英语四级综合笔记
听力（35%）、阅读（35%）、完型填空或改错（10%）、作文和翻译（20%）。各单项报道分的满分分别为：听力249分，阅读249分，完型填空或改错70分，作文142分。各单项分相加之和等于总分（710分）。
目录
一、听力概述和故事型及文章型题目
二、小对话六大类行分析
三、小对话高频场景分析
四、多义词汇讲解及科技型文章讲解
五、语音讲解（英、美），语音现象（吞音、连读等）
六、重要短语集合、听力敏感度训练、六大类关键词
七、长对话类型分析
八、复合式听写技巧总结（语音、词汇）
听力规律：
考试失败必男生（历年考试中只有女生Mary一出现，则为反面人物）
1.安慰必女生2火车必迟到3飞机必晚点4邀约必失败
5吃饭必成功6受伤必轻伤7车祸必生还8货物必售完（书、票）
一、听力概述和故事型及文章型题目
（一）故事型文章判断标准判断标准：（所给答案中）大于等于两个人名、地名
1．“解释结尾”考点——“结尾”标志：停顿三秒钟
2．转折考点（通用考点）
But,however,yet,unexpectedly,otherwise,...
3．对话考点："he said" "he laughted" "he wept(weep)" "he answered"...
升调表否定、疑问（语气语调出考点）
（所给选项中）同主语题，例：若主语同为he只听男方的一句态度
（二）说明型文章判断标准：选项围绕一个词进行讲解
1. “最”特质考点most,more,"-est","-er"
2. 因果考点：because,so;for(句中)；as(句前)；that's the reason why...
3. 首末考点（通用考点），首三句，末三句
段落题做题原则：
视听基本一致原则：耳听声、眼看题
顺序做题原则
对立选项保留原则：选项当中若有两个相对立，则其中之一必为答案，其余直接排除
二、小对话六大类行分析
（一）数字题
1、数量价格类。方法：
1) 听“新”答案（通过运算所得）
2) 简记数字（bill账单、钞票，cent，change）
2、时间类
①时间细节类→首末时间点，尤其首时间
②时间运算类→时间点加减时间量
当时间点超过一个以上，以现在时间点为基础
Delay ago
加late 减eatly
Later earlier
In ahead of time
（二）对话地点题head for 去哪
At/ on/ in/ to+someplace
高频地点：restaurant,hotel,airport（如果地点题中有其一词出现则必选）
（三）人物、职业关系题
(1)人物职业题。
高频职业：secretary秘书，receptionist前台服务员，waitress女服务生，airline hostess空姐，tour guide导游
(2)人物关系
高频关系：医患关系，老板职员（职员staff），亲属关系（多考双胞胎，母子），服务女与顾客（waitress-customer，passenger-airline hostess,tourist-tour guide)
（四）动作题以动词（do,to do,doing）开头
(1)情态动作类情态词+动（could,must,have to,had better,would）
(2)时间动作类（now,right now）现在进行时，在强调某一个动作（考点！）
(3)建议动作类（why not...,how about doing...,what about doing,if i were you...,why do...<意为该动作do的否定意义>）
（五）细节题，抓首末的细节
（六）意义解释题：重读出考点！
三、高频六大场景
（一）library场景
1.申请场景apply v. Application (申请n.) form 申请, application letter/ the letter of application 申请信，cancel 取消，reapply再申请
2.查询check out：you can check those by index(索引).
【thumb拇指，index finger食指，middle finger中指，ring finger无名指，little finger小指】3.借阅：book，magazine，issue期刊、案件（重大而难以解决的问题）back issue过期刊物，current issue现刊，journal(ist)专业期刊（记者），peri'odical（半）月刊，cas'sette=tape item 4.矛盾：due到期，某种临近状态，be due to do sth.即将做某事，deadline，fine罚款（一般以过去式出现fined），renew续借
（二）学校场景
1.作业assignment, paper各种论文，thesis学科、课堂论文，essay随笔；学习论文semester paper,演示呈现presentation
2.课堂、学制：course课程，optional(可选择的) course选修课，compulsory(强制的，必须做的) course必修课，lecture讲座，lesson（一）节课，credit学分【credit card信用卡】，year 学年，hour学时
3.老师、学生：大一freshman，大二sophomore，大三junior，大四senior
初中junior high school，高中senior high school
毕业生graduate，研究生postgraduate，在校生undergraduate，系主任dean，教授professor，讲师instructor，导师/ 家教tutor
（三）医院场景
1.病症：头疼headache，胃疼stomach-ache，脚踝ankle，扭脚？，苍白的pale
2.预约make appointment
3.治疗treatment/ cure，药丸pill，药片tablet，
（四）酒店场景
1.预定v.book=reserve，n.reservation(make a ~ for)
2.房型：single room，double room，standard(标准的) room，suite套房，总统套房presidential suite，蜜月套房honeymoon suite
3.入住check in~check out，room serves，cash，credit card，discount
（五）餐厅场景
1.邀约：would you like…with me?
订桌reserve/ book a table for (+number)，party聚会/ 党派/ 列队
2.点菜order：菜单menu，特价special offer，牛排steak，甜点dessert，海鲜seafood，酒水alcohol and beverage，吃饱full
3.结账check the bill：我买单this is my treat/ the bill on me，split(分担) the bill 平分AA制，go dutch各付自己的（贬），divide分（餐），food allergy食物过敏，allergic (to)过敏的（六）飞机场场景
1.基本词汇：fight航班，direct直航，transfer转乘/ 学/ 部门，passport护照，air ticket机票，luggage行李，security check安检，gate登机口，board登机
2.飞机动作：take off起飞，land降落，departure（离开）time起飞时间，arrival time降落时间，transfer time转机时间，boarding time登机时间
四、多义词汇讲解及科技型文章讲解
（一）多义词汇
A：adopt采取/ 收养
adapt适应/ 修改=rewrite=improve
article文章/ 物品=item=stuff=thing/ 法案=constitution=bill
abuse虐待（prisoner abuse）/ 滥用（alcohol abuse酗酒，druges abuse吸毒，power abuse滥用职权）
B：bear熊/ 忍受=stand/ 承载（…有…）
Beat打（死、败）/ 躲避=dodge
Bill账单/ 钞票/ 法案/ 小广告、张贴画/ 喙（扁嘴）
Book书/ 预定=reserve
Box盒子/ 拳击/ box office票房
C：case案例/ 箱子（suite case行李箱）/ 事情事件（in case of以防万一）
Cover盖子（锅盖pain cover）/ 封面/ 包含覆盖v.
Charge（be in charge of负责，take charge in接管）/ 收费（free of charge免费）/ 充电/ 使充满
D：deal解决=cope with/ 数量（a good deal of大量的+不可数n.）/ 成交/ 事情事件（It's a not big deal）
Dump垃圾场/ I dumped you我甩了你/ 倾销（反倾销anti-dumping daty）
E：exhaust枯竭耗尽/ 精疲力竭''-ed"/ 尾气废气（exhaust from auto）
F：film电影/ 拍摄=shot/ 胶卷【run out of~用完】
Fix修理/ 固定=install/ （fix a appointment)确认=confirm/ 准备
K：kid小孩/ 开玩笑/ 小羊羔
Kill杀/ 消磨
I：issue期刊/ 事件/ 颁发颁布
L：lot大量的/ 地皮（parking lot）
Let让/ 租（I have a house to let）
Lobby（酒店）大厅/ 游说，说服
M：match比赛n./ 匹配，搭配（match maker线人）对象/ 火柴
O：order点菜/ 秩序/ 命令
P：present礼物/ 赠送v./ 演示呈现/ 现在的/ 出席的【反absent】
Q：quality质量/ 质量好的
R：run跑/ 经营管理
Release公布公开/ 释放
S：school学校/ 学院/ 流派，派别
Stamp邮票/ 贴邮票，盖章、戳/ 跺脚【stampede踩踏事件，惊跑】
Stuff物品/ 填充、塞
Stick树枝，拐棍/ （stick to坚持）粘
Stock脱销/ 股票
T：tell告诉/ 区分、辨别【teller出纳员】
Tip小费/ （笔、树）尖端/ 温馨提示
Tie领带领结鞋带/ 系v./ 关系=relationship(广泛)【Any relationship with...恋爱】/ 平局（二）科技型文章讲解
判断标准：scientist科学家，experiment实验，research调查，observe观察，indicate表明文章构成：结论、分析、例证
考点：1.结论考点：相关句在首2、3句；提示词indicate表明，find发现，discover发现，show表明
2.序数词考点：firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally。
3.转折词考点：but，however
4.首末句考点：首三末三
五、语音现象
（一）连音——失爆现象:爆破音+元音
Not at all. Check it out. Cut it out.（停止）Tired of it.（厌倦）Though it out.(艰难度过) （二）六大爆破音：
/ d/ / g/ / b/
/ t/ / k/ / p/
失爆发音条件：1.结尾是爆破音+开头为辅音
Hard time; first love; next door; cold feet(紧张)
2.在语流当中结尾为爆破音要轻度、弱读
Oh my god！
The inspection of product can't make bad work good.
