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土木工程专业英语

土木工程专业英语
土木工程专业英语

The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen.

“土木”这个词是从拉丁语“citizen”派生而来。

Civil engineering,the oldest of the engineering specialties,is the planning,design,construction, and management of the built environment.This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles,from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.

土木工程,最老的工程专业,是建筑环境的规划、设计、施工和管理。这个环境包括从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施的所有根据科学原理建造的结构物。

Civil engineers build roads,bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power plants,water and sewage systems,hospitals,schools,mass transit,and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations.土木工程师修建道路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、港口、发电站、水系统和污水系统,医院、学校、公共交通系统,以及现代化社会和大量人口集中的地方所必需的其他公共设施。

En vironmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area:the potential for air and groundwater pollution,the project’s impact on local animal and plant life,and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment.

环境专家要研究工程对当地区域的影响:潜在的空气污染和地下水污染,工程对当地动植物的影响,以及工程怎样设计才能满足政府对保护环境的要求。

Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.

计算机对于现代土木工程师而言是必不可少的,因为它们可使工程师高效地处理大量数据,这些数据是在确定最优施工方案时所需要的。

In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of man’s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs.从更一般的意义上说,建筑的艺术包含了人类为了他自己的需要而控制环境和引导自然力的所有努力。

The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function,its environment,and various socioeconomic factors.

建筑物的结构形式是它的功能、环境和各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。

natural light自然光

Architecture is the art of building.

建筑学是建筑的艺术。

Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use.

实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关。

The plan of a structure 建筑物的结构平面图

The raw materials of architecture—建筑材料

Steel also has tensile strength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength.

钢也具有等于或大于其抗压强度的抗拉强度。

This text mainly introduced the relationship between the form of building and the environment, the aspect of architeture, and the relationship between building and architeture. It also introduced some building materials, such as wood, steel, stone.

这篇文章主要介绍了建筑物的形式和环境的关系,建筑学的有关概念,建筑物和建筑学的关系。这篇文章还介绍了一些建筑材料,比如木材、钢材和石料。

Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors,and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.

各种材料和不同的结构形式共同组成了建筑物的不同部分,包括承重结构,外壳,楼板和隔墙。建筑物也有像升降机、供暖、冷却、照明等机械和电力的系统。上部结构是建筑物地面以上的部分,而下部结构和基础则是建筑物地面以下的部分。

Over the past 100 years, a change in the groundwater level there has caused some buildings to settle more than 10 feet ( 3 meters ) . Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.

过去100年以来,那里地下水水位的变化已经使一些建筑物沉降超过10英尺(3米)。由于这种运动能发生在施工工程中和其后,所以仔细分析在建筑物下土的行为显得非常重要

The construction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure. The design process, however, proceeds from the roof down to the foundation (in the direction of gravity). In the past, the foundation was not subject to systematic investigation .A scientific approach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century.

建筑物的施工工程自然是从基础到上部结构。但是,设计工程则是从屋顶到基础(沿重力的方向)。过去,基础并未进行系统调查分析。而在20世纪内科学设计基础的方法得到发展。

Bridge is a structure that spans obstacles, such as rivers and valleys, to provide a roadway for traffic. By far the majority of bridges are designed to carry automobile or railroad traffic, but some are intended for pedestrians only.

为提供交通道路,桥梁是跨越如河流、山谷这样障碍的一种结构形式,到目前为止,大部分桥梁都是公路桥或铁路桥,仅有少部分是人行桥。

The first innovation beyond the primitive bridge forms is believed to have occurred in ancient China and then spread to India. To bridge stream wider than a single tree length, the Chinese and Indians used two piles of three trunks, building toward the stream center from each bank.

原始桥梁的第一步变革被认为出现在中国古代,随后传入印度。河床一般比树要宽,中国人和印度人从河的两岸到河中央用两堆树干来建造。

crude

天然的, 未加工的,简陋的, 粗糙的, 未加修饰,粗鲁的, 粗俗的, 粗野的

The true masonry arch was efficient, economical, and durable. It could span small rivers by multiple arches resting on piers; moreover, it was generally gracious in appearance.

