IMPORTANT CHANGE TO CONTEST RULES FOR MCM/ICM 2012:
Teams (Student or Advisor) are now required to submit an electronic copy (summary sheet and solution) of their solution paper by email to solutions@https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c2474742.html,. Your email MUST be received at COMAP by the submission deadline of 8:00 PM EST, February 13, 2012. Teams are free to choose between MCM Problem A, MCM Problem B or ICM Problem C.
COMAP Mirror Site: For more in:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c2474742.html,/undergraduate/contests/mcm/
MCM: The Mathematical Contest in Modeling
ICM: The Interdisciplinary Contest in Modeling
2012 Contest Problems
MCM PROBLEMS
PROBLEM A: The Leaves of a Tree
"How much do the leaves on a tree weigh?" How might one estimate the actual weight of the leaves (or for that matter any other parts of the tree)? How might one classify leaves? Build a mathematical model to describe and classify leaves. Consider and answer the following:
? Why do leaves have the various shapes that they have?
? Do the shapes “minimize” overlapping individual shadows that are cast, so as to maximize exposure? Does the distribution of leaves within the “volume” of the tree and its branches effect the shape?
? Speaking of profiles, is leaf shape (general characteristics) related to tree profile/branching structure?
? How would you estimate the leaf mass of a tree? Is there a correlation between the leaf mass and the size characteristics of the tree (height, mass, volume defined by the profile)?
In addition to your one page summary sheet prepare a one page letter to an editor of a scientific journal outlining your key findings.
2012美赛A题：一棵树的叶子
（数学中国翻译）
“一棵树的叶子有多重？”怎么能估计树的叶子（或者树的任何其它部分）的实际重量？怎样对叶子进行分类？建立一个数学模型来对叶子进行描述和分类。模型要考虑和回答下面的问题：
? 为什么叶子具有各种形状？
? 叶子之间是要将相互重叠的部分最小化，以便可以最大限度的接触到阳光吗？树叶的分布以及树干和枝杈的体积影响叶子的形状吗？
就轮廓来讲，叶形（一般特征）是和树的轮廓以及分枝结构有关吗？
? 你将如何估计一棵树的叶子质量？叶子的质量和树的尺寸特征（包括和外形轮廓有关的高度、质量、体积）有联系吗？
除了你的一页摘要以外，给科学杂志的编辑写一封信，阐述你的主要发现。
PROBLEM B:Camping along the Big Long River Visitors to the Big Long
River (225 miles) can enjoy scenic views and exciting white water rapids. The river is inaccessible to hikers, so the only way to enjoy it is to take a river trip that requires several days of camping. River trips all start at First Launch and exit the river at Final Exit, 225 miles downstream. Passengers take either oar- powered rubber rafts, which travel on average 4 mph or motorized boats, which travel on average 8 mph. The trips range from 6 to 18 nights of camping on the river, start to finish.. The government agency responsible for managing this river wants every trip to enjoy a wilderness experience, with minimal contact with other groups of boats on the river. Currently, X trips travel down the Big Long River each year during a six month period (the rest of the year it is too cold for river trips). There are Y camp sites on the Big Long River, distributed fairly uniformly throughout the river corridor. Given the rise in popularity of river rafting, the park managers have been asked to allow more trips to travel down the river. They want to determine how they might schedule an optimal mix of trips, of varying duration (measured in nights on the river) and propulsion (motor or oar) that will utilize the campsites in the best way possible. In other words, how many more boat trips could be added to the Big Long River’s rafting season? The river managers have hired you to advise them on ways in which to develop the best schedule and on ways in which to determine the carrying capacity of the river, remembering that no two sets of campers can occupy the same site at the same time. In addition to your one page summary sheet, prepare a one page memo to the managers of the river describing your key findings.
