Cover Picture: Mammillaria luethyi PH914.06, possibly several plants or a small cluster.See the article on Page 30. Photo: Paul Hoxey.
The Cactus Explorer ISSN 2048-0482
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Regular Features
Introduction
3News and Events
4Thank you John (Pilbeam)8Recent New Descriptions 13Lophophora alberto-vojtechii 16In the Glasshouse 18Journal Roundup 22The Love of Books 24Society Page 64Retail Therapy
65
Articles
Gasteria rawlinsonii in the Baviaanskloof 26Mammillaria luethyi. In search of a botanical jewel from Mexico 30My search for Obregonia denegrii 37Melocactus on two Caribbean Islands 43Why Echeveria penduli?ora?47Travel with the cactus expert (2)50Uebelmannia pectinifera var. eriocactoides 54Expedition to Socotra, 196758
The No.1 source for on-line information about cacti and succulents is https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,
New link for Gymnocalycium enthusiasts (French): http://gymnocalycium.free.fr/index.php
Number 3 February 2012ISSN 2048-0482 The Cactus Explorer
What a welcome!
It is most pleasing that you are continuing to email me and tell me how much you are enjoying the Cactus Explorer. We really appreciate hearing from you, it is very encouraging to know that our e?orts are appreciated!
I would particularly like to thank the authors who have contributed articles. Without any chasing from me, we had plenty of material for the last issue. In fact, it ended up being rather larger than I had planned. But, unlike printed journals, we can vary the size to accommodate what we have ready to publish. It was a bit scary to have nothing in hand when number 2 was published, but I need not have been concerned as you can see from this issue!
The ?les are actually created in a way which would allow printed versions of the journal to be produced to a good quality, although the links would, of course, be super?uous. I am aware that many potential readers may not be able to access the online version, hence the potential to produce print copies. The problem is that the small numbers of copies would make printed copies expensive. I suggest that when the ?rst 4 issues are available, I shall investigate the cost of a printed and bound compendium volume. The high resolution ?les could also be sold on a CD ready to be printed if desired. Your views would be welcome.
I know that many of you pass the pdf ?les (or printed versions) on to others, an activity we encourage. The more readers the better! It appears that we now have thousands of readers worldwide so I am rather surprised that I have not had more response to my o?er of free adverts. I would particularly like more amateurs to advertise their spare plants or requests for plants they are looking for. The propagation of rare plants in cultivation is a valuable conservation activity which should be encouraged.
For me, propagation is one of the most rewarding aspects of cultivation, whether by seeds or cuttings. It is a practical activity which can help to reduce the demand for illegally-collected habitat plants by making desirable species available at reasonable prices. And for the propagator, any help with the cost of heating etc. must be welcome! I have repeated the links to seed sellers in this issue.
There is not much news at this time of the year but we would welcome organisers of events to tell us about what they are planning so that we can promote their events to our readership.
It is a pleasure to present an article about the digital library hosted by https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html, which is primarily a French language site but there is plenty of material in English and other languages. It is a very valuable resource for looking up references in rare books and they would welcome your help in adding to the library.
I am keen to include articles about the other succulents, so the three in this issue are very welcome. We also have a couple of articles about searching for cacti in Mexico and a celebration of one of Britain’s favourite authors, John Pilbeam.
The editorial team hope you enjoy reading No.3 and wish you a successful year with your plant activities. Be sure to tell your friends about the Cactus Explorer. I often get mails from people who have only just found it!
GrahamCharles
This digital library is freely accessible at https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/biblio/
It all started in November 2006 with a goal to provide you with entire books related to cacti and other succulents on the internet. Later we added other type of documents like reviews, extracts from general publications, periodical articles, catalogues... These documents range in length from a few pages for the smallest to more than 2,000 pages for the largest (the complete list is available on our web site) and we continue to extend the library. In this article we present the objectives of this project, its history, its technical operation and a provisional balance. It is also an opportunity for us to recruit potential contributors.
The Project
Many publications have been written on cacti and other succulents. The ?rst ones date back to almost three centuries ago. The frequency of publications has continually accelerated and new works, either general or more specialized, are published every year. Our project aims to provide access to these publications (particularly those that may not be accessible elsewhere, being too old or not available anymore) by providing them in digital format, mostly as PDF ?les available for downloading by the user. In order to be made available on our website, a publication should have fallen into the public domain or an authorization has been obtained from the author and publisher. The library contains rare publications, some of them cannot be found anywhere else! By mid-2011, the content reached about 31,000 pages (as far as navigation pages are concerned, not scanned publications) (_O ?les are not counted – see the next paragraph), for more than 280 documents. The library is available in four languages: French, English,Italian and German.
Some Technical Explanations
The publications are mainly in PDF format (but sometimes they come in HTML, RTF or TXT formats), available for free download. The ?les which are still under copyright protection are only for private, personal and non-commercial use and may be subject to speci?c use conditions. Public domain ?les are completely free of restrictions and can be used for any purposes.
The PDF ?les can be read by any PDF-compliant software like Acrobat Reader, Foxit PDF Reader, Kpdf, etc.
Publications are available in two additional formats:
? Original ?le (name_O.pdf): this is a raw digital copy made up of scanned images of the originals. The text search functionality is not available for such ?les. They are the indisputable reference but have the disadvantage of being large. When the original is provided by another website, a link to the corresponding site is provided for downloading.
? Interpreted ?le (name.pdf): the interpreted digital copy is re-formatted like the original. In these ?les the text search functionality provided by your PDF-reading software is available for use. You can also copy the text. The size and the website publication date are indicated for each ?le.
The interpreted PDF ?le usually has two layers:
? Text: The text itself. Some corrections -that do not conform to the original- have been made for indexing purposes - so that automatic searches may be performed. This is
The Cactus Explorer ISSN 2048-0482Number 3 February 2012 Yann Cochard and Daniel Schweich tell us about their exciting Internet project, a useful resource for us all, not just French speakers. Perhaps you can help?
The digital library of books & articles on succulents
the reason why only the original ?le is to be used as a reference when including a citation in one of your future works.
? Comment : corrections, comments,
questions, etc. This layer is invisible by default but can be displayed on demand (please refer to the appropriate “Help” section of your PDF-reader application).
Organisation
The library’s website operates thanks to a special tool (a wiki) which allows each team member to edit the pages easily through their web browser (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, etc.) and with no need for any
advanced technical skills. A discussion forum is also available to share information, tips &tricks, discuss new publications, etc.
To the Library Visitor
To access the library you must connect to https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/biblio/. The page presents you with the list of documents that you can reach by clicking the author’s name or the publication’s title.
Over the past ?ve years we have made
available 287 documents, all interpreted, plus 5links referring to documents provided by other websites. Below are examples of documents available in October 2011:
? Backeberg: three rare catalogs from the 30’s (Fig.1); Die Cactaceae (volume 4 in progress);Bl?tter für Kakteenforschung and Kaktus ABC (Fig.3)
? Bradley: The history of succulent plants,1716-1727. Probably the oldest illustrated book dedicated to succulents.
? Britton et Rose: The Cactaceae – the original of the “bible” (1919-1923) + the continuation by Marshall and Bock
? F?rster: Handbuch der Cacteenkunde,1846. Hard to read... in Gothic style (Fraktur).You can easily understand why we are not able to provide you with the interpreted version...? Fric et Kreuzinger: two famous catalogues;although not praised by critics (Fig.2) ? Krainz et al.: Die Kakteen. 2,000 pages…Special thanks to Hans J?rg Krainz (son of Hans Krainz)
? Nel: Lithops: The ?rst book dedicated to “living stones”.
? Pilbeam: Gymnocalycium: Although John authorized the reproduction of his older publications, the publishers have refused... ? Rausch: The ”Lobivia” from 1975 to 1985.With a French translation of Lobivia 85. An example of a book under copyright protection authorized by the author.
? Redouté & (de) Candolle: Histoire des plantes grasses, 1799… An extraordinary iconography.
? ?íha & ?ubík: The illustrated
encyclopaedia of Cacti and other Succulents,1981. Thanks to “Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act” who allowed us to reproduce the English version of this excellent work for
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Fig.1 Rare Backeberg Catalogues Fig.2 Famous catalogues from Fric and Kreuzinger
beginners while we were not authorized by the French publisher... Thanks also to Jan ?íha &?Rudolf ?ubík for their authorization.
