英语模拟试题
Section I Vocabulary (10 points)
Directions:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. A good reader doesn’t stop to consult his dictionary when meeting any new word, but ______ meaning from the context.
A. incur
B. insulate
C. infer
D. invert
2. In our culture, honesty has always been looked upon as an essential ______ of a person’s character.
A. ingredient
B. inspiration
C. increment
D. integrity
3. There is no doubt that a ______ official must be one who is irresponsible in his work.
A. timid
B. suspicious
C. tedious
D. slack
4. There are several measures we can take to ______ traffic jams happening here and there in the city.
A. stand up to
B. do away with
C. put up with
D. get away with
5. The writer was so smart that he managed to ______ his lifetime’s work into one single volume.
A. express
B. compress
C. suppress
D. depress
6. It is believed that hard working of the pioneers caused the ______ of large piece of desert into oasis.
A. conversion
B. invention
C. reform
D. innovation
7. The American anthropologists are making research into the customs ______ to these native tribes.
A. impartial
B. special
C. peculiar
D. particular
8. I don’t know why Johnson lifted up such a heavy box in front of girls to ______ his strength.
A. show off
B. step off
C. show up
D. step up
9. I could not ______ of your sending a child of only 7 out on such a windy night all by himself.
A. forgive
B. conceive
C. deceive
D. perceive
10. It is reported that the relatives of those killed in the crash will get together to seek ______.
A. refund
B. premium
C. repayment
D. compensation
11. Since a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is accepted as a symbol of ______ love.
A. successive
B. faithful
C. permanent
D. insistent
12. Some philosophers are concerned chiefly with the wisdom ______ the study of the world about us.
A. risen to
B. come up
C. got to
D. derived from
13. When she heard the bad news, her eyes ______ with tears as she struggled to control her emotions.
A. sparkled
B. twinkled
C. radiated
D. glittered
14. In spite of the ______, it seemed that many of the guests who had been invited would still show up.
A. contrary
B. distinction
C. controversy
D. deviation
15. It is reported that the trade union in this industry are ______ any reduction in workers’ wages.
A. objected against
B. opposed to
C. reacted to
D. resisted against
16. It is believed that the old couple now still ______ for their beloved son, lots of years after his death.
A. sympathize
B. groan
C. saturate
D. mourn
17. The ______ the old couple felt for each other was obvious to everyone in the town who saw them.
A. affection
B. adherence
C. sensibility
D. sensitivity
18. You cannot imagine how ______ I may feel with my responsibilities when I am working.
A. overflowed
B. overthrown
C. overwhelmed
D. overturned
19. We should ______ some of the old furniture so that we can have more room in the new house.
A. discard
B. conceal
C. dispose
D. convey
20. It is necessary that the subject of safety must always be placed at the top of the ______.
A. timetable
B. schedule
C. routine
D. agenda
Section II Cloze (10 points)
Directions:
Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
As fears grow 21 the world economy is going into recession, finance ministers and central bank chiefs from the main industrialized nations have had talks in Washington 22 the annual
meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, 23 begin next Monday. Correspondents say they have been 24 ways to show the world that decisive action will be 25 to restore confidence.
United States Treasury Secretary emerged from the meeting, 26 the group of seven had had 27 he referred to as long 28 intense discussions on how to end the global financial crisis. The communiqué (公报) stated that the balance of risks in the global economy had shifted. Without spelling it out, the ministers made 29 clear that the danger now was recession 30 not inflation. The communiqué went on to say that each of the seven had to do its part to promote recovery and financial stability 31 keeping markets open.
Japan received the most 32 .Tokyo was told that it had to take swift 33 so that it could 34 economic growth, and 35 the country’s banking crisis. Much of the statements was 36 to developing countries. The seven were worried about the 37 of funds from the emerging markets. Here the discussions 38 on Brazil, which has recently seen a billion dollars a day leaving the country. And there was a special message for the Russian representatives who joined the meeting. There had to be faster reform and comprehensive restructuring of the financial sector, but there are 39 who believe that that advice will be 40 in the near future.