My feet still hurt when I put my weight on it.
联系方法：找出所有段落文章连音和失爆部分；试读；跟读。
（三）缩读
Gonna=going to将要
Gotta=get to不得不必须
Wanna=want to想要
Kinda=kind of有些有点
Sorta=sort of ' ' ' '
（四）……
六、重要短语集合及关键词
（一）重要短语
A：appeal to 吸引
at a loss(精神上的)/ mess(物理)不清楚，混乱
B：be worn(wear,~,wore) out衣衫褴褛/ 精疲力竭
Be (do) through with完结(该动作do的完结)
【read through读完，go through经历过（痛苦的事）】
Be stuck in陷入
...be held in=make it准时到达/ 做到
Back sb/ sth up支持="I 100% behind you."【back up支援】
Burn the midnight oil熬夜=stay up
C：come out出现出来/ （考试结果）公布公开=release/ 开花/ 冲洗（胶卷film）=develop F：figure out弄清楚（1.数字2.身材体形3.人物）
H：have a word with谈话聊天
Have a words with吵架
I：I was off the work today 我下班了
I'm going to be off work tomorrow.我明天不上班
L：lay off下岗
O：out of the world好，非常好
【amazing adj.好；amaze v.奇妙；incredible难以置信；fantastic；quite a...】
（二）听力核心六大词汇
1.转折词：but, however, yet
2.因果：because，so，for，as，that's the reason why
3.比较级、最高级："-er","-est",more,most
4.序数词：firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally
5.重点形容词：important，key，vital=crucial（至关重要的），chief（首要的），only
6.事实罗列词：in fact，as a matter of fact，actually事实上，It's truth that…
注：并列实施信息点不做考点出现
三大考点：首末句考点，现在进行时，语气语调
七、长对话场景类型分析
（一）找工作场景
1.基本词汇：look for=hunt，job hunter求职者，head hunter猎头，require v.（requirement n.）要求，inquire about打听询问，inquiry n.（make inquiries about）
2.职位：post，(job) vacancy空缺(vacant adj.)
3.简历，面试：'resume简历（re'sume恢复），application form=cover letter，polish修改(make sth better)，interview(-er,-ee)，address解决(-er收件人，-ee寄件人)，offer提供，accept接受，turn down拒绝=decline(~/ 降低)
4.工作性质：part-time job兼职，full-time job全职，intern实习生，intern job实习工作，temporary 临时的(He is a temp in our company他是我们公司的临时工)
（二）转学场景transfer
1.学校性质：religious教会学校，private school私立学校，public school公立学校，community school社区学校
2.学校质量：faculty全体教员，location地理位置，speciality(教学)特色
3.学费：tuition学费【intuition直觉】，living expenses(生活费)
4.证书：diploma文凭，Bachelor Degree学士学位【bachelor单身汉】，Master Degree硕士学位，certificate资格证，school report成绩单，enroll登记
（三）租房
1.基本词汇：landlord房东，landlady女房东，tenant房客，furniture家具，furnished精装的，unfurnished没装修的，sign an agreement/ contract签合同
2.房型：公寓apartment，flat；合住楼house，地下室basement
3.矛盾：dump垃圾场，toilet，blackout停电，renovate(革新)装修=fitment
（四）购物场景
（五）旅游场景
（六）失物招领
总结：1.抓对话结果
2.抓作者主要态度
3.抓主要话题（首末各三句）
4.抓人物身份
八、复合式听写
阅读全文，预测词性，联系上下文有的空可直接出答案
后三句技巧：
1.名词转代
①人称用主格和宾格代替
②地点用here there代替
③物体用it代替
④谓语同义转换
2.注意事项：不能空白，字迹工整，记录单词的前三个字母，句子成分要完整。抓主谓，抓关键词，补全答案。拼写中的语法：动词过去式、被动态，大小写、专有名词，名词单复数，第三人称单数，拼写。
总结：在做题之前一定要先找出关键词，标识是比较级、最高级、数次、否定词、核心的名次、动词、形容词、专有名词等
阅读
一、仔细阅读
（一）定位原文：一题对应一段，故只有5段有效
1.关键词：比较级、最高级、数次、否定词、核心的名次、动词、形容词、专有名词等。
2.转折词：
①提示词：but，however，yet，although，while
②解题思路：转折现象前后的信息是细节和推理题分析的重点范围，首段中的转折句一般提示全文主题
3.比较词：
①表达方式词：more，better，most，best，less，least
句：Less A than B；more A than B
②解题思路：将题干中的比较现象与原文类似现象相对应，得出正确答案；为题干中没有关键词时与原文的比较作为分析重点
4.因果词：
名：reason，cause，basis，result
①提示词连：because，for，as，since
动：explain，base on，attribute
副：as a result，therefore，thus
②解题思路：当题干中有因果词时，在原文中寻找与之相对应的词汇
（二）分类题型
1.细节题
①解题步骤：根据关键词准确定位原文；分析关键词在的句子极其前后的句子；逐次对应，找到答案
②逐次对应的方式：拆词：将选项中的动词名词和形容词进行独立分析
比词：与原文动词名词形容词做比较，意义一致者
为正确答案
③注意事项：出题顺序一般与原文一致；正确答案一般要同意替换
2.词义题：背单词！联系上下文猜词。词的表面含义必为错
3.主旨题：
①基本思路：找到全文中鲜明的主题词和主题句
②定位方式：题干重现词；段首重现词；首段首句；首段转折句；（问题方案文章指对方案的评价为主题）
③注意事项：各类题型的答案都必须符合文章主题
4.态度题=主旨题
5.推理题（难度高）
①提示词：infer，conclude，learn from
②解题步骤：找到题目所针对的段落；分析段落中比较和转折的现象；选择与原文意义最接近的选项
③注意：真确答案要求，推理成分越少越好；答案必须符合文章主题
6.例证题：
①注意事项：就事论事的选项比错
②基本思路：例证答案针对相应段落首末两句或例子前后总结性话语
7.实验题：（09年可能考）
①阅读方法：详看实验结果，略看试验过程
实验目的=首段的目的不定式=全文主题
②考点：实验结论=末端首末两句
实验结果：find，show，notice，discover，observe
（三）逻辑比较
文：现象解释：解释为主题，问号为现象标志
（人文主观方面）结论解释：结论为主题
（四）题材：理：与自然之间的问题，问题方案，对方案的评价
（自然界）【基本规律：解决方案不完美，作者态度为客观】
（五）体材：
1.议论文：重点分辨作者的观点和态度
2.说明文：把握作者所下的定义，关键的数据和细节
3.记叙文：（2007.6，2007.12）；
3'.夹叙夹议（以议为主）：
①阅读方法：分断阅读，重在结尾
②题型与解题思路：细节题答案必须符合作者主题；主旨题答案集中在结尾部分
（六）类型：单线式/ 对立式（把握好对立观点代表词，如赞同"for"、对立"against"）（七）解题步骤
1. 扫描题干，找关键词
2. 浏览原文，做标记（关键词、转折词、比较词、因果词）
3. 比较选项得答案
二、快速阅读
（一）热点题材：《Times》《Economist》
1．环境（08.6温室气体）
2．经济（经济危机、美元贬值）
3．能源（不可再生燃料fossil fuels）
4．美国大选（奥巴马美国黑人总统，希拉里，民族构成）
（二）阅读步骤
1．仔细阅读文章标题：大标题=文章主题，小标题=层次主题和结构
2．仔细阅读文章首段=写作背景/ 有时针对第10题答案
3．分析题干辨认关键词
4．根据关键词找到若干句子进行阅读，其余部分一概不看
（三）题型与解题思路
1．判断：比较两句的含义，注意未有出现的关键词所在的选项为"N"
2．填空：将原文信息与题干进行比较多余/ 剩余部分即为答案
3．单选题：选项与原文用词最一致者为正确答案
作文
现象分析题
一、议论文正反观点题
"How to"题（大学生如何做）
（一）现象分析
l 第一段：现象陈述
【校园现象】：In campus, it can often be heard about how to pass an exam, to hunt a good job or even to make friends. While, recently,it seems/ appears no other topics can arouse more students' attention than the one that 同位语从句.
