白晶晶SAT阅读长难句（解析版）
为了帮助大家攻克SAT阅读，我花费了很多的时间和精力来整理SAT阅读当中的这些难句，选自SAT真题（共44句），OG（共38句）和OC（共23句）三个部分，一共105句。旨在帮助各位学子梦想成真。治SAT如烹小鲜，猴哥、白晶晶很给力，神马都是浮云，好好研习是王道！
真题部分
1.In Ohio, our road sometimes moved right alongside the turnpike and we could see the new
cars，with their outlandish fins，passing us as regularly as cards being dealt off the top of an endless deck.
难句类型：复杂修饰+修辞方法（明喻）
难词注解：turnpike：n. 收费公路
outlandish a.奇怪的，古怪的
fins：散热片
dealt: deal的过去时，在此意思是发牌；deck：一副纸牌
语法分析：In Ohio, our road sometimes moved right alongside the turnpike and we could see the 地点状语主语谓语状语主语谓语new cars. with their outlandish fins. passing us as regularly as cards being dealt off the top of an 宾语定语伴随状语
endless deck.
意群训练：In Ohio, our road sometimes moved right alongside the turnpike and we could see the new cars. with their outlandish fins，passing us as regularly as cards being dealt off the top of an endless deck.
参考译文：在俄亥俄州，我们有时候沿着收费公路右侧行驶，就能看到长着奇形怪状散热片的汽车驶过，川流不息，就像一张张纸牌从盒上散落，无穷无尽。
2.“No, I won't ride with servicemen- ,”said my casually seditious father, as he slowed down and
peered at a soldier and then resumed his full cruising speed, while I. patriotically offended.
watched the stunned defender of my freedoms kicking at his duffle bag and getting smaller and smaller as planet Pontiac continued its fuming orbit.
难句类型：复杂修饰+修辞方法（明喻）+讽刺语气
难词注解：seditious a.煽动性的
stunned a. 震惊的, 惊讶的
duffle bag帆布行李袋
Pontiac庞帝克，美国产轿车
fuming冒烟的
语法分析：“No, I won't ride with servicemen,” said my casually seditious father, as he slowed
谓语主语down and peered at a soldier and then resumed his full cruising speed, while I. patriotically
状语主语offended. watched the stunned defender of my freedoms kicking at his duffle bag and getting 定语谓语宾语伴随状语
smaller and smaller as planet Pontiac continued its fuming orbit.
状语
意群训练：“No, I won't ride with servicemen,” said my casually seditious father, as he
slowed down and peered at a soldier and then resumed his full cruising speed, while I.
patriotically offended. watched the stunned defender of my freedoms kicking at his duffle bag and getting smaller and smaller as planet Pontiac continued its fuming orbit.
参考译文：我爸爸一向煽动，他停下车来，注视着年轻的士兵：“不，我才不要和军人共车呢！”然后继续缓缓行驶。而我看着那个惊愕的自由的守护者踢着他的帆布行李袋，爱国心受到伤害。我们的车（庞帝克）犹如一颗行星，继续行驶在浓烟滚滚的轨道上，士兵的身影越来越小。
3.Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who offer humor
seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved productivity.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：dole out发放
语法分析：Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who
主语谓语宾语间接宾语offer humor seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved
定语状语
productivity.
意群训练：Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who offer humor seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved productivity.
参考译文：事实上，财富500强的公司借着提高生产力的名义，为开展幽默讨论会和即兴训练的喜剧顾问发放经费。
4.By journey's end, I will not be the man I am today. Africa will have changed me in ways I
cannot predict. perhaps in ways profound, perhaps only superficial. Perhaps I will lose a few pounds, perhaps the arrogance in my walk. Perhaps my walk. even my way of looking at things, will be a little more African. But for now, I am different.
难句类型：排比
难词注解：arrogance n.傲慢，自大
语法分析：By journey's end, I will not be the man I am today. Africa will have changed me in
状语主语谓语宾语补语主语谓语宾语ways I cannot predict，perhaps in ways profound. perhaps only superficial. Perhaps I will lose 状语状语
a few pounds, perhaps the arrogance in my walk. Perhaps my walk. even my way of looking
独立句子
at things, will be a little more African. But for now, I am different.
意群训练：By journey's end, I will not be the man I am today. Africa will have changed mein ways I cannot predict. perhaps in ways profound, perhaps only superficial. Perhaps I will lose
a few pounds, perhaps the arrogance in my walk. Perhaps my walk. even my way of looking
at things, will be a little more African. But for now, I am different.
参考译文：行至途穷，我将不再是现在的我。非洲将以我想象不到的方式改变我，或许深远，或许浅显。也许我会瘦掉几近，也许走路不再傲慢。也许我的走姿，甚至我看待事物的方式，也将变得更加像非洲人。但是现在，我依然格格不入。
5.One can as easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one went to school
or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：neuroanatomist神经解剖学家
compelling a.引起兴趣的
语法分析：One can as easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one 主语谓语谓语宾语
went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling
状语
early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.
状语
意群训练：One can as easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.
参考译文：正如化学的机理和人类神经系统的完美能激发人早期自发的反应一样，人同样容易受到上学的地点和某位人士的影响，从而成为化学家或者神经解剖学家。
6.Provide your readers with such assistance. If you would like them to rest for a minute so you
can sneak up behind them and stun them with something new, let them have a little peaceful description, or perhaps a little something funny to smile over, or a little moment of superiority.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：sneak up悄悄地接近
语法分析：Provide your readers with such assistance. If you would like them to rest for a 谓语宾语条件状语minute so you can sneak up behind them and stun them with something new, let them have
条件状语谓语宾语
a little peaceful description, or perhaps a little something funny to smile over, or a little
宾语
moment of superiority.
宾语
意群训练：Provide your readers with such assistance. If you would like them to rest for a minute so you can sneak up behind them and stun them with something new, let them have a little peaceful description, or perhaps a little something funny to smile over, or a little moment of superiority.
参考译文：为你的读者提供这种描写。如果你想让他们休息片刻以便自己悄悄躲到他们背后，用新的文字再次震惊读者的话，你可以先给读者一段平静的描写，或是忍俊不禁的文字，或是短暂的优越感。
7.The predominant fashion among serious writers has been to consider any recognizable
concern for the reader as a commercial blemish on the otherwise spotless face of art.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：blemish n.缺点
语法分析：The predominant fashion among serious writers has been to consider any
主语定语谓语recognizable concern for the reader as a commercial blemish on the otherwise spotless face 宾语宾语介词短语of art.
意群训练：The predominant fashion among serious writers has been to consider any recognizable concern for the reader as a commercial blemish on the otherwise spotless face of art.
参考译文：正统作家把任何可以辨识的基于读者的考虑当成是原本无暇的艺术品的商业
污点，这成为一种风尚。
本句需重点掌握otherwise的用法，可以理解成“原本”。
8.Authors who make this their motto, in the name of artistic integrity, can hardly be expected to
tolerate the attitudes of critically acclaimed nineteenth-century novelists, who believed that their first duty was to try to seem “pleasant,” and that to do so they must render their meanings “without an effort to the reader.”