这种石拱经济和经久耐用,它可以由多个跨过桥墩的拱而跨过小的河流,而且外观非常漂亮。

These qualities were hard to match by any previous form of construction. The true masonry arch was widely used in bridge construction by both the ancient Chinese and the Romans; it remained in wide use until the 19th century.

而它的质量比先前的任何结构都要好。在中国和罗马的古代,这种整体石拱被广泛地用于桥梁结构。它一直被广泛地使用直到19世纪。

Basically there are just four types of structures that can be used to bridge a stream or other obstacle: rigid beams, cantilevers, arches, and suspension systems.

通常用作河流或障碍物上的桥,有4类基本结构:刚性梁、悬臂、拱、和悬索体系。

Planning. The first step leading to the construction of a modern major bridge is a comprehensive study to determine whether a bridge is needed.

规划设计现代重要的桥梁建造的第一步是广泛地研究以确定桥梁的必要性。

A bridge must resist a complex combination of tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion forces.

一座桥要抵抗一系列的合力,如拉力,压力,剪力和扭力。

In addition, the structure must provide a safety factor as insurance against failure.

另外,结构还需要一定的安全系数作为防止破坏的安全储备。

The calculation of the precise nature of the individual stresses and strains in the structure, called analysis, is perhaps the most technically complex aspect of bridge building.

对结构的各种应力和应变的准确特性进行计算,这就叫应力分析,这或许是桥梁结构中最复杂的技术。

The goal of analysis is to determine all of the forces that may act on each structural member.

应力分析的目的是为了确定作用在结构上的各种力。

The forces that act on bridge structural members are produced by two kinds of

loads-static and dynamic.

作用在桥梁结构的力都可以分为二类荷载:动荷载和静荷载。

The static load - the dead weight of the bridge structure itself -is usually the greatest load. The dynamic, or live, load has components, including vehicles carried by the bridge, wind forces, and accumulations of ice and snow.

静荷载——即桥的自重——它往往也是最大的荷载。动荷载或静荷载有很多,包括桥面上的机动车,风荷载,和积冰积雪荷载。

Wind exerts force on a bridge both directly by striking the bridge structure and indirectly by striking vehicles that are crossing the bridge.

风在桥上的作用

Electronic computers are playing an ever increasing role in assisting bridge designers in the analysis of forces.

电脑在力分析上协助桥梁设计者,起着很重要的作用。

Construction starts with the foundation,which may cost almost as much as the superstructure .

施工都是从基础开始的,基础的花费几乎大大超过上层建筑。

抗拉强度:tensile strength

抗压强度:compressive strength

建筑工程:construction engineering

钢筋:reinforced concrete

原材料:raw material

civil engineers:土木工程师assemblage technology:装配技术simply supported beam:简支梁continuous beam:连续梁

framing member:框架构件

抗弯强度:bending strength shearing strength:抗剪强度

bill of quantities:工程量清单(数量清单)

estimated cost:预算成本

the column-diagonal truss tube:对顶柱桁架筒体

现金流动:cash flow

三维的:three-dimensional

专业英语:English for specialized Science and Technology geotechnical engineering:岩土工程fundamental assumption:基本假设foundation settlement:地基沉降bending moment:弯曲力矩shear stress:剪应力(剪切应力)normal stress:法向应力

on schedule:按时

be in equilibrium with:与…平衡horizontal plane :水平面

vertical plane:垂直面

土力学:soil mechanics

aerial photographs:航空摄影sanitary engineering:卫生工程detrimental agents:有害因素

joint action: 联合作用

deformed bars:变形钢筋

现状:current situation

positive sequence:正序

negative sequence:逆序fabrication plant:加工厂

financial budget: 财政预算

divide by:除以(用…除)

in charge of:负责

take account of:考虑到spectacular achievements:惊人的成就

ultrahigh-rise buildings:超高层的建筑terminate contract:解除合同

spandrel beams:外墙托梁encroach on:侵占

intersect surfaces:相交曲面bundled-tube structures:束筒结构take delivery of:取货,提货drainage system 排水系统subcontractors 转包商

soil experiments 土工试验

civil engineers 土木工程师

mass transit systems公共交通系统construction engineering建筑工程;施工工程学

Structural Engineering (结构工程)Geotechnical Engineering (岩土工程)

