b--吡啶pyridine 巴比妥酸:barbituric acid 比电导conductance
不规则的:irregular 崩解剂disintegrant
c--萃取extraction 成团:agglomeration 测量仪measurement 肠液:intestinal fluid
d--胆固醇cholestero 对映体:enantiomer 电极electrode 代谢:metabolism
f--反相渗透reverse osmosis 分布:disposition
g--构象:conformation 固化:solidize
j--甲苯toluene 静脉注:intravenous injection 挤压:compress
聚集:aggregate 胶囊capsule
l--粒子:particle 立体选择性:stereoselectivity 利用率:availability
m--灭菌产品sterile products n--粘合剂adhesive
p--偏振光:polarized light 片剂tablet 配剂elixir 排泄:excretion
q--起始原料starting materials(raw materials) q醛aldehyde
r--溶解度:solubility 乳剂emulsion 润滑剂lubricant
s--释放:release 渗液solution 生物膜:biologic membrane 生物碱alkaloid, t---糖浆syrup 甜味剂sweetener
w--丸剂pill 微生物microorganism 胃液:gastric fluid 稳定态:steady-state
x--旋光异构现象:optical isomerism 悬浮液suspension 香味剂flavor 稀释剂diluent
形状:shape 吸收:absorption 消除:elimination
y--胰岛素insulin 压片:tablet compression
z--中间体intermediate 重结晶recrystallization 左旋:levorotation
蒸馏distillation 组织tissue
a--asymmetric carbon不对称碳absorption吸收action动作adhesive粘合剂
c--contamination污染chirality:手性compress压缩composite合成的compressibility:可压缩性compaction:压紧contamination specialize特殊污染conductivity电导率control:控制clinical:临床的
d-- design:设计dry:干燥delivery:传送
e-- extend:延长epoxide:环氧化物
f-- formulation:制剂fluidity:流动性function:功能
g-- geometric isomerism:几何异构
h-- hormone激素hydrolysis diastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体
heterogeneous catalyst多相催化剂，
i-- irrigating冲洗
m-- metabolite代谢物medication药物治疗medicine内服药mill:研磨
measure尺寸mix:混合microorganisms微生物
o-- ophthalmic眼药
p-- polysaccharide多糖peptide肽plasma血浆penicillin青霉素，
precursor:前体partition coefficient:狭义分配系数pharmaceutical制药的
parenteral注射药物pycogens热源procedure:程序
q-- quality性质quantity数量
s-- steroid甾类steric effect:空间效应stereoselectivity:立体选择性
screening:过筛sustain :维持
t-- treat治疗therapy:治疗
u--uniformity目标v--vaccine疫苗
Unit1 P7
Answer the following questions:
How many groups can pharmaceutical agents be split into depending on their production or origin?
①totally synthetic materials(synthetics)②natural products③products from partial syntheses(semi-synthetic products)
(2)Can you illustrate any significant examples of pharmaceutical agents obtained by total synthesis?
L-amine,chleramphomical,caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,
Lerodapa,peptide,hormones.Prestaglanding,P_Pouricollamine,Vincamine,
(3)What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?
synthetic drugs include the most important of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as starting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products.
2、生物碱
4、Introduction of Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are composed of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA). DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is presented in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent compound pyrimidine.
介绍核酸
核酸是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成，亚基或核苷酸，使整个通常称为多核苷酸序列。核酸有两种，主要品种核糖核酸（RNA）和脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）的。DNA是主要存在于细胞核内的染色质，而90％的RNA在细胞质现在和10％的核仁。核酸类的两个主要的区别在于对目前的五个戊糖碳原子的糖基础。一般两个种基地发现，在所有核酸。一类是母体化合物嘌呤的衍生物。原理是鸟嘌呤和腺嘌呤的例子。在所有发现核酸碱基第二类是来自母体化合物嘧啶。
Unit2 P23
1、Answer the following questions:
(1) What is quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of pharmacologic agents?
quantitative descriptions of physical properties of compounds and the response of the biological system under consideration.
How many steric factors influence on the pharmacologic activity?
Three major headings.(1)Optical and Geometric Isomerism and Pharmacologic Activity.(2)Confrontational Isomerism and Pharmacologic Activity.(3)Isomerism and
Pharmacologic Activity.
Why do enantiomophric pairs (optical isomers) exhibit different biological activities？difference in biologic activity may be due to a difference in the distribution of the isomers or to a difference in the properties of the drug-receptor combination of less them the optimal number of binding groups is suitably located for binding.
