关于2012年6月份大学英语四、六级考试报名的通知
各教学院部：
按照全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会的安排，2012年上半年全国大学英语四、六级考试定于2012年6月举行，为了做好本次考试的报名工作，现将有关事项通知如下。
一、报名对象
1、除大一新生以外的本、专科学生均可报全国大学生英语四级考试（CET-4）。
2、已取得英语四级考试证书或者成绩为425分以上（含425分）者方有资
报名参加英语六级考试。
二、报名时间：
报名时间为2012年3月1日--21日。
三、报名方式
1、全日制普通本、专科生（含自考生）可利用咸宁学院《教务网络管理系统》实行网上报名。根据自己的学号和密码登陆教务网络管理系统；直接百度查找湖北科技学院（或者进入学校主页----成绩查询---其他年级成绩查询，点击“进入”）输入本人的班级、学号、密码后登录，点击右面的“外语等级考试报名系统”，进入报名系统后核对本人信息，录入本人的身份证号，选择你想报考的考试类型点确定报名。【单名的学生，如无法注册，请在姓和名之间加入空格（全角状态下）】。
2、国际学院、继续教育学院的学生（除自考生）报名以班级为单位到国际学院或继续教育学院报名，由该院统一收集电子照片和相关的报名信息材料（收集信息如下表），并加盖该学院公章，统一上报教务处，教务处不受理个人或网上的报名。照片要求： (1)照片背景为浅蓝色；
（2）照片大小为192*144（高*宽)；
（3）文件存储为JPG格式；
（4）照片用本人学号命名
信息填写要求：（电子表格下）
四、报名要求
1、凡是采用网报的同学，请先登陆教务网络管理系统查核自己的姓名、身份证号码是否正确，信息有误或不全的则无法提供报名服务。
2、请在规定时间内做好报名工作，过期一概不予受理补报手续。
六、收费标准：
按照有关规定，凡参加大学英语四、六级考试的考生每人每次报考时交纳考试费30元，由各班学习委员向考生统一代收费，于3月28-30日上交计财处，同时学习委员到教务处确认、填写报名信息。不确认者视为无效报名。
七、考试时间
2012年6月份，具体时间另行通知
八、准考证发放时间：
考前一周，教务处委托学习部集体发放。
特别提示：
1、请报名前可先到所在院部教学办或学习部查询上次自己成绩。
2、不允许任何形式的四、六级同时报名，违反者数据上报后软件将自动删除，无
法考试。
3、任何未达到六级报名要求的同学，若蓄意不按规定报名，数据上报后软件将自
动删除，无法考试。
4、违反上述两条者、全校通报批评、除本次无法考试外，取消下一次考试报名资
格。
5、在没有完全确定要报考之前，请不要随意网报，避免产生大量的无效信息。
6、按国家教育部文件精神，全国大学英语四六级考试不接受任何社会人员报名。
7、如通知信息有变更，则以国家考试中心和省考试院最新文件为准。
教务处
2012年2月27日
句型模板 1.with the development of the society, with the advent of…, we have to face a problem that… 2.along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that… 3.as society develops, people are attaching much importance to… 4.as to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take/hold/come up with different attitudes/hold different attitudes. 5.as to whether it is worthwhile…, there is a long-running controversial debate .It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it. 6.In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma. 7.Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people in alarm that… 8.Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is… 9.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, which the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization. More problems are brought to our attention. 10…plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world. And there comes a question," is it a blessing or a curse?" 11.Now we are entering a new era, full of oppo rtunities and challenges,… 12.But every sword has two blades. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the prominent disadvantages is that….To make matters worse,… 13.Nowadays many people prefer…because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as fellows. On one hand, …on the other hand… 14.Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects. Whether effects it has, one thing is certain:…itself is n either good or bad. It is the use we put in to that determines it value to our society… 15.There is no consensus among people as to the view of ….The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hole the idea that….A case in point is that… 16.On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them….The most typical example is that… 17.Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable to some extent, but…is more convincing. 18.Whe n asked about…,some people hold the idea that….As far as they are concerned,…But I could not agree with them in several points. In my opinion,….The reasons for my choice are listed as follows. 19.First of all…In addition…Last but not the least… 20.For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe… 21.What are the reasons for it? To start with…Moreover…Furthermore… 22.In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken. For one thing ,it is high time that people all over China reali zed the importance of…For another, the government should issue laws and regulations to put the situation under control. 23.People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case. 24.The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.