21. A. when B. and C. that D. so
22. A. after B. ahead C. prior D. before
23. A. who B. it C. they D. which
24. A. pursuing B. searching C. finding D. chasing
25. A. taken B. made C. done D. brought
26. A. spoke B. said C. saying D. telling
27. A. as B. what C. which D. that
28. A. yet B. as C. and D. hence
29. A. them B. it C. those D. that
30. A. however B. but C. so D. or
31. A. on B. by C. while D. through
32. A. application B. affection C. attraction D. attention
33. A. effort B. activity C. action D. endeavor
34. A. step up B. back up C. add up D. stand up
35. A. verify B. determine C. secure D. resolve
36. A. resigned B. devoted C. committed D. attributed
37. A. departure B. removal C. dismissal D. withdrawal
38. A. imposed B. absorbed C. centered D. ascertained
39. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little
40. A. followed B. received C. obtained D. traced
Section III Reading comprehension (40 points)
Directions:
Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Passage 1
Europe is following the Dutch lead and taking the green movement to the manufacturers of white goods and electronics. A spate of legislation emerging from Brussels aims ultimately to hold manufacturers responsible for the fate of their products along after they’ve left store shelves or car showrooms. They’re being told they must ensure that as much as 85 percent of their products is recycled or reused, and the remainder disposed of in environmentally sound ways.
Something surely needs to be done. In recent decades consumers have grown used to an ever-speedier turnover of hardware. A computer built in the 1960s lasted 10 years on average; now they are scrapped in just four. In the past more than 90 percent of this detritus (废物) had been buried in landfills. Europe’s junk heap of electronic goods now weighs 6 million tons and will double in 12 years. All this waste is taking an obvious toll on the planet.
Even at this early stage in Europe’s recycling experiment, though, the new laws have already caused unintended problems. Some European countries have been caught wholly unprepared. Because of the new regulations, waste sites and incinerators throughout Europe are being inundated with hardware. Recycling facilities now coming online face a backlog of six months. Another problem: replacing bad but essential materials. The EU will soon ban the use of the lead, a hazardous substance that’s been used for decades to solder circuit boards. Electronics companies are struggling to find alternatives. “This could be a much bigger challenge for us than the waste-disposal regulation,”says Michelle O Neill, a Hewlett-Packard lobbyist in Brussels.
Business leaders also warn of excessive costs. “Society and the politicians have another objective here: to move costs onto industry,”says Viktor Sundberg, European affairs director of Swedish manufacturer Electrolux. Inevitably some of those costs will trickle down to the consumer. And there’s the sticky problem of assigning responsibility. Is one manufacturer liable for recycling the products of a former rival that has gone out of business? Should carmakers pay for dismembering vehicles built years before the directive took effect? Europe hasn’t worked out these issues.
The new recycling laws may not cost as much as one might think. Many of the new targets are only incrementally tougher than existing ones. Carmakers, for instance, will in five years have to recycle or reuse 80 percent, by weight, of their old cars. But in the more eco-conscious northern states, they already voluntarily recycle 60 percent. That may be why manufacturers have greeted the new rules meekly. Ford claims that its latest Fiesta hatchback, newly built for the European market, is already 85 percent recyclable; that’s a powerful image for the new eco-friendly manufacturing, provided Europe’s medicine works without too many side effects.
41. The author says “something surely needs to be done” (Para. 2) because
A. the environment has already been seriously polluted.
B. some products are replaced at a faster rate than before.
C. Europe doesn’t have enough place to bury the discarded goods.
D. some electronic goods will not decay if they are buried.
42. The word “inundate” (Para. 3) probably means
A. overwhelm.
B. destroy.
C. flood.
D. pollute.
43. What disturbs electronics companies most according to Michelle O Neill?
A. The production of recycling facilities falls far short of demand.
B. The destruction of electronic products will cost a lot of money.
C. The waste-disposal process involves advanced technology.
D. Some essential materials have to be replaced.
44. We learn from the text that
A. manufacturers are reluctant to spend money on recycling their products.
B. manufacturers will shoulder a larger proportion of the costs of recycling.
C. innovative European laws don’t define clearly how to assign the responsibility.
D. innovative European laws are not applicable in many developing countries.
45. What is the author’s attitude towards achieving the targets set up in the laws?
A. Confident.
B. Pessimistic.
C. Suspicious.
D. Indifferent.
Passage 2
Individual owners once ran most of the large corporation in the United States. They controlled enough of their company’s stock to dominate the board of directors and dictate company policy. Because selling such an inordinate percentage of a company’s stock all at once would only drag down the market value of the shares, there was no way for the owners of these companies to turn a quick profit by simply dumping their shares into the market. Instead, the owners and executives of these companies had no choice but to reinvest their money in ways that would improve the long-term productivity and financial well being of their corporation.