问题B：沿长江大露营
到Big Long River（225英里）游玩的游客可以享受那里的风景和振奋人心的急流。远足者没法到达这条河，唯一去的办法是漂流过去。这需要几天的露营。河流旅行始于First Launch，在 Final Exit结束，共225英里的顺流。旅客可以选择依靠船桨来前进的橡皮筏，它的速度是4英里每小时，或者选择8英里每小时的摩托船。旅行从开始到结束包括大约6到18个晚上的河中的露营。负责管
理这条河的政府部门希望让每次旅行都能尽情享受野外经历，同时能尽量少的与河中其他的船只相遇。当前，每年经过Big Long河的游客有X组，这些漂流都
在一个以6个月长短的时期内进行，一年中的其他月份非常冷，不会有漂流。在Big Long上有Y处露营地点，平均分布于河廊。随着漂流人数的增加，管理者
被要求应该允许让更多的船只漂流。他们要决定如何来安排最优的方案：包括旅行时间（以在河上的夜晚数计算）、选择哪种船（摩托还是桨船），从而能够最好地利用河中的露营地。换句话说，Big Long River在漂流季节还能增加多少
漂流旅行数？管理者希望你能给他们最好的建议，告诉他们如何决定河流的容纳量，记住任两组旅行队都不能同时占据河中的露营地。此外，在你的摘要表一页，准备一页给管理者的备忘录，用来描述你的关键发现。
ICM PROBLEM
PROBLEM C: Modeling for Crime Busting
Click the title below to download a ZIP file containing the 2012 ICM Problem.
Your ICM submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages.
2012 ICM Problem
Modeling for Crime Busting
Your organization, the Intergalactic Crime Modelers (ICM), is investigating a conspiracy to commit a
criminal act. The investigators are highly confident they know several members of the conspiracy, but
hope to identify the other members and the leaders before they make arrests. The conspirators and
the possible suspected conspirators all work for the same company in a large office complex. The
company has been growing fast and making a name for itself in developing and marketing computer
software for banks and credit card companies. ICM has recently found a small set of messages from a
group of 82 workers in the company that they believe will help them find the most likely candidates for
the unidentified co‐conspirators and unknown leaders. Since the message traffic is for all the office
workers in the company, it is very likely that some (maybe many) of the identified communicators in the
message traffic are not involved in the conspiracy. In fact, they are certain that they know some people
who are not in the conspiracy. The goal of the modeling effort will be to identify people in the office
complex who are the most likely conspirators. A priority list would be ideal so ICM could investigate,
place under surveillance, and/or interrogate the most likely candidates. A discriminate line separating
conspirators from non‐conspirators would also be helpful to distinctly categorize the people in each
group. It would also be helpful to the DA’s office if the model nominated the conspiracy leaders.
Before the data of the current case are given to your crime modeling team, your supervisor gives you
the following scenario (called Investigation EZ) that she worked on a few years ago in another city. Even
though she is very proud of her work on the EZ case, she says it is just a very small, simple example, but
it may help you understand your task. Her data follow:
The ten people she was considering as conspirators were: Anne#, Bob, Carol, Dave*, Ellen, Fred,
George*, Harry, Inez, and Jaye#. (* indicates prior known conspirators, # indicate prior known nonconspirators)
Chronology of the 28 messages that she had for her case with a code number for the topic of each
message that she assigned based on her analysis of the message:
Anne to Bob: Why were you late today? (1)
Bob to Carol: That darn Anne always watches me. I wasn't late. (1)
Carol to Dave: Anne and Bob are fighting again over Bob's tardiness. (1)
Dave to Ellen: I need to see you this morning. When can you come by? Bring the budget files.
(2)
Dave to Fred: I can come by and see you anytime today. Let me know when it is a good time. Should I
bring the budget files? (2)
Dave to George: I will see you later ‐‐‐ lots to talk about. I hope the others are ready. It is important to
get this right. (3)
Harry to George: You seem stressed. What is going on? Our budget will be fine. (2) (4)
Inez to George: I am real tired today. How are you doing? ( 5)
Jaye to Inez: Not much going on today. Wanna go to lunch today? (5)
Inez to Jaye: Good thing it is quiet. I am exhausted. Can't do lunch today ‐‐‐ sorry! (5) George to Dave: Time to talk ‐‐‐ now! (3)
Jaye to Anne: Can you go to lunch today? (5)
Dave to George: I can't. On my way to see Fred. (3)
George to Dave: Get here after that. (3)
Anne to Carol: Who is supposed to watch Bob? He is goofing off all the time. (1)
Carol to Anne: Leave him alone. He is working well with George and Dave. (1)
George to Dave: This is important. Darn Fred. How about Ellen? (3)
Ellen to George: Have you talked with Dave? (3)
George to Ellen: Not yet. Did you? (3)
Bob to Anne: I wasn't late. And just so you know ‐‐‐ I am working through lunch. (1)
Bob to Dave: Tell them I wasn't late. You know me. (1)
Ellen to Carol: Get with Anne and figure out the budget meeting schedule for next week and help me
calm George. (2)
Harry to Dave: Did you notice that George is stressed out again today? (4)
Dave to George: Darn Harry thinks you are stressed. Don't get him worried or he will be nosing around.