2、静脉注射
4、The finding of a novel drug molecule is a long, expensive, and tortuous process with no guarantee of success. Clearly, out of the almost in finite number of possible compounds, only a finite(few, small) number can ever be selected for testing within a given time and the skill of medicinal chemist is in deciding which of those compounds to make first. Of course, there is then the major problem of how to synthesize them! In order to make that decision, the mass of biological data produced for compounds already tested needs to be analyzed in such a way that features which are important for the biological activity/activities can be identified and then for future molecules. The goal of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is to find predicative effect between quantitative descriptions of physical properties of compounds and the response of the biological system under consideration. Hopefully the resulting QSAR will lead to an definition of the molecular features/properties most important in derterming activity, and guide the research of biological activity within the compound series.
发现了新的药物分子是一个长期的，昂贵的，曲折的过程没有成功的保证。显然，出了几乎无限多的可能，只有有限的（很少，小）数量能被选定为测试在给定的时间和技能的药用化学家在决定哪些是这些化合物使第一。当然，有那么主要问题是如何合成！为了使这一决定，大规模的生物数据产生的化合物已经测试需要分析的方式，特点，是重要的生物活性/活动可确定，然后为未来的分子。目的定量构效关系（构效关系）是找到预测作用之间的定量描述化合物的物理性质和反应的生物系统的思考。希望由此产生的构效关系将导致一个定义的分子功能/性能最重要的derterming活动，并指导研究生物活性的化合物系列。
Unit11 P120
1、Answer the following questions:
(1)How many kinds of the route of drug administration are there?
①oral route②parenteral route③topical route
(2)Can you present these usual dosages for us of the drug that are administered orally?
①tablets②capsules③liquid oral
(3)Ho w is an evaluation of a tablet’s properties made?
The actual physical design, manufacturing pracess, and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug being administered
2、Solid oral dosage forms are delivery systems presented as solid dose units readily administered by mouth. The group includes tablets, capsules, pills, and turunda(suppository), as well as bulk or unit-dose powder and granules. The group constitutes the most popular form of presentation, and tablets and capsules account for the greatest number of preparations in this category. The prime reasons for this popularity includes: easy of accurate (yet versatile) measurement, good physical and chemical stability, competitive unit production costs, and an elegant distinctive appearance resulting in a high level of patient acceptability. Among the potential disadvantages are irritant effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa by some solids and the possibility of bioavailability problems caused by the fact that both effectivity (in most causes) and stability must take place before the drug is a available for absorption.
固体口服剂型的运载系统作为固体剂量单位容易管理的嘴。该集团包括片剂，胶囊，丸，和栓剂（栓），以及体积或单位剂量的粉末和颗粒。该组的最流行的形式，介绍，和片剂和胶囊占最大数量的筹备工作在这个类别。主要原因包括：容易普及准确（但多才多艺）测量，物理和化学稳定性好，具有竞争力的单位生产成本，和优雅的独特的外观，导致高水平的病人接受。其中潜在的缺点是刺激性影响胃肠粘膜的某些固体和可能的生物利用度的问题造成的事实，既有效性（在大多数的原因）和稳定之前必须发生的药物是一种可吸收。
4、片剂
Unit12 P127
1、Answer the following questions:
(1)Have you ever know the general methods and processes of the manufacture of tablet？
Yes
(2)What is the importance of manufacture granulation which tables are made from？
Such as compactness, physical stabiling, rapod production, capubilty chemical stability and efficacy, are in general distated primarily by the qualities of the granmlation from which it is made
(3)What components are included in general excipients in a tablet’s formula？
All nondrug components
Have you understood the principle of tablet compression operation？
2、One of the commonly used dosage forms oral is tablet, the components in tablet’s formulation include general diluent, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, and making the granulation is an important process of tablet’s manufacture, the characteristics of a tablet depend basically on the qualities of the granulation, which must possess two characteristic: fluid ity and compressibi lity
.The wet g ranulation is a commonly used method of granulation, which involves wet massing of the powers, wet sizing or milling and drying. The idesl physical form of tablet materials is spheres .unfortunately, most materials do not asily form spheres, which must be processed by granulation for forming sphere like or regularly shaped agg regates.
一个常用的剂型口服片剂，片剂的配方成分包括稀释剂，粘合剂，崩解剂，润滑剂，和造粒的过程是一个重要的片的制作，特色的一片基本上取决于质量的造粒，其必须具备的特征：流动性和可压缩性。湿造粒方法常用的是肉芽组织，其中包括湿集结的权力，或研磨和干燥的湿上浆。理想的物理形式的片材料领域。不幸的是，大多数材料不容易形成领域，必须处理的肉芽组织形成球形或定期形成聚集体。
4 粒子
5、There are three essential methods of the manufacture of granulation for tablet compression, what are they?
Unit13 P135
1(1)Can you tell difference in quality control between the oral tablet and sterile products injected?