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语
难词注解：acclaim vt.向…欢呼,为…喝彩
render vt.提供
语法分析：Authors who make this their motto, in the name of artistic integrity, can hardly be 主语定语插入语谓语expected to tolerate the attitudes of critically acclaimed nineteenth-century novelists, who 不定式定语
believed that their first duty was to try to seem “pleasant,” and that to do so they must
从句
render their meanings “without an effort to the reader.”
并列成分
意群训练：Authors who make this their motto, in the name of artistic integrity, can hardly be expected to tolerate the attitudes of critically acclaimed nineteenth-century novelists, who believed that their first duty was to try to seem “pleasant,” and that to do so they must render their meanings “without an effort to the reader.”
参考译文：将此奉为箴言的作家，就（作品）艺术的完整性的层面，很难容忍19世纪受到评论界赞赏的小说家的态度。这些小说家认为自己的首要职责是“愉悦读者”，为实现该职责，他们必须把作品“不费吹灰之力”地展示给读者。
9.The scientific method is the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the identification of a
problem, the collection of relevant data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses that aim to solve the problem.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：hypothesis n.假说，假设，前提
语法分析：The scientific method is the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the
主语谓语宾语
identification of a problem, the collection of relevant data through observation and
定语定语
experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses that aim to solve the
定语
problem.
意群训练：The scientific method is the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the identification of a problem, the collection of relevant data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses that aim to solve the problem.
参考译文：科学方法是对知识的系统的追求，它包括对问题的区分，通过观察和实验收集的数据和旨在解决问题的假设的形成和测试。
10.Indeed, in the last 25 years, in an effort to raise financial support at a rate nearly triple that of
the rest of society, the scientific community may have promised too much too soon.
难句类型：复杂修饰+倒装+省略
难词注解：triple v.(使)增至三倍
语法分析：Indeed, in the last 25 years, in an effort to raise financial support at a rate nearly 插入语状语状语谓语宾语介词短语triple that of the rest of society, the scientific community may have promised too much too 谓语宾语主语谓语状语
soon.
意群训练：Indeed, in the last 25 years, in an effort to raise financial support at a rate nearly triple that of the rest of society, the scientific community may have promised too much too soon.
参考译文：在过去的25年中，为将经济支持提高到其它社会支持的三倍，科学团体确实付出很大的努力，也许有点急功近利。
11.Perhaps one can say with more than mere intuition that certain skills do atrophy through not
being used, that an increasing reliance on electronics to mediate our apprehension of the world does lead to the loss of certain sensitivities, and that to lose any sensitivity or awareness is limiting and unwise.
难句类型：复杂修饰+难词
难词注解：intuition n.直觉
atrophy v.萎缩，衰退
mediate v.调停, 斡旋
apprehension n.忧惧
语法分析：Perhaps one can say with more than mere intuition that certain skills do atrophy
主语谓语补语从句
through not being used, that an increasing reliance on electronics to mediate our apprehension
从句
of the world does lead to the loss of certain sensitivities, and that to lose any sensitivity or
从句
awareness is limiting and unwise.
意群训练：Perhaps one can say with more than mere intuition that certain skills do atrophy through not being used, that an increasing reliance on electronics to mediate our apprehension
of the world does lead to the loss of certain sensitivities, and that to lose any sensitivity or awareness is limiting and unwise.
参考译文：或许，我们不只凭直觉也可以认为，某种技术不使用就会退步，而我们越来越依赖于用电子学来协调对世界的忧惧，这确实导致我们敏感的丧失，这种丧失是有限的，也不明智。
12.If there is a scientific rather than a sentimental answer, it might be one analogous to
recognizing the paramount importance of maintaining the diversity of species. The more the world becomes politically, economically, and culturally centralized, the more homogenized its ways of living, the more the dangers of sameness become apparent.
难句类型：复杂修饰+难词
难词注解：sentimental a.感伤的；多愁善感的
analogous a.相似的
paramount a.极为重要的, 至高无上的
homogenize v.使均匀，使一致
语法分析：If there is a scientific rather than a sentimental answer, it might be one
从句形式主语谓语analogous to recognizing the paramount importance of maintaining the diversity of
定语补语
species. The more the world becomes politically, economically, and culturally
主语谓语补语
centralized, the more homogenized its ways of living, the more the dangers of sameness 补语谓语主语主语become apparent.
谓语表语
意群训练：
If there is a scientific rather than a sentimental answer, it might be one analogous to recognizing the paramount importance of maintaining the diversity of species. The more the world becomes politically, economically, and culturally centralized, the more homogenized its ways of living, the more the dangers of sameness become apparent.
参考译文：如果有科学的而非感性的答案，一个比较相近的答案就是认识到保持物种的多样性至关重要。世界在政治上、经济上和文化上变得越发集中，生活方式越发趋同，这种同一的危险就越发明显。
13.To take a notorious example, the European trade regulations restricting the varieties of fruit
and vegetable seeds permitted for sale within the European Community have for years been viewed as potentially disastrous by scientists.
难句类型：复杂修饰+倒装
难词注解：notorious a.臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的
语法分析：To take a notorious example, the European trade regulations restricting the
插入语主语
varieties of fruit and vegetable seeds permitted for sale within the European
定语定语地点状语
Community have（ for years） been viewed as potentially disastrous by scientists.
时间状语谓语宾语补足语被动语态（真正的主语）
意群训练：To take a notorious example, the European trade regulations restricting the varieties of fruit and vegetable seeds permitted for sale within the European Community have for years been viewed as potentially disastrous by scientists.
参考译文：举一个臭名昭著的例子，欧洲贸易条款限制在欧洲社区销售各种各样的水果和蔬菜种子。长期以来，科学家认为这是潜在的危险。
14.Deception of an innocent kind is their intention; asked if the picture is genuine, few of them, I
imagine, would lie. Nor would they be wise to.
难句类型：省略+倒装
难词注解：innocent a.(of)无辜的；无害的；天真的，无知的
genuine a.真的，非人造的
语法分析：Deception of an innocent kind is their intention; asked if the picture is genuine, few of 主语谓语宾语谓语
them, I imagine, would lie. Nor would they be wise to.
主语插入语谓语倒装句
意群训练：Deception of an innocent kind is their intention; asked if the picture is genuine, few of
them, I imagine, would lie. Nor would they be wise to.
参考译文：他们的目的是欺骗无知的人，我尝想，如果被问到这幅画是不是真品，他们也会照实说，没有那么狡黠。
15.Nevertheless, despite the overwhelmingly conservative assumptions of most Americans, we
are in fact in the throes of a genuine and dramatic revolution in our culture, and it behooves us to understand it before passing judgment.