(4)
George to Harry: Just working late and having problems at home. I will be fine. (4)
Ellen to Harry: Would it be OK, if I miss the meeting today? Fred will be there and he knows the
budget better than I do. (2)
Harry to Fred: I think next year's budget is stressing out a few people. Maybe we should take time to
reassure people today. (2) (4)
Fred to Harry: I think our budget is pretty healthy. I don't see anything to stress over. (2) END of MESSAGE TRAFFIC
Your supervisor points outs that she assigned and coded only 5 different topics of messages: 1) Bob's
tardiness, 2) the budget, 3) important unknown issue but assumed to be part of conspiracy, 4) George's
stress, and 5) lunch and other social issues. As seen in the message coding, some messages had two
topics assigned because of the content of the messages.
The way your supervisor analyzed her situation was with a network that showed the communication
links and the types of messages. The following figure is a model of the message network that resulted
with the code for the types of messages annotated on the network graph.
Figure 1: Network of messages from EZ Case
Your supervisor points out that in addition to known conspirators George and Dave, Ellen and Carol
were indicted for the conspiracy based on your supervisor's analysis and later Bob
self‐admitted his
involvement in a plea bargain for a reduced sentence, but the charges against Carol were later dropped.
Your supervisor is still pretty sure Inez was involved, but the case against her was never established.
Your supervisor's advice to your team is identify the guilty parties so that people like Inez don't get off,
people like Carol are not falsely accused, and ICM gets the credit so people like Bob do not have the
opportunity to get reduced sentences.
The current case:
Your supervisor has put together a network‐like database for the current case, which has the same
structure, but is a bit larger in scope. The investigators have some indications that a conspiracy is taking
place to embezzle funds from the company and use internet fraud to steal funds from credit cards of
people who do business with the company. The small example she showed you for case EZ had only 10
people (nodes), 27 links (messages), 5 topics, 1 suspicious/conspiracy topic, 2 known conspirators, and 2
known non‐conspirators. So far, the new cas e has 83 nodes, 400 links (some involving more than 1
topic), over 21,000 words of message traffic, 15 topics (3 have been deemed to be suspicious), 7 known
conspirators, and 8 known non‐conspirators. These data are given in the attached spreadsheet files:
Names.xls, Topics.xls, and Messages.xls. Names.xls contains the key of node number to the office
workers' names. Topics.xls contains the code for the 15 topic numbers to a short description of the
topics. Because of security and privacy issues, your team will not have direct transcripts of all the
message traffic. Messages.xls provides the links of the nodes that transmitted messages and the topic
code numbers that the messages contained. Several messages contained up to three topics. To help
visualize the message traffic, a network model of the people and message links is provided in Figure 2.
In this case, the topics of the messages are not shown in the figure as they were in Figure 1. These topic
numbers are given in the file Messages.xls and described in Topics.xls.
Figure 2: Visual of the network model of the 83 people (nodes) and 400 messages between these
people (links).
Requirements:
Requirement 1: So far, it is known that Jean, Alex, Elsie, Paul, Ulf, Yao, and Harvey are conspirators.
Also, it is known that Darlene, Tran, Jia, Ellin, Gard, Chris, Paige, and Este are not conspirators. The
three known suspicious message topics are 7, 11, and 13. There is more detail about the topics in file
Topics.xls. Build a model and algorithm to prioritize the 83 nodes by likelihood of being part of the
conspiracy and explain your model and metrics. Jerome, Delores, and Gretchen are the senior
managers of the company. It would be very helpful to know if any of them are involved in the
conspiracy.