They are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment
(2)How is the quality of sterile products assured in-process？
assured in process :No extemporaneous changes are permitted to be made in these procedures, any change must go through the same approval steps as the original written sop. Further, extensive records must be kept to give assurance at the end of the preduction process that all steps have been preformed as prescribed, an aspec t emphasized in the FDA’s Good
Manufacturing Practices
(3)What is the standard operating procedure(SOPs)？
To enhance the assurance of successful manufacturing operation, all process steps must be carefully reduced to writing after being shown to be effective
(4)How is the water for injection usually prepared?
Producing high-purity water
Distillation and reverse osmosis, can be expected to remove undissociated substances along with those that are dissociated substances such as pyrogenus, however, could be present in the absence of ions and not be disclosed by the test
2、Complete the passage below:
Sterile product are dosage forms of therapeutic agent that are free of viable microorganisms, these include parenteral，ophthalmic and Irrigating preparations，because they are injected through the skin or mucuous membranes into internal body，parenteral products must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic components .
Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions，the most frequently employed vehicle for sterile product is water the quality of water for injection (WFI) is required by pharmacopeia，which is superior quality required，the natural water contain generally dissociated and undissciated organic and inorganic substances which they must be essentially removed and set a permitted limits，contaminants are products of matabolism of microorganisms，the removal of pyrogens is very important for water for injection.
Water for injection is prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis.
无菌产品剂型的治疗剂，是免费的，可行的微生物，其中包括肠外，眼科和灌溉的筹备工作，因为他们是通过皮肤或粘膜进入人体内部，肠外产品必须免受微生物污染和有毒成分。无菌产品是最常见的溶液或悬浮液，最经常使用的车辆为无菌产品水水质注射（注射用水）所需的药典，是上乘的质量要求，自然含水量一般分离和undissciated有机和无机物质，它们必须是基本上消除，设置一个允许的限度，污染物产品代谢的微生物，去除热原是非常重要的注射用水。注射用水的制备蒸馏水或反渗透。
4、灭菌产品
5 、Why removal of pycogens is very important for WFI？
Usually by a thermal method, in a container that has dissolved to some extent in the water. Therefore, the solids content will be greater than for the nonsterlilzed product.
Unit14 P142
1、(1)What is the sustained release concept?
Sustained release, sustained action, prolonged action, controlled release, extended action, timed release, depot, and repository dosage forms are terms used to identify drug delivery systems that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended perior of time after administration of a single dose.
(2)What are the advantages of sustained release dosage forms?
Since the frequency of drug administration is reduced, patients compliance can be improved, and drug administration can be made more convenient as well. Is that the total amount of drug administered can be reduced, thus maximizing availability with a minimum dose. In addition, better control of drug absorption can be attained, since the high blood level peaks that may be observed after administration of a dose of a high availability drug can be reduce by formulation in an extend action form. The safety margin of high potency drugs can be increased and the
incidence of both local and systemic adverse side effects can be reduced in sensitive patients. Overall, administration of sustained release forms enables increased reliability of therapy.
(3)What methods are employed for in vitro measurement of drug availability?
Using either the rotating basket, the paddle, or the modified disintegration testing apparatus. 2. Complete the passage below.
The effectiveness of drug’s therapy correlate in general with availability of in vivo drugs, which are influenced by absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion, and elimination of drug in internal body.
Sustained release and sustained action are terms used to identity drug delivery system that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time.
Term “controlled release” has associated to deliverance automatic predefined rates over a long period of time.
During the development stage, the effect of sustained release is simulated by in citro testing with the specification permissible of pharmacopoeia.
药物的有效性的治疗相关的一般可用性体内的药物，这是影响吸收，处置，代谢，排泄，和消除药物在人体内部。
缓释和持续的行动是用来识别药物输送系统，目的是实现长期治疗效果的持续释放药物在一段长时间。
术语“控释”相关的救助自动预定率在很长一段时间。
在发展阶段，持续的影响释放模拟在目标测试规范允许的药典。
4、吸收
Unit16 P158
1．Answer the following questions:
(1) What kinds of the reactor are often used in pharmaceutical factories ？
All reactors have in common selected characteristics of four basic reactor types: the well-stirred batch reactor, the semi batch reactor, the continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor, and the tubular reactor (Fig.1).
(2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank reactor？The CSTR is the idealized opposite of the well-stirred batch and tubular plug-flow reactors. Analysis of selected combinations of these reactor types can be useful in quantitatively evaluating more complex gas-, liquid-, and solid-flow behaviors.
(3) Could you give some production examples that use multiphase reactors？
Rotary kilns, belt dryers, and travelling grates are examples.
(4) What kind of the reactor does a jacked fermentor belong to？
Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor.