Part I Writing ( 30minutes) 1、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to put all your eggs in one basket. You can give examples to illustrate your point .You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. 2、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise a person by their appearance. You can give examples to illustrate your point .You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（小编写的就是这篇，还行~~） 3、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to jump to conclusions upon seeing or hearing something. You can give examples to illustrate your point .You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200words. Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, US government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have___ 36___such as tax-free interest. Some may even be___37___. Corporate bonds are a bit more risky. Two questions often___38___first-time corporate bond investors. The first is “If I purchase a corporate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?” The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on___39___securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you’re not guaranteed to get the face value of the bond. For example, if your bond does not have___40___ that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a___ 41___, i.e., a price less than the bond's face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i. e ., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally___42___inversely (相反地) with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然）. Thus, like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk. The second question is “ How can I___43___the investment risk of a particular bond issue?” Standard & Poor's and Moody’s Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And___44___, the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investors will invest in a bond considered risky only if the 45 return is high enough. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2作答。
A.Choose the right answers(18%) ( )1. The radio is too noisy. Please tell him______ . A. not to forget to turn it up B. not to forget to turn it down C. to not forget to turn off it D. to not forget turned it on ( )2. A hen can have chicks after she sits on her eggs for_____ . A. some times B. sometimes C. sometime D. some time ( )3. I hope _____ me if I am in trouble . A. he helps B. him to help C. he’ll help D. he helped ( )4. --Do you know_____ ? -- Gate 9. A. when we have to to through B. where do we have to go through C. what gate will we have to go through D. which gate we have to go through ( )5. --Could you look after my baby when we are out? --________. A. I have to no time B. I’d rather not C. I like it D. I’d love to ( )6. They worked hard and _____finish the work on time. A. could B. could be able to C. able to D. was able to ( )7. The house is ___ big for me _____ . A. too much…live B. too much…to live C. much too…to live in D. much too…living ( )8. This factory _____ since 1996. A. has been opened B. has been open C. has opened D. has be opened ( )9. --____ does he write to his parents? --_____ a month. A. How many; Twice B. How often; Twice C. How long; The second D. How soon; Two ( )10. The plane is flying _____ the clouds. A. over B. above C. between D. beside ( )11. --____ you ____ New York? -- No, never. A. Have… already been in B. Have …even been at C. Have…just gone to D. Have… ever been to ( )12. There is a pair of shoes____ in the corner of the room. A. to lie B. lying C. lay D. lain ( )13. ____ were making cards for their art lesson at this time yesterday. A. Both of brother B. Both them C. Both the brother D. three year old ( )14. Don’t shout at him. You know he is _____ boy. A. only three-years-old B. a three years old C. only a three-year-old D. three year old
2014年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案(完整版) Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: You should write atleast 120 words but no more than 180 words. Supposea foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your hometown, what is the mostinteresting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A Questions 36 to 45 are based onthe following passage. Global warming is a trend towardwarmer conditions around the world. Part of the warming is natural; we haveexperienced a 20,000 -year -long warming as the last ice age ended and the ice 36 away.However, we have already reached temperatures that are in 37 withother minimum-ice periods, so continued warming is likely not natural. We are 38 toa predicted worldwide increase in temperatures 39 between 1℃and 6℃over the next 100 years. The warming will be more 40 in some areas, less in others, and some placesmay even cool