Transportation Engineering(交通运输工程)

Skyscraper 摩天大楼

Load-Carrying Frame. 承重结构。Mechanical and Electrical Systems. 机械和电力系统。

Soils and Foundations.地基与基础。aqueduct bridge 高架水渠

land survey 土地测量

Analysis of forces.力的分析

词根

1 ag ——agent agency agenda agential

2 agri ——agriculture agricultural agriculturist agronomic

3 ann ——annual anniversary annuity

4 audi ——audience audio audit

5 brev ——brevity breviary breviation

6 ced ——exceed excessive excess

7 cept ——except exception exceptional accept

8 cid ——decide suicide undecided

9 circ ——circus circle circulate

10 claim ——exclaim exclamation declaim

11 clar ——declare declarer declaration

12 clud ——exclude include conclude

13 cogn ——recognize recognizable recognition

14 cord ——record recorder recordable accord

15 cred ——credible credibility incredible credit

词根词缀

1:ag=do,act 做,动

?agent ['eid??nt] [ag做,办理,ent名词后缀,表示

人;做事者,“办理人”] 代理人

?agency ['eid??nsi] [ag 做,作ency 名词后缀] 代理,

代理处,机构,作用

?agential[ei…d?en??l] [ial形容词后缀,…的] 代理人的

?subagent [,s?b'eid??nt] [sub-副的] 副代理人

?coagent[k?u'eid??nt] [co-共同] 共事者,合作者

?coagency [k?u…eid??nsi] [co-共同] 共事,协作,合作

?agenda [?…d?end?] [end 名词后缀a 表示复数;原

义为:things to be done,“待做的事项”] 议事日程

2:agri = field田地,农田,也作agro,agr

?agriculture['?ɡrik?lt??] [agri 田地,农田,cult 耕作,–ure

名词后缀] 农业,农艺

?agricultural[,?ɡri'k?lt??r?l] [-al 形容词后缀,…的] 农业的,

农艺的

?agriculturist [,?ɡri'k?lt??rist] [-ist表示人] 农学家

?agronomy [?…ɡr?n?mi] [agro农田→农业,nomy …..学]农学,

农艺学,作物学

?agronomic [,?ɡr?'n?mik] [-ic形容词后缀,…..的] 农学的,

农艺学的

?agronomist[?'ɡr?n?mist] [-ist表示人] 农学家

?agrarian[?'ɡrε?ri?n] [agr 田地,-arian 形容词后缀,…的]

土地的,耕地的

?agrestic [?'ɡrestik] [agr 田地→乡村→乡野] 乡间的,乡

野的,粗野的

3:ann = year 年(ann也作enn)

?anniversary [,?ni…v?:s?ri] [ann 年,-i- 连接字母,vers 转,–ary 名词后缀;时间转了一年] 周年纪念日,周年纪念

?annual ['?nju?l] [ann 年,-ual 形容词后缀,……的] 每年的,年度的

?annuity [?'nju:iti] [ann 年,-u 连接字母,-ity名词后缀] 年金;年金享受权

?annuitant [?'nju:it?nt] [annuit(y) 年金,-ant表示人] 领受年金的

?Superannuate[,sju:p?r'?njueit] [super 超过,ann 年→年龄,-u- ,-ate 动词兼形容词后缀;“超过年龄”] 因年老而令退休,太旧的,过时的?perennial [p?'reni?l] [per-通,全,enn年,-ial形容词后缀,…的] 全年的,四季不断的

?semiannual [,semi'?nju?l, 'semai-] [semi半,ann年,-ual ….的]半年一次的

?

