trust vi/vt 信任，信赖；依赖 trust in 相信，信任，信仰trust to 依靠（运气等），依赖trust that…希望，想 5）suffer vt/vi 遭受，受到，蒙受；受痛苦，受折磨，受惩罚，受损伤 suffer from 受……伤害；患……病痛 注意：suffer 和suffer from 都不能用于被动语态 6）calm vt/vi/adj. 使平静；使镇定。平静的，镇静的，沉着的。 calm down 平静下来，镇定下来silent主要指人不爱说话，沉默不语。 quite指人对外界事物感触的安静。对人时，侧重不激动，平静温和，不发表意见。 still指完全没有声音或者没有动静，突然静止不动。 7）concern be concerned about 担心，关心as/so far as…be concerned 关于，至于，就某人而言 have no concern for 毫不关心concern oneself in/with/about sth 忙于，从事；关心，关切 have a concern in 和……有厉害关系be concerned in/with 参与，与……有关 8）separate v/adj 分开，和……分手；单独的，分开的，不同的separate…from 使……和……分离9）reason without reason 不合理 lose one’s reason 失去理智，发狂by reason of 由于bring sb to reason 说服某人理智些within reason 合理listen to reason 听从道理reason sb into/out of sth 以理说服某人做/不做某事10）power beyond /out of one’s power =not within one’s power力所不及的，不能胜任的 in power 当权的，握有政权的come into power掌权，得势 11）habit form / make a habit of doing=make it a habit to do sth 养成做某事的习惯out of habit 出于习惯 be in the habit of 有……的习惯fall/get into a habit of 沾染（养成）……习惯 break（off）a habit=get out a habit 戒除一种习惯form good habits 养成良好的习 12）according to为介词短语，后跟名词，代词，不能很从句，表示“根据；按照；试……而定”。according to其后引出的信息应来自别人或者别处，不能来自说话者自己。 according to其后不能跟opinion，view等名词。 according as 相当于连词，后跟从句，意为“正像，根据，按照，如果”。 13）区别join；join in；take part in；attend join 参加某个组织或者团体（党派，军队等）
人教版英语必修4重点归纳总结 Unit 1 1.His disappointment was obvious（明显）to everyone . 2.A poet(诗人) writes poems. 3.Don’t play by the river in case you fall in and drawn (淹死)! 4.The little boy wiped (擦)his eyes with a handkerchief. 5.He would rather starve to death than beg for food in the street. 6.Agricultural(农业的)science is becoming more and more important. 7.Wherever we go, we must follow the local customs (习俗). 8.On October 1st all the teachers and students in our school held a grand party to celebrate (庆祝)National Day. 9.Nothing satisfies him. He is always asking for more. 10.We are always dreaming of the arrival of the famous star to our city. 11.American got its independence in 1776. 12.The whole family will gather (聚集) for a big meal on the Eve of the New Year. 13.A successful person should be strong-willed and energetic(精力充沛). 14.He did the job so well that everyone in his office became to admire(钦佩) him. 15.The Spring Festival is an important social(社会) festival in China. 16.对…有害do harm to17.纪念in memory of 18.导致lead to 19.打扮dress up 20.捉弄某人play a trick/tricks on sb21.期待look forward to 22.被…所覆盖be covered with23.与…有共同点have…in common 24.守诺keep one’s word 25.提醒某人某事remind sb of sth 26.屏住呼吸hold one’s breath 26.与…结婚get married to sb/marry sb Unit 2 1.We all have our w eaknesses. 2.It takes hours for a meal to digest (消化). 3.The subject has already been fully researched (研究). 4.To have a healthy d iet is really important to everybody. 5.He’s always full of e nergy and seems never to be tired. 6.Kitty has been wondering what is in the box and finally she opened it with c uriosity. 7.I don’t like those who are dishonest and like telling l ies . 8.Before opening a business,we’d better do some r esearch into the market. 9.Jimmy was fired because he often made his c ustomers(顾客) angry. 10.Exports must go down to balance(保持平衡) decreased imports. 11.Y ou can’t combine (同时干)studying for your exams with a wild social life. 12.My time is more limited(有限的) now that I have a baby. 13.对…感到厌倦be tired of14.去除,脱下take off 15.对…感到讶异be amazed at16.扔掉throw away 17.让…一直做…have sb doing18.撒谎tell lies