2 015年6月13日全国大学英语四级翻译真题及答案 大米 在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多数种植水稻，人们通常以大米为食；而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。 In the mind of Westerners,Chinese people have the closest connection to rice,basic food for the Chinese.For a long time,rice occupies a very important position in the Chinese diet.There is even a saying that "even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice".People in south China plant and live on rice,while people in the most parts of North China cannot plant rice due to excessively dry and cold weather. The main crop there is wheat. In China, some people use flour to bake bread,while most people make steamed bread and noodles with flour. xx 中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现代世界基础的许多元素起源于中国。中国现在拥有世界上发展最快的经济，并正经历着一次新的工业革命。中国还启动了雄心勃勃的太空探索计划，其中包括到20年建成的一个太空站。目前，中国是世界最大的出口国之一，并正在吸引大量外国投资。同时，它也在海外投资数十亿美元。2011年，中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体。 快递 据报道，今年中国快递服务（courier service）将递送大约120亿件包裹。这将使中国有可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。
2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题(一) Section C The first copyright law in the United States was passed by Congress in 1790. In 1976 Congress enacted the latest copyright law, 26 the technological developments that had occurred since the passage of the Copyright Act of 1909. For example, in 1909, anyone who wanted to make a single copy of a 27 work for personal use had to do so by hand. The very process 28 a limitation on the quantity of materials copied. Today, a photocopier can do the work in seconds; the limitation has disappeared. The 1909 law did not provide full protection for films and sound recordings, nor did it 29 the need to protect radio and television. As a result, 30 of the law and abuses of the intent of the law have lessened the 31 rewards of authors, artists, and producers. The 1976 Copyright Act has not prevented these abuses fully, but it has clarified the legal rights of the injured parties and given them an 32 for remedy. Since 1976 the Act has been 33 to include computer software, and guidelines have been adopted for fair use of television broadcasts. These changes have cleared up much of the confusion and conflict that followed 34 the 1976 legislation. The fine points of the law are decided by the courts and by acceptable common practice over time. As these decisions and agreements are made, we modify our behavior accordingly. For now, we need to 35 the law and its guidelines as accurately as we can and to act in a fair manner. Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes) Section A For investors who desire low risk and guaranteed income, US government bonds are a secure investment because these bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federal government. Municipal bonds, also secure, are offered by local governments and often have 36 such as tax-free interest. Some may even be 37 . Corporate bonds are a bit more risky. Two questions often 38 first-time corporate bond investors. The first is “If I purchase a corpor ate bond, do I have to hold it until the maturity date?” The answer is no. Bonds are bought and sold daily on 39 securities exchanges. However, if you decide to sell your bond before its maturity date, you’re not guaranteed to get the face value of the b ond. For example, if your bond does not have 40 that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bond at a 41 , i.e., a price less than the bond’s face value. But if your bond is highly valued by other investors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i.e., a price above its face value. Bond prices generally 42 inversely (相反地) with current market interest rates. As interest rates go up, bond prices fall, and vice versa (反之亦然). Thus, like all investments, bonds have a degree of risk. The second question is “How can I 43 the investment risk of a particular bond issue?” Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors Service rate the level of risk of many corporate and government bonds. And 44 , the higher the market risk of a bond, the higher the interest rate. Investors will invest in a bond considered risky only if the 45 return is high enough.