Today, with few exceptions, the stock of large US corporations is held not by the owners of the companies or individual shareholders but by large financial and other institutions such as pension funds. Since these types of institutional investors are prohibited by law from owning a majority of a company’s stock, and thus unable to actively influence corporate policy, they can only enhance their wealth through the buying and selling of stock according to fluctuations in the share price. “A minority shareholder is often in it for the short-term gains,” says one Wall Street Analyst speaking on terms of anonymity, “the result is that they care less about the long-term productivity of a company and more about short-term profit.”
Since a return to one owner－one company is unlikely, many observers would like to see a new sense of corporate responsibility develop among today’s short-term and institutional investors. “Unless institutional investors are allowed the legal freedom to assume majority control of a company’s shares,”says one government regulator, “there will never be the sense of stakeholder responsibility.” Short-term profit taking is a thornier question. Recent legislation before Congress would require any investor holding more than 20% of a company’s shares to give one day’s public notice of intent to sell those shares. Despite strong support from advocates of corporate reform and financial transparency, the measure seems unlikely to pass in the face of equally strong opposition from financial services groups, pension funds, and business
leaders.
In a recent editorial in the San Francisco Chronicle, former Secretary of Labor Roger Reiss advocated “a sea change in what we mean when we say ‘corporate responsibility’. We need to start putting people and productivity over profits and personal gain.”
Whether or not such an overhaul is feasible remains to be seen. However many, like Secretary Reiss, continue to argue that without such measures, financial institutions will become increasingly profit-driven and short-sighted at the expense of the long-term economic health of the business sector.
46. Why do majority shareholders care much about long-term interests of the corporation?
A. They are controlling the policy making of the corporation.
B. They want to help the corporation grow as fast as possible.
C. They find the amount of short-term profit not attractive enough.
D. They plan to buy an even big share of the corporation’s stock.
47. Which of the following is deemed as the cause to minority shareholders’ short-term driven
nature?
A. The provisions of law.
B. The size of corporation.
C. The nature of market
D. The fluctuation in price.
48. The government regulator in paragraph three seems to believe that
A. it is impossible now for one owner to dominate the whole company again.
B. a bigger share of ownership is a premise to the realization of responsibility.
C. institutional investors need more freedom to develop the sense of responsibility.
D. a stockholder’s sense of responsibility is often impossible to be achieved.
49. The word “thornier” (Para. 3) probably means
A. more conventional.
B. more controversial.
C. more obvious.
D. more universal.
50. From the last two paragraphs we can conclude that
A. Secretary Reiss is rather mild in his proposed measures.
B. people and productivity are more important than profit.
C. financial institutions are becoming harmful to the economy.
D. drastic changes in corporation law are still in the air now.
Passage 3
New scientific studies reveal the hidden costs of multitasking as technology increasingly tempts people to do more than one thing at a time. Whether people toggle (转换) between browsing the Web and using other computer programs, talk on cell phones while driving, pilot jumbo jets or monitor air traffic, they’re using their “executive control”processes—the mental CEO—found to be associated with the brain’s key neural regions. These interrelated cognitive processes establish priorities among tasks and allocate the mind’s resources to them. “For each aspect of human performance—perceiving, thinking and acting—people have specific mental resources whose effective use requires supervision through executive mental control,” says David Meyer, Ph.D. at the University of Michigan.
To better understand executive control, as well as the human capacity for multitasking and its limitations, Joshua Rubinstein, Ph.D. of U. S. Federal Aviation Administration, and David Meyer, and Jeffrey Evans, Ph.D. at the University of Michigan, studied patterns in the amounts of time lost when people switched repeatedly between two tasks of varying complexity and familiarity. The findings revealed that for all types of tasks, subjects lost time when they had to switch from one task to another, and time costs increased with the complexity of the tasks, so it took a significantly long time to switch between more complex tasks. Time costs were a lot greater when subjects switched to tasks that were relatively unfamiliar. They got “up to speed” faster when they switched to tasks they knew better, an observation that may lead to interfaces (界面) designed to help overcome people’s innate cognitive limitations.