4:audi=hear 听(audi也作audit)

?audience ['?:di?ns] [audi听,-ence名词后缀] 听众,倾听

?auditorium [,?:di't?:ri?m] [audi听,-orium 名词后缀,表示场所,地点;

“听讲的场所”] 礼堂,讲堂,听众席

?audible ['?:d?bl] [aud(i)听,-ible形容词后缀,可….的] 听得见的,可闻的

?Inaudible [in'?:d?bl] [in不,见上] 听不见,不能听到的

?audit ['?:dit]旁听,审计

?auditor ['?:dit?] [-or表示人] 旁听生,旁听者,审计员

?auditory ['?:dit?ri] [audit听,-ory形容词后缀,……的] 听觉的

?audition[?:'di??n] [audit听,-ion名词后缀] 听觉,听

audio […?:di?u]听学的,声音的,音

5:brev=short短

?brief [brief→brev短] 短暂的,简短的,简洁的,摘要,短文,概要

?briefness [-ness名词后缀] 短暂,简短,简洁

?brevity ['brev?ti] [brev短,-ity名词后缀] (陈述等的)简短,简洁;(生命等的)短暂,短促

?breviary ['bri:vj?ri] [brev短,-i-,-ary名词后缀] 缩略,摘要

?abbreviate[?'bri:vieit] [ab-加强意义,brev短,-i-,-ate动词后缀,使…] 缩短,缩写,节略(读物等)

?abbreviation[?,bri:vi'ei??n] [见上,-ation名词后缀] 缩写,缩短,节略,缩写式,缩写词

?

6:ced=go行走(ced也作ceed,cess)

?precedent [pre-先、前,ced行,-ent名词后缀,表示物,先行的事物,先例;(-ent形容词后缀,…的)] 先行的,在前的

?unprecedented[un-无,ed形容词后缀,…的] 无先例的,空前的

?precede [pre-先,前,ced行] 领先,在前面,优先

?exceed [ex-以外,超出,“超越而行”] 超过,越过,胜过

?excess [cess行,“超出限度以外”]超过,过量,过度

?excessive[-ive形容词后缀,…的] 过分的,过度的,过多的

?proceed [pro-向前,ceed行] 前进,进行

?procedure [pro-向前,ced行,-ure名词后缀;“进行的过程”] 过程,步骤,手续

?process [pro-向前,cess行] 过程,进程,程序

?

7:cept=take 拿,取

?except[ex-外,出,cept拿;“拿出去”→排除,除外] 除…之外,把…除外

?exception[-ion名词后缀] 例外,除外

?exceptional [-al 形容词后缀,…的] 例外的,异常的,特殊的

?exceptive [-ive形容词后缀,…的] 作为例外的,特殊的

?accept [ac-加强意义,cept拿→接] 接受,领受,承认

?acceptance[-ance名词后缀] 接受,领受,承认

?acceptable [able形容词后缀,可…的] 可接受的

?

8:cid,cis=cut,kill 切,杀

?decide [de-表示加强意义,cid切,切断→裁断→裁决] 决定,裁决,判决,下决心decidable 可决定的

?undecided[un-不,未,-ed形容词后缀,…的] 未定的,未决的

?decision [见decide,字母转换;d→s,因此,cid→cis,-ion名词后缀] 决定,决心,决议

?decisive [-ive形容词后缀,…的] 决定性的,果断的,坚定的

?concise [con-表示加强意义,cis切;“切短”,“切除”不必要的部分,删除除冗言赘语,留下精简扼要的部分] 简明的,简洁的,简要的?precise[pre-先,前,cis切;“预先切除不清楚的部分”] 明确的,准确的,精确的

?suicide [sui自己,cid杀] 自杀,自杀者

?insecticide[insect虫,-i-连接字母,cid杀] 杀虫剂pesticide

?

9:circ=ring环,圆

?circus [circ圆,-us名词后缀;“圆形的表演场地”] 马戏场;[转为]马戏团

?circle [circ圆,-le名词后缀] 圆,圈,环状物

?encircle v.[en-作成…,circle圈;“作成一圈”] 包围,环绕,绕…

行一周

?semicircle [semi-半,circle圆] 半圆

?circular [circul=circle圆、环,-ar形容词后缀,…的] 圆形的,环形的

?circulate[-ate动词后缀,使…] 循环,环流,通行,流通,流传

?circulation [-ion名词后缀] 循环,环流,流通,传播

?circuit [circ圆、环,-u,it行] 环行,电路,回路

?circuitous [见上,-ous形容词后缀,…的] 迂回的,绕行的

?