关于2012年6月全国大学英语四、六级考试报名的通知(黄岛) 各教学单位： 根据省考试院《关于做好2012年6月大学英语四、六级考试报名工作的通知》，现将我校区有关本次全国大学外语考试的具体事项通知如下，请各教学单位严格组织好本院学生的报名。 一、考试时间：大学英语四级（CET4）： 2012年6月16日上午9：00-11：20 大学英语六级（CET6）： 2012年6月16日下午3：00-5：20 大学德语四级（CGT4）： 2012年6月16日上午9：00-11：15 大学德语六级（CGT6）： 2012年6月16日下午3：00-5：15 大学俄语四级（CRT4）： 2012年6月16日上午9：00-11：15 大学俄语六级（CRT6）： 2012年6月16日下午3：00-5：15 大学法语四级（CFT4）： 2012年6月16日上午9：00-11：15 大学日语四级（CJT4）： 2012年6月16日上午9：00-11：20 大学日语六级（CJT6）： 2012年6月16日下午3：00-5：20 [注：德、俄、法、日语小语种每年只有6月份安排一次考试] 二、考试报名资格和条件： （1）考生对象为我校黄岛校区、黄岛新校区2008级、2009级专升本、2009级、2010级、2010级专升本、2011级专升本在校全日制本专科学生均可报名，2011级学生严禁报名。社会考生 严禁在我校报名。 （2）考生不得跨校报考。 （3）凡在CET考试中取得425分(含425)以上CET4成绩的学生，可报名参加本次六级英语考试。 （4）考生不得英语四、六级兼报，违规者取消英语四、六级报名资格，报名费用一概不退。 （5）小语种四、六级可以同时报名。 三、收费标准：根据省物价局文件，（鲁价费发[2005]106号），本次考试的报名费为每生32元人民币。 四、报名程序： 1、凡符合本次考试报名资格、欲参加本次考试的在校生，认真核对报名信息，选择报考级别并在相应 的栏目内签名，其他表示符号无效。 2、报名时间、地点：长江路校区：2012年3月21日上午8：30至11：00，下午2：30至3： 30，请各班以班为单位统一到财务科（1号教学楼101房间）交费，交费后持财务收费收据到教务科（1号教学楼354房间）交报名表，请按时报名，过时不再办理报名手续。 嘉陵江路校区：2012年3月21日上午8：30至11：00，下午2：30至3：30，请各班以班为单位统一到财务科（新校区现代教育中心楼204房间）交费，交费后教务科将派人在财务科收取报名表，请按时报名，过时不再办理报名手续。 3、在校研究生到研究生处报名（只报六级）。 教务处
大学英语四、六级考试分数解释 大学英语四、六级考试（CET）分为四级（CET-4）和六级（CET-6）两个级别。大学英语四、六级考试的设计参照了《大学英语课程教学要求》（以下简称教学要求）。四级参照《教学要求》中规定的“一般要求”；六级参照《教学要求》中规定的“较高要求”。大学英语四、六级考试的分数报道采用常模参照方式，不设及格线。四级考试的常模群体选自全国16所高校的约三万名非英语专业的考生；六级常模群体选自全国五所重点大学的约五千名非英语专业的考生。每次考试等值后的卷面分数都参照常模转换为报道分。四、六级考试报道总分为710分，计算公式为： 公式中TotSco表示总分，X表示每位考生常模转换前的原始总分，Mean表示常模均值，SD表示常模标准差。每次四、六级考试等值后的卷面分数都将参照此常模公式转换为报道分数。 四、六级考试单项成绩有四个部分，这四个部分以及所占的分值比例为：听力占35%，阅读占35%，翻译和写作占30%。各单项报道分的满分为：听力249分，阅读249分，翻译和写作212分。各单项报道分之和等于报道总分。 每位考生的报道分在常模群体中都有一个相应的百分位位置。下面的表1 和表2是大学英语四、六级考试报道分数常模百分位对照表。举例说明表1的使用方法如下（表2的使用方法和表1相同）。 例1：某考生四级报道总分是450分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位是25%，表示这名考生的英语成绩优于常模群体中25%的人，但劣于75%的人。
例2：某考生四级报道总分是500分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在44%～55%之间，表示这名考生的英语成绩至少优于常模群体中44%的人，但不会优于55%的人。 例3：某考生四级报道的听力单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在12%，表示这名考生的听力成绩优于常模群体中12%的人。 例4：某考生四级报道的阅读单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在17%，表示这名考生的阅读成绩优于常模群体中17%的人。 表 1：大学英语四级考试报道分数的常模百分位对照表
全国大学英语四级考试流程及注意事项 为了保证大学英语四级考试安全、顺利的进行,请各位考生熟悉以下流程和注意事项: 1、英语四级考试8:45考生进入考场 所有考生一律携带身份证、学生证和准考证进入考场。证件不全者,不得参加考试。考生进入考场后,调试耳机。 2、英语四级考试9:00迟到考生不得入场,监考员发答题卡1和卡2 考生用且只能用黑色字迹签字笔在答题卡上填写姓名、准考证号,用2B铅笔涂黑相应的信息点;暂不填写答题卡2上试卷代号一栏;考生不得提前答题,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 3、英语四级考试9:10考试正式开始,开始做试题第一部分 考生做试题第一部分“写作”,务必用黑色字迹签字笔答题。 4、英语四级考试9:35监考员发试题册 考生不得提前翻阅或改变试卷位置,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 5、英语四级考试9:40开始做试题的第二部分 英语四级写作部分考试结束;考生打开试题册,开始做试题的第二部分“快速阅读理解”。 6、英语四级考试9:55收答题卡1 收卷期间考生不得答题,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 7、英语四级考试10:00听力考试正式开始。
8、英语四级听力考试结束后,开始做试题的第四部分 英语四级听力考试结束后,请立即摘下耳机,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理;考生开始做试题的第四部分。 9、英语四级11:20考试结束 英语四级考试结束,考生立即停止答题,不离开座位,待监考教师收齐试卷、清点考试材料无误并同意考生离场后,考生方可退场。 10、考生不得提前退场和交卷 英语四级考试过程中,考生不得提前退场,包括提前交卷,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 11、考生进入考场需携带2B铅笔和黑色签字笔,不得携带其它材料 考生进入考场不得携带的材料如书本、纸张、书包、录音器材、电子记事本和通讯工具(含BP机、对讲机和手机等均不得带入考场,否则按违规违纪处理,并报省教育考试院处理。 12、本次考试的题型分为六部分,第一部分作文的题目在答题卡1上,其余五部分的题目在试题册上;考试材料包括:试题册、答题卡1和答题卡2;考试分A、B 卷。