难句类型：复杂修饰+难词
难词注解：throes n. 剧痛, 挣扎，名词throe的复数形式
behoove对...有此必要It behoove sb. to do sth.某人有必要做某事
nevertheless ad.仍然，然而，不过
语法分析：Nevertheless, despite the overwhelmingly conservative assumptions of most
插入语介词名词性短语
Americans, we are in fact in the throes of a genuine and dramatic revolution in our culture, and it 主语插入语介词短语宾语介词短语形式主语behooves us to understand it before passing judgment.
谓语不定式状语
意群训练：Nevertheless, despite the overwhelmingly conservative assumptions of most Americans, we are in fact in the throes of a genuine and dramatic revolution in our culture, and it behooves us to understand it before passing judgment.
参考译文：不过,尽管大多数美国人的想法非常的保守，事实上，我们的文化改革剧烈而又真实，身处这种痛苦当中，我们应该在做出判断前理解它。
16.In academic circles, I linger on the fringes where the warmth of the fire never reaches, an
irreverent outsider, a loner who prefers fieldwork to the university, and general readership to academic journals.
难句类型：插入语+修辞方法（暗喻）
难词注解：fringe n.边缘
irreverent a.不尊敬的
fieldwork n.实地考察工作
语法分析：In academic circles, I linger on the fringes where the warmth of the fire never
状语主语谓语宾语地点状语reaches, an irreverent outsider, a loner who prefers fieldwork to the university, and general
主语定语从句，并列结构readership to academic journals.
意群训练：
In academic circles, I linger on the fringes where the warmth of the fire never reaches, an Irreverent outsider, a loner who prefers fieldwork to the university, and general readership to academic journals.
参考译文：我徘徊在学术圈的边缘，从未感受到这团火的温暖。一个不敬的局外人，一个寂寞的人，喜欢实地考察胜过死读书，喜欢通俗杂志胜过学院期刊。
17.Although we were at the age when one always had the need, instinct, and immodesty of
inflicting on one another everything that swarms in one's head and elsewhere, nothing had gotten through Sandro's shell of reserve, nothing of his inner world, which nevertheless one felt was dense and fertile—nothing save a few occasional, dramatically truncated hints.
难句类型：复杂修饰+难词
难词注解：inflict vt.使遭受, 施以, 加害, 折磨
shell n.壳；外壳；
reserve n.储备；矜持；
truncate v.把(某物)截短，去尾
save prep.除…之外
语法分析：Although we were at the age when one always had the need, instinct, and immodesty 主语时间状语引导词主语谓语宾语
of inflicting on one another everything that swarms in one's head and elsewhere, nothing had
宾语补足语从句主语
gotten through Sandro's shell of reserve, nothing of his inner world, which nevertheless one felt 谓语宾语并列成分
was dense and fertile—nothing save a few occasional, dramatically truncated hints.
定语从句并列成分介词短语
意群训练：
Although we were at the age when one always had the need, instinct, and immodesty
of inflicting on one another everything that swarms in one's head and elsewhere, nothing had gotten through Sandro's shell of reserve, nothing of his inner world, which nevertheless one felt was dense and fertile—nothing save a few occasional, dramatically truncated hints.
参考译文：尽管，我们处在这样的时代：每当我们想起什么的时候，出于直觉和不道德，我们总有用这种方法折磨其他人的需要。但是Sandro，在他矜持的外表下，在他本应丰富和厚重的内心世界里，除了一些短暂的、偶然的线索，没有任何东西出现。
18.Not only are celebrities the protagonists of our news, the subjects of our daily discourse, and
the repositories of our values, but they have also embedded themselves so deeply in our consciousness that many individuals profess feeling closer to, and more passionate about, them than about their own primary relationships: witness the fervent public to interest in the life of Britain's Princess Diana, or the fans who told television interviewers that her wedding was the happiest day of their lives.
难句类型：倒装+并列+复杂修饰
难词注解：protagonist n.主角, 支持者
repository n.容器, 仓库, 贮藏室, 智囊
witness vt. 见证,目击,出席,观察
fervent a.热情的
语法分析：Not only are celebrities the protagonists of our news, the subjects of our
谓语主语宾语
daily discourse, and the repositories of our values, but they have also embedded
并列宾语并列宾语主语谓语
themselves so deeply in our consciousness that many individuals profess feeling closer
状语介词短语主语谓语
to, and more passionate about, them than about their own primary relationships:
补语并列成分谓语补语并列成分
witness the fervent public to interest in the life of Britain's Princess Diana, or the fans
谓语宾语宾语补足语主语
who told television interviewers that her wedding was the happiest day of their lives.
定语从句主语谓语宾语
意群训练：Not only are celebrities the protagonists of our news, the subjects of our daily discourse, and the repositories of our values, but they have also embedded themselves so deeply in our consciousness that many individuals profess feeling closer to, and more passionate about, them than about their own primary relationships: witness the fervent public to interest in the life of Britain's Princess Diana, or the fans who told television interviewers that her wedding was the happiest day of their lives.
参考译文：名人不仅是新闻的主角，日常谈论的话题，审美观的源泉，而且他们把自己牢固树立在我们意识当中，许多人承认，他们对名人更有兴趣，更有激情，胜过关心自己的私人事务。举个例子，狂热的公众对威尔士王妃戴安娜的私生活非常感兴趣，还有粉丝告诉电视记者，戴安娜的婚礼是他们一生最幸福的一天。
19.While an entertainment-driven, celebrity-oriented society is not necessarily one that destroys
all moral value, as some would have it, it is one in which the standard of value is whether something can grab and then hold the public's attention.
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语
难词注解：orient vt.使适应, 使朝东,定……的方位
语法分析：While an entertainment-driven, celebrity-oriented society is not necessarily 连接词定语主语谓语one that destroys all moral value, as some would have it, it is one in which the standard
宾语谓语宾语插入语主语宾语引导词
of value is whether something can grab and then hold the public's attention.
主语谓语主语谓语宾语
意群训练：While an entertainment-driven, celebrity-oriented society is not necessarily one that destroys all moral value, as some would have it, it is one in which the standard of value is whether something can grab and then hold the public's attention.
参考译文：一个以娱乐为驱动，名利为导向的社会并不一定要破坏所有的道德观，就像有的人所认为的，衡量社会的价值观的标准是它是否能吸引公众的注意。
20.In an increasingly noisy cultural scene, with many voices competing for attention, one
feels—perhaps incorrectly but nonetheless insistently—the need to make one's own small stir, however pathetic.
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语
难词注解：stir n.骚乱, 感动(激动, 愤怒或震动), 搅拌
pathetic a.差劲的；可怜的，可悲的
insistently adv. 坚持地
语法分析：In an increasingly noisy cultural scene, with many voices competing for
状语插入语
attention, one feels—perhaps incorrectly but nonetheless insistently—the need to make 主语谓语插入语宾语one's own small stir, however pathetic.
宾语补足语插入语
意群训练：In an increasingly noisy cultural scene, with many voices competing for attention, one feels—perhaps incorrectly but nonetheless insistently—the need to make one's own small stir, however pathetic.