? Ritter: Kakteen in Südamerika; Winter Kakteen Samen catalogues (Fig.4).
? Schumann, Gürke, Vaupel: Blühende Kakteen… and continuation by Werdermann with illustrations in Agfa-colours from the 30s.? Watson: An “old lexicon” (1889) long before the “new”.
? Cactus & Co: Old, out of print issues of this excellent Italian publication.
? Curtis's Botanical Magazine and Edwards's Botanical Register: Extracts dedicated to cacti and other succulents. A magni?cent series of colour plates.
Thanks to the British Cactus and Succulent Society:
? Putnam: Gymnocalyciums, 1978: Small book for beginners.
? Bradleya from 1983 to 1989 (out of print).?Cactus and Succulent Journal of GB (in progress).
And soon:
? Compilation of Martín Cárdenas’s publications: A new book prepared by Roberto Kiesling.
You can also visit our reading room: Most documents can be previewed (original image + interpreted text) to ?nd the information you need or to know whether it's worth a complete download.
Finally, on the home page you’ll ?nd links that may be of help, such as:
? News: Visit the page regularly to be informed about new publications or updates... ? Contact us: No comment needed…
Contribution
It is one of the internet’s advantages: you can easily participate, contribute to this project. It is possible regardless of your means and available time as it is detailed below:
New publications
If you are the author of a book (or heir), or if you know authors that might be interested in this project, or if you just want to inform us about a document that impassions you to participate in its preparation and publication to the library, we would be pleased to welcome your contribution. Your reasons may be various: The document is no longer published, you want to publish it di?erently, you wish to share it, etc. If you are in any of these situations, please contact us without hesitation (see at the end of the article).
Proofreading
The digital processing (scanning) of paper-works is still a di?cult task because additional
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Fig.3 Backeberg & Knuth Kaktus-ABC (1936)
Fig.4 Winter (Ritter) catalogues from1956-1960
errors to those of the author and the original typesetter may be introduced. Proofreading consists of:
? Catching spelling mistakes, grammar or typing errors…
? Correcting any error (page inversion, captions, layout etc.).
? Comparing with the original to make the copy as faithful as possible, except for the author’s errors and the possible corrections (s)he published.
NB: It is a long and tedious task. Start with short texts to get an idea of the amount and nature of the work and then decide whether to continue the adventure or not!
What to do if you ?nd a mistake (or several...)?
? Make sure that it is really an error by comparing with the original (the …_O.pdf
?le).
? Send us an e-mail (see the end of this article) with the description of the mistake and the correction.
N. B.: The progress of knowledge since the work was published may challenge what was initially written by the author. However, this should not be considered as a "mistake".
You are interested in copyright matters?? Help us ?nd and contact the heirs.
You have skills in computing?
? Help us to scan, interpret text, process images, prepare the page make-up…
You speak a few languages?
The library is available in French, in English, in Italian and in German. We need help to maintain all those languages and mostly to add new publications.
Conclusion
This is an exciting project which already allowed us to get in touch with many cactus and other succulent fans around the world. It allows knowledge sharing, to live our passion. We hope that the library will continue to get more and more complete, not only for you but also for us :)
You can contact us by email:
biblio3@https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html, and in case you haven’t visited the list of available documents yet, here is its web address:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/biblio/ Acknowledgements: in addition to the authors who have given their approval to reproduce their works, we would like to thank a lot the Missouri Botanical Garden (MBG) Library (https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/) for their precious help.
Yann Cochard and Daniel Schweich. Translated by Bilyana Y.
Photographs by Graham Charles.
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The Cactus Explorer Fig.5 One part of Werdermann’s ‘Blühende Kakteen und andere Sukkulente Pflanzen’
Thank you John!
In the first issue of the Cactus Explorer , I reported on the 90th Birthday of Gordon Rowley, one of the best-known characters in the succulent world. Here, I want to turn my attention to that relative youngster John Pilbeam, one of the most prolific British
authors of articles and books about succulent plants.
Most of us must have at least one of his books and we are sure to have read a few of his articles written over so many years. John does not claim to be a botanist, but he has the ability to distil the literature about a subject and mix it with his rich experience to produce a readable account we can all enjoy. His many contacts give him access to pictures, enabling his books to be comprehensively illustrated.So, what of the man?
His interest in cacti and succulents started when he first went to work in the City of London in 1949, and found two shops in
Leadenhall Market (Baxter’s and Henderson’s)who had a regular delivery of these plants for sale at a shilling each. There was another source he discovered about the same time in Leather Lane street market by Gamages store,where a gardening barrow had a similar supply.
John says he can still remember the delight of finding Crassula tecta , with its wonderful textured leaves, and his disbelief at the name of a Mammillaria in a diminutive clay thumb-pot (made with a potter’s thumb) which was
labelled Mammillaria gigantea ! The latter is now a multi-headed specimen in Derek Bowdery’s emporium in King’s Lynn. With these few purchases, John’s obsession with these plants was kindled and has remained burning fiercely ever since.
He found that there were two appropriate Societies soon after this and agreed with a like-minded colleague to join one each and swap journals. John became a member of the Great Britain Society, and went to early meetings in Pimlico to meet the pundits of the day,
welcomed as a desirable youthful member. He soon joined the National Society as well and attended the crowded school classroom meetings of the Croydon branch, and
subsequently became Secretary (and general dogsbody) of the breakaway Bromley branch in the early 1970s, and has been there ever since.
By this time, John’s glasshouse was bulging,with only one tomato plant grudgingly
allowed space in it. He attended early judges’courses and, subsequent to satisfying the strict criteria, became a qualified judge and has
judged many shows up and down the country (including the National) and a few overseas.John told me that on checking through the branch list, that he has given talks to over half the branches in the UK, a few abroad in the USA, Australia, Canada, Germany, Belgium,Holland, Italy, Ireland and France, as well as one unbelievably in Mexico.
John had already joined the emerging Mammillaria Society and then the African
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John with the devil, Baja California 1981
Looking for an Echeveria John? It’s behind you!!
In Hidalgo with E. halbingeri ssp. sanchez-mejoradae
P h o t o : B .W e i g h t m a n
P h o t o : D .N e v i l l e
Succulent Plant Society, and found himself writing pieces for all these Society journals as his interest increased, as well as providing some pen and ink drawings of Haworthias for inclusion. Overseas societies beckoned as well and he began collecting all the journals available at the time, and has done so ever since, also providing articles for these sporadically.
As well as these articles, he was persuaded to write some for a new publication, the
‘Greenhouse’, and was delighted to see for the first time colour reproduction of photographs included. In 1970 and 1975, he arranged the printing of two little booklets published by the Succulent Plant Institute, The First Fifty Haworthias , and The Second Fifty Haworthias .These opened the door to trips to the USA to give talks and, as a bonus, visits to Baja California, Mexico, and subsequently to mainland Mexico.
There followed an approach from publishers for ‘serious’ books on cacti and succulents that resulted in four publications with Batsford Books in the 1980s, on Mammillaria , Haworthia & Astroloba , Sulcorebutia & Weingartia , and lastly at the publisher’s insistence Cacti for the Connoisseur . Two small books on How to care for your Cacti (and another for Succulents),
enabled John to change his rusting old car, as the publisher insisted on a fee rather than
royalties. Subsequently, John learned that over 50,000 were printed as well as an American version The instant Guide to Healthy Cacti (and the companion for Succulents) with a similar print run. The publisher clearly got the best of
the deal!
Because of the limited number of colour
pictures in the Mammillaria book of 1981, from 1983-1987 John published a series of loose-leaf A5 plates of Mammillarias, nearly 300 all told,with instructions for binding when they were complete. With a refusal of a proposed book on Gymnocalycium by Batsford, John found another willing publisher, A. A. Balkema in Holland, and this was published in 1995. At this time he was writing for the new magazine The Cactus File , and when it stopped
publication, he wrote four books under its banner: Thelocactus , Rebutia , Adromischus (in harness with Chris Rodgerson and Derek
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John and David Neville, Quiotepec, Mexico 2010John ‘helping’ Derek Bowdery, Mexico 2010
P h o t o : D .B o w d e r y
P h o t o : D .N e v i l l e
John gratefully resting in Tehuantepec, Oaxaca
P h o t o : D .N e v i l l e
Tribble), and a much-expanded and full colour Mammillaria .