【社会现象】：Nowadays, everybody who often reads the newspaper might well be exposed to such a fact as 同位语从句, which has recently been brought to the hub of the public attention. 【越来越多的人关注…】：?Nowadays, (话题关键词), as a hot topic, is increasingly arousing public attention for the very reason that (话题展开句).
?nowadays, the newspapers have pushed the issue of (话题关键词) to the hub of the public attention/ concern for the very reason that (话题展开句).
l 第二段：原因=主题句+扩展句
主题句：If asked what I should do, well , I would like to do the followings. The first is to 原因1, "doing"原因2，no matter what kinds of difficulties lying ahead/ I will meet. The second, I think I had better (make full use of the school resources, such as the assistant work in a lab), which is also quite a good way.
扩展句：主观（think，feel…）"...to such an extent that ..."=so所以
the development of society/ economy
The improvement of living standards
The increase of population
客观The environment pollution
The global warming
The fierce/ severe/ cruel competition
"...for the reason that..."=because; "..., making, ..."
He is ill to such an extent that he is absent.
例He is absent for the reason that he is ill.
He is ill making himself absent.
（原因段：Why you may wonder? There are two reasons accounting for it. For one thing, ..., to such an extent that ... . For the other, ..., making ... .)
l 第三段（动作段）：措施、危害
措施1——to do
写法：措施2——谓语动词
用doing伴随措施之一
1.措施：动词不定式to do
基本不考
非谓语动词动名词doing
分词doing/ done
非谓语动词
1) to do：表措施的常用句型
v 做表语：The first important thing is to do .
The first important thing, which plays the fundamental role in the issue's solution is to do .
v 做主语：To do ... serves to assist the issue's total solution.
（能源短缺型）To increase the investment on R&D to look for some substitute energy serves to assist the issue's total solution.
v 做同位语：The measure to do... should be taken as soon as possible.
v 做宾语：I strongly feel it highly imperative for the authorities to do... .
下定决心干：make up one's mind to do sth
v 措施词组尽全力做：make every effort to do ...
不遗余力做：spare no effort to do ...
【措施段】：There are many measures to be taken. The first important thing is to / ?/ ? . In addition, in my view, it is high time that 具体情况 .
OR：There are many measures to be taken. First, I strongly feel it highly imperative for the authorities to / ?/ ? . Second, it is also necessary t h at the government should 具体情况. ?establish some relevant regulations/ policies/ decrees/ laws and put them into practice, making it under control.(万能措施)
?arouse the public concern/ attention to it.引起公众的关心(常用措施)
?increase the investment on it.增加投资
【能源短缺型题】：To increase the investment on R&D to look for some substitute energy serves to assist the issue's total solution.
2) 谓语动词"-ed"
It is highly imperative/ suggested that the authorities should do ...
It is (high) time that (the investment was incresaed)过去式从句. （虚拟语气）
3) 提供doing伴随1）、2）其一
The first important thing is to establish the relevant policies, making the issue under some control.
2. 危害段（个人、社会）
1）个人：举例说明 A , for example, B
A是对B的总结，B为具体例子
v Some fake products do harm to people's health, for example, fake medicine can even kill one person.
v Too much time on computer can cause some mental unfitness, for example, one may feel rather depressed when he is deprived of(被剥夺了) the computer even for one day.
2）社会：情绪法（憎恨、遗憾、怀疑…等偏否定态度）
【危害段】：The negative effects of 该现象的核心名词are obvious. A(归纳总结性语句), for example, B(具体例子). Also it can by no means escape from the blame for a dissatisfying/ disappointing/ bad/ awful society's forming.
（二）正反观点对比题
l 第一段：
v Recently, there is going on a hot discussion on some websites' bbs, arguing whether 话题陈述句, which is hard to give a definite answer to.
v Nowadays, people are always talking about whether 同上, which is really/ indeed not easy to five a definite answer to.
v 话题疑问句? As most of us have had the unpleasant occasion to discover, one person's answer can be quite different from another's . People have their own ways of looking upon this problem and their own reasons for thinking so.
v 【哲理段】：要论证的哲理(Honesty is the best policy). If 好的方面(you are honest), it follows that 简单陈述益处(people will believe you), doing伴随解释好的方面带来的结果(helping you when you are in trouble).On the contrary, if 反方面(you are cheating/ deceptive/ not honest), you will soon find yourself trapped in a terrible condition that 反面导致的结果(no one will be your friend./ no matter what you say, no one believes you.)
【?一些人认为——Some people believe 宾从.
=It is generally believed that 主从. (主语从句转换法)
=There is a popular view/ belief among some people that 同从.(同位语从句转换法)
=One allegation/ view/ assumption often made (by some people) is that 表从.(表语从句转换法) ?我认为——I think .
=It's my view/ point that .
=I have always been of the impressure/ thought that .
=My standing point is that .
l 第二段：陈述别人观点
【别人观点】：One allegation often made is that 观点?, because they believe 原因?. While, among the discussion sounds an opposite voice, saying 观点?.
l 第三段：我的观点
【我的观点】：In my opinion, I cannot agree with the latter any more, for I have always been of the impression that 观点?的主观论据. Further, it is also one reason for my standing point that 观点?的客观论据.
（三）how to题
l 第一段：必要性分析（作用、好处、益处、必要性）
【必要性】：Frankly speaking, 话题is obviously helpful/ necessary for a college student's growth, no matter what kind of specialty he or she is majoring in. For example, it can be greatly instrumental to develop a student's ability in the campus, which will exert far-reaching significance for his or her future life.
l 第二段：普遍途径直接动作化
间接非动作化
【普遍途径】：There are many ways for the college students to take part in. For example, one can 途径?(直接) with the help of , which seems to be quite available for every student. While, these days, an increasing number of students tend to 途径?(sosial activities) by means of .
l 第三段：我打算怎么做=我的途径
思路一校内
内容校外
思路二思想
实践
【思路一】：If asked what I should do, well, I would like to do the followings. The first is to step out of the campus, "doing"(under taking some office work during my free time), no matter what kinds of difficulties lying ahead/ I will meet. The second, I think I had better make full use of the school resources, such as (the assistant work in a lab), which is also quite a good way.
【思路二】：At the question of what I should do, I have made up my mind to 我的做法. In the meantime, I think it also equally important that I should take practical action, "doing"具体行动. 【凑字数】：In a word, "to do"呼应主题is a highly imperative/ essential/ vital/ indispensable thing for a college student, especially in these days
Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that....
随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。
As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.
然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。
(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法) As society develops, people are attaching much importance to....
随着社会的发展，人们开始关注............
People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting 求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。
As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attit udes towards it.
关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。
In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma.
在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。
Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....
最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。
The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the in creasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.
人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。
...... plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?"
_______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是："我们该如何抉择?"
Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges,
现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。
People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same c ase.
不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.
这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。
When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...