参考译文：在文化场景嘈杂，百家争鸣的情况下，人会错误却坚持地感到一种需要：使自己引起别人的注意，哪怕很不起眼。
21.Indeed, what might Mercator have thought were it suggested to him that his scheme would
one day be used to plot landscapes so far from terrestrial in aspect as to reflect back, in their magnificent alienness , the very idea of an old and exhausted Earth?
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语
难词注解：Mercator n. 墨卡托(1512-1594, 佛兰德的地理学家, 地图制作家)
plot n.绘制; 标出
terrestrial a.地球的，陆地的
magnificent a.壮丽的，宏伟的；华丽的；极好的
alienness n. 外侨, 局外人；外星人；陌生
exhausted a.耗尽的；筋疲力尽的
语法分析：Indeed, what might Mercator have thought were it suggested to him that his 插入语主语谓语从句谓语从句scheme would one day be used to plot landscapes so far from terrestrial in aspect as to
主语谓语时间状语谓语宾语时间状语状语
reflect back, in their magnificent alienness , the very idea of an old and exhausted
谓语插入语宾语
Earth?
意群训练：Indeed, what might Mercator have thought were it suggested to him that his scheme would one day be used to plot landscapes so far from terrestrial in aspect as to reflect back, in their magnificent alienness , the very idea of an old and exhausted Earth?
参考译文：确实，墨卡托也许想过，他的方法有一天被用来标志地球的地貌，从一个非常客观的角度，反映一个古老而又枯竭的地球。
22.The question "Why have there been no great women artists?" is simply the tip of an iceberg of
misinterpretation and misconception; beneath lies a vast dark bulk of shaky ideas about the nature of art and the situations of its making, about the nature of human abilities in general and of human excellence in particular, and about the role that the social order plays in all of this.
难句类型：复杂修饰+并列成分+倒装
难词注解：shaky a.不可靠的;成问题的
语法分析：The question "Why have there been no great women artists?" is simply the
主语同位语谓语tip of an iceberg of misinterpretation and misconception; beneath lies a vast dark bulk
宾语谓语定语
of shaky ideas about the nature of art and the situations of its making, about the nature 主语介词短语介词短语of human abilities in general and of human excellence in particular, and about the role
状语介词短语状语介词短语
that the social order plays in all of this.
从句
意群训练：The question "Why have there been no great women artists?" is simply the
tip of an iceberg of misinterpretation and misconception; beneath lies a vast dark bulk
of shaky ideas about the nature of art and the situations of its making, about the nature
of human abilities in general and of human excellence in particular, and about the role
that the social order plays in all of this.
参考译文：“为什么没有伟大的女艺术家？”这样的问题是一种误解，犹如冰山一角，下面隐藏的是一堆表示怀疑的思想，涉及到关于艺术的本质及其形成的情形，关于人类总体上的能力的本质及个体的卓越，关于社会秩序在这当中扮演的角色。
23.One would like to ask, for instance, from what social classes artists were more likely to come
at different periods of history. Or what proportion of painters and sculptors came from families in which their fathers or close relatives were painters and sculptors or engaged in related professions?
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语
难词注解：proportion n.比例；部分，份儿
Sculptor n.雕刻家，雕刻家
Profession n.职业, 声明, 行业
语法分析：One would like to ask, for instance, from what social classes artists were
主语谓语插入语介词短语主语more likely to come at different periods of history. Or what proportion of painters and 谓语状语
sculptors came from families in which their fathers or close relatives were painters and
主语定语介词短语谓语宾语
sculptors or engaged in related professions?
谓语宾语
意群训练：One would like to ask, for instance, from what social classes artists were more likely to come at different periods of history. Or what proportion of painters and sculptors came from families in which their fathers or close relatives were painters and sculptors or engaged in related professions?
参考译文：举个例子，有人会问，在不同的历史时期，艺术家大多来自什么样的社会阶层？或者，来自父辈或者亲戚当中有人曾经是画家和雕刻家，或从事相关行业的家庭的艺术家的比例又是多少呢？
24.While the aristocracy has always provided the lion's share of the patronage and the audience
for art—as the aristocracy of wealth does even in our more democratic days—it has contributed little beyond amateurish efforts to the creation of art itself, despite the fact that aristocrats (like many women) have had more than their share of educational advantages, plenty of leisure and, like women, were often encouraged to dabble in the arts.
难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语+并列成分
难词注解：patronage n. 赞助, 光顾, 任免权
amateurish a.业余爱好的，不熟练的
aristocrat n.贵族
dabble v.涉足，浅尝
语法分析：While the aristocracy has always provided the lion's share of the patronage
主语谓语宾语and the audience for art—as the aristocracy of wealth does even in our more
宾语插入语
democratic days—it has contributed little beyond amateurish efforts to the creation of
形式主语谓语状语状语宾语art itself, despite the fact that aristocrats (like many women) have had more than their
主语从句的主语谓语宾语
share of educational advantages, plenty of leisure and, like women, were often
宾语插入语并列谓语encouraged to dabble in the arts.
并列谓语目的状语
意群训练：While the aristocracy has always provided the lion's share of the patronage and the audience for art—as the aristocracy of wealth does even in our more democratic days—it has contributed little beyond amateurish efforts to the creation of art itself, despite the fact that aristocrats (like many women) have had more than their share of educational advantages, plenty of leisure and, like women, were often encouraged to dabble in the arts.
参考译文：贵族是艺术的观众，经常提供大多数的赞助，在日渐民主的现在，有钱的贵族还是这样。但是，除了这些业余的努力之外，尽管事实上贵族们（像许多名媛一样）有良好的教育优势，充足的休闲，经常被鼓励涉足艺术，他们对于艺术创造本身还是没有什么贡献。
25.Or rather, is it not that the kinds of demands and expectations placed before both aristocrats
and women—the amount of time necessarily devoted to social functions, the very kinds of activities demanded—simply made total devotion to professional art production out of question, indeed unthinkable, both for upper-class males and for women generally, rather than its being a question of genius and talent?
难句类型：并列成分+反问+复杂修饰
难词注解：out of question a. 的确(毫无疑问, 一定, 当然)
out of the question a. 毫无可能的，绝对做不到的
function n. 重大聚会, 功能
语法分析：Or rather, is it not that the kinds of demands and expectations placed before
插入语形式主语主语
both aristocrats and women—the amount of time necessarily devoted to social
定语并列主语定语
functions, the very kinds of activities demanded—simply made total devotion to
定语并列主语定语谓语宾语
professional art production out of question, indeed unthinkable, both for upper-class
宾语状语插入语状语
males and for women generally, rather than its being a question of genius and talent?
状语连接词独立主格
意群训练：
Or rather, is it not that the kinds of demands and expectations placed before both aristocrats and women—the amount of time necessarily devoted to social functions, the very kinds of activities demanded—simply made total devotion to professional art production out of question, indeed unthinkable, both for upper-class males and for women generally, rather than its being a question of genius and talent?