In recent years with David Hunt there
followed A Sulco Gallery as a mute protest at its imminent sinking beneath a too-wide concept of Rebutia. And then the BCSS agreed to publish the last four books he has produced,Ferocactus (with Derek Bowdery), Ariocarpus et cetera (with Bill Weightman), The Genus Echeveria and Stapeliads , with another on
Echinocereus just published. And one or two more are on the horizon.......
After his retirement from work in London in 1989, and desirous of more space to grow and propagate plants, John founded the nursery Kent Cacti in partnership with Doug Sizmur,subsequently to become parallel businesses.John’s half has become famous under the cumbersome title, Connoisseurs’ Cacti,
referred to by his wife as ‘Play School’. That was probably a good description, as it allowed John to propagate the plants he loves to grow,
which means a wide range of cacti and
succulents, enabling him to make available to enthusiasts some of the more sought-after species. The titles of his books give us a good idea of the breadth of his interests. As well as being useful for reference, John’s books are easy to read and reflect his love of the plants and the enjoyment of growing them.
As one of Britain’s best-known personalities in the hobby, it is appropriate that he has recently become the President of the British Cactus and Succulent Society. Thank you John!GC
Optimum conditions for seed germination A paper in the online botanical journal Biota Neotropical (Socolowski & al. 2010) reports on germination tests carried out with the Brazilian cactus species Cereus fernambucensis .
The highest percentage germination took place at 25-30°C, although was still high for much of the range 15-40°C. Above and below
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John’s nursery Connoisseurs’ Cacti, full of the plants he likes and ones we would like as well
P h o t o : J . P i l b e a m
these extremes, the germination rate declines significantly. Alternating temperatures between night and day improved the rate of germination but did not affect the overall percentage. No seeds were found to germinate in the dark, since cacti have light sensitive seeds controlled by phytochrome. Some shade from direct sunlight was, however, beneficial. These results are similar to those reported elsewhere, and the ideal temperature for germination confirmed as about 20-25°C, depending on the temperature range appropriate to the species in habitat.
For the paper itself, see
www.scielo.br/pdf/bn/v10n2/05.pdf
For further information on phytochrome, see the entry in Wikipedia.
Literature cited:
Socolowski, Fábio, Mascia Vieira, Daniel Cristine, Sim?lo, Edson, & Takaki, Massanori (2010). Influence of light and temperature on seed germination of Cereus fernambucensis Lemaire (Cactaceae). Biota Neotropica 10(2): 53-56. Centro de Referência em Informa??o Ambiental, CRIA (Reference Center for Environmental Information), Campinas, S?o Paulo.
Roy Mottram
Field Number Index Following on from my note ‘The Value of Field Numbers’, I thought readers might be interested in a new place to look up field numbers. Most of us have habitually used Ralf Martin’s Field Number Database to find plant names and localities for the numbers allocated by explorers in the field.
Recently, a friend, Christophe Ludwig from France, told me about his own on-line Field Number search. You will see that this version is multi-lingual and has some field numbers not on Ralf’s site. I found it useful for some Czech collectors’ numbers which I had been looking for. It is also possible to see a list of numbers by genus and/or collector.
GC
The Mammillaria that moved! Google Scholar is a wonderful way to search for information and it is surprising how many interesting papers are available for download. Sometimes they require a subscription but many can be freely downloaded without restriction. Often papers not directly focused on cacti can contain interesting snippets of information that place cacti within a wider context.
One such interesting paper I encountered recently describes a new subspecies of Siphonorhis brewsteri; a rare and little-studied bird from Cuba and Hispanola. This species is poorly known and infrequently seen due to its secretive and exclusive nocturnal habitat. Only in 1996 were chicks of this species found for the first time in habitat by the Cuban botanist Alberto Areces whilst searching for cacti in the Dominican Republic .
A small specimen of Mammillaria prolifera ssp. prolifera caught his eye but on closer examination, it moved and was in fact a small nestling. The plumage of downy feathers is reported to be a remarkably good match for the spination of the cactus species and the chick itself was of a similar size. On being discovered, it squatted down and stayed motionless; behaviour which further suggests it tries to mimic the cactus as a camouflage and to avoid detection by predators.
Several species of cacti have evolved to mimic other plants to avoid detection. Perhaps the best example is Sclerocactus(Toumeya) papyracantha, a small cryptic plant whose spination matches the dried grasses in which it grows. However, this paper describes the first example of the opposite case of an organism mimicking a cactus. If any cactus explorers in the Caribbean encounter a Mammillaria that moves, then I hope they can report on their findings with some good photographs in this journal!
The paper which illustrates both the cactus and the chick can be found online at :
https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/pdf/solenodon3/ 06siphonorhis.pdf
Paul Hoxey
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A New Escobaria: E. abdita
A new species of Escobaria, E. abdita , has just been published in CSJ(US)83(6):264 (2011) and some habitat photos can be seen at the link below. The generic placement of the plant is not at all clear from the online photos but it is just possible to make out the frilly edges of the petals which is a character of Escobaria. We hope to bring you more details on this
distinctive new species in the next issue of the Cactus Explorer .
https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/resources/image/39106
Paul Hoxey
Bulletin of the SLCCS
The latest Bulletin of the SLCCS is available for free download (Spanish). It is Volume 8,No.3, Sept.- Dec. 2011. We hope you enjoy it and, as always, we ask that you please
distribute it among your colleagues, friends and institutions who might be interested in the information contained in this publication.Jafet Nassar
Editorial Committee of SLCSS
IOS Meeting to be held in Cuba
The next Congress of the IOS (International Organisation for Succulent Plant Study) will be held in Cuba from July 3rd - 6th 2012. In addition to a programme of lectures, there will be some ?eld excursions to see the country’s native succulents. Anyone interested is welcome to attend. Details here .
The IOS is a group of people with an active interest in studying various aspects of succulent plants, including botany,
conservation and cultivation. The congresses are for the presentation of results and
discussion on current study topics. Abstracts of lectures presented at the congresses can be seen at https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html, , together with other information about the IOS.
The annual publication Repertorium
Plantarum Succulentarum lists all new names of succulents in all families, together with a bibliography of new publications.Len Newton, President IOS
2012 The Year of the National Show
Every four years, the British Cactus and
Succulent Society organises its National Show and 2012 is the next. If you are planning to be in Britain in August, maybe for the Olympic Games, it’s an event not to be missed. The venue is about one hour’s journey north of London, near to the A1.
The competitive show has 134 classes and attracts the best plants in the country. As well as the show, there are lots of trade stands
selling plants, books and accessories so a great day out is guaranteed.The BCSS National Show Saturday 18th August 2012 at Wood Green Animal Shelter, Godmanchester, near Huntingdon.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/nat_show.php There are many local show, meetings and sales held in Britain every year. The BCSS
publishes a list which you can view on-line at https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/events.php
GC
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It is with sadness that we report the recent
death of Hans Till, the famous
Gymnocalycium specialist from Austria.
Hans Till 1920-2012
I have been lucky enough to be present when
a number of new cactus species were actually discovered. Of course, it is a matter of opinion as to whether a plant you ?nd in habitat is a new species or a form or a variety of one already known. Some species are very variable in appearance, resulting in many super?uous names having been created.
The more desirable the plant is to cultivate, the more likely it is to get a lot of names. Specialists in a particular genus are more likely to look for di?erences rather than similarities, resulting in every variant getting its own name. A population can become isolated from others of the same species so that an exchange of genes is no longer possible. Over time, this can lead to changes in appearance and create the human desire to give the plants a new name.
So, if you ?nd a population of plants in habitat that doesn’t quite ?t your concept of any known species, what do you do? I tend to be cautious about describing a plant as new, so wait until I am sure. Molecular studies can sometimes provide the support you need to decide.....
It was 1995, during my second visit to Argentina, travelling with my friends Chris Pugh and Roger Ferryman. We had been visiting cactus habitats for a week or so in the north of the country, enjoying the high-altitude locations with many ?owering plants and spectacular views across the landscape. We spent the night of December 11th at the town of Humahuaca, a popular tourist destination in a broad valley of the same name, which runs south-north and leads from the city of San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina into Bolivia.