Unit18
1、(1) Do you know the typical applications of the main types of crystallizer?
Separation, purification, concentration, solidification.
(2) What are the factors that determine the product quality?
Key determinants of product quality are the size distribution(including mean and spread), the morphology (including habit or shape and form), and purity. Of course, only the last is important with other separation processes.
(3) Can you show the features of some basic types of drying?
Reason for drying include user convenience, shipping cost reduction, product stabilization, removal of noxious or toxic volatiles, and waste recycling and disposal.
(4) What are the differences between drying and evaporation?
This is commonly done by evaporation, but the derived juices may lose flavor components or undergo thermal degradation during evaporation. Evaporation differs from drying in that feed and product are both pumpable fluids.
考试题型
1.Put the following into Chinese/English：
（1）heat sink; crystallization; packed column; sustain; enzyme
散热片；结晶；填料塔；维持；酶
（2）重结晶；肠胃系统；稳定态；沉淀物；中试工厂
recrystallization; gastrointestinal system; steady state; sediment; pilot plant
https://www.doczj.com/doc/286388969.html,plete the passage below：
Term“controlled release” has associated to deliverance automatic predefined (rates ) over a long period of time.
It may merely be noted that such careful control applies not only to the products, ( ) to the raw materials, and also to the ( ).
3.Answer the following questions：
1 What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine？synthetic drugs include the most important of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as starting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products.
2 What are the advantage of sustained release dosage forms？
Since the frequency of drug administration is reduced, patients compliance can be improved, and drug administration can be made more convenient as well. Is that the total amount of drug administered can be reduced, thus maximizing availability with a minimum dose. In addition, better control of drug absorption can be attained, since the high blood level peaks that may be observed after administration of a dose of a high availability drug can be reduce by formulation in an extend action form. The safety margin of high potency drugs can be increased and the incidence of both local and systemic adverse side effects can be reduced in sensitive patients. Overall, administration of sustained release forms enables increased reliability of therapy.
4.Write a short essay based on the following paragraph with not more than 250 words：Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups.
《会计专业英语》模拟试题及答案 一、单选题（每题1分，共20分） 1. Which of the following statements about accounting concepts or assumptions are correct? 1）The money measurement assumption is that items in accounts are initially measured at their historical cost. 2）In order to achieve comparability it may sometimes be necessary to override the prudence concept. 3）To facilitate comparisons between different entities it is helpful if accounting policies and changes in them are disclosed. 