参考译文：换言之，是贵族和名媛面临的需求和期望，贡献给社交聚会的大量时间以及各种各样的活动，而非天分和才能，致使上层社会的人对于职业的艺术创造确实做出了很大的贡献。
26.I suddenly recognized why I, a non-scientist, or anyone should care about what happens to
them: not, ultimately, because they use tools and solve problems and are intellectual beings, but because they are emotional beings, as we are, and because their emotions are so obviously
similar to ours.
难句类型：插入语+并列成分
难词注解：intellectual a.智力的，善于思维的
语法分析：I suddenly recognized why I, a non-scientist, or anyone should care about 主语谓语主语谓语what happens to them: not, ultimately, because they use tools and solve problems and 宾语状语主语谓语宾语谓语宾语are intellectual beings, but because they are emotional beings, as we are, and because
谓语宾语并列成分主语谓语宾语插入语并列成分
their emotions are so obviously similar to ours.
主语谓语表语
意群训练：I suddenly recognized why I, a non-scientist, or anyone should care about what happens to them: not, ultimately, because they use tools and solve problems and are intellectual beings, but because they are emotional beings, as we are, and because their emotions are so obviously similar to ours.
参考译文：我突然认识到，为什么我，一个并非科学家的人，或者任何人应该关心他们的境遇。不是因为他们是有智慧的种类，能够利用工具解决问题；而是因为他们像我们一样有感情，而且和我们的感情这么相近。
27."The Seafarer," translated in 1911 by Ezra Pound, shows Pound's method of translating which,
when he is so inclined, produces not so much a translation as a new poem in the spirit of the original.
难句类型：插入语+复杂句式
难词注解：inclined a.倾向于，赞成的
seafarer n. 船员, 航海家
背景知识：Ezra Pound: 埃兹拉·庞德（1885~1972），美国诗人、翻译家、评论家，“意象派”诗歌代表人物。主要作品有《面具》（1909）、《反击》（1912）、《献祭》（1916）、《休·西尔文·毛伯莱》（1920）和《诗章》（1917-1959）等。
推荐阅读："In a Station of the Metro"
(Ezra Pound)
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
语法分析："The Seafarer," translated in 1911 by Ezra Pound, shows Pound's method of
主语定语谓语宾语translating which, when he is so inclined, produces not so much a translation as a new 引导词状语谓语宾语
poem in the spirit of the original.
状语
意群训练："The Seafarer," translated in 1911 by Ezra Pound, shows Pound's method of translating which, when he is so inclined, produces not so much a translation as a new poem in the spirit of the original.
参考译文：埃兹拉·庞德1911年翻译的《水手》，体现了庞德的翻译思想：当他非常投入的时候，创作出来的不是翻译作品，而是基于原著精神的新的诗作。
28.Isolated from light, warmed only from below. starved of nutrients, the life-forms of V ostok
could teach scientists how life might persist in Europa's frigid climate. where temperatures
average minus 250 degrees Fahrenheit.
难句类型：并列成分
难词注解：V ostok n. [地名] [基里巴斯] 东方号岛
frigid a.寒冷的
nutrient n.营养品，滋养物
Fahrenheit n.华氏温度计
语法分析：Isolated from light, warmed only from below. starved of nutrients, the
表语表语表语
life-forms of V ostok could teach scientists how life might persist in Europa's frigid 主语谓语宾语宾补状语climate, where temperatures average minus 250 degrees Fahrenheit.
状语
意群训练：Isolated from light, warmed only from below. starved of nutrients, the life-forms of V ostok could teach scientists how life might persist in Europa's frigid climate.
where temperatures average minus 250 degrees Fahrenheit.
参考译文：东方号岛上的生物缺乏营养物质，温度和光照，这告诉科学家：在欧洲严寒的气候里，气温低到华氏零下250度的时候，生命如何坚持。
29.Why leave the comforts of home，join a group of desert devotees and walk for miles with a
heavy pack，all to reach a place of rocks and silence where one must shelter from the sun like
a fugitive in the scant shadow of giant boulders?
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：shelter from vt. 躲避, 避开
Fugitive n.逃亡者，亡命者
boulder n.巨石
语法分析：Why leave the comforts of home，join a group of desert devotees and walk
主语
for miles with a heavy pack，all to reach a place of rocks and silence where one must
并列主语谓语宾语状语
shelter from the sun like a fugitive in the scant shadow of giant boulders?
状语
意群训练：Why leave the comforts of home，join a group of desert devotees and walk for miles with a heavy pack，all to reach a place of rocks and silence where one must shelter from the sun like a fugitive in the scant shadow of giant boulders?
参考译文：我们为什么要离开舒适的家，加入到一群沙漠发烧友当中，背着沉重的行囊长途跋涉呢？只是为了去往一个全是岩石和沉寂的地方，人只能像个亡命之徒一样，在巨石少有的阴凉下躲避太阳。
30.Such an interpretation is widely taught to college students, but if it is true, Magritte went to an
awful lot of trouble—carefully selecting a dress-finish pipe of particularly elegant design, making dozens of sketches of it, taking it apart to familiarize himself with its anatomy. then painting its portrait with great care and skill—just to tell us something we already knew.
难句类型：复杂修饰+并列成分
难词注解：Rene Magritte n. 雷内·马格利特(1898-1967,比利时超现实主义画家)
lot n. 命运
finish n. 最后精细加工
sketch n. 速写
anatomy n.解剖，分析
语法分析：Such an interpretation is widely taught to college students, but if it is true, 主语谓语宾语插入语Magritte went to an awful lot of trouble—carefully selecting a dress-finish pipe of
主语谓语宾语伴随状语
particularly elegant design, making dozens of sketches of it, taking it apart to familiarize
伴随状语
himself with its anatomy. then painting its portrait with great care and skill—just to tell
伴随状语
us something we already knew.
目的状语
意群训练：Such an interpretation is widely taught to college students, but if it is true, Magritte went to an awful lot of trouble—carefully selecting a dress-finish pipe of particularly elegant design, making dozens of sketches of it, taking it apart to familiarize himself with its anatomy. then painting its portrait with great care and skill—just to tell us something we already knew.
参考译文：马格利特精心挑选一种设计精巧的管状服饰，制作了大量的速写，把它分解了以使自己熟悉它的构造，然后非常认真地运用技巧画它的结构图，并且把这种方法广泛传授给大学生，如果他真是这样做的，他就陷入了麻烦的境遇：将我们原本知道的事情复述一遍。
31.The enemy of artists like Magritte is na?ve realism—the dogged assumption that the human
sensory apparatus accurately records the one and only real world, of which the human brain can make but one accurate model.
难句类型：同位语
难词注解：naive a. 天真的; 轻信的
apparatus n.器械，器具
语法分析：The enemy of artists like Magritte is na?ve realism—the dogged assumption
主语定语谓语宾语同位语that the human sensory apparatus accurately records the one and only real world, of
主语谓语宾语
which the human brain can make but one accurate model.
主语谓语宾语
意群训练：The enemy of artists like Magritte is na?ve realism—the dogged assumption that the human sensory apparatus accurately records the one and only real world, of which the human brain can make but one accurate model.