In the morning, it was a short journey north along the main road to the turning for the road
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described as a new species in Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 25:12 (2011)
Fig.1 Habitat GC180, the type locality of Cumulopuntia iturbicola, 3446m, west of Iturbe, Jujuy, Argentina
to Iruya heading eastwards. The journey to the village, which lies in the next major valley to the east, is spectacular to say the least but that was not our objective on that day. We wanted to explore around the village of Iturbe which is only a few kilometres from the turning.Iturbe was a station on the now-abandoned railway line which ran along the Quebrada de Humahuaca into Bolivia. It is surrounded by hills with gentle slopes, inviting exploration.We stopped about 4km before reaching Iturbe and walked onto the hill to the north of the
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Fig.5 (below) Cumulopuntia iturbicola GC180.09in cultivation
Fig.2&3 (left) & Fig.4 (above)Cumulopuntia iturbicola GC180.09 at the type locality showing flower colours.
hillside and it was clear that there were a number of species to enjoy. We were able to identify the majority of what we found although the species name for the Tunilla,which had white spines and yellow ?owers, is still uncertain, perhaps T. tilcarensis .
Easily recognized were Lobivia marsoner i and the widespread Lobivia ferox . Two other species commonly found in this area were present;Oreocereus trollii and Parodia maassii . The
remaining species all belonged to the Opuntia group. Widespread at high altitude in northern Argentina and southern Bolivia is the plant I named Maihueniopsis glomerata ssp. hypogaea ,now thought to be a good species whose oldest name is M. mol?noi , the type of the genus.This place also turned out to be a habitat for the interesting Tephrocactus nigrispinus which was exhibiting its maroon-red ?owers. Clumps of short cylindrical stems were identi?ed as Austrocylindropuntia shaferi .
But then there were many examples of a low-growing Opuntia with ?owers from yellow to copper to orange-red (Figs.2-4) to which I
could not put a name. The plant reminded me of Cumulopuntia rossiana so I wrote in my ?eld notes “Cumulopuntia sp. with variously-coloured ?owers”.
Other explorers have certainly found this plant and introduced it into cultivation and it is occasionally o?ered for sale, as it was last year at ELK in Belgium. The names applied to it are many and, in my opinion, all misapplied.It makes a neat cluster of stems in cultivation and ?owers easily for me on the top shelf of the glasshouse (Fig.5). Its segments, however,
become much more elongated in culture, in contrast to C. rossiana which retains its almost sphaerical segments (Fig.6). I grew this mystery plant for years. Every summer, the plants produced numerous ?owers (Fig.5). When a survey of South American Opuntias was commissioned by the IOS, I donated a number of plant samples from my collection of documented plants, all with exact locality data.Among them was a segment of the mystery plant and another collection of a similar plant donated by Martin Lowry, BLMT320.06 (Fig.7).Dr Ritz, then at the University of Giessen, and her assistants extracted the DNA from the samples and undertook the study.
The results placed the two samples side by side, con?rming their synonymy and their claim to be a new species. With this result, I felt con?dent in describing the mystery plant as Cumulopuntia iturbicola in CSI 25:12 (2011),sixteen years after I ?rst saw it.
Martin Lowry’s collection BLMT320.06 is from Purmamarca, a town futher south in the same valley but on the west side. He found the plant at 3010m. He also saw the same species further along the side road where we found it,near Iruya, BLMT332.06 at 3390m. Perhaps,now it has been described, we will receive reports of it from other localities in the Humahuaca Valley.
In the Cactus Explorer 4, I will tell you about the other new species Maihueniopsis glochidiata from the Sierra Famatina and how we found it.GC
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P h o t o : M .L o w r y
It was during a trip to Mexico in 2007 that a group of Czech enthusiasts together with
Grzegorz Matuszewski (President of the Polish Society) found themselves at one of the ?at alluvial basins in the north of San Luis Potosi.There they had already found Mammillaria coahuilense , Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus and Coryphantha hintoniorum when one of the party drew their attention to a small Lophophora. At ?rst, they thought it was a young plant of L.williamsii but all the plants were small and a normal population of L. williamsii was found nearby on di?erent terrain.
Having seen the plants in ?ower during a subsequent visit to the locality, a relationship with L. koehresii was thought likely. The
discovery was described as L. alberto-vojtechii in Cactus & Co (2008).
The plants are remarkably small, starting to ?ower when only 10mm in diameter, and specimens over 25mm diameter are exceptional. They have 5 indistinct ribs,
exceptionally 8, never growing more as can be seen in other species. Interestingly, as
Lophophora plants grow, they can increase their rib count following the Fibonacci series:5,8,13,21.
The new taxon was allocated to the section Di?usae of the genus Lophophora, being most closely related to L. koehresii which occurs in a similar type of habitat some 100km distant. In the original article you can read in detail about
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The genus Lophophora must be one of the most popular genera of cacti, and certainly among the most often to be written about. Yet still there are new
observations to be reported, and diverse views about the number of species. In 2008, a new species L. alberto-vojtechii
was described in Cactus & Co.
P h o t o : J . B o h a t a
P h o t o : V . M y ?ák
P h o t o : V . M y ?ák
P h o t o : V . M y ?ák
how this taxon di?ers from its nearest
relatives. It has now been found to occur over a wider area than ?rst thought, including in Zacatecas, Coahuila and Nuevo León .
Before this new taxon was described, the same group of Czech enthusiasts wrote a very well-illustrated account of the genus which was published as Kaktusy Special 2 in 2005.There was an English text version which is a very interesting read, as well as Italian and German editions.
The number of species of Lophophora is a subject of some debate. The New Cactus
Lexicon accepted three (L. williamsii ,L. di?usa and L. fricii ). Snicer et al. recognise ?ve and they published a key in their article in the American Journal (2009), four being placed in the section Di?usae. They explain the
di?erences and illustrate the seed characters with REM images.
Part 3 of a series of articles by Martin Terry in the American Journal includes a dot map of distribution for the genus.
I am grateful to Jaroslav Bohata and Vojtěch My?ák for providing the pictures of this interesting discovery.
References
Bohata, J., My?ák, V . & Snicer, J. (2005) Lophophora.Kaktusy Special 2. English text.
Snicer, J., Bohata, J. & My?ák, V . (2008) Lophophora alberto-vojtechii. Cactus & Co XII(2):105-117.
Snicer, J., Bohata, J. & My?ák, V . (2009) The littlest lophophora. CSJ(US) 81(6):294-300.
Terry, M. (2008) Part 3 of Stalking the wild Lophophora.CSJ(US) 80(6): 310-317
GC
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Fig.5 Lophophora alberto-vojtechii , Zacatecas
Fig.6 Lophophora alberto-vojtechii , Nuevo León
Fig.7 Lophophora alberto-vojtechii , Nuevo León
P h o t o : J . B o h a t a
P h o t o : J . B o h a t a
P h o t o : V . M y ?ák
What a thrill it was when I saw the ?rst-ever bud growing on my underpotted and rather scru?y specimen of Deamia testudo . It has been growing in a 14cm diameter hanging pot suspended from the edge of the staging, so it has been shaded most of the time.
It is a plant I only became aware of quite recently, so when I saw a large specimen at Rainbow Gardens in Vista, California, I asked for a cutting. Chuck Everson kindly gave me a piece, explaining that there was no habitat data with the plant but that it had the most
attractive stems of any clone he has seen. It is indeed a good-looking plant and rooted and grew without di?culty, having no problem with my winter minimum of 10°C.
The ?ower opened for one night in summer,starting to open just as the sun set. I was struck by how similar the ?ower is to those of
Selenicereus and similarly perfumed. In fact,this species has been included by some authors
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P h o t o : G . C h a r l e s
P h o t o : G . C h a r l e s
Fig.1 The first flowering of Deamia testudo in the collection of Graham Charles
Fig.2 The flower in Fig.1 seen from the side.
unusual and distinct plants. Here, he discusses the remarkable Deamia testudo ,also seen in cultivation as a species of Selenicereus or Strophocactus.
in the genus Selenicereus.