4）To comply with the law, the legal form of a transaction must always be reflected in financial statements. A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 3 only D 2 and 3 Johnny had receivables of $5 500 at the start of 2010. During the year to 31 Dec 2010 he makes credit sales of $55 000 and receives cash of $46 500 from credit customers. What is the balance on the accounts receivables at 31 Dec 2010? $8 500 Dr $8 500 Cr $14 000 Dr $14 000 Cr Should dividends paid appear on the face of a company’s cash flow statement? Yes No Not sure Either Which of the following inventory valuation methods is likely to lead to the highest figure for closing inventory at a time when prices are dropping? Weighted Average cost First in first out (FIFO) Last in first out (LIFO) Unit cost 5. Which of following items may appear as non-current assets in a company’s the statement of financial position? (1) plant, equipment, and property (2) company car (3) €4000 cash (4) €1000 cheque A. (1), (3) B. (1), (2) C. (2), (3)
2.1 数学、方程与比例 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. （8）解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形，最后求出它的根，即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 （1）许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. （2）西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术，其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. （3）几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎，他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. （4）数学培养学生的分析问题的能力，使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。
部分习题参考答案 第5章 电感式传感器 何谓电感式传感器电感式传感器分为哪几类 答： 电感式传感器是一种机-电转换装置，电感式传感器是利用线圈自感和互感的变化实现非电量电测的一种装置，传感器利用电磁感应定律将被测非电量转换为电感或互感的变化。它可以用来测量位移、振动、压力、应变、流量、密度等参数。 电感式传感器种类：自感式、涡流式、差动式、变压式、压磁式、感应同步器。 提高电感式传感器线性度有哪些有效的方法。 答：电感传感器采用差动形式，转换电路采用相敏检波电路可有效改善线性度。 说明单线圈和差动变间隙式电感传感器的结构、工作原理和基本特性。 答：参看教材和授课用PPT 说明产生差动电感式传感器零位残余电压的原因及减小此电压的有效措施。 答：差动变压器式传感器的铁芯处于中间位置时，在零点附近总有一个最小的输出电压0U ，将铁芯处于中间位置时，最小不为零的电压称为零点残余电压。产生零点残余电压的主要原因是由于两个次级线圈绕组电气系数（互感 M 、电感L 、内阻R ）不完全相同，几何尺寸也不完全相同，工艺上很难保证完全一致。 为减小零点残余电压的影响，除工业上采取措施外，一般要用电路进行补偿：①串联电阻；②并联电阻、电容，消除基波分量的相位差异，减小谐波分量；③加反馈支路，初、次级间加入反馈，减小谐波分量；④相敏检波电路对零点残余误差有很好的抑制作用。 为什么螺线管式电传感器比变间隙式电传感器有更大的测位移范围 答：螺线管式差动变压器传感器利用互感原理，结构是：塑料骨架中间绕一个初
级线圈，两次级线圈分别在初级线圈两边，铁心在骨架中间可上下移动，根据传感器尺寸大小它可测量1~100mm范围内的机械位移。变间隙式电感传感器是利用自感原理，衔铁的与铁芯之间位移（气隙）与磁阻的关系为非线性关系，可动线性范围很小，因此测量范围受到限制。 电感式传感器测量电路的主要任务是什么 答：主要是将电感值的变化转变为容易测量的电参数，例如电压、电流、电信号的频率等。 概述变间隙式差动变压器的结构、工作原理和输出特性，试比较单线圈和差动螺线管式电传感器的基本特性，说明它们的性能指标有何异同 答：参照教材和授课PPT。 差动变压器式传感器的测量电路有几种类型试述差动整流电路的组成和基本原理。 答：全波电流输出、半波电流输出、全波电压输出、半波电压输出、相敏整流电压输出。 什么叫电涡流效应说明电涡流式传感器的基本结构与工作原理。电涡流式传感器的基本特性有哪些它是基于何种模型得到的 答：（1）块状金属导体置于变化的磁场中或在磁场中作用切割磁力线运动时，导体内部会产生一圈圈闭和的电流，这种电流叫电涡流，这种现象叫做电涡流效应。 （2）形成涡流必须具备两个条件：第一存在交变磁场；第二导电体处于交变磁场中。电涡流式传感器通电后线圈周围产生交变磁场，金属导体置于线圈附近。当金属导体靠近交变磁场中时，导体内部就会产生涡流，这个涡流同样产生交变磁场。由于磁场的反作用使线圈的等效电感和等效阻抗发生变化，使流过线圈的电流大小、相位都发生变化。通过检测与阻抗有关的参数进行非电量检测。 （3）因为金属存在趋肤效应，电涡流只存在于金属导体的表面薄层内，实际上涡流的分布是不均匀的。涡流区内各处的涡流密度不同，存在径向分布和轴向分布。所以电涡流传感器的检测范围与传感器的尺寸（线圈直径）有关。