参考译文：马格利特是艺术家的敌人，他是单纯的现实主义者，固执地认为人的感官精确地反映唯一的现实世界，人脑就是这其中一个准确的例子。
32.Astronomers understand that each act of observation—photographing a galaxy. taking an
ultraviolet spectrum of an exploding star—extracts but a small piece of the whole, and that a montage of many such images is still only a representation, a painting if you will.
难句类型：并列成分
难词注解：astronomer n.天文学家
ultraviolet a.紫外(线)的
spectrum n.谱，光谱，频谱
extract vt.引申出(原理、原则、解释等)，演绎
montage n. 蒙太奇, 混成画, 拼集的照片, 剪辑
语法分析：Astronomers understand that each act of observation—photographing a
主语谓语从句的主语同位语galaxy，taking an ultraviolet spectrum of an exploding star—extracts but a small piece
同位语从句的谓语
of the whole, and that a montage of many such images is still only a representation, a
从句的宾语并列从句的主语并列从句的谓语并列从句的宾语
Painting if you will.
并列从句的宾语条件状语
意群训练：Astronomers understand that each act of observation—photographing a galaxy，taking an ultraviolet spectrum of an exploding star—extracts but a small piece of the whole, and that a montage of many such images is still only a representation, a painting if you will.
参考译文：天文学家明白，每一次的观察行动——给星系拍照，分析爆炸星球的紫外线的光谱，引申出的只是整体的一小部分，如果你相信，由许多如此形象组成的蒙太奇只是一个代表，一幅画。
33.That no one theory of the universe can deservedly gain permanent predominance does not
mean that all theories are equally valid.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：deservedly ad. 理所应当地, 应得地
valid a.有根据的；有效的
语法分析：That no one theory of the universe can deservedly gain permanent
形式主语主语谓语
predominance does not mean that all theories are equally valid.
宾语谓语从句的主语谓语表语
意群训练：That no one theory of the universe can deservedly gain permanent predominance does not mean that all theories are equally valid.
参考译文：没有什么关于宇宙的理论能占有永久的地位，但这并不意味着所有的理论都是同等合理的。
34.In the wake of the Industrial Revolution, when mass production became the pride and joy of
nineteenth-century entrepreneurs, a fast-growing middle class reveled in the luxury of consumer goods, including jewelry, made available at economical prices.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：entrepreneur n.企业家
revel v.& n.狂欢
语法分析：In the wake of the Industrial Revolution, when mass production became the
时间状语时间状语
pride and joy of nineteenth-century entrepreneurs, a fast-growing middle class reveled
定语主语in the luxury of consumer goods, including jewelry, made available at economical prices.
定语补语谓语补语状语意群训练：In the wake of the Industrial Revolution, when mass production became the
pride and joy of nineteenth-century entrepreneurs, a fast-growing middle class reveled in the luxury of consumer goods, including jewelry, made available at economical prices.
参考译文：在工业革命之后，大规模生产令19世纪的企业家骄傲和欢喜，中产阶级迅速崛起，沉溺于奢侈的消费品当中，包括珠宝，以合算的价格也能得到。
35.Its flowing lines and graceful forms, drawing nature in its perfection and portraying idealized
images, pervaded all areas of design, from fabrics and furniture to cutlery, as well as painting and sculpture.
难句类型：并列成分+复杂修饰
难词注解：fabrics n.织物，织品
cutlery n.刀叉餐具
语法分析：Its flowing lines and graceful forms, drawing nature in its perfection and
并列主语并列主语
portraying idealized images, pervaded all areas of design, from fabrics and furniture to
并列主语谓语宾语补语
cutlery, as well as painting and sculpture.
并列成分
意群训练：Its flowing lines and graceful forms, drawing nature in its perfection and portraying idealized images, pervaded all areas of design, from fabrics and furniture to cutlery, as well as painting and sculpture.
参考译文：动感的线条，优雅的形状，完美的设计风格，理想的形象展示，该种设计充斥着方方面面：从纺织品，家具到餐具，还有绘画和雕塑。
36.In the center was a white lotus floating in varying shades of blue water, the embroidery so fine
that when I held it at arm's length the petals looked real.
难句类型：倒装+复杂修饰
难词注解：lotus n.莲，莲花
embroidery n.刺绣，刺绣品
at arm's length adv. 一臂之距
语法分析：In the center was a white lotus floating in varying shades of blue water, the
状语谓语主语谓语状语
embroidery（省略is） so fine that when I held it at arm's length the petals looked real.
主语表语状语
意群训练：In the center was a white lotus floating in varying shades of blue water, the embroidery so fine that when I held it at arm's length the petals looked real.
参考译文：蓝色的水晕深浅不一，一朵刺绣的白莲漂浮在水的中央，手艺如此精湛，当我靠近欣赏时，白莲的花瓣栩栩如生。
37.Walking by the city's newer buildings, the pedestrian is now as likely to be ambushed by a car
sliding from some underground garage as to be visually assaulted by gap-toothed parking lots and eerie garage facades.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：ambush v.埋伏, 伏击
assault vt.袭击, 突袭
gap-toothed adj. 牙齿间隙大的
lot n. 场地
eerie adj. 怪诞的, 可怕的
fa?ade n.建筑物的正面，外表
语法分析：Walking by the city's newer buildings, the pedestrian is now as likely to be
伴随状语主语谓语
ambushed by a car sliding from some underground garage as to be visually assaulted by
目的状语定语目的状语
gap-toothed parking lots and eerie garage facades.
定语并列宾语
意群训练：Walking by the city's newer buildings, the pedestrian is now as likely to be ambushed by a car sliding from some underground garage as to be visually assaulted by gap-toothed parking lots and eerie garage facades.
参考译文：沿着城市较新的建筑物漫步，行人现在有可能被一辆从地下车库冲出的车袭击，或者视觉上受到密集的停车场和奇怪的车库形状的冲击。
38.In short, Samuel is proud to be considered first a woman composer, one whose connection to
the Welsh language and people resurface at interludes throughout her musical life.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：resurface vi. 重新露面
Interlude n.中间休息, 幕间休息
语法分析：In short, Samuel is proud to be considered first a woman composer, one
插入语主语谓语宾语同位语whose connection to the Welsh language and people resurface at interludes throughout 定语谓语介词短语her musical life.
介词短语
意群训练：In short, Samuel is proud to be considered first a woman composer, one whose connection to the Welsh language and people resurface at interludes throughout her musical life.
参考译文：总之，萨缪尔觉得很自豪：她被认为首先是一位女作曲家。她与威尔士语言和民族的联系在她的音乐生涯中不断重复出现。
39.In other words, science proceeds along a zigzag path toward what we hope will be ultimate
truth, a path that began with humanity’s earliest attempts to fathom the cosmos and whose end we cannot predict.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：zigzag adj. 曲折的, 锯齿形的
fathom vt.彻底了解, 测深
语法分析：In other words, science proceeds along a zigzag path toward what we hope
插入语主语谓语宾语状语will be ultimate truth, a path that began with humanity’s earliest attempts to fathom
同位语谓语介词短语谓语the cosmos and whose end we cannot predict.