It has a long and interesting history, dating back to its ?rst description as Cereus testudo by Zuccarini in 1837, who attributed the name to Karwinski. The speci?c name ‘testudo’ refers to the appearance of the stems, which when adpressed to the trunk of a tree, look like a line of green tortoises (Fig.4).
In fact, the stems actually distort and ?atten against the tree trunk and provide a home for
ants which help to protect the plant. This symbiotic relationship with ants is known as myrmecophily and can also be found in succulents of various families, but this is thought to be the only example in the Cactaceae. See Cota (1995) for personal observations of this phenomenon.
The following quote can be found at https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html, and describes another
example: “One of the interesting plant species at Santa
Rosa is a climbing cactus, Deamia testudo . This cactus snakes along tree trunks and branches, and has swollen sections of stem which tightly clasp the tree surface,forming large chambers underneath. These chambers appear entirely suberized, but roots do extend from the "ceiling." The structure is reminiscent of ant-epiphytes such as Dischidia and Myrmecodia. I once found a large colony of Camponotus zonatus [an ant] nesting in Deamia chambers. I kept uncovering nests throughout the crown area, and it is likely they were all part of one extended polydomous colony”.
Lemaire created the name Cereus pterogonus for this plant in 1839, presumably not realising that it already had a valid name. Lemaire’s
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P h o t o : J o h n M i l l e
r
P h o t o : J o h n M i l l e r
Fig.5 In habitat at Kinichna, Yucatán, Mexico
P h o t o : J o h n M i l l e r
name was used by most authors in the 19th
Century, including Schumann. His name was also used in the captions of plate 5360 of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine (1863) and Vaupel’s plate 150 in Blühende Kakteen (1913). In 1920, Britton and Rose, recognised Zuccarini’s name as the oldest and erected the monotypic genus Deamia for this unique plant, naming it after an American botanical collector Charles C. Deam (1865-1953).
In 1965, Buxbaum (in Krainz) created Deamia as a subgenus of Selenicereus because of the form of its ?ower, and made the combination Selenicereus testudo. Perhaps predictably, this placement was accepted by ‘lumpers’ but not by everyone. The last taxonomic change was in 2003 when Ralf Bauer moved the plant to the genus Strophocactus and designated a neotype: Mexico, Veracruz, near Minatitlán 1958, King s.n. (HNT 2055).
Deamia testudo has an extensive habitat range along the coast of the gulf of Mexico including the Mexican states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Yucatán, Chiapas, and Quintana Roo, together with Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Colombia.
I am grateful to John Miller for providing pictures of Deamia in habitat which he saw while visiting archeological sites in Mexico.
References
Bauer, R(2003) in Cactaceae Systematics Initiatives 17: 55
Britton, N.L. & Rose, J.N.(1920) Deamia gen. nov. in The Cactaceae Vol.II:212-213 Buxbaum, F.(1965) in Krainz, Die Kakteen Lieferung 30 1 VI CIIa Selenicereus(Deamia) testudo(Karwinsky) F. Buxb. comb. nov. Cota, J. H. et al.(1995) Notes on the Cacti of Quintana Roo, Mexico CSJ(US) LXVII(5): 294-300
Karwinski, W.F.(1837) ex Zuccarini, Cereus testudo Abh. Bayer, Akad. Wiss. München 2:682
Lemaire, C.(1839) Cereus pterogonus Cact. Gen. Nov. Sp. :59
GC
The Cactus Explorer ISSN 2048-0482
Number 3 February 2012 Fig.6 Cereus pterogonus
Plate 5360 from Curtis’s Botanical Magazine (1863)
Fig.7 Cereus pterogonus
Plate 150 from Blühende Kakteen (1913)
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常用免费外文全文数据库 1.SpringerLINK数据库 德国施普林格(Springer-Verlag)是世界上著名的科技出版集团, 通过SpringerLink系统提供其学术期刊及电子图书的在线服务。2002年7月开始，Springer公司和EBSCO/Metapress 公司在国内开通了SpringerLink服务。 访问方式：镜像服务器(本校读者无需登录)、国外站点（用户需登录出国并自付国际网络通信费）。 访问权限：校园网IP地址范围。 访问全文：(PDF格式)需要使用Acrobat Reader软件，如需安装，可由此下载Acrobat Reader。 2.EBSCOhost数据库 EBSCO公司通过国际专线提供检索服务，校园网的用户检索、下载无需支付国际网络通信费。采用IP控制访问权限，不需要帐号和口令。 3.WorldSciNet数据库 WorldSciNet为新加坡世界科学出版社(World Scientific Publishing Co.)电子期刊发行网站，该出版社委托EBSCO / MetaPress 公司在清华大学图书馆建立了世界科学出版社全文电子期刊镜像站. 4.Ptics Express Optics Express由美国光学学会创办，刊登光学技术领域方面的报告和新进展。提供1997年创刊以来的全部文献，以平均49天一期的速度出版，并支持彩色图像和多媒体文件。 网站地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 创建者：Optical Society 0f America 5.New Journal 0f Physics New Journal 0fPhysics由英国皇家物理学会和德国物理学会出版，提供1998年创刊以来的全部文献。所有用户可免费获取电子版文章。 网站地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html, 创建者：Institute of Physics & German Physical Society 6.The Journal of Machine Learning Research The Journal of Machine Learning Research由麻省理工学院出版，是机械研究领域的优质学术性论文的平台，用户可下载2000年创刊以来的全部文章。 网站地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 创建者：MIT Press 7.Journal of Insect Science Journal of Insect Science由亚利桑那大学图书馆创办。它收集整理网上发布的有关昆虫生物学和节枝动物生态学的论文。可下载从2001年创刊至今的全部文献。 网站地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 创建者：Library of the University of Arizona 8.Geometry & Topology GTP：Geometry＆Topology Publication是英国沃里克大学的数学系建立的，GT是国际化的数学类在线期刊，内容涉及几何学、拓扑学及其应用等领域。提供如下三种期刊的所有文献：Geometry＆Topology(1997年创刊至今)，Geometry＆Topology Monographs(1998年