说到______，有人认为________，而另一些人则认为__________。
Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite underst andable that views on this issue vary from person to person.
俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。
To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.
对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。
There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...
万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。
When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...as ....
提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____. When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think as...
提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of .... There who criticize ...argue that ...., they believe that ...,but people who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...
目前，_______问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为_______，他们认为_______，不过，另一方面，赞同_______的人则认为_________。
Some people are of the opinion that..
有些人认为_____________。
Many people claim that...
很多人认为_____________。
A majority of 绝大多数
A large number of 很多人
Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages) 有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。
Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.
觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。
Some people advocate that ....
有些人在坚持认为_________。
They hold that ... 他们认为_________。
People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)
坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。
Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.
那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。
Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.
强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。
Many people would claim that...
有人会认为___________。
People who support ... give some or all of the following reasons.
那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因：________。
But others hold the view that ...但是，另外一些人则认为_______。
观点的用词：Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组：
Take, have, come up with，set forth, put forward等。
But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate th at..,.
不过，另一方面，也有少部分人坚持认为_______________。
But people who are ..., on the other hand , maintain that...
不过，另一方面，________的人认为__________。
However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case.
然而，很多人对此有不同的看法。
问题用词：Issue, phenomenon，后接介词, on, over等。
However, some others argue that... 然而，另一些人则认为_________。
However, there are also some others who contend that...
然而，也有人认为__________。
But other people set forth completely totally different argument concerning this case.
不过，对于此，另一些人则持完全不同的观点。
Some people examine this issue from another angle.
有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。
On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly ...
另一方面，也有很多反对的人，他们认为_____________。
According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer ... rather than...
根据我的个性以及兴趣，我选择_______而不会选择__________。
Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion...
就我个人而言，我支持后者(前者)___________。
Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.
就我个人而言，我较同意前一种看法。
To my point of view 我认为
To my mind, the advantages far overweigh the drawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomi ngs)
我认为，优点胜过缺点。
For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that..
就我而言，我较赞同后一种观点________________。
As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter view.
在我看来，我较同意后一种观点。
After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latter view that...
经过深思熟虑，我较支持后一种看法，亦即________________________。
If asked to make a decision, I would prefer...
如果真的需要作出选择，我宁愿____________。
展现问题篇
问题的常用词：question, problem, issue
Recently, the issue of ...... has been brought into public focus.
近来，_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。
Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and gr eat changes have taken place in people’s attitude towards some traditional practice.
现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。
Recently the issue of whether or not ... has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.
近来，是否_______的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。
The issue whether it is good or not to .... has aroused a heated discussion all over the country.
______的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。
At present, some people think ....while others claim ...Both sides have their merits.
目前，一些人认为_______而另一些人则认为_______。其实，两种观点都其可取之处。
People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.
对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。
People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.
不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。
The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.
这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。
When asked ..., some people think..... while some prefer...
说到______，有人认为________，而另一些人则认为__________。
Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite underst
andable that views on this issue vary from person to person.
俗话说，""。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。
To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.
对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。
There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying tha t...
万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。
When it comes to ..., most people believe that ..., but other people regard ...a s ....
提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.
When faced with...., quite a few people claim that ...., but other people think a s...
提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。
There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of .... There who criticiz e ...argue that ...., they believe that ...,but people who favor .., on the other hand, argue that...
目前，_______问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为_______，他们认为_______，不过，另一方面，赞同_______的人则认为_________。
Some people are of the opinion that..
有些人认为_____________。
Many people claim that...
很多人认为_____________。
A majority of 绝大多数
A large number of 很多人
Some people contend that ... has proved to bring many advantages (disadvanta ges)
有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。