宾语宾语主语谓语
意群训练：In other words, science proceeds along a zigzag path toward what we hope
will be ultimate truth, a path that began with humanity’s earliest attempts to fathom
the cosmos and whose end we cannot predict.
参考译文：换言之，科学沿着一条崎岖的小道前进，通往我们所希望的最终的真理。
这条路的起点是人类最早对宇宙的探索，我们无法预测它的结果。
40.Most theoretical ideas begin in this state, and it can take quite a bit of work before their
implication are well enough understood for researchers to be able to tell whether the idea is right or wrong.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：theoretical a.理论(上)的
语法分析：Most theoretical ideas begin in this state, and it can take quite a bit of work
主语谓语状语形式主语谓语宾语before their implication are well enough understood for researchers to be able to tell
状语状语
whether the idea is right or wrong.
从句
意群训练：Most theoretical ideas begin in this state, and it can take quite a bit of work before their implication are well enough understood for researchers to be able to tell whether the idea is right or wrong.
参考译文：大多数的理论思想都从这种状态开始，研究人员要花费很多功夫才能充分明白它的含义，才能区分正确的思想和错误的思想。
41.The costume served as a stand-in for herself. a second skin never totally assimilated to the
person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was taken off, it retained something of the wearer's being.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：stand-in n.替身，代表，作替身
assimilate vt.吸收，消化，使同化
语法分析：The costume served as a stand-in for herself，a second skin never totally
主语谓语宾语宾语
assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was 谓语宾语状语状语状语taken off, it retained something of the wearer's being.
形式主语谓语宾语
意群训练：The costume served as a stand-in for herself，a second skin never totally assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was taken off, it retained something of the wearer's being.
参考译文：盛装对她而言是另一个自己，第二层皮肤；虽然没有完全融入隐藏在这之下的人，却与她浑然一体。即使华服隐去，它依然体现了穿着者的风格。
42.Toward the end of the afternoon, we followed what seemed to be a large movement of
chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest, relatively clear except for columns of nut trees.
难句类型：复杂修饰
难词注解：column n. 列,专栏
语法分析：Toward the end of the afternoon, we followed what seemed to be a large
状语主语谓语
movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest, relatively clear 宾语介词短语状语except for columns of nut trees.
介词短语
意群训练：Toward the end of the afternoon, we followed what seemed to be a large movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest, relatively clear except for columns of nut trees.
参考译文：临近傍晚，我们沿着貌似一大群猩猩的活动踪迹进入到森林当中空旷的地带，那里除了几列果树以外，什么都没有。
43.Our one great accomplishment is language, but our great hope is the internal compass that
may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the future: our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy beyond our kind.
难句类型：复杂修饰+并列
难词注解：compass n.圆规, 指南针, 范围
empathy n.心意相通，(感情等)融为一体
语法分析：Our one great accomplishment is language, but our great hope is the internal
主语谓语宾语主语谓语compass that may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the
宾语谓语宾语谓语宾语介词短语
future，our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy
主语状语状语beyond our kind.
状语
意群训练：Our one great accomplishment is language, but our great hope is the internal compass that may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the future: our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy beyond our kind.
参考译文：语言是我们一个伟大的成就，但是我们的希望犹如一个标准的指南针，引导着我们自己和我们的技术能力通向未来：我们评估自身价值的能力，或者至少和外界沟通的能力。
44.The lawyer thinks, as I think, that the whole story ought, in the interests of truth, to be placed
on record in writing—and the sooner the better.
难句类型：插入语
难词注解：in the interests of为了…(的利益)
语法分析：The lawyer thinks, as I think, that the whole story ought, in the interests of
主语谓语插入语that引导的从句插入语truth, to be placed on record in writing—and the sooner the better.
谓语宾语介词短语状语
意群训练：The lawyer thinks, as I think, that the whole story ought, in the interests of truth, to be placed on record in writing—and the sooner the better.
参考译文：律师和我认为的一样，出于真理的需要，应该记录整个故事，越早越好。
SAT阅读长难句（OG部分）
该部分收录的是新版OG上下册的全部难句，包括OG前面的讲解和后面的试题部分。
1.The one word that sums up the attitude of the silent filmmaker is enthusiasm,
conveyed most strongly before formulas took shape and when there was more room for experiments.
2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句：后置定语从句 我们知道 一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住 了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。 教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生： The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions. 本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构，而 since 之后明显应该是原因 状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分，所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔 细分析 since 后面的部分： 第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后，显然做 an argument 的后置定语从句。 that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构， only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构); 接下来我们遇到了 loses ，since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是 loses 不属于这两个从句，只能与 an argument 对应，这个点也可从单复数上佐证。 loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构，其中it指代前文的an argument;
TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译 摘要：托福阅读中也会出现一些考验大家的托福阅读难句，遇到这些句子的时候，要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累，觉得用得到的要记下来，以下总结的托福阅读中的几个高难度句，希望对大家有所帮助。 "Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships." 很多同学，看到上面的“we view the people as ends in themselves”和“we perceive people as means to ends”就彻底晕菜了。这个其实是可以理解的，这两句话实际是哲学家Kant(康德)关于道德的哲学思想。我们先来看看康德是怎么说的： Humanity According to Kant, there are different ways to state what our duty is. One of them involves the idea of a law. Another involves the idea of humanity, or human reason. Morality says that you should never treat rational human beings merely as means to your end. Whenever you use someone’s skills or services to your own end, you should always also treat that person as an end in him- or herself. 翻译：康德认为，有不同的方式来陈述我们的职责。其中一个是涉及法律。另外一个是涉及人性和人道。道德论认为，你永远不应该把一个理性的人只是作为你达到你的目的中间手段。当你用其他的服务和技能作为你达到你的目的是，你应该尊重他们作为个体而不是你的手段而已。 分析：这里的mean实际上是一个途径，一个中间过程。如果我们把他人视为达成某种目标的中间途径,那就不是道德的。end在这里是终点，自身的结果。只有把他人视为end才是尊重别人才是道德的。 其实这个道理很简单。就是我们常说的：不已结婚为目的谈恋爱都是耍流氓。你不已结婚为目的，就是把女孩当成means了，所以很不道德。你如果是以结婚为目的话，就是当成ends了。
新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文 12月16日 1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways… 由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures, 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语,修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。
托福阅读难句专业翻译一 1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might. 戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。 2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth. 但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance. 十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效 果-的乐器。 4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。 6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