9个常用的国外英文论文文献数据库9个论文文献数据库，科研搬砖，阅读涨姿势，论文写作小帮手！先说说什么是数据库：学术科研中说的「数据库」和「文献数据库」，往往是一种网站的形式，这个网站的贮存了大量文献数据（比如论文）可以简单的理解为一个网络图书馆。 数据库中的论文往往都是耗费了大量的时间和精力整理出 来的，还有很多是需要购买版权才可以放在互联网上的，再加上维护这个网站本身就耗费颇多，因此这些数据库通常不是完全免费的，你可以在上面免费查找文献，浏览摘要等简介内容，但是如果你要下载文献，就要付钱。 大学因为科研和教学需要，常年要下载大量的论文材料，所以就会和数据库的经营者签订很多协议，例如包年，就是给一定量的钱，然后就可以无限制下载论文。也有按照下载的数量进行计费。那英语作为世界第一学术语言，有哪些数据库是值得大家分享的呢？1、Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊)Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons公司创建的动态在线内容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。通过InterScience，Wiley 学术期刊集成全文数据库（Academic Search Premier，简称ASP）：包括有关生物科学、工商经济、资讯科技、通讯传播、工程、教育、艺术、文学、医药学等领域的七千多种期刊，
其中近四千种全文刊。 学术研究图书馆（Academic Research Library，简称ARL）综合参考及人文社会科学期刊论文数据库，涉及社会科学、人文科学、商业与经济、教育、历史、传播学、法律、军事、文化、科学、医学、艺术、心理学、宗教与神学、社会学等学科，收录2，300多种期刊和报纸，其中全文刊占三分之二，有图像。可检索1971年来的文摘和1986年来的全文。商业信息数据库（ABI/INFORM）ABI即为Abstracts of Business Information的缩写，世界着名商业及经济管理期刊论文数据库，收录有关财会、银行、商业、计算机、经济、能源、工程、环境、金融、国际贸易、保险、法律、管理、市场、税收、电信等主题的1，500多种商业期刊，涉及这些行业的市场、企业文化、企业案例分析、公司新闻和分析、国际贸易与投资、经济状况和预测等方面，其中全文刊超过50%，其余为文摘，有图像。 医学电子期刊全文数据库（ProQuest Medical Library）该数据库收录有220种全文期刊，文献全文以PDF格式或文本加图像格式存储；收录范围包括所有保健专业的期刊，有护理学、儿科学、神经学、药理学、心脏病学、物理治疗及其它方面。 6. BlackwellBlackwell出版公司是世界上最大的期刊出版商之一(总部设在英国伦敦的牛津)，以出版国际性期刊为主，
常用国外数据库详细介绍（按国家分类） 一、美国 (1) Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊) 主页：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 简介：Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons 公司创建的动态在线内容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。通过InterScience，Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文内容的服务。Wiley InterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。期刊具体学科划分为：Business, Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science （计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law （法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics （数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。 (2)美国IEEE (英文文献期刊) 主页：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 简介：IEEE（Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学术团体，其会员分布在世界150多个国家和地区。据IEEE统计，IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到377342人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。 随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。IEEE应成为IEEE会员获得信息的首选之地。IEEE必须识别正确的信息，并提供对它们的访问方法。实现这个目标的重要一步是通过IEEE Xplore与IEEE/IEE Electronic Library (IEL)连接。IEL包括了1988年以来IEEE和IEE的所有期刊杂志和会议录，以及IEEE的标准，可以通过题目、关键词和摘要进行查阅。 (3)美国EBSCO(英文文献期刊) 主页：https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html, 简介：EBSCO公司从1986年开始出版电子出版物，共收集了4000多种索引和文摘型期刊和2000多种全文电子期刊。该公司含有Business Source Premier （商业资源电子文献库）、Academic Search Elite（学术期刊全文数据库）等多个数据库。 Business Source Premier收录了三千多种索引、文摘型期刊和报纸，其中近三千种全文刊。数据库涉及国际商务、经济学、经济管理、金融、会计、劳动人事、银行等的主题范围，适合经济学、工商管理、金融银行、劳动人事管理等专业人员使用。数据库中有较著名"华尔街日报"（The Walls Street Journal）、"哈佛商业评论"（Harvard Business Review）、"每周商务"（Business Week）、"财富"（Fortune）、"经济学家智囊团国家报告" (EIU Country Reports)、American Banker、Forbes、The Economist等报刊。该数据库从1990年开始提供全文，题录和文摘则可回溯检索到1984年，数据库每日更新。 学术期刊集成全文数据库（Academic Search Premier，简称ASP）：包括有关生物科学、工商经济、资讯科技、通讯传播、工程、教育、艺术、文学、医药学等领域的七千多种期刊，其中近四千种全文刊。 EBSCO内含有两个免费数据库：
研究生如何检索和阅读外文文献？ 阅读文献一定不要心浮气躁，要沉下心来大量阅读。在读的过程中有的文献看懂了，但是看不懂的文献也可能会居多。看懂的认真学习借鉴，看不懂的深入探索，实在不行就暂时放下，过一段时间，随着知识和能力的提高慢慢也就弄明白了一些。即使还是看不懂，但是心里知道有那么回事，为将来的继续深造做了铺垫。 千万不要只是为看文献而看文献，我们看的目的是为了能为我们自己的科研所用，所以看的过程中一定要和你自己的数据相结合，当看完一篇文献后，要好好总结，如果用自己的数据，又该怎么样解释。还有一些牛刊物上的文章，不但要学习文章里面的知识，还要学习牛人写文章的文风。好的文章肯定会有好的文风，这些都是我们将来写文章要学习的。 一、如何进行文献检索 我是学自然科学的，平时确实需要不少外文文献，对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier，Springer等。虽然这些数据库里面文献已经不算少了。但是有时还会碰到查不到的文献，而这些文献的数据库我们所在研究所或大学又没有买，怎么办？我基本通过以下向个途径来得到文献。 1．首先在Google 学术搜索里进行搜索，里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样，然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文，当然这只是碰运气，不是万能的，因为我常常碰到这种情况，所以也算是得到全文文献的一条途径吧。可以试一下。 同时,大家有没有发现,从Google学术搜索中,还可以得到一些信息,Google学术搜索中会显示出你搜索文章的引用次数,不过这个引用次数不准确,但是从侧面反应了这篇文章的质量,经典文章的引用次数绝对很高的.同时如果你用作者进行搜索时,会按引用次数出现他写的全部的文章,就可以知道作者的哪些文章比较经典,在没有太多时间的情况下,就可以只看经典的. 2．如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索,是因为我发现很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，顺便推销自己吧。这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。甚至可以下到那个作者相近的内容的其它文章。 如果文献是由多个作者写的，第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者，以此类推。用文章的title来搜索,是因为在国外有的网站上,例如有的国外大学的图书馆可能会把本校一年或近几年的学术成果的Publication的PDF全文献挂在网上,或者在这个大学的ftp上也有可能会有这样类似的全文.这样就很可能会免费下到你想要的全文了。 3．如果上面两个方法都没有查到你要的文献，那你就直接写邮件向作者要。一般情况下作者都喜欢把自己的文献给别人，因为他把这些文献给别人，也相当于在传播他自己的学术思想。下面是本人向老外作者要文献的一个常用的模板： Dear Professor ×××,
图书馆资源与服务利用专题讲座●通识篇之七 国内外硕、博士学位论文的查询与全文获取 陆璇中国人民大学图书馆咨询部
主要内容 ?学位论文概述 ?学位论文获取途径 ?检索示例
一、学位论文概述?概念 ?特点 ?收藏与管理情况
1、概念 ?学位论文是高等学校或研究机构的学生为取得学位，在导师指导下完成的科学研究、科学试验成果的书面报告。?英国习惯称之为Thesis，美国称之为Dissertation ?根据我国教育制度的规定，学位论文主要有学士学位论文、硕士学位论文、博士学位论文，其中硕士、博士学位论文具有较高的学术价值。
2、特点 ?出版形式特殊 –学位论文的目的只是供审查答辩之用，一般不通过出版社正式出版，而是以打印本的形式存储在规定的收藏地点，且每篇论文打印数量均不多 ?内容具有独创性 –学位论文的选题一般都是某一学科需要解决的比较重要的、具有前沿性的理论或应用方面的课题，代表了专业的发展方向，探讨了前人较少甚 至尚未涉足的领域。 –论文都是带有某些创新性的一次文献，其中不乏很有创见的理论论述或有突出成就的应用成果，并且都附有较多的参考文献，从中可以看出有 关专题的发展过程和方向。 ?难以系统收集管理和交流 –学位论文数量大，但一般在各授予单位或指定地点才有收藏，所以收集、查找较困难