Requirement 2: How would the priority list change if new information comes to light that Topic 1 is
also connected to the conspiracy and that Chris is one of the conspirators?
Requirement 3: A powerful technique to obtain and understand text information similar to this
message traffic is called semantic network analysis; as a methodology in artificial intelligence and
computational linguistics, it provides a structure and process for reasoning about knowledge or
language. Another computational linguistics capability in natural language processing is text analysis.
For our crime busting scenario, explain how semantic and text analyses of the content and context of
the message traffic (if you could obtain the original messages) could empower your team to develop
even better models and categorizations of the office personnel. Did you use any of these capabilities on
the topic descriptions in file Topics.xls to enhance your model?
Requirement 4: Your complete report will eventually go to the DA so it must be detailed and clearly
state your assumptions and methodology, but cannot exceed 20 pages of write up. You may include
your programs as appendices in separate files that do not count in your page restriction, but including
these programs is not necessary. Your supervisor wants ICM to be the world's best in solving whitecollar,
high‐tech conspiracy crimes and hopes your methodology will contribute to solving important
cases around the world, especially those with very large databases of message traffic (thousands of
people with tens of thousands of messages and possibly millions of words). She specifically asked you
to include a discussion on how more thorough network, semantic, and text analyses of the message
contents could help with your model and recommendations. As part of your report to her, explain the
network modeling techniques you have used and why and how they can be used to identify, prioritize,
and categorize similar nodes in a network database of any type, not just crime conspiracies
and message
data. For instance, could your method find the infected or diseased cells in a biological network where
you had various kinds of image or chemical data for the nodes indicating infection probabilities and
already identified some infected nodes?
2012美赛C题：犯罪克星
数学中国翻译