托福长难句精析 Lecture 1 基本句型 1.The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and the most effective way, is not a new one. 2.Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. 3.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design． 解析：The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established in and fostered by…为句子主干 译文：老一代画家大多数出生于1835年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。 4.In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others． 解析：(以and连接的并列句) 译文：在15或30秒的时间里，发言人无法建立形成正在讨论的问题的历史背景；不能详细阐述问题产生的可能原因；无法仔细审查几种建议以辩论哪一种更可取。 5.The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, and switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves. 解析：句子主干：the seesaw brought cycles of… and switched to … or to… 6. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．
托福阅读长难句解决方法解析 托福阅读长难句解决方法 首先：长句子。 A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need. 对于这样一个句子，大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。 在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。 综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。 以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。 其次：长文章 新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成，除了句子理解外，为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝 今天我们来看这样一个句子： The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46) recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发 periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地 hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设 deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划 meteor /'mit/ n. 流星 devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废 impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响 such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的 我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解 The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46) 托福阅读长难句100句分析：
托福阅读：长难句翻译训练 1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. 2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. 4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. 5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down. 6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. 7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. 8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds. 9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. 10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. 1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。 2、但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。
长难句分析-托福 1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space( (定语后置in s ome ways…) 由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人 类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures， 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的
【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练（二） 在以下的内容中为大家整理了具有代表意义的托福阅读长难句，给出了专业的语法解析、原句翻译及意群训练，作为托福备考的重要资料。考生可以通过这些长难句的专项训练，迅速掌握阅读长难句的理解方法和做题技巧。 In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. 托福阅读长难句类型：复杂状语+复杂句子结构+插入成分+不明显的倒装+抽象名词 虽然表面看来这个句子没有什么生词，但是这个句子理解起来并不容易，因为这个句子中出现的单词都是比较抽象的单词，例如 structure, achieve, size, strength, purpose, method, 所以读句子的时候让人觉得不舒服。句子开头就是一个目的状语，但是这个状语很长，让同学们搞不清楚谁是为了实现谁。主句结构是 architecture employs methods of support，但是随后作者又用 that 引导了一个定语从句来修饰 method,并且在定语从句一开始，that 后面直接用because 引导了一个插入的句子，割裂了定语从句。所以完整的复合句是这样的：architecture employs methods of support that have changed little since people first discovered them，到此处作者仍不肯收手，用
2020年托福阅读长难句100句：水循环圈 Perhapsthe fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that couldbe collected in a net, a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplanktonthat we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis ofthe role of grazers in subsequent research. 这个句子谓语动词的识别稍有难度。 1. the fact 后描述的部分是这个fact的具体内容，所以the fact后为同位语从句; 2. a practice ...to feed on 作同位语。only algae of a size后出现的that could be collected ina net 对前者解释说明作用，为典型的后者定语从句; 3. 类似的that overlooked the smallerphytoplankton that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on 修饰说明a practice, 即为后者的后者定语从句。其中 that we now know grazersare most likely to feed on 为the smaller phytoplankton 的后者定语从句。仔细分析，we now know 类似插入语，如果在之前 加as则更像比较状语从句。当然这个定语从句也能够写成 on which we now knowgrazers are most likely to feed; 4. led to 为整句谓语动词，于是 a de-emphasis 为整句宾语。 整句主干很简单，即Perhaps the fact let to a de-emphasis.但主语后跟了自带一个小级别定语从句的后置定语从句，接着又跟了 个自带一个后置定语从句(同样嵌套了自己的定语从句)的同位语，读 句子过程中，我们的思路容易被这些非主干成分打断。 例句2
精选45句托福阅读长难句翻译及词汇注释 （涵盖部分句子简化题翻译） 1.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment（沉积物）-laden（装满的）river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing（沉积）the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope（斜面）. 虽然是较为小型的，但类似的事情也在当下发生，无论什么地方的、大量携带沉积物的河水或溪流从山谷中流至较为平坦的地带，都会随着流速的减慢会沉淀下它的携带物。 河流通常以扇形蔓延，使沉积物以一种平滑的扇形斜面的形式沉积。 2.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie（躺在某上） what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they ar e now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels （石子，砂砾）and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars（沙洲，堤坝）, will be saturated（浸湿）with groundwater. 在地势较低的城市里，地面上几乎所有曾是河床的地方都被土壤掩埋。如果曾是河床的地方现在处于河流（的上表面）之下，旧时河床的石砾、沙子和沙洲就会被地表水浸湿。 3.But note that porosity（孔隙度）is not the same as permeability（渗透率）, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities（腔，洞）and the crevices （裂缝，缺口）linking them. 但是要注意的在测量水可以从一种材料间通过的轻松程度的时候，孔隙度并不等同于渗透率。这个要依材料中每个独立的洞和裂缝的大小而定。 4.If the pores（毛孔，气孔）are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain（使液体流走）away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films（薄膜）, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held. 如果气孔很大，其内部的水分会以滴的形式存在，水分会由于过重、不能被表面张力持住而流走。反之，如果气孔很小，其内部的水分会以薄膜的形式存在，水分太轻以至于不能克服固定它们的表面张力，因此水分就会被以膜的形式保留。 5.But the myths that have grown up around the rites（隆重的仪式或典礼）may continue as part of the group’s oral（口头的; 口述的）tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced（分离）from these rites.
例解析托福阅读长难句 托福阅读长难句实例解析, 你有没有试过这样分析长难句。今天给大家带来托福阅读长难句实例解析,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福阅读长难句实例解析你有没有试过这样分析长难句? 一.例解析托福阅读长难句 1.句子 The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). 2.难点 本句的难点在于句子的修饰成分比较复杂，句子主干淹没在长长的定语和状语中。遇到这种句子只需要理清各个成分的修饰关系，就算定语和状语很长，找到了句子主干和修饰关系，句子
意思也就明朗了。这里需要分清楚定语和状语的区别，定语修饰的是名词性的成分，一般紧挨着被修饰词(比如，results for transit trade…，for transit trade修饰的是results)，而状语则修饰非名词性成分，而且位置比较灵活，放在句首、句中或者句尾都不影响句子含义。 3.拆分 并列句1：The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships.并列句2：Eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). 4.句子成分 并列句1：The people of the Netherlands, [主语] with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, [定语] had [谓语] difficulty [宾语] in developing good harbors suitable for steamships. [定语] 翻译：有着悠久传统的渔业和航运业的荷兰人，在建造适合汽船停靠的优良海港上遇到难题。
【必备资料】托福TPO阅读长难句解析及专项训练（七） 在以下的内容中为大家整理了具有代表意义的托福阅读长难句，给出了专业的语法解析、原句翻译及意群训练，作为托福备考的重要资料。考生可以通过这些长难句的专项训练，迅速掌握阅读长难句的理解方法和做题技巧。 For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness. 托福阅读长难句类型：复杂修饰 本句的主句结构应该是 some early societies ceased to consider certain rites and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition and admired them for their artistic qualities. 在 rites 后面有 essential to their well-being 做后置定语的修饰成分，在 tradition 后面有一个 the myths that had grown up around the rites 的同位语从句，在 artistic qualities 后面有一个 rather than for their religious usefulness 进行转折。同学们只要能够读出来本句的核心意思是“一些早期社会的人们取消了仪式。虽然如此，人们还是保留了那些口头传述故事的传统，是因为出于它们的艺术性。”