Those who argue for ... say that ...economic development of the cities.
觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。
Some people advocate that ....
有些人在坚持认为_________。
They hold that ... 他们认为_________。
People, who advocate that ..., have their sound reasons (grounds)
坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。
Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.
那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。
Those who strongly approve of ... have cogent reasons for it.
强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。
Many people would claim that...
有人会认为___________。
People who support ... give some or all of the following reasons.
那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因：________。
But others hold the view that ...但是，另外一些人则认为_______。
观点的用词：Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组：Take, have, come up wi
th，set forth, put forward等。
But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocat e that..,.
不过，另一方面，也有少部分人坚持认为_______________。
But people who are ..., on the other hand , maintain that...
不过，另一方面，________的人认为__________。
However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concer ning this case.
然而，很多人对此有不同的看法。
问题用词：Issue, phenomenon，后接介词, on, over等。
However, some others argue that... 然而，另一些人则认为_________。
However, there are also some others who contend that...
然而，也有人认为__________。
But other people set forth completely totally different argument concerning this case.
不过，对于此，另一些人则持完全不同的观点。
Some people examine this issue from another angle.
有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。
On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly ...
另一方面，也有很多反对的人，他们认为_____________。
According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer ... rather than...
根据我的个性以及兴趣，我选择_______而不会选择__________。
Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion...
就我个人而言，我支持后者(前者)___________。
Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view.
就我个人而言，我较同意前一种看法。
To my point of view 我认为
To my mind, the advantages far overweigh the drawbacks(disadvantages, shortc omings)
我认为，优点胜过缺点。
For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that..
就我而言，我较赞同后一种观点________________。
As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter view.
在我看来，我较同意后一种观点。
After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latter view th at...
经过深思熟虑，我较支持后一种看法，亦即________________________。
If asked to make a decision, I would prefer...
如果真的需要作出选择，我宁愿____________。
英语字根
1,ag=do,act 做，动
2,agri=field 田地，农田(agri也做agro,agr)
3,ann=year年
4,audi=hear听
5,bell=war战争
6,brev=short短
7,ced,ceed,cess=go行走8,cept=take拿取
9,cid,cis=cut,kill切，杀10,circ=ring环，圈
11,claim,clam=cry,shout
喊叫
12,clar=clear清楚，明白13,clud=close,shut关闭14,cogn=known知道
15,cord=heart心
16,corpor=body体
17,cred=believe,trust相信，信任
18,cruc=cross 十字
19,cur=care关心
20,cur,curs,cour,cours=ru n跑
21,dent=tooth牙齿
22,di=day 日
23,dict=say说
24,dit=give给
25,don=give给
26,du=tow二
27,duc,duct=lead引导28,ed=eat吃
29,equ=equal等，均，平30,ev=age年龄，寿命，时代，时期
31,fact=do,make做，作32,fer=bring,carry带拿33,flor=flower花
34,flu=flow流
35,fus=pour灌，流，倾泄36,grad=step,go,grade步，走，级37,gram=write,draw写，
画，文字，图形
38,graph=write,records
写，画，记录器，图形
39,gress=go,walk 行走
40,habit=dwell居住
41,hibit=hold拿，持
42,hospit=guest客人
43,idio=peculiar,own,priva
te,proper特殊的，个人的，
专有的
44,insul=island岛
45,it=go行走
46,ject=throw投掷
47,juven=young年轻，年
少
48,lectchoose,gather选，
收
49,lev=raise举，升
50,liber=free自由
51,lingu=language语言
52,liter=letter文字，字母
53,loc=place地方
54,log=speak言，说
55,loqu=speak言，说
56,lun=moon月亮
57,man=dwell,stay居住，
停留
58,manu=hand手
59,mar=sea海
60,medi=middle中间
61,memor=memory记忆
62,merg=dip,sink 沉，没
63,migr=remove,move迁
移
64,milit=soldier兵
65,mini=small,little小
66,mir=wonder惊奇
67,miss=send 投，送，发
(miss也作mit)
68,mob=move动
69,mort=death死
70,mot=move移动，动
71,nomin=name名
72,nov=new新
73,numer=number 数
74,onym=name 名
75,oper=work工作
76,ori=rise升起
77,paci=peace和平，平静
78,pel=push,drive推，逐，
驱
79,pend,pens=hang悬挂
/weigh称量/pay支出，付
钱，花费
80,pet=seek追求
81,phon=sound声音
82,pict=paint画，描绘
83,plen=full满，全
84,plic=fold折，重叠
85,pon=put放置
86,popul=people人民
87,port=carry拿，带，运
88,pos=put放置
89,preci=price价值
90,punct=point,prick点，
刺
91,pur=pure清，纯，净
92,rect=right,straight正，
直
93,rupt=break破
94,sal=salt盐
95,scend,scens=climb爬，
攀
96,sci=know知
97,sec,sequ=follow跟随
98,sect=cut切割
99,sent,sens=feel感觉
100,sid=sit坐
101,sist=stand站立
102,son=sound声音
103,spect=look看
104,spir=breathe呼吸
105,tail=cut切割
106,tain,ten,tin=hold握，持，守
107,tect=cover掩盖108,tele=far远
109,tempor=time时110,tend(tens,tent)=stretc h伸
111,terr=land,earth土地，陆地
112,text=weave纺织113,tract=draw拉，抽，引114,un=one一
115,urb=city城市
116,vac,vacu=empty空117,vad,vas=walk,go行走118,vari=change变化119,ven=come来
120,vert,vers=turn转121,vi,via=way道路122,vis,vid=see看
123,vit=life生命
124,viv=live活
第二部分，多认词根，多识单词。
125,aer(o)空气，空中，航空
126,alt高
127,am爱
128,ambul行走
129,anim生命活心神意见130,anthrop(o)人，人类131,aqu水
132,arch统治者，首脑archy 统治
133,avi鸟
134,bat打
135,biblio书
136,birg战斗，打
137,cad,cas降落，降临138,cert 确定，确信139,chron时140,cid降落，降临
141,clin倾
142,cosm(o)世界，宇宙
143,cracy统治crat支持
144,cub躺，卧
145,cult耕，培养
146,cycl(o)圈，环，轮
147,dem(o)人民
148,dexter右
149,doc教
150,dom屋，家
151,dorm睡眠
152,drom跑
153,ego我
154,err漫游，走，行
155,fabl,fabul 言
156,feder联盟
157,ferv沸，热
158,fict,fig塑造，虚构
159,fid信任
160,fil线
161,flat 吹
162,flect,flex弯曲
163,flict打击
164,frag,fract破，折
165,frig冷
166,fug逃，散
167,fund,found底，基础
168,gam婚姻
169,gram谷物，谷粒
170,grav重
171,greg群，集合
172,gyn,gynce(o)妇女
173,hal呼吸
174,helic(o)螺旋
175,hes,her粘着
176,ign火
177,integr整，全
178,junct连接，连结
179,later边
180,leg读
181,leg,legis法
182,luc光
183,lumin光
184,magn(i)大
185,matr(i)，metro母
186,mega大
187,mens测量
188,ment心神智，思，意
189,min伸出，突出
190,misc混合，混杂
191,mis(o)恨，厌恶
192,mon告诫，提醒
193,mon单独，一个
194,mur墙
195,mut变换
196,nat诞生
197,nav船
198,nect,nex结，系
199,negr,nigr黑
200,nihil无
201,noc,nox伤害
202,noct(i)夜
203,norm规范，正规，正
常
204,nutri营养
205,orn装饰
206,par生，产
207,parl说，谈
208,past喂，食
209,path(o)，pathy疾病，
疗法
210,patr(i)父，祖
211,ped脚，足
212,ped儿童，小孩
213,petr(o)石
214,phag吃
215,phil(o)爱
216,phob(ia)怕
217,plex重叠，重
218,polis城市
219,prim第一，最初
220,radic根
221,ras,rad擦，刮
222,rid,ris笑
223,rod,ros咬，啮224,rot轮，转
225,rud原始，粗野226,rur,rus农村
227,sat,satis,satur足满，饱228,sen老
229,simil,simul相似，相同230,sol单独
231,sol太阳
232,soph智慧233,sper希望
234,spers,spars散，撒
235,splend发光，照耀
236,stell星
237,tact,tag触
238,the(o)神