你的组织，银河犯罪建模中心（ICM），正在调查一个实施犯罪行为的阴谋。调查人员现在非常有信心，他们已经知道策划阴谋的一些成员，但是他们希望在逮捕嫌疑人之前确定其它的犯罪成员和组织的领导人。所有的嫌疑人和可能涉嫌的同谋都受雇于同一家公司，在一个大的综合办公室里工作。该公司发展迅速，正在开发和销售以自己的名字命名的计算机软件，该软件是为银行和信用卡公司服务的。ICM最近从公司的一组员工（有82人）那里获得了一些消息，他们认为这将帮助他们找到最有可能的未知身份的同谋者和组织领导人。由于公司中的所有员工都知晓该消息，所以一些消息的传播者（有可能很多）并没有卷入阴谋。事实上，他们可以确定有一些人没有卷入阴谋。建模工作的目标是确定在综合办公室里面的人谁最有可能是同谋者。一个优先级列表是最理想的，ICM可以按照优先级调查、监视或者审问最有可能的嫌疑人。一个判别是否为同谋人的分界线也是非常有用，可以用它来对各组人进行分类。对于检方来讲，如果模型能够识别出阴谋策划的领导人也是非常有帮助的。在你的犯罪建模团队获得当前案件的数据之前，你的上司给了你们下面的一些场景（被称作调查EZ），这些场景是几年前她在其他城市工作时遇到的。尽管她对她在EZ案件上的工作非常自豪，她仍然谦虚地说那是一个小的、简单的案例，但它可以帮助你了解你的任务。她的数据如下：
她考虑为同谋者的十个人分别为：Anne#，Bob，Carol，Dave*，Ellen，Fred，George*，Harry，Inez，and Jaye#。（*号表示事先已知是同谋者，#号表示事先已知为非同谋者）
下面是28条消息的列表，这些消息是在她的案件中获得的，每条消息后面有一个标号，这个标号反映了她对于消息的主题的分析。
安妮对鲍勃说：为什么你今天迟到了？（1）
鲍勃对卡罗尔说: 这该死的安妮总是看着我。我没有迟到。（1）
卡罗尔对戴夫说: 对于鲍勃的迟到，安妮和鲍勃有争执。（1）
戴夫对艾伦说：我需要今天早晨看见你。什么时间你能来？把预算文件带来。（2）
戴夫对弗雷德说：今天我随时都可以来见你。如果时间合适就告诉我。我应该把预算文件带上吗？（2）
戴夫对乔治说：我之后要见你---有很多话要说。我希望其他人做好准备。重要的是要得到这个权利。（3）
哈里对乔治说：你似乎在强调。这是怎么回事？我们的预算很优秀。（2）（4）
伊内兹对乔治说：我今天真的感觉很累。你感觉怎么样？（5）
杰伊对伊内兹说：今天没有太多事可做。去吃午餐怎么样？（5）
伊内兹对杰伊说：好想法，但是我筋疲力尽了，不能做午餐了，对不起！（5）
乔治对戴夫说：谈话时间，现在！（3）
杰伊对安妮说：你今天能去吃午餐吗？（5）
戴夫对乔治说：我不能。我要在回家的路上去看弗雷德。（3）
乔治对戴夫说：那之后到这。（3）
安妮对卡罗尔说：谁应该去看看鲍勃？他正在消磨时间。（1）
卡罗尔对安妮说：别理他。他和乔治、戴夫相处的很好。（1）
乔治对戴夫说：这是非常重要的。该死的弗雷德。艾伦如何？（3）
艾伦对乔治说：你和戴夫谈话了？（3）
乔治对艾伦说：还没有。你呢？（3）
鲍勃对安妮说：我没有迟到。我要让你知道---午餐时间我也在工作。（1）
鲍勃对戴夫说：告诉他们我没有迟。你知道的。（1）
艾伦对卡罗尔说：去找安妮，弄清楚下周预算会议的具体日程，并且帮助我让乔治冷静一下。（2）
哈里对戴夫说：你没有注意到今天乔治又压力很大？（4）
戴夫对乔治说：该死的哈里认为你压力很大。不要让他担心或者别让他察觉。（4）
乔治对哈里说：仅仅是因为工作太晚了，家里也出了点问题。我很好。（4）
艾伦对哈里说：如果我错过了今天的会议，一切还会都好吗？弗雷德在会议上，他知道的预算比我做的好。（2）
哈里对弗雷德说：我认为明年的财政预算案使一些人压力很大。也许我们应该花些时间来让人们放心。（2）（4）
弗雷德对哈里说：我认为我们的预算是非常健康的。我没有看到任何压力。（2）
消息流完毕。
你的上司指出，她分配并编码了仅仅5种不同的消息主题：1）鲍勃的迟到，2）预算，3）重要但未知的问题，被认为是阴谋的一部分，4）乔治的压力，5）午餐和其他社会问题。正如所看到的消息编码，一些消息因为其内容被和两个主题联系在了一起。
你的上司分析情况采用的方法是一个网络，它显示了消息的通讯连接情况和消息的类型。下图是一个消息网络模型，网络图上注明了消息类型的代码。
图1：EZ案件的消息网络
你的上司指出，除了已知的同谋乔治和戴夫，根据她的分析，艾伦和卡罗尔分别被因为同谋起诉，后来鲍勃自己认罪，被判处减刑。但对卡罗尔的起诉后来被撤销了。你的上司仍然坚信伊内兹参与其中，但对于她的诉讼始终没能成立。你的上司给你们团队建议，一定要明确人群中有罪的一部分人，像伊内兹这样的人不能漏网，像卡罗尔这样的人也不能被错误地起诉，并且ICM得到证据，像鲍勃这样的人就没有机会获得减刑。
目前情况下，你的上司已经得到了一个网络形式的数据库，它有着相同的结构，但是在规模上稍大一些。有一些迹象表明,一个阴谋正在从公司挪用资金，并且使用网络欺诈窃取与公司做生意的的人的信用卡内的资金。她给你示范了一个小例子，在EZ情况下只有10个人（节点），27条边（信息），5个主题，一个可疑的/阴谋的主题，2个已知的同谋者，还有2个已知的非同谋者。目前，这个新的情况下，有83个节点，400条边（其中一些包含不止一个主题），超过21000个字符的信息传输，15个主题（3个被视为是可疑的），7个是已知的同谋者，还有8个已知的非同谋者，数据在给出的附件：Names.xls, Topics.xls，Messages.xls和Names.xls中，names.xls包含办公室员工的姓名，和节点的数目一样。topics.xls 包含了15个主题的代码和简短描述。由于安全和隐私的问题，你的团队将不能得到所有信息流的副本。messages.xls提供链接节点的，用来传递信息的边，信息中包含数字代码。一些信息包含了三个主题。为了可视化信息流动，对于人和信息传播的网络模型如图2所示。
图上没有像图1一样标注消息的主题。这些主题的编号在文件Messages.xls中给出，主题描述在Topics.xls中给出。
