Module 1 Grammar and Usage
Attributive clause
Learning aims (学习目标）
1.to have a clear idea of the usage of relative pronouns.
2.to learn how to use relative adverbs in attributive clauses.
3.to mastaster the usage of non-restrictive Attributive Clause.
Important and difficult points (重难点）
1.to find out the difference between relative pronouns and relative adverbs
2.to master the special usage of "which", "that" and "as"
课前预习
What is an attributive clause?
合作探究
考点1：关系代词的理解与选择
1.who
The boy who is standing there is my cousin.
总结：先行词指（）时用关系代词who,在从句中充当（）。
2.whom
The man (who/whom) you met yesterday is Mr. Smith.
总结：当先行词指人充当（）时，可以用关系代词（）或（），但whom 比who要更正式。此时的关系代词可以（）。
3.that
I didn’t know the man（that）you mentioned.
A plane is a machine that can fly.
总结：关系代词that 可以指人也可以指物。在从句中充当（）和（），充当（）时可以省略。
4.which
The pen (which) my uncle gave me is expensive.
Children like books which have good pictures.
总结：关系代词which 用来指（），在从句中可作（）或（），作（）时可省略。
5. Whose
Do you know the boy whose father is an engineer?
He lives in a house whose windows face south.
总结：①当先行词在从句中充当（）指（）或（）用关系代词whose.
②当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如：
①The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
→The building, the roof you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或
→The building, the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.
Which& that
当先行词指物时，以下情况只用that ，不用which
1.当先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, none, the
one等不定代词时。
Do you have anything________ you want to say to him?
Y ou should hand in all________ you have.
2.当先行词被all, any, little, few, the only, the very所修饰时。
This is the very book________I’m looking for.
The only thing________ I can do is to wait.
3.当先行词时形容词的最高级或被最高级所修饰时。
This is the best_______ is to be used agaist pollution.
4.当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。
The train is the last _______will go to Shanghai.
What is your first foreign film_______you have seen.
5.当先行词既有人又有物时。
Do you know the things and the persons________ they are talking about?
6.当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which 时。
Which is the bike______ you lost?
Who is the boy_______ won the gold medal?
7.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city______ it used to be.
当先行词指物时，以下情况只用which
1.当关系代词前有介词时。
Is this the room in_______ Mr. White lives?
2.在非限制性定语从句中。
He lives in a town, _______ is far away from here.
who& that
当先行词指人时，以下情况只能用who
1.当先行词是one, ones, anyone, those 等代词时
One_______ fears nothing is certainly brave.
Those_______ break the law should be punished.
2.当先行词有较长的后置定语，并且此后置定语为物时，为了明确定语从句所修饰的先行词，用who.
The student from Oxford University speaks fluent Chinese will come to China for further study.
3.一个句子中带有两个修饰人的定语从句，一个用了that ,为了避免重复，另一个用who.
The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday is our monitor studies very hard.
4.在There be 句型中
There are many young men are against the plan.
Practice
一．选择适当的关系代词that, which, who, whom或whose，把下列句子补充完整。
1. Rice is a plant ________ is grown in the south.
2. Those ________ want to go please sign their names here.
3. All ________ glitters is not gold.
4. This is the only way leads to your success.
5. Both the girl and her dog were crossing the street were hit by a coming car.
6. This is the biggest building ________we have ever built in our school.
7. This is the second school ________ I used to work at, and many students there still have contact with me.
8. There is a mountain ________ top is always covered with snow.
9. Y ou can take any seat ________ is free.
10. Could you tell me from _________ you borrowed this book?
二．选择题
1. (2011全国II,7) Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and T-shirt, _______ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this
B. that
C. what
D. which
2. (2011安徽卷,28) Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator,
________it will keep for two or three weeks.．
A．when B．which C．where D．while
3. (2011北京卷,22) _________ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and
happiness.
A. Which
B. What
C. That
D. Whom
4. (2011福建卷,24) She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students
_________ allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which
B. where
C. what
D. who
5. (2011湖南卷,25) Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of
________ she spoke fluently.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. that
6. (2011江苏卷26) It was never clear _________ the man hadn’t reported the
accident sooner.