239,ton音
240,tort扭
241,tour迂回，转
242,trud,trus推，冲
243,tut,tuit监护，看管
244,umbr阴影
245,ut,us用
246,vas走，漫游
247,val强
248,van空，无
249,ver(i)真实
250,voc,vok声音，叫喊
251,vol,volunt意志，意愿
252，volu,volv滚
宏观经济学重点
1、萨伊法则：是一种产品的供给产生了对另一种产品的需求，有多大供给就有多大的需求，整个社会的总供给与总需求必相等。因此，普遍的生产过剩是不可能的。
2、凯恩斯革命：凯恩斯经济学从许多方面突破了传统经济学的思想束缚，拓宽了经济学的视角，运用一些新的概念、理论等分析工具对资本主义经济的运行进行了重新的解释，得出了一切与传统经济学对立的政策结论，从而在很大程度上改变了现代经济学的面貌。表现：
①经济学研究中心转变②资本主义经济运行的常态③政府的作用
3、宏观经济的目标：①持续的经济增长②充分就业③价格稳定④国际收支平衡
宏观经济学：是把整个经济总体作为考察对象，研究其经济活动的现象和规律，从而产生许多经济理论。联系：①相辅相成，构成整体②微观是宏观的基础。
区别：微观经济宏观经济
研究对象单个经济单位整个经济
解决问题资源配置资源利用
中心理论价格理论国民收入理论
研究方法个量分析总量分析
代表人物马歇尔1890《经济学原理》凯恩斯1936《就业、利息和货币通论》
4、公共产品：是政府向社会和私人提供的各种服务的总称。
特征：①同时具有非“排他性”和非“争夺性”②具有“排他性”，不具有“争夺性”。
5、私人产品：是指一般生产要素供给者通过市场经济所提供的产品和服务，它由私人或厂商所提供。
特征：①具有“排他性”②具有“争夺性”。
6、政府的经济作用：①政府直接控制②政府提供公共产品的社会消费③政府通过稳定财政政策和货币政策控制通货膨胀和失业率④政府从事生产⑤政府提供社会福利保障
7、市场失灵：市场经济由于其纯理论所假定的前提无法实现，使得市场经济并非万能，不可能发挥其理论上的经济效率。
8、转移支付：是指从整个国家的利益出发对某些人进行的无偿支付。
9、洛伦茨曲线：是反映收入分配平均程度的曲线。看图
OI表示国民收入百分比，OP表示人口百分比，连接两对角线OY的是绝对平均曲线。对角线上的任何一点都表示：总人口中每一定百分比的人口所拥有的收入，在总收入中也占相同的百分比。OPY是绝对不平均线，表示社会的全部收入都被一人所占有，其余的人的收入都是零。OY弧线为实际收入分配线即洛伦茨曲线，每一点都表明：占总人口的一定百分比的人口拥有的收入在总收入中所占的百分比。从曲线的形状可看出：实际收入分配线越靠近对角线，则表示社会收入分配越接近平均；反之，实际收入分配线越远离对角线，则表示社会收入分配越不平均。
10、基尼系数（洛伦茨系数）：根据洛伦茨曲线图找出了判断收入分配平均程度的指标。基尼系数=A/（A+B）A表示实际收入分配曲线与绝对平均曲线之间的面积；B表示实际收入分配曲线与绝对不平均曲线之间的面对。如果A=0，基尼系数=0，则表示收入绝对平均；
2019 大学英语四级备考笔记：翻译练习 1 中国烹 (Chinese cuisine) 文化是中国文化中相关烹和休的重要成部分。中国悠久的史、广袤的疆土、好客的俗孕育了个独特。中餐以其“色、香、味、形”俱全而著称。它究原料的配、食物的地、佐料(seasonings) 的制、切菜的刀功、适的烹以及装。最盛名的菜系有南方粤菜、北方菜、部淮菜和西部川菜，以“南淡北咸，甜西辣” 称。 句 1：中国烹 (Chinese cuisine) 文化是中国文化中相关烹和休的重要成部分。 思路点：“?是?” 构的句子能翻成使用be 的主系表构本句中然出的“相关?”，但仔揣摩其意思是 “在?方面”，故in the aspect of. Chinese cuisine culture is an important part of Chinese culture in the aspect of cooking and leisure. 句2：中国悠久的史、广袤的疆土、好客的俗孕育了个独 特。 思路点：本句的主是三个并列的偏正短，如果按照原有的序翻 成英文。主太，不符合英的表达。所以，本句翻将主和互，同 将“孕育了”意 owe?to ?( 将?因于，将?功于 ) ，三个并列的短作介 to 的。 This unique art owes itself to the long history, vast territory and hospitable tradition of China. 句 3：中餐以其“色、香、味、形”俱全而著称。
思路点：本句中“以?而著称”用be famous for来表 示;“形”不是“形状”，而是“外”，appearance; “俱全” perfect combination of. Chinese food is famous for its perfect combination of “color, aroma, taste and appearance”. 句4：它究原料的配、食物的地、佐料 (seasonings) 的制、切菜的 刀功、适的烹以及装。 思路点：本句中“ 究”即是“注重”，故 gives emphasis to; “ 地” 不是“ 量”，不可 quality, texture.“佐料的制”、“切菜的刀功”、“适的烹”和“装 ”依次 the blending of seasonings techniques 、the perfect timing of cooking out the food on the plate. 、slicing 和 the art of laying It gives emphasis to the selection of raw materials, the texture of food, the blending of seasonings, slicing techniques, the perfect timing of cooking and the art of laying out the food on the plate. 句5：最盛名的菜系有南方粤菜、北方菜、部淮菜和西部川菜， 以“南淡北咸，甜西辣” 称。 思路点：本句可用介 Among置于句首的倒装句型，表示众多最盛名的菜系“有?” ; 后半句是前半句内容的充明，能用去分短 noted as ?( 以?著称 ) 种非来取消句子的独 立性，同也增加了句子的奏感。“菜系”即是“派”，用school 合适，不能其他。原文中没有“味道”二字， 但稍微注意一下便可得知“南淡北咸，甜西辣” 的就是“味道”，所以翻 把“味道” (flavor) 翻出来。
2020年12月大学英语四级高频词汇(第四期) 31. oblige I am obliged to you for your gracious hospitality. 【全真测试】A. 感动 B. 感谢 C. 迫使 【译文】我很感谢你的热情好客。 【四级词义】vt. 使感谢或感激 【名师导学】此词在选择和完形填空中以四级词义辨析出现，请 注意这两层意思。(见练习) 【词义扩展】v. 迫使，责成 oblige to do 迫使做某事 32. vessel In earliest times, the most important art forms were jade carving and the bronze vessel, often made for burial in tombs. 【全真测试】A. 器皿 B. 机器 C. 电器 【译文】在人类早期最重要的艺术形式是通常放到墓室的玉雕和青铜器。 【四级词义】n. 器皿;容器 【巧记】船舶的两头放着v形容器和l形的血管，中间是对称的esse。 【词义扩展】n. 船舶;血管 There were many vessels in the harbor today. 今天港口有很多船只。 a blood vessel 血管 33. vertical
On the vertical exterior surface of the outer ring, 3800 solar cells are mounted on panels to convert the sun’s energy to electrical power. 【全真测试】A. 垂直的 B. 倾斜的 C. 颠倒的 【译文】在外环空间的垂直外部表面上，有3800个太阳能电池 被镶嵌在嵌板上，将太阳能转化为电力。 【四级词义】adj. 垂直的 【例句】Walls are usually vertical. 墙通常是垂直的。 34. career A lateral move that hurt my feelings and blocked my professional progress, promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career. 【全真测试】A. 生活 B. 生涯 C. 处境 【译文】一次侧面的打击伤害了我的感情，防碍了我事业的发展，使我放弃了我那分引人注目的工作。 【四级词义】n. 生涯，职业 【巧记】汽车(car)的职业生涯是(eer)。 【真题例句】① career diplomats; ② a career criminal. 【Key】① 职业外交官;② 职业罪犯 35. extent If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach(说教)，their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for
大学英语四级专项训练——选词填空 （一） Americans are proud of their variety and individualty, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, on the job at least. [A]skill [B]popular [C]get [D]change [E]similarly 、[F]professional [G]character [H]individuality [I] inspire [J] differently [K]expect [L]practical [M] recall [N] lose [O] ordinary （二） 、 Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, __3__ among educators. But the careful use of small __4__ rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements( 刺激) indeed __5__inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. “If kids know they’re working f or a reward and can focus on a relatively __6__ task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it’s easy to __7__ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.
实用文档 文案大全 大学英语四级 复习资料 Mr.Cp
滴水渐累成沧海，拳石频移成泰山祝大家顺利过级 目录 第一部分.听力部分 (2) 第二部分.最新英语四级高频词汇 (23) 第三部分.四级阅读笔记 (31) 第四部分.完形填空做题技巧 (36) 第五部分.翻译经典练习 (38) . 第六部分.写作七类精彩句型 (40) 第七部分.写作必备模板和句型 (42) 第八部分.综合技能训练 (45) 第九部分.作文训练 (73) 第十部分.英语谚语警句 (85) 资料说明：本复习资料非教材用书。复习资料主要收集了四级听力、阅读、词汇、作文等一些英语四级相关的技巧、方法和内容，主要提供给有需要考四级的同学自己复习所用。 1
滴水渐累成沧海，拳石频移成泰山祝大家顺利过级 第一部分.听力部分 一、听力内容 1．Section A 对话 短对话 (5分02秒) 8个对话： 4分12秒 长对话 (5分58秒) Conversation 1 (4 questions)：对话内容（1分45秒）＋问题（1分25秒）Conversation 2 (3 questions)：对话内容（1分45秒）＋问题（1分02秒） 2．Section B 短文(10分05秒) Directions： 35秒 Passage 1 (3 questions)：文章内容（1分25秒）＋问题（1分10秒） Passage 2 (3 questions)：文章内容（2分25秒）＋问题（1分10秒） Passage 3 (4 questions)：文章内容（1分45秒）＋问题（1分55秒） 3．Section C 复合式听写 (11分20秒) Directions： 45秒 第一遍： 2分10秒 第二遍：第一句停顿：1分05秒 第二句停顿：1分35秒 第三句停顿：1分15秒 第三遍：2分10秒 （以上时间根据文章内容会有所变化） 二、听力技巧 四级听力一直困扰着我们每一位考生，听不懂磁带中的内容是什么，不知道该如何选择，而听力在英语四级考试中又占很大一部分比重，掌握好英语四级听力技巧才能快速提高英语成绩，以下总结出几点有关英语四级听力技巧。 听力技巧一：学会取舍，理解内容 听力考试中最忌讳的就是词词计较，力求听懂所有词。其实，听懂所有词首先没必要，其次也不可能。我们在日常生活中听中文时，无论听什么，注意力都不会在每一个字或词上面，而是对文段或对话内容的整体的理解上。何况我们听的是英文，在英文句子中，对不同的词本身就有弱读和重读。 听力技巧二：扫视材料，预测内容 当广播中朗读听力要求时，我们要充分利用这个时间，迅速扫视书面文字中的题干及选项，通过扫视联系上下文，有根据地预测文段发生的时间、场所、人物，并预测出谈话的大致内容。并且，在扫视中我们对提出的问题尤其要注意。这样做的结果是听录音时我们可以有的放矢，做到有备而来，心中有数。 听力技巧三：注重首句，抓住主旨 在听长文段时，由于信息多，而且听力不同于阅读，朗读速度非常快，需要我们快速做出反应，所以在听的时候就更应当注意主旨大意。在阅读中我们知道作者一般会在首句或首 2