10:claim,clam=cry,shout 喊叫

?exclaim[ex-外、出,claim叫,“大声叫出”] 呼喊,惊叫

?exclamation[exclam=exclaim,-ation名词后缀] 呼喊,惊叫,感叹词,惊叹词

?proclaim [pro-向前,claim叫喊→声言] 宣布,宣告,声明

?proclamation[-ation名词后缀] 宣布,公布,宣告,声明

?acclaim[ac-表示加强意义,claim叫→呼喊] 欢呼,喝彩

?acclamatory[-atory形容词后缀,…的] 欢呼的,喝彩的

?declaim [de-表示加强意义,claim叫→大声说] 慷慨陈词,朗诵,演讲

?declamation[-ation名词后缀] 雄辩,朗诵,慷慨激昂的演说

?declamatory[-atory形容词后缀,…的] 演说的,雄辩的,慷慨激昂的?

11:clar=clear 清楚,明白

?declare [de-表示加强意义,“to make clear”,“使明白”] 表明,声明,宣告,宣布

?declarer [-er者] 宣告者,声明者

?declaration [-ation名词后缀] 声明,公告,宣布

?declarative [-ative形容词后缀,…的] 宣言的,陈述的,说明的

?clarify [-fy 动词后缀,使…;“使明白”] 讲清楚,阐明,澄清

?clarification [-fication名词后缀] 阐明,澄清

?clarity [clar=clear清澈,明白,-ity名词后缀] 清楚,明晰;

清澈,透明

?

12:clud,clus =close,shut关闭

?exclude [ex-外,clud关;“关在外面”→不许入内] 排斥,拒绝接纳,把…排除在外

?exclusive [-ive形容词后缀,…的] 排外的,排他的,除外的

?exclusion [-ion名词后缀] 排斥,排除,拒绝exclusionism 排外主义?include [in-入、内,“关在里面,包入”] 包含,包括

?inclusion[-ion名词后缀] 包含,包括,内含物

?inclusive[-ive形容词后缀,…的] 包括在内的,包括的,包含的

?conclude [con-表加强意义,clud关闭→结束,完结] 结束,结论;推断,断定

?conclusion[-ion名词后缀] 完结,结束,结局,结论

?conclusive [-ive形容词后缀,…的] 结论的,总结性的,最后的

?preclude [pre-先、预先,“预先关闭”] 阻止,预防,排除

?preclusion[clud→clus,-ion名词后缀] 预防,防止,排除

?preclusive [-ive形容词后缀,…的] 预防(性)的,排除的,阻止的

?

13:cogn=know知道

?cognize [cogn知道,-ize动词后缀] 知道,认识

?cognizable[-able形容词后缀,可…的] 可认识的,可认知的

?incognizable[in-不] 不可认识的,不可知的

?recognize [re-表示加强意义,cogn知道→认识,-ize动词后缀] 认出,识别,承认

?recognizable[-able形容词后缀,可…的] 可认识的,可辩认的,可承认的?irrecognizable[ir-不] 不能认识的,不能认出的

?recognition [re-表示加强意义,cogn知道→认识,-ition名词后缀] 认出,认识,识别

?precognition [pre-预先,cogn知道,-ition名词后缀] 预知,预察,预见

?

14:cord=heart心

?record [re-回,再,cord心→想,忆;“回忆”→以备回忆之用] 记录,记载

?recorder [-er表示人或物] 记录器,录音机;记录员

?recordable [-able形容词后缀,可…的] 可记录的recordable CD 可录写光碟

?recordation [ation名词后缀] 记录,记载

?recording [-ing名词后缀] 记录,录音,唱片

?recordist [-ist表示人] 录音师

?accord [ac-表示to,cord心;“心心相印”]符合,一致,使一致,协调accord with 同…相符合;与…一致

?accordance[-ance名词后缀] 一致,协调,和谐

?accordant [-ant形容词后缀,…的] 一致的,协调的

?core [cor=cord心] 核心

?