A. that
B. how
C. when
D. why
7. (2011辽宁卷,23)Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach ________ to read fast.
A. what
B. who
C. how
D. why
考点2：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句时介词或关系代词的选择引导定语从句时，that和who 不能用于介词后，能用于介词+关系代词引导定语从句的代词只有which（代指事物）和whom（代指人），且关系词不可省略。介词的选择依据：
①介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配。
The farm which I once worked has taken a new look.
②介词与从句中动词是一种习惯性搭配。
Who is the man whom our teacher is shaking hands?
③介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的短语。
Ours is a beautiful country, which we are greatly proud.
④表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of.
There are over 3,000 workers, eighty percent whom are women. 备注：当关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以提前（which和whom 前）亦可放于原来的位置，但在含有介词的固定词语中，介词不能提前如look for, look after, take care。
Practice：
选择适当的介词+关系代词，把下列句子补充完整
1.The dictionary _____ ______ so many pages are missing is useless.
2.This is the boy ______ ______ we have to say “Thank you”.
3.I have not met Mr. Wang, the son ______ ______ is my English teacher.
4.The old couple _____ ______ I lived in Abington were very nice to me
5.That was the period ______ ______ my cousin stayed in my home.
6.The building _______ _______ we held the meeting last year has been
pulled down.
7.We are reading a book _______ ______ there are a lot of mistakes
8.John, ________ _______ we talked yesterday, is from Canada.
考点3：关系副词的理解与选择
1.when 在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示的名词，相
当于介词+which。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，需用或引导定语从句。
He will always remember the days he spent in China.
2.where 在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词往往是表示的名
词，相当于“介词+ which”。若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用或引导定语从句。
（where引导的定语从句也可以修饰case, condition, situation, instance 等先行词。）
The city gives Eric a deep impression in China is Shanghai.
3.We use the relative adverb why to begin attributive clauses after reason. 如
果关系代词指代先行词reason在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等时，则用或。
The reason he gave us is good enough.
备注：1. 关系副词when, where, why 有时可以被介词+which所替代。
The study is the place where/ I often have talks with my father.
2. 需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法
①先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。
e.g.I don’t like the way he look at people.
②当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。
It was the first time we had stayed up so late.
The moment he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made. She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years I was at university.
Practice:
一．用适当的关系代词，关系副词，或介词+关系代词填空。
1.This is the factory I once worked.
2.This is the factory I've visited.
3.The day I always remember is Oct.1.
4.The day Nanjing was liberated is Sep.11.
5.The reason he hasn't come is that he has been ill.
6.Don't believe the reason he gave you.
二．选择题
1. He was educated at the local high school, _____ he went on to Beijing University.
A. after which
B. after that
C. in which
D. in that
2. The film brought the hours back to me, _ _ __ I was taken good care of in that faraway village. A. until B. that C. when D. where
3. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree _____ they can be controlled on purpose. A. with which B. to which
C. of which
D. for which
4. We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.
A. which
B. whose
C. in which
D. with which
5. Occasions are quite rare ____ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
A. who
B. which
C. why
D. when
6. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers __ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
A. where
B. when
C. who
D. which
考点4：非限制性定语从句的用法
1. 非限制性定语从句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定语从句：
⑴非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，它不是对先行词进行修饰或确定，只是对先行词作些附加的说明。专有名词通常被非限制性定语从句所修饰。例如：地名，人名，国家名等。
⑵非限制性定语从句不是先行词必不可少的修饰语，因此如果去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。
⑶从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，翻译时复合句通常译成两句话。
⑷与限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句也可用关系代词who, which, whom, whose, as和关系副词when, where, why 引导。that不引导非限制性定语从句。
2. 在which引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词可以是一个名词或代词，也
可以是句子的一部分，甚至整个句子。
例如：
①My new car, I paid several thousand dollars for, isn’t running well.
先行词是
②He said that he had never seen her before, was not true.