广东纺织职业技术学院2010～2011学年第一学期 《专业英语》期中考试参考答案 一、单词翻译（英译汉） titrimetric 滴定的analysis 分析 reagent 试剂titrant 滴定剂 flask 烧瓶oxidation 氧化 precision 精密度standard solution 标准溶液sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠Equilibrium constant 平衡常数equilibrium. 平衡manifest 出现，表明equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度frictional flow 有摩擦的流动ionization constant 电离常数correct for 做……的修正molarity 物质的量浓度compressed gas 压缩气体neutralization 中和device 装置，设备plus 正的，加的elevation 海拔，地理高度neutral 中性的positive-displacement 正位移 meter 米，公尺，计， 表，仪表 reciprocating 往复的，来回的sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠piston 活塞 external 外部的(常与to 搭配) centrifugal pump 离心泵，离心抽 机 in the absence of 缺乏……时， 当……不在时 rotational 转动的，轮流的 at the expense of 归……付费，在 损害……的情况 下 rotational velocity 旋转速度 compensation 补偿，赔偿stream 溪，川，流，一 股，一串，河流 specific 特定的upstream station 上游截面 streamline .流线downstream station 下游截面 二、单词翻译（汉译英） normal to surface 垂直于传热面discharge 滤饼卸料 correspondence 符合，一致ceramic 陶器的 momentum 动量，动力，要素filtrate 滤液 momentum transfer 动量传递opening 孔 random motion 随机运动，无规则 运动 colloidal particle 胶体微粒 diffused 扩散的configuration 构造，配置 adjacent .邻近的，接近的fluctuation . 波动，起伏 vibrating 振动的，振荡的atm(atmosphere) 大气压(1atm＝ 101. 3 kPa) bulk temperature (远离表面的)流vane (风车、螺旋桨等
2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction 3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart 4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 （1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. （2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. （3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. （4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. （6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. （7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。
第二章部分习题参考答案
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 2
2 何时选用顺序表，何时选用链表作为线性表的存储结构合适? 各自的主要优缺点是什么? 在实际应用中，应根据具体问题的要求和性质来选择顺序表或链表作为线性表的存储结构，通常有以下几方面的考虑： 1.基于空间的考虑。当要求存储的线性表长度变化不大，易于事先确定其大小时，为了节约存储空间，宜采用顺序表；反之，当线性表长度变化大，难以估计其存储规模时，采用动态链表作为存储结构为好。 2.基于时间的考虑。若线性表的操作主要是进行查找，很少做插入和删除操作时，采用顺序表做存储结构为宜；反之，若需要对线性表进行频繁地插入或删除等的操作时，宜采用链表做存储结构。并且，若链表的插入和删除主要发生在表的首尾两端，则采用尾指针表示的单循环链表为宜。 顺序表的主要优点: 没使用指针，不用花费附加开销 ;线性表元素的读写访问非常简洁便利 链表的主要优点：无需事先了解线性表的长度;能够适应经常插入删除内部元素的情况; 允许线性表的长度有很大变化 3 在顺序表中插入和删除一个结点平均需要移动多少个结点? 具体的移动次数取决于哪两个因素? 在等概率情况下，顺序表中插入一个结点需平均移动n/2个结点。删除一个结点需平均移动(n-1)/2个结点。具体的移动次数取决于顺序表的长度n以及需插入或删除的位置i。i 越接近n则所需移动的结点数越少。 4 链表所表示的元素是否有序? 如有序，则有序性体现于何处? 链表所表示的元素是否一定要在物理上是相邻的? 顺序表的有序性又如何理解? 有序。有序性体现在通过指针数据元素有序的相连。物理上不一定要相邻。顺序表的有序不仅体现在逻辑结构上有序，而且在物理结构（储存结构）也有序。 5 设顺序表L是递增有序表，试写一算法，将x插入到L中并使L仍是递增有序表。 因已知顺序表L是递增有序表，所以只要从顺序表终端结点（设为i位置元素）开始向前寻找到第一个小于或等于x的元素位置i后插入该位置即可。
一、Give out the full names for the following abbreviations(写出下列缩写词的全称)（15%） WAN__________________________________________________ HTTP__________________________________________________ NT____________________________________________________ CEO__________________________________________________ DBMS________________________________________________ ISP___________________________________________________ XML__________________________________________________ BIOS_________________________________________________ IT____________________________________________________ WWW_______________________________________________ 二、Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right )（10%） 1. output devices a. 操作系统 2. silicon b. 扩展存储器 3. expanded memory c. 硅 4. database administrator d. 输出设备 5. operating system e. 汇编语言 6. assembly language f. 数据库管理员 7. gateway g. 数字图像处理 8. laser technology h. 网关 9. digital image processing i. 制造过程 10.manufacturing process j. 激光技术 1. （ ） 6. （ ） 2. （ ） 7. （ ） 3. （ ） 8. （ ）