15:cred=believe,trust 相信,信任

?credible [-ible形容词后缀,可…的] 可信的,可靠的

?credibility [-bility名词后缀,表示性质] 可信,可靠,信用

?incredible [in-不,credible可信的] 不可信的,难以置信的,惊人的?credit信任,相信;信用,信誉

?creditable [-able形容词后缀,可…的] 可信的,使人信任的

?discredit[dis-不,credit信任] 不信任,丧失信用

?accredit [ac-表示to] 相信,信任;授权,委任

?credential [cred信任,-ential复合后缀(ent+-ail)…的] 信任的,[转为名词] 凭证

?creed [creed→cred相信,信任] 信条,教义,信念

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第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

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第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

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第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

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Part IV:Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体(工程)reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration(土)空隙比 albery壁厨,壁龛 a l mery壁厨,贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀,麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板(工程) shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝,空洞,麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量,弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架, ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数

土木工程专业英语词汇汇总

A Type Wooden Ladder A字木梯 A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 Abandon 废弃 Abandoned well 废井 Aberration of needle 磁针偏差Abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压Abort 中止 abrasion 磨损 Abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机Abrasive Cutting Wheel 拮碟abrasive grinding machine 研磨机Abrasive Grinding Wheel 磨碟abrasive particle 磨料颗粒 Absolute address 绝对地址Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute damping 绝对阻尼Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Absolute flying height 绝对航高Absolute gravity 绝对重力 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性;吸附性absorption 吸收 abutment 桥墩 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂;加速器;催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路;通道 access door 检修门;通道门access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处;出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道;斜通道access road 通路;通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 出入口踏步 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶accessory 附件;配件accident 事故;意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 accommodate 装设;容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可的私 人实验室 accumulator 储压器;蓄电池 accuracy limit 精度限制 acetylene cylinder 乙炔圆筒 Acetylene Hose 煤喉 Acetylene Regulator 煤表 acid plant 酸洗设备;酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acidic rock 酸性岩 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声音藕合器;音效藕 合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 Acoustic wave 声波 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料(压克力的油漆) acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(压克力的胶片) active corrosion 活性腐蚀 active earth pressure 主动土压力 active fault 活断层 active oxidation 活性氧化 actual plot ratio 实际地积比率 actuator 促动器;唧筒;激发器 adapt 改装 adaptor 适配器;承接器;转接器; addition 增设;加建 additional building works 增补建筑工 程 additional horizontal force 额外横向力 additional plan 增补图则(附加的平面 图) additional vent 加设通风口 additive 添加剂 Address 地址 adhesive 黏结剂;胶黏剂 adhesive force 附着力 Adhesive Glue 万能胶 Adhesive Reflective Warning Tape 反 光警告贴纸 adit 入口;通路;坑道口 adjacent construction 相邻建造物 adjacent level 相邻水平 adjacent site 相邻基地 adjacent street 相邻街道 adjoining area 毗邻地区 adjoining building 毗邻建筑物 adjoining land 毗邻土地 adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物 adjustable 可调校 Adjustable Wrench Spanner 昔士 adjuster 调节器 adjustment 调校;调整 Administrative Lawsuit 行政诉讼 Administrative Remedy 行政救济 admixture 掺合剂;外加剂 advance directional sign 前置指路标 志;方向预告标志 advance earthworks 前期土方工程 advance warning sign 前置警告标志 advance works 前期工程 aeration 曝气 aeration tank 曝气池 aerial 天线 Aerial mapping 航空测图 aerial photograph 航测照片 Aerial photography 航照定位 aerial rapid transit system 高架快速运 输系统 aerial ropeway 高架缆车系统 aerial view 鸟瞰图 aerofoil 翼型 aerosol 悬浮微粒;喷雾 aerosphere 大气圈 affix 贴附 aftercooler 后冷却器 afterfilter 后过滤器 aftershock 余震 agent 作用剂;代理人 aggradation 堆积 aggregate 骨材;集料;碎石 aggregate area 总面积 aggregate grading 骨材级配 aggregate superficial area 表面总面积 aggregate usable floor space 总楼地板 空间 agitator 搅拌器;搅动机 air bleeding 放气(空气渗出) air blower 鼓风机 air brake 气压制动器 Air chambor 气室 air circuit 空气回路 air circuit breaker 空气断路器 air cleaner 空气滤清器

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the

土木工程专业英语原文及翻译

土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth,the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections. In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface.The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil,giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface.The problem is considered in two dimensions,conditions of plane strain being assumed.It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface. Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress,covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction.Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis.In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O,radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength.Equating moments about O:

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