大学英语四级高频词汇表accuse vt.指控，指责 axquaintance n.认识，了解；熟人 administrative a.管理的，行政的；执行的，实施的，施政的 advanced a.先进的，高级的； 后阶段的 advisable a.明智的，适当的 allowance n.津贴，补贴，零用钱；折价，折扣 ambassador n.大使，使节，派驻国际组织的代表 ambition n.雄心，野心applicable适当的，可应用的arise vi.出现；起源于；起身 artificial a人工的，人造的；假的，矫揉造作的 assign vt.分配，布置；指定；指派，选派 assure vt.使确信使放心确保 bare a.赤裸的，光秃的；勉强 的v.露出，暴露 barrel n.桶；筒，枪（或炮）vi.快速移动 battery n. 炮组；电池（组）；一系列，一套 best-seller n.畅销书bild vt.命令，吩咐；祝，表示v./n.喊价，出价，投标n.企图，努力 blank n.空白(表格) a.空（白）的；茫然的，无表情的 bloodshed n.（战争等的）流血，杀戮 bother vt.打扰；使不安vi.担心,烦恼n.烦恼；麻烦 bound a.受约束的，有义务的v.给……划界限制,束缚n.（常pl.）界限，限制 bound vi./n.踊跃报名vi.弹回，反跃 broaden v.放宽，加固，（使）扩大 characteristic a.特有的，典型的n.特征，特点 comparison n.比较；比拟，比喻 component n.（组）成（部）分，部件 a.组成的 concede vi.让步，认输vt.承认失败；让予，允许 confident a.确信的，自信的 congratulate vt.祝贺，向……道喜 content n.含量;内容(pl/)所含之物; (pl.)目录 cooperate vi.合作,协作
2011年6月大学英语四级真题 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday. While elderly people __47__ to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a(n) __48__ effect on their brain's performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research. Sean Drummond, a. psychiatrist (心理医生) at the University of California, San Diego, said older people are more likely to suffer from broken sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping __49__ straight through the night. More sleep in old age, however, is __50__ with better health, and most older people would feel better and more __51__ if they slept for longer periods, he said. “The ability to sleep in one chunk (整块时间) overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to __52__ well does not change,” Dr Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego. “It's __53__ a myth that older people need less sleep. The more healthy an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were __54__. Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from __55__ to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. That's __56__ from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75.” 答案Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in depth) 47 N tend 48 L negative 49 H efficiently 50 B associated 51 A alert 52 J function/ 53 F definitely 54 O younger 55 E continuing56 G different 文章大意：本文主要讲述的是关于老年人睡眠的问题：是否老年人与年轻人相比只需要较少的睡眠时间？ 2010年12月英语四级考试真题 Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage. What determines the kind of person you are? What factors make you more or less bold, intelligent, or able to read a map? All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 47 . The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 48 activity is known as behavioral genetics. Behavioral genetics has made important 49 to the biological revolution, providing information about the extent to which biology
英语四级词汇笔记完整版 生活中的英语： 1.我喜欢这里：wrong: I like here.-- Right： I like it here. 2.我会成功的： wrong:I can succeed.-- Right： I can do it. Ican make it. 3.Nike胜利女神。 Just do it. 4.Did you have a pleasant journey? (这时要用降调) 5.I am very much frightened because a girl named Monika stands beside me. Oh， thank god!He’s not the president now. (我很害怕) 6.I was just screwed up. (我一团糟) 考试中常见的考察词汇的题型： 1. The rain was heavy and __ the land was flooded. A consequently B continuously C constantly D consistently 答案：A
continue v. 继续，连续; continually adv. 时断时续 地; continuously adv. 连续不断地。 说不停的咳嗽时，continually是间歇的时断时续的咳嗽，continuously 是一直不停的咳嗽。 consequently adv. 因此，所以;(heavy rain大雨， light rain小雨) constantly adv. 始终如一地，连续发生地;constant temperature 恒温 consistently adv. 一贯地，一致 地; consistent adj. consistent policy 一贯的政策。 2. I hate people who __ the end of a film that you haven’t seen be fore. A revise B rewrite C reveal D reverse 答案：C rewrite v. 重写，改写; revise vt. 修改，修正; reveal vt. 揭示，揭露; reverse vt. 颠倒，使反转，使反向。(vers是词根，表示转动;re是前
大学英语四级阅读理解重点词汇 1.hunt for v.搜寻 2.stumble v.绊倒，使困惑，蹒跚，结结巴巴地说话，踌躇n.绊倒，错误 3.attract vt.吸引vi.有吸引力，引起注意 4.intellectual property知识产权 5.counsel n.讨论，商议，辩护律师vt.劝告，忠告 6.inefficient adj.效率低的，效率差的，（指人）不能胜任的，无能的 7.drawback n.缺点，障碍，退还的关税，退税（指进口货物再出口时退还其进口时的关税） 8.eliminate vt.排除，消除v.除去 9.concept n.观念，概念 10.implicit adj.暗示的，盲从的，含蓄的，固有的，不怀疑的，绝对的 11.strategy n.策略，军略 12.design n.设计，图案，花样，企图，图谋，（小说等的）构思，纲要 v.设计，计划，谋划，构思 13.tempt vt.诱惑，引诱，吸引，使感兴趣，考验，试探 14.sign up登记，签约 15.potential adj.潜在的，可能的，势的，位的n.潜能，潜力，电压 16.traffic n.交通，通行，运输，贸易，交通量，交易，交往，通信量 vi.交易，买卖vt.在……通行，用……作交换 17.marketing n.行销，买卖 18.worthwhile adj.值得做的，值得出力的 19.keep a close watch on密切注视，密切关注 20.demand for需求 https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a11123103.html,pensation to补偿，赔偿 22.negotiate谈判，商量 23.maintain vt.维持，维修，继续，供养，主张 24.mean n.用意 25.look out v.面朝，留神，照料 26.discrimination n.辨别，区别，识别力，辨别力，歧视 27.condemn vt.判刑，处刑，声讨，谴责 28.illegal adj.违法的，不合规定的 29.continue to继续 30.unaware of没有意识到 31.have a big advantage over对…有较大优势 32.spread n.伸展，展开，传播，蔓延，酒席，宴会，桌布 v.伸展，展开，铺，涂，敷，摆，传播，散布 33.suspiciously adv.猜疑着，怀疑着 34.start with以……开始 35.respectively adv.分别地，各个地
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a11123103.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） In a telephone survey of more than 2，000 adults，21% said they believed the sun revolved (旋转)around the earth. An 71 7% did not know which revolved around 72. I have no doubt that 73 all of these people were 74 in school that the earth revolves around the sun; 75 may even have written it 76 at test. But they never 77 their incorrect mental models of planetary (行星的) 78 because their every day observations didn’t support 79 their teachers told them: People see the sun moving 80 the sky as morning turns to night，and the earth seems stationary (静止的) 81 that is happening. Students can learn the right answers 82 heart in class，and yet never combined them 83 their working models of the world. The objectively correct answer the professor accepts and the 84 personal understanding of the world can 85 side by side，each unaffected by the other. Outside of class，the student continues to use the 86 model because it has always worked well 87 that circumstance. Unless professors address 88 errors in students’personal models of the world，students are not 89 to replace them with the 90 one. 71.A.excessive B. extraC. additionalD. added 72.A.what B. whichC. thatD. other 73.A.virtually B. remarkablyC. ideallyD. preferably 74.A.learned B. suggestedC. taughtD. advised 75.A.those B. theseC. whoD. they 76.A.on B. withC. underD. for 77.A.formed B. alteredC. believedD. thought 78.A.operation B. positionC. motionD. location 79.A.how B. whichC. thatD. what 80.A.around B. acrossC. onD. above 81.A.since B. soC. whileD. for 82.A.to B. byC. inD. with 83.A.with B. intoC. toD. along 84.A.adult’s B. teacher’sC. scientist’sD. student’s 85.A.exist B. occurC. surviveD. maintain 86.A.private B. individualC. personalD. own 87.A.in B. withC. onD. for 88.A.general B. naturalC. similarD. specific 89.A.obliged B. likelyC. probableD. partial 90.A.perfectB. betterC. reasonableD. correct 【答案】： 71.C72.B73.A74.C75.D76.A77.B78.C79.D80.B 81.C82.B 83.A84.D85.A86.C87.A88.D89.B90.D 【答案解析】： 71.C四个答案都有“额外”的意思，但各有偏重。A重在表达“过量、超过正常的部分”;B是“在一类事物之外的额外部分”;D是“外加的”。因此只有C答案符合本题要求：“另外有7%的人不知道是谁绕着谁转。”