物理实验部分习题参考答案： 一、题目： ⒈按照误差理论和有效数字运算规则改正错误： ⑴ cm 02.0345.10）（±=d ⑵ s 5.40.85）（±=t ⑶ 2911N/m )1079.51094.1(?±?=Y ⑷ m 2mm 2000= ⑸ 5625.125.12= ⑹ 233101)00.6(6 1 61?===ππd V ⑺ 6000006 .116.121500400=-? 3. 按有效数字运算规则计算下列各式： ⑴ =++6386.08.7537.343 ⑵ =--54.76180.845.88 ⑶ =?+-?25100.10.51092.6 ⑷ =÷?0.17155.32.91 ⑸ =÷-+001.2)47.0052.042.8( ⑹ =??0.3001.32π ⑺ =÷-22.100)230.10025.100( ⑻ =+--?) 001.000.1)(0.3103()3.163.18(00.50 5.计算下列数据的算术平均值、标准偏差及平均值的标准偏差，正确表达测量结果（包括计算相对误差）。 ⑴ cm /i l ：3.4298，3.4256，3.4278， 3.4190，3.4262，3.4234，3.4263，3.4242，3.4272， 3.4216; ⑵ s /i t :1.35，1.26，1.38，1.33，1.30，1.29，1.33，1.32，1.32，1.34，1.29，1.36； ⑶ g /i m ：21.38，21.37，21.37，21.38，21.39，21.35，21.36。 6.用算术合成法求出下列函数的误差表达式（等式右端未经说明者均为直接测得量，绝对误差或相对误差任写一种）。 ⑴ z y x N 2-+=； ⑵ )(2 22B A k Q += ,k 为常量； ⑶ F D c B A N 21)(12--=； ⑷ b a ab f -=， （b a ≠）； ⑸ A B A f 422-=； ⑹ 2 1212??? ??=r r I I ；
南昌大学2014～2015学年第一学期期中考试试卷 (参考答案) 课程编号：Z5801X304 课程名称：精细有机合成单元反应 适用班级：化工112 姓名：学号： 一、填空题（每空2’,共30’） 1、硝化结束时废酸中硫酸和水的计算质量比，强） 2、σ配合物，两步，动力学同位素效应，σ配合物中间产物的分离及其相对稳定性）（基础——亲电取代1） 3、（酸油比，混酸与被硝化物的质量比） 4、（可逆，磺化产物或磺酸，水解反应，高） 5、甲醇丙酮、二甲基亚砜乙腈、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺正已烷、四氯化碳、甲苯） 二、简答题（5’×4=20’） 1、磺化产物的分离中，稀释酸析法、中和盐析法利用到的原理分别是什么？并请分别举例说明。 答：稀释酸析法主要是利用某些芳磺酸在50－80%硫酸中溶解度很小，而在高于或低于这个浓度范围时，溶解度会剧增的特性，通过过用水稀释磺化液到适宜的硫酸浓度，而使产品析出的方法。例如，P124，CLT酸制备过程中2－硝基－4－甲基－5－氯苯磺酸的分离利用的就是此方法。 中和盐析法主要利用是磺酸盐在硫酸钠或其它无机盐水溶液中的溶解度比在水中的溶解度小的多的特性进行分离操作的，这种分离方法对设备的腐蚀性小。例如，萘－2－磺酸的中和盐析{P110（2）}。 2、在硝基苯硝化制备间二硝基苯时会同时产生邻位和对位异构体，请问可以用化学法中哪种具体方法进行提纯？并说明其原理。 答：方法：通过用亚硫酸钠水溶液处理或在相转移催化剂存在下用氢氧化钠水溶液处理的化学分离法，使邻位体和对位体转变成水溶性的硝基苯磺酸而除去。 原理：-NO2具有吸电子的共轭效应，且对邻、对位影响较大，使与硝基相连的碳原子电子云密度较低，容易发生亲核置换反应，而对间位影响较小。
Lesson2 Exercises 1. Put the following into Chinese. （1）Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms. 流过电路里电阻的电流，与加在电阻两端的电压成正比，与电阻的阻值成反比。这就是欧姆定律。 （2）Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region. 不过，许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。 （3）It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow. 应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。 （4）A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected. 一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。另一类关系由于网络结构，即网络的不同元件互相连接的方式所产生的相同形式的一些变量间的关系。 （5）The thermal conductivity of metals is as much as several hundred times that of glass. 金属的导热率比玻璃高几百倍。 （6）Magnetic line of force will，whenever passible, travel through iron or other magnetic materials. 磁力线只要有可能就会通过铁或其它磁性材料。 （7）Actually, 0 o C is indeed the lower limit to temperatures capable of being attained. 事实上绝对零度确是所能达到的温度的最低限度。 2. Translate the following into English. （1）电路元件吸收或释放的功率为元件两端的电压与流过该元件电流的乘积。 The power absorbed or supplied by a circuit element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it. （2）理想独立电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流不依赖于电路中其他变量。 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables. （3）受控电源是一个有源元件，它所提供的电压或电流受电路中某部分电压或电流控制。 An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current. （4）叠加定理为：线性电路中，任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时，在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。 The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. （5）计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。Computers may be classfied as analog and digital．（6）新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times． （7）超导体在电气应用上的重要性不能被估计过高。The importance of superconductor in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated.