先行词是
3.关系代词" as" 的用法。
1)as& which
"as" 和"which "都可指代主句中的一部分或者整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语、或表语。一般情况下可互换，但是在下列情况下只能用as.
a. 放于句首只能用as
b. 表示"正如，正像"之意时，只能用as.
______ is known to all, he is the best student.
2) as & that
①as引导限制性定语从句先行词前常被such, the same, so修饰，即构成such…as , the same …as, so…as, 结构。as在定语从句中应充当成分如：主语、宾语或表语。
[备注]：①当主句中出现such 或so 时,而后面从句不缺主语和宾语,则从句前用that，引导结果状语从句。②当主句中出现the same时, 后面从句缺主语或宾语时与as搭配表同一类事物,与that搭配表同一个事物Practice:
一．as\that\which填空
1. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
2. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
3. ______ is known to all, he is the best student.
4. Jim passed the driving test, _____ surprised everybody in the office.
二．选择题
1. These houses are sold at such a low price _______ people didn’t expect.
A. like
B. as
C. that
D.
which
2. I bought a book written in _____ easy English ____ beginners can understand.
A. such an, as
B. such, that
C. so, that
D.
such, as
3. This is so difficult a question _____.
A. that many students can’t answer
B. which many students can’t answer it
C. as no one can answer it
D. as nobody can answer
4. He tore all my letters and _____did n’t upset me at all.
A. this
B. it
C. which
D. as
5. John said he'd been working in the office for an hour, ______ was true.
A. he
B. this
C. which
D. who
6. Y ou should make it a rule to leave things _______ you can find them again.
A. when
B. where
C. then
D. there
7. The manager decided to give the job to ______ he believed had a sense of duty.
A. who
B. whom
C. whoever
D. whomever
8. ____ I had expected, the number of the audience was well over two thousand.
A. As
B. Which
C. Whom
D. That
9. After five hours’ drive, they reached ___ they thought was the place they had been dreaming of.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. what
10. Do you like any of the music ____ you’ve listened?
A. which
B. that
C. for which
D. to which
11. He is such a lazy man_____ nobody wants to work with______.
A. as; him
B. that; /
C. as; /
D. whom; him
12. Mrs. Black took the police back to____ place ____ she witnessed the robbery.
A. the same; as
B. the same; where
C. the same; that
D. as the same; as
考点5：定语从句与其他从句的区分。
区分定语从句与其他从句的关键在于牢记：
①定语从句一定有先行词
②定语从句的关系代词和关系副词在从句中一定充当成分。
1.定语从句和表语从句
1) This is your father worked when he was young.
2) This is the shop my brother once worked.
2. 定语从句和状语从句
1) Let’s do it we are free.
2) Let’s do it next month, we are free.
3）Put it it was.
4）Put it in the drawer I keep documents.
3. 定语从句和强调句
—Where did you interview the composer?
—It was in the hotel _____ he stayed.
A. where
B. that
4. 定语从句和并列句
1) There are 45 students in our class, of two fifths are girls.
2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of are girls. Practice
1. Whenever I met her, _____ was fairly often, I liked her sweet and hopeful smile.
A. who
B. that
C. when
D. which
2. Nowadays, more and more students are working directly on the Internet _____
different types of courses are supplied.
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. whose
3. Is there a supermarket around _____ I can get some food?
A. where
B. that
C. which
D. from it
4. It was on the farm _____ he grown up _____ he told me about his childhood.
A. where, that
B. that, that
C. where, when
D. that, when
5. That was the young man, I think, _____ I saw the other day help to catch the thief.
A. who
B. one
C. the one
D. which
6. Y ou must show my wife the same respect ______ you show me.
A. as
B. that
C. who
D. what
7. ______ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years.
A. Which
B. That
C. As
D. It
8. New Y ork, ______last year, is a nice old city.
A. that I visited
B. which I visited
C. where I visited
D. in which I visited
9. ______ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are
making progress.
A. It
B. As
C. That
D. What
10. He invited ten friends to his home, _____ are foreigners.
A. six of whom
B. the six of whom
C. six of them
D. the six of them