3、收藏与管理情况 ?学位论文除少数在答辩通过后发表或出版外，多数不公开发行，只在授予学位的院校或研究机构的图书馆和按国家规定接受呈缴本的图书馆保存有副本。 ?为发挥学位论文的参考作用，一些国家的大学图书馆将其编制成目录、索引，并形成专门的学位论文数据库。 –如美国，在二次世界大战前就由图书馆界和大学共同进行部分论文的复制、缩微、编制索引等活动。1938年后，美国的大学缩微制品公司 （UMI，University Microfilms International）进行学位论文的复制、 发行、辑录、文摘等业务。 ?也有少数国家对学位论文进行集中管理 –如英国学位论文统一存储在不列颠图书馆，不外借，只对外提供原文的缩微胶片 –加拿大的学位论文由国家图书馆统一管理 –日本的学位论文分为两种情况处理，国立大学的学位论文由国家图书馆收藏管理，私立大学的学位论文则由本校图书馆收藏管理。
Springer数据库使用帮助 简介： 德国斯普林格(Springer-Verlag)出版社是世界上最大的科技出版社之一，它有着150多年发展历史，以出版学术性出版物而闻名于世，它也是最早将纸本期刊做成电子版发行的出版商。SpringerLink平台整合了原Springer的出版资源、原Palgrave的电子书，涵盖学科包括：行为科学、工程学、生物医学和生命科学、人文、社科和法律、商业和经济、数学和统计学、化学和材料科学、医学、计算机科学、物理和天文学、地球和环境科学、计算机职业技术与专业计算机应用、能源。 使用帮助： 校园网用户均可免费使用。 校园网外使用请参照图书馆数字资源校外使用方法。 一般检索 进入Springer主页，我们可以看到搜索功能相当地明显突出。检索方式主要有一般检索和高级检索。左下有学科导航，点击某个学科将会进入到这个学科的新页面。在学科导航的下方，还可以找到详细的内容类型，包括（期刊）文章、图书章节、会议论文、参考文献、实验指南。
直接输入想要查找的期刊、图书、研究课题的关键词，得到检索结果，可选择文献分类，排序方式。检索结果默认按照相关度排序。结果列表页面左侧有聚类选项帮助优化检索结果。可根据内容类型、学科、子学科、发表于、作者及语言等选项对检索结果进行优化。
点击题名可查看详细信息。如果只想看到授权范围内（即能下载全文）的检索结果，请取消搜索结果页面左侧上方黄色框上”Include Preview-Only Content”的勾选。 高级检索 点击搜索框右侧图标选择进入高级搜索页面。
如不习惯使用英文页面，可使用Google浏览器，将网页翻译成中文网页，然后根据相关项目进行检索！ 更多使用方法请参见用Search Help
国内外常用数据库介绍 一、中国 1、中国知网(CNKI) 中国知识基础设施工程（China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI）是由清华同方光盘股份有限公司、清华大学中国学术期刊电子杂志社、光盘国家工程研究中心联合建设的综合性文献数据库,于1999年6月在CERNET上开通了中心网站(),在CHINANET上开通了第二中心网站(),并且在许多图书馆和情报单位建立了镜像站点。目前CNKI已建成了中国期刊全文数据库、优秀博硕士学位论文数据库、中国重要报纸全文数据库、重要会议论文全文数据库、科学文献计量评价数据库系列光盘等大型数据库产品，中国期刊全文数据库为其主要产品之一。 CNKI中国期刊全文数据库（Chinese Journal Full-text Database，CJFD）收录了1994年至今的6600种核心期刊与专业特色期刊的全文,积累全文文献618万篇，分为理工A（数理化天地生）、理工B（化学化工能源与材料）、理工C（工业技术）、农业、医药卫生、文史哲、经济政治与法律、教育与社会科学、电子技术与信息科学9个专辑,126个专题文献数据库。网站及数据库交换服务中心每日更新,各镜像站点通过互联网或光盘来实现更新。（免费帐号及密码） 2、中文科技期刊数据库/维普数据库（VIP） 由科技部西南信息中心直属的重庆维普资讯公司开发，收录1989年以来8000余种中文期刊的830余万篇文献，并以每年150万篇的速度递增。维普数据库按照《中国图书馆图书分类法》进行分类，所有文献被分为7个专辑：自然科学、工程技术、农业科学、医药卫生、经济管理、教育科学和图书情报,7大专辑又进一步细分为27个专题。（免费帐号及密码） 3、万方数据知识服务平台（wanfangdata） 万方数据股份有限公司是国内第一家以信息服务为核心的股份制高新技术企业，是在互联网领域，集信息资源产品、信息增值服务和信息处理方案为一体的综合信息服务商。它集纳了涉及各个学科的期刊、学位、会议、外文期刊、外文会议等类型的学术论文，法律法规，科技成果，专利、标准和地方志。期刊论文：全文资源。收录自1998年以来国内出版的各类期刊6千余种，其中核心期刊2500余种，论文总数量达1千余万篇，每年约增加200万篇，每周两次更新。（免费帐号及密码） 4、中国科学引文数据库(CSCD) 中国科学引文数据库（Chinese Science Citation Database,CSCD）创建于1989年，1999年起作为中国科学文献计量评价系列数据库（ASPT）的A辑，由中国科学院文献情报中心与中国学术期刊电子杂志社联合主办，并由清华同方光盘电子出版社正式出版，是我国最大、最具权威的科学引文索引数据库—中国的SCI,为我国科学文献计量和引文分析研究提供了强大的工具。 CSCD收录了国内数学、物理、化学、天文学、地学、生物学、家林科学、医药卫生、工程技术、环境科学和管理科学等领域的中英文科技核心期刊和优秀期刊，其中核心库来源期刊为650种。 5、全国中西日俄文期刊联合目录数据库 是全国性的连续出版物联合目录数据库。数据库报道国内400多家图书情报单位收藏的中西日俄文期刊10万余种，收录的单位遍及中国科学院全院和北京地区各大图书情报单位以及国内一些大的图书情报单位。如中科院文献情报中心、中信所、北京大学图书馆、清华大学图书馆、国防科工委情报所、医科院图书馆、农科院图书馆等。从2000年起，数据库在国内率先对网络期刊进行系统的收集与编目，目前数据库收录网络西文期刊5194种，
中文数据库类： CNKI https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/index.htm 维普https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 万方https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 外文数据库类： Sciencedirect https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ Blackwell https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ Springer https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/home/main.mpx Wiely https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ NCBI https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/sites/entrez?db=PubMed Stanford https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 查文献时最好是从中文开始，然后是外文文献。主要有以下几种方法： 1. 根据文章出处，去一些较大图书馆查找原文。 2. 如果学校或单位有CNKI，维普，万方的话，就比较好办，中文文献一般都可以搞定，把关键词、期刊名称、卷，期、年等信息输入即可检索到。 3. 对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier，Springer等。这些数据库里面文献很多，可以为我们提供很多的文献资源。 4.如果所在单位或大学没有购买这些数据库，我们可以去Science网上杂志找文章，对中国人完全免费！另外还可以通过Google学术搜索（https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,）来查询。里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文。 5. 如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索，是因为很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者。 6. 让所在的研究所图书馆的管理员帮忙从外面的图书馆文献传递，不过有的文献可能是收费的。 7. 到网络资源上求助，如鸭绿江学术资源论坛文献求助获得 （https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/?fromuid=510022）；如果你需要的文献目前还没有电子版，也可以通过馆藏求助获得全文。在找到中文文献之后，就可以通过其中的英文关键词来查找英文文献。 总的来说，现在获得文献途径很多，越来越太容易，但是对文献的消化吸收严重不够。我们不能变成文献的收集者，要做文献的利用和使用者，研读关键文献，注重基础学习才是关键；要让信息成为财富，关键是消化吸收，而不能成为信息的奴第，图书馆，文献几个G，自己却无一丝长进。
9个常用的国外英文论文文献数据库 9个论文文献数据库，科研搬砖，阅读涨姿势，论文写作小帮手！先说说什么是数据库：学术科研中说的「数据库」和「文献数据库」，往往是一种网站的形式，这个网站的贮存了大量文献数据（比如论文）可以简单的理解为一个网络图书馆。 数据库中的论文往往都是耗费了大量的时间和精力整理出来的，还有很多是需要购买版权才可以放在互联网上的，再加上维护这个网站本身就耗费颇多，因此这些数据库通常不是完全免费的，你可以在上面免费查找文献，浏览摘要等简介内容，但是如果你要下载文献，就要付钱。 大学因为科研和教学需要，常年要下载大量的论文材料，所以就会和数据库的经营者签订很多协议，例如包年，就是给一定量的钱，然后就可以无限制下载论文。也有按照下载的数量进行计费。那英语作为世界第一学术语言，有哪些数据库是值得大家分享的呢？1、Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊)Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons公司创建的动态在线内容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。通过InterScience，Wiley 学术期刊集成全文数据库（Academic Search Premier，简称ASP）：包括有关生物科学、工商经济、资讯科技、通讯传播、工程、教育、艺术、文学、医药学等领域的七千多种期刊，其中近四千种全文刊。学术研究图书馆（Academic Research Library，简称ARL）综合参考及人文社会科学期刊论文数据库，涉及社会科学、人文科学、
商业与经济、教育、历史、传播学、法律、军事、文化、科学、医学、艺术、心理学、宗教与神学、社会学等学科，收录2，300多种期刊和报纸，其中全文刊占三分之二，有图像。可检索1971年来的文摘和1986年来的全文。 商业信息数据库（ABI/INFORM）ABI即为Abstracts of Business Information的缩写，世界着名商业及经济管理期刊论文数据库，收录有关财会、银行、商业、计算机、经济、能源、工程、环境、金融、国际贸易、保险、法律、管理、市场、税收、电信等主题的1，500多种商业期刊，涉及这些行业的市场、企业文化、企业案例分析、公司新闻和分析、国际贸易与投资、经济状况和预测等方面，其中全文刊超过50%，其余为文摘，有图像。 医学电子期刊全文数据库（ProQuest Medical Library）该数据库收录有220种全文期刊，文献全文以PDF格式或文本加图像格式存储；收录范围包括所有保健专业的期刊，有护理学、儿科学、神经学、药理学、心脏病学、物理治疗及其它方面。 6. BlackwellBlackwell出版公司是世界上最大的期刊出版商之一(总部设在英国伦敦的牛津)，以出版国际性期刊为主，包含很多非英美地区出版的英文期刊。它所出版的学术期刊在科学技术、医学、社会科学以及人文科学等学科领域享有盛誉。 9. Science DirectScience Direct数据库由Elsevier Science 公司出版。该公司是一家总部设在荷兰的历史悠久的跨国科学出版公司，其出版的期刊是世界公认的高品位学术期刊，如鼎鼎有名的