1.Why are cast metal sheet ingots hot-rolled first instead of being cold-rolled? Because of cold rolling is to use hot rolled steel coils as the raw material, after acid pickling to remove oxide skin for cold rolling, the finished product is hard roll, because of cold work hardening caused by deformation of continuous cold rolling hard roll strength, increase hardness, toughness and plastic index decreased, so the stamping performance will deteriorate, can only be used for simple deformation of the parts 2.What type of heat treatment is given to the rolled metal sheet after hot and “warm” rolling? What is its purpose? 轧钢的热处理的类型？轧钢热处理的目的？ Heat treatment of the main types are annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, solution treatment and aging treatment, cold treatment, chemical treatment, etc. Annealing： The steel is heated to a certain temperature and heat preservation for a period of time, and then make it slowly cooling, called annealing. Steel annealing is a heat the steel to the phase change or part of the phase change temperature, slow cooling after heat preservation heat treatment method. The purpose of annealing is to eliminate tissue defects, improve the organization make composition uniformity and fine grains, increase mechanical properties of the steel, reduce residual stress; Can decrease the hardness at the same time, improve the plasticity and toughness, improve machinability. So before annealing in order to eliminate and improve both the legacy of tissue defects and internal stress, and to prepare for the follow-up process, so the annealing is belong to the intermediate heat treatment, also called heat treatment in advance Normalizing： Normalizing is heated to above the critical temperature of steel, to all into homogeneous austenitic steel, heat treatment and natural cooling in air. It can eliminate hypereutectoid steel mesh cementite, for hyposteel normalizing can refine crystal lattice, improve comprehensive mechanical properties, low requirements for the parts use the normalized instead of the annealing process is more economic. Quenching: Quenching is the steel is heated to above the critical temperature, heat preservation for a period of time, then quickly into the quenching medium, the temperature plummeted, rapid cooling at greater than the critical cooling rate of speed, which is mainly composed of martensite and unbalanced heat treatment method of the organization. Can increase strength and hardness of the steel quenching, but to reduce its plasticity. That is commonly used in quenching hardening agent are: water, oil, caustic soda, and salt solution, etc
生产管理部分习题参考答案 第3章设施规划与生产过程组织 P77 3. 某制造公司决定在北方建一新厂，经初步筛选确定三个备选厂址A、B和C，并请专家对6个影响因素进行评分，结果如表3-16所示，综合考虑各个因素，确定哪个厂址更佳。 表3-16 三个候选方案因素评分表 解：这是场址选择中的加权因素法的应用题，各因素的得分为权重*方案得分。具体计算见下表： 因此，综合评价结果是厂址C更佳。
5．某公司计划修建一个工厂，为三个制造厂生产零配件，表3-18列出了三个制造厂的位置及配件需求量，请用重心法为新厂选择最佳位置。 表3-18 三个制造厂的位置及配件需求量信息表 解：这是场址选择方法评价中的重心法应用问题。 假设新厂最佳位置坐标为(x 0, y 0)，按重心法计算： =++++= = ∑∑==2500 500035002500 *3255000*4003500*3501 10n i i n i i i V V X X 367 =++++= = ∑∑==2500 500035002500 *1005000*1503500*4001 10n i i n i i i V V Y Y 218 6．某单位有六个部门，根据表3-19列出的活动关系，进行布置。 表3-19 六个部门的活动关系表 解： 按照AEIOU 按6,5,4,3,2计算综合相互关系得分，构造作业单位相互位置关系表：
布置图：1) 优先满足A 级关系的作业单位对1-2-3及4-5，即1-2-3必需邻接，4-5必需邻接： 2) 满足E 级关系作业单位对：1-4,1-5,2-6,3-4，如图： 3） 尽可能满足 、E 级关系。 （注意：可能有比较多的方案，不管是哪一种，A-E 关系的作业单位对必需尽可能满足，在布置时以邻接关系出现） 7．某车间加工六种零件，加工工序如表3-20所示。试利用从至表法布置这7个工作地，并使总运输距离为最小。 表3-20 六个部门的活动关系表 解： 1)、先按初始顺序对表3-20转换成从至表： 车床 铣床 钻床 镗床 磨床 压床 检验 搬运量 车床 C A,E F 1+2*2+1*6=11 铣床 B C,D E A 1+2*2+3+5=13 钻床 E B A,F C 1+2*2+4=9 镗床 D B,C E 1+2*2+3=8 磨床 A E B,D,F 3*2=6 压床 B C 1 检验 C,F ∑=48 搬运量(逆) 1+3=4 8 1 1 ∑=14 总搬运量: 62 2) 从至表技术应用于布置设计的关键在于将搬运次数多的作业单位对尽可能邻接，即靠近对角线位置，常用的技术是对作业单位对进行“两两互换”。例如将初始布置得压床和检验位置互换，得到的结果为：
广东纺织职业技术学院2010～2011学年第一学期 《专业英语》期中试卷 考试时间：120分钟考试形式：开卷适用专业：班级：学号：姓名：成绩： 各题20分 一、单词翻译（英译汉） titrimetric analysis reagent titrant flask oxidation precision standard solution sodium hydroxide Equilibrium constant equilibrium. manifest equilibrium concentration frictional flow ionization constant correct for molarity compressed gas neutralization device plus elevation neutral positive-displacement meter reciprocating sodium hydroxide piston external centrifugal pump in the absence of rotational at the expense of rotational velocity compensation stream specific upstream station streamline downstream station 二、单词翻译（汉译英） 垂直于传热面滤饼卸料 符合，一致陶器的 动量，动力，要素滤液 动量传递孔 随机运动，无规则 运动 胶体微粒 扩散的构造，配置 .邻近的，接近的. 波动，起伏 振动的，振荡的大气压(1atm＝ 101. 3 kPa) (远离表面的)流 体(本体)温度 (风车、螺旋桨等 的)翼，叶片 目录，目录册切线的 线性相关蜗壳形式