The researchers say their results suggest that executive control involves two distinct, complementary stages: goal shifting (I want to do this now instead of that) and rule activation (I’m turning off the rules for that and turning on the rules for this). Both stages help people unconsciously switch between tasks. Rule activation itself takes significant amounts of time, several tenths of a second—which can add up when people switch back and forth repeatedly between tasks. Thus, multitasking may seem more efficient on the surface, but may actually take more time in the end. According to the researchers, this insight into executive control may help people choose strategies that maximize their efficiency when multitasking. The insight may also weigh against multitasking. For example, Meyer points out, a mere half second of time lost to task switching can mean the difference between life and death for a driver using a cell phone, because during the time that the car is not totally under control, it can travel far enough to crash into obstacles the driver have otherwise avoided.
51. What is the text mainly about?
A. The role of mental CEO executive control process.
B. The high efficiency and hidden costs of multitasking.
C. Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching.
D. The benefits of studying executive mental control.
52. According to the text, the function of mental CEO is to
A. associate the activities with the neural regions.
B. help people deal with many tasks at the same time.
C. establish priorities among complicated tasks.
D. supervise the use of specific mental resources.
53. Which kind of task switching among the following will produce the greatest time cost?
A. To switch to a more complex task.
B. To switch to a more unfamiliar task.
C. To switch to a easier task.
D. To switch to a more familiar task.
54. Which of the following statements is true for the rule activation stage of executive control?
A. It can help people consciously switch between tasks.
B. It doesn’t take as much time as the stage of goal shifting.
C. People will use similar rules while performing different tasks.
D. It can help explain why time is lost during task switching.
55. The example about the driver in the third paragraph is used to illustrate that
A. car drivers shouldn’t drive so fast while using a cell phone.
B. car drivers should shift his goals to avoid the accidents.
C. multitasking is not as efficient as people have expected.
D. multitasking should be avoided for the sake of safety.
Passage 4
Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to refer to things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in expression. Such special dialects, or jargon, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.
Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other occupations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language, hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, and philosophy have also become pretty familiar to cultivated person, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.
Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political sciences and in the mechanic arts. Hence new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all profession once were, a closed guild (行会). The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric (神职人员) associate freely with his fellow creatures, and do not meet them in a merely professional way.
Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it—as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.
56. The author’s main purpose in writing this text is to
A. describe a phenomenon.
B. argue about a belief.
C. propose a solution.
D. stimulate an action.
57. By saying technical terms are “on the outskirts of the English language... ”, the author means
A. they are usually used in the urban areas.
B. they are always used in the rural areas.
C. they don’t constitute the core of common speech.
D. they are not understood by English farmers.
58. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds”, he means that
A. it is easier to become a professional today than it was in the past.
B. there is more social communication between professionals and others.
C. popular science has told its secrets to people all over the world.
D. no one can understand more things in profession now than ever.
59. It seems that the text implies
A. the English language is always becoming larger and larger.
B. the words of the English language are always changing now.
C. one can never be sure what a word means without consulting an expert.
D. technical terms have little chance of being the main body of the language.
60. The author mentions Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy as examples of
A. rapid occurrence of jargon.
B. rapid disappearance of jargon.
C. precision of jargon in meaning.
D. popular familiarity with jargon.
Section IV Translation (20 points)
Directions:
In this section there is a passage. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61) And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS, and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.
To combat this, the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to “downgrade” the process into something low-key, routine and stigma-free. 62)Until now, a potential test subject had to opt in, by asking for a test; having asked, he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way, having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory, but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent, and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.
This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana, South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi, a doctor at Botswana’s largest AIDS clinic, thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63) In particular, he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if
those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate anti-retroviral before they gave birth.
Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients ’ blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual ’s infection has become. That helps a patient ’s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64) But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs —at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.
But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead, many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65) Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people, and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher, all the better.
Section V
Writing (20 points)
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay. In the essay you should
1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2)give your comment on the phenomenon.
You should write more than 150 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)