英语四级备考笔记 Prepared on 22 November 2020
英语四级备考笔记 目录 一、英语四级写作高级替换词 1)good：好的 perfect, excellent, outstanding, superior 2)many：许多 a lot of, a host of, a sea of 3)some：一些 quite a few , several 4)think：认为 acknowledge, hold the view that 5)more and more：越来越多 increasing, increasingly, growing 6)helpful：有益的 beneficial, rewarding 7)bad：坏的wicked, dreadful, harmful 8)customer：顾客consumer, client 9)in my opinion：以我看来from my part, from my own perspective 10)very：非常 exceedingly, extremely 11)cause：引起 result in, be triggered by 12)want：想要 desire, be eager to 13)remember：记住 memorize, bear in mind that 14)have：拥有 own, possess
15)poor：穷的 needy, impoverished 16)rich：富的 wealthy, affluent 17)excellent：棒的 fabulous, marvelous 18)obvious：明显的 apparent, evident 19)healthy：健康的 robust, wholesome 20)surprising：惊人的 amazing, miraculous 21)beautiful：美的 attractive, gorgeous, eye-catching 22)popular：流行的 prevailing, prevalent 23)improve：提高 enhance, promote, boost 24)solve：解决 resolve, tackle, cope with, deal with 25)develop：培养 cultivate, foster, nurture 26)complete：完成 fulfill, accomplish, achieve 27)keep：保留 hold, preserve, retain 28)energetic：有活力的 dynamic, vigorous 29)destroy：破坏 damage, ruin 30)influence：影响impact, the effect of… 31)pollute：污染 taint, contaminate 二、英语四级写作必备词 1) 大多数人most people→the majority of the population 2) 经常often→frequently 3) 我相信I believe→from my standpoint, from my personal perspective
四级高频词汇 以下就是小妮子以前在“试剑天下”关于《四级高频词汇》的内容，各位在CET的那个贴子里也可以找到压缩版。 我认为四级的词汇特别重要，其实考四级很大的一部分就是考四级！如何快速、高效地扩增词汇量一直是一个令许多英语学习者感到困扰的问题。没有足够的词汇量，任何语言活动无从谈起。 四级词汇主要由：基础词汇＋四级高频词汇＋词组 我将会在今后的一个月内每天上传四级的高频词汇。一天记30个词汇，经过一个月的突击努力，将会使你的词汇学习更加有的放矢，词汇积累过程就会相应缩短，少走弯路，避免无效的重复。 1.alter v. 改变，改动，变更 2.burst vi.,n. 突然发生，爆裂 3.dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of) 4.blast n. 爆炸；气流vi. 炸，炸掉 5.consume v. 消耗，耗尽 6.split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的 7.spit v. 吐（唾液等）；唾弃 8.spill v. 溢出，溅出，倒出 9.slip v. 滑动，滑落；忽略 10.slide v. 滑动，滑落n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片 11.bacteria n. 细菌 12.breed n. 种，品种v. 繁殖，产仔 13.budget n. 预算v. 编预算，作安排 14.candidate n. 候选人 15.campus n. 校园 16.liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的 17.transform v. 转变，变革；变换 18.transmit v. 传播，播送；传递 19.transplant v. 移植 20.transport vt. 运输，运送n. 运输，运输工具 21.shift v. 转移；转动；转变 22.vary v. 变化，改变；使多样化 23.vanish vi. 消灭，不见 24.swallow v. 吞下，咽下n. 燕子 25.suspicion n. 怀疑，疑心 26.suspicious a. 怀疑的，可疑的 https://www.doczj.com/doc/2a11123103.html,d a. 温暖的，暖和的；温柔的，味淡的 28.tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的 29.nuisance n. 损害，妨害，讨厌（的人或事物） 30.insignificant a. 无意义的，无足轻重的；无价值的 31.accelerate vt. 加速，促进 32.absolute a. 绝对的，无条件的；完全的 33.boundary n. 分界线，边界
Cannes Film Festival, the most prestigious motion picture festival in the world, held each May in 1. ______ the resort city of Cannes, in southeast France. The Cannes Film Festival was conceived at the end of 1938 as a reaction of reports that the Venice Film 2. ______ Festival became a platform for fascist propaganda. 3. ______ Due to World War II (1939 1945) however, the first Cannes Film Festival was not held till 1946. 4. ______ Internationalism and postwar optimism characterized the first festival, although organizers placed less emphasis on 5. ______ competition as on mutual creative stimulation between 6. ______ national productions. In later years the selection, by juries, of entries for prizes was reflected more commercial 7. ______ interests and the festival soon acquired its current reputation as a fashionable professional event, more concerning with advancing the film industry than 8. ______ the art of film . French director Francois Truffaut addressed these issues in 1956 which he exposed the 9. ______ festival’s political intrigues and promotional deals, and predicted its commercial demise. The festival survived, however and in 1959, Truffaut himself was awarded the prize for best screenplay for Les Quatre Cents Coups (The Four Hundred Blows, 1959). In spite its ever present financial interests and political 10. ______ overtones, the Cannes Film Festival remains an essential showcase for international cinema. 答案部分 1. 【参考答案】将held改为is held。 【参考译文】戛纳电影节是世界上最有声望的电影节。每年5月在法国南部的旅游胜地戛纳举行。 【详细解答】英语中动词不定式，现在分词与过去分词都属非谓语动词，不能单独构成谓语，但都可以用作状语。所以，在改错时应特别当心，注意判断其与主句的关系，到底是主
2015 年大学英语四级备考笔记：选词填空之解题步骤本题型出现在阅读部分（共40 分钟），在长篇阅读文章之前。所以本题型共10 道小题最佳完成时间应控制在7 分钟。 考试要求在7 分钟左右时间内将题目给出的15 个词汇填入10 个空格中。考试形式与传统考题的完形填空相似。 选词填空，当然是考词汇。但较之以往专门的词汇题，选词填空是对词汇更完全的更高层次的考察;因为它所考察的，是在篇章中对词汇的把握。 考核的主要目的是检查考生在上下文中猜测词义的能力以及单词词性识别能力。 遇到生词怎么办?时间不够怎么办?考前训练时注意培养以上两种能力，考试时加以运用，会大大提高答中率。 篇章词汇理解是大学英语四级考试中出现的一种老题型，这种题是在一篇长度为220 个单词的文章中留出10 个单词的空格，要求考生从15 个备选单词中选出10 个填入空格处，使文章语句通畅，表达正确。 测试重点：考生对连贯性一致性及逻辑关系等语篇语段的整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理解。既考查宏观结构，又考查微观理解。 15 个单词中3 个名词正确答案+1 个名词干扰答案、3 个动词正确答案+1 个动词干扰答案、 3 个形容词正确答案+2 个形容词干扰答案、 1 个副词正确答案 +1 个副词干扰答案。 解题步骤： 通读全文，抓住中心（首段，首句原则） 阅读选项，词性分类（注意分析动词时态） 全盘考虑，灵活选择（根据所需词性缩小范围，每词只能用一次）复读全文，核查答案（快速复读，用语感判断是否通顺准确）大学英语四级备考笔记：选词填空之答题技巧一答题技巧一： 确定空白处词性以下情况，空白处为动词： 1 n./pron. vt. n./pron. 前有名后有名，中间谓动 2 n./pron. vi. 前名后无名，谓动不及物 3 n./pron. vi. adv./prep. 前名后介副，谓动不及物 4 n./pron. link v./be adj. 前名后形容，be 动或系动 5 to v. 前有to ，后原型注意：确定空白处为动词，还需根据上下文确定正确 形式以下情况，空白处为分词： 过去分词： 1has/have/had p.p（完成时态） 2be p.p（被动语态） 3p.p n. 或n. p.p（过去分词做形容词，表示被动或已发生）现在分词： 1be -ing（进行时态） 2-ing n. 或n.-ing（现在分词做形容词，表示主动或正在进行） 3prep. -ng（介词宾语） 以下情况，空白处为名词： （名词通常做主语或动词介词宾语） 1a/the n. 前有冠词