互联网上查找外文文献的地方 香港科技大学图书馆Dspace https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,t.hk/dspace 包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。 Openj-gate https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/escholarship/ 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。EScholarship Repository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。 剑桥大学机构知识库 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。 发展中国家联合期刊库 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,.br/
非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家（如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、津巴布韦等）的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。 美国密西根大学论文库 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/index.jsp 美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。 jfg CERN Document Server http://cdsweb.cern.ch/ 主要覆盖物理学（particle physics）及相关学科，提供360,000多篇全文文献，包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。 kl ArXiv https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。 NASA Technical Reports Server https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/?method=browse 主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。 National Service Center for Environmental Publications https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ncepihom/
近来很多朋友向我询问各种专业论文怎样下载，在那里下载。我也向他们提供了一些。也发现其中的一些问题。因此对于检索问题，我还是想提几点看法。同时，也为各位对网络电子资源检索和使用不是很了解的朋友做个指引。 。文献数据库 国内主要资源 。维普该数据库收录余种社科类及自然科学类期刊的题录、文摘及全文。主题范畴为社科类、自然科学类、综合类。年代跨度为年至今 。万方万方数据资源系统的数据库有百余个，应用最多的主要是包括了专业文献库、中国科技引文库、中国学位论文库、中国期刊会议论文库等。 。主要应用包括中国期刊全文数据库、中国优秀博士硕士论文全文数据库、中国重要报纸全文数据库、中国医院知识仓库、中国重要会议论文全文数据库。 。超星图书馆、书生之家图书馆、中国数字图书馆国内主要汇集各类图书资源的数据库 国外主要资源 包含学科：化学、计算机科学、经济学、工程学、环境科学、地球科学、法律、生命科学、数学、医学、物理与天文学等个学科，其中许多为核心期刊。 ／收录美国电气与电子工程师学会（）和英国电气工程师学会（）自年以来出版的全部多种期刊，余种会议录及余种标准的全文信息。 由美国 .出版的工程类电子数据库，其中数据库是工程人员与相关研究者最佳、最权威的信息来源。 收录了年以来全世界多所著名大学理工科万博、硕士学位论文的摘要及索引，学科覆盖了数学、物理、化学、农业、生物、商业、经济、工程和计算机科学等，是学术研究中十分重要的参考信息源数据库（）：内容包括覆盖社会科学、人文科学、教育、计算机科学、工程技术、语言学、艺术与文化、医学、种族研究等方面的学术期刊的全文、索引和文摘；（）：涉及经济、商业、贸易、金融、企业管理、市场及财会等相关领域的学术期刊的全文、索引和文摘 数据库是荷兰公司推出的在线全文数据库，该数据库将其出版的种期刊全部数字化。该数据库涵盖了数学、物理、化学、天文学、医学、生命科学、商业及经济管理、计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学、社会科学等众多学科。 ()即联机计算机图书馆中心，是世界上最大的提供文献信息服务的机构之一.其数据库绝大多数由一些美国的国家机构、联合会、研究院、图书馆和大公司等单位提供。数据库的记录中有文献信息、馆藏信息、索引、名录、全文资料等内容。资料的类型有书籍、连续出版物、报纸、杂志、胶片、计算机软件、音频资料、视频资料、乐谱等。 。文献检索 ）国内期刊报纸全文可以在万方，维普，进行检索，其他专业的数据库也可以；学位论文，可以在万方、检索。专利、标准等文献还是要到相应的数据库进行检索。 ）国外期刊在我以上提供的数据库都可以检索，而学位论文多是在数据库进行检索 。进入数据库方法和思路 ）购买权限，这个不用我废话，理论上这些资源部是**的。查阅时，只能到购买权限的单位，才能进
香港科技大学图书馆Dspace https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,t.hk/dspace包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。Openj-gate https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/免费期刊全文数据库（留着备用）2010-04-04 00:32 | (分类:默认分类) 香港科技大学图书馆Dspace https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,t.hk/dspace 包括香港科技大学的学术论文、学位论文、研究报告等内容，均可免费获取全文。Openj-gate https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/提供4350种开放获取的期刊的数百万期刊全文文献。 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/escholarship/ 加利福尼亚大学国际和区域数字馆藏研究项目。eScholarshipRepository主要提供已出版的期刊论文、未出版的研究手稿、会议文献以及其他连接出版物上的文章1万多篇，均可免费阅读。 剑桥大学机构知识库 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ 由Cambridge University Library和University Computing Service维护，提供剑桥大学相关的期刊、学术论文、学位论文等电子资源。 发展中国家联合期刊库 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,.br/ 非营利的电子出版物服务机构，提供来自发展中国家（如巴西、古巴、印度、印尼、肯尼亚、南非、乌干达、津巴布韦等）的开放获取的多种期刊的全文。 美国密西根大学论文库 https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/index.jsp 美国密西根大学论文库2万多篇期刊论文、技术报告、评论等文献全文。包含艺术学、生物学、社会科学、资源环境学等学科的相关论文，另还有博硕士论文。标识为OPEN的可以打开全文。 jfg CERN Document Server http://cdsweb.cern.ch/ 主要覆盖物理学（particle physics）及相关学科，提供360,000多篇全文文献，包括预印文献、期刊论文、图书、图片、学位论文等等。 kl ArXiv https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/ ArXiv是属于Cornell University的非盈利教育机构，面向物理学、数学、非线性科学、计算机科学和定量生物学等学科提供16种免费电子期刊的访问。 NASA Technical Reports Server https://www.doczj.com/doc/297940704.html,/?method=browse 主要是关于航空航天领域研究的科技报告和会议论文。
怎么查找阅读外文文献 中科院大博士是如何进行文献检索和阅读的 1.如何进行文献检索 我是学自然科学的，平时确实需要不少外文文献，对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier，Springer等。虽然这些数据库里面文献已经不算少了。但是有时还会碰到查不到的文献，而这些文献的数据库我们所在研究所或大学又没有买，怎么办？我基本通过以下向个途径来得到文献。 1．首先在Google 学术搜索里进行搜索，里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文，当然这只是碰运气，不是万能的，因为我常常碰到这种情况，所以也算是得到全文文献的一条途径吧。可以试一下。同时,大家有没有发现,从Google学术搜索中,还可以得到一些信息,Google学术搜索中会显示出你搜索文章的引用次数,不过这个引用次数不准确,但是从侧面反应了这篇文章的质量,经典文章的引用次数绝对很高的.同时如果你用作者进行搜索时,会按引用次数出现他写的全部的文章,就可以知道作者的哪些文章比较经典,在没有太多时间的情况下,就可以只看经典的.
2．如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索,是因为我发现很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，顺便推销自己吧。这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。甚至可以下到那个作者相近的内容的其它文章。如果文献是由多个作者写的，第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者，以此类推。用文章的title来搜索,是因为在国外有的网站上,例如有的国外大学的图书馆可能会把本校一年或近几年的学术成果的Publication的PDF全文献挂在网上, 或者在这个大学的ftp上也有可能会有这样类似的全文.这样就很可能会免费下到你想要的全文了. 3．如果上面两个方法都没有查到你要的文献，那你就直接写邮件向作者要。一般情况下作者都喜欢把自己的文献给别人，因为他把这些文献给别人，也相当于在传播他自己的学术思想。下面是本人向老外作者要文献的一个常用的模板： Dear Professor ×××