2014年6月大学英语六级考试真题(二)答案与详解PartⅠWriting 1、审题:本次作文仍旧是六级考试中常见的体裁:议论文【考频:★★★】。此次作文话题告诉我们，在做事情时不应孤注一掷，而要作多手准备，很具哲理意味。该作文不仅考查考生描述一个社会现象或分析一个社会问题的能力，同时还考查考生的思辨能力和论证能力。考生应该将重点放在阐释作多手准备的益处上，如作多手准备可以降低风险，同时有助于保持平衡的生活。 。 2、列提纲： 3.语言:注意用词的准确性，适当使用表示衔接的过渡词及高分句式。 Do Not Put Everything on a Single Venture As an English saying goes,“Do not put all your eggs in one basket.”What it reveals is that it is unwise to be totally dependent on one resource. This proverb is applicable in our daily life.To begin with,having a plan B can reduce the risk of unexpected and disastrous results especially when it comes to important events.For example,if you want the admission to college,you should fill in application forms of several colleges apart from the one you desire.In this way,there is a big chance for you to be admitted.What is more,paying attention to all the aspects at the same time contributes to a more balanced life.If a student only focuses on sports or other extracurricular activities and neglects his school study,he is more likely to lag behind in terms of academic performance. Therefore,it is unadvisable to put everything on a single venture.Having a backup plan,though costly sometimes,could save a lot of headaches and even be a lifesaver. PartⅡListening Comprehension 1.听力原文：M：Look at the low prices on these fashionable TV sets.Something is fishy.Don’t you think so? W：Well,there have been a lot of robberies recently.Some of the stolen goods may have landed here. Q：What does the woman imply about the low-priced television sets? 1.A)They might be stolen goods.C)They might be faulty products. B)They might be fake products.D)They might be smuggled goods.【预测】四个选项都包含might，表示一种猜测。结合选项中的stolen goods,fake products，faulty products，smuggled goods可以推测，They指的是商品，听录音时应注意这些商品出了什么问题。 【精析】A)。推理判断题【考频:★★★】。男士说这些时尚的电视机价格很低，fishy在此处意为“可疑的”;女士说，最近有很多起抢劫，一些被偷的商品可能在这里。据此可推测出女士的意思是这些电视机
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/2613412336.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址） 综合题，请根据题目给出的内容，来回答下面给出的试题。Part ⅡReading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions at unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victim’s family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sole sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,”may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boeing repair. The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authority—the responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that sold the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary.” Such acceptance of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pay cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business. Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance of blame “almost a feudal (封建的) way of purging (清除) the community of dishonor,”and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably welcome an infusion (灌输) of the Japanese sense of responsibility, If, for instance,