图2：可视化的网络模型，包含83个人（节点）和400条他们之间的信息（边）
要求：
要求一：目前，已知Jean，Alex，Elsie，Paul，Ulf，Y ao，和Harvey是同谋者，还知道Darlene，Tran，Jia，Ellin，Gard，Chris，Paige，和Este不是同谋者。3个已知的可疑信息主题为7，11和13.更多的主题细节请见附件Topics.xls。根据83个节点为阴谋的可能性的大小，建立一个模型和算法对可能性大小进行排序，并说明你的模型及流程。Jerome，Delores和Gretchen是公司的高级管理人员，如果能知道他们中的任何一个是否参与了这个阴谋将是十分有用的。要求二：如果得到新的消息，主题一和阴谋有关，且Chris 是同谋者之一，请问要求一中的排序会是什么样子的？要求三：和这个消息传输类似的一种强大的用来获得和理解文本信息的技术被称为语义网消息传输分析。作为一个在人工智能和计算语言学的方法，它为知识推理和语言提供了一个结构和过程。另一种在自然语言处理能力方面的计算语言学叫做文本分析。在我们的犯罪现场破坏条件下，解释语义和文本内容的分析和消息传输的背景(如果你能获得原始信息)能使您的团队开发更好的关于办公室人员的模型和归类。你是否在文件Topics.xls中有使用这些功能来进行主题描述，从而提升你的模型? 要求四：你完成的报告最终将送给检察官，所以报告中必须详细的，清晰的陈述你的假设和方法论。但是报告不能超过20页。你可以在分开的文件中包含你的程序作为附录，附录不算在你的页数内，但这些附录不是必要的。你的上司希望ICM在解决白领，高技术的阴谋犯罪方面是世界上最好的。希望你提供的方法将有助于解决世界各地重大案件，尤其是那些拥有非常大消息传输的数据库(成千上万的人，成千上万的信息，可能数百万字)。她特别要求你在报告中要包含可以帮助你的信息模型和建议的讨论如何更深入的网络、语义和文本内容的分析的内容。作为你向她报告的一部分，说明你使用的网络建模技术，和你为什么使用它以及如何使用它在任何类型的网络数据库用来识别，优先和分类相似节点，而不仅仅是犯罪阴谋和信息数据。例如，在得到节点感染概率和部分已经确认感染节点的各种图像或化学数据的生物网络中，你的方法能否找到感染或患病的细胞的位置？*你提交的ICM论文应该包含一页摘要和不超过20页的解决方案，总计不超过21页。
大学英语六级翻译练习题 Translation One (5minutes) Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 72. From what you would get angry with you friends, we can conclude you still ( 在意他的友情). 73. Man might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and ( 结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多). 74. Among thousands of people ,you meet those you've met. Through thousands of years, with the boundlessness of time ( 没有早一步, 也没有晚一步, 刚巧赶上了). 75. Everyone has his inherent ability which is easily . ( 被习惯所掩盖, 被时间所迷离, 被惰性所消磨). 76. While our dream is confronted with the reality ,you always feel painful. Just trample on the pain, ( 要么你把痛苦踩在脚下). Translation Two (5 minutes) Directions: Complete the following sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 72.Scientists will have to _________________________________________________(提出增 加世界粮食供应的新方法). 73.The medicine _____________________________________________________(治愈了那 个老妇人的慢性咳嗽) which she had suffered 20 years. 74.Sometimes I fight for Mom and sometimes I fight for Dad, but I wish ________________________________________________________ (他们能让我从中完全解脱出来). 75.Many people believe that our species ___________________________________________ (有朝一日会濒临灭绝). 76.The doctor said that __________________________________________________ (保持饮 食均衡很重要). Translation Three ( five minutes) 72. He did very well in his exams , _________________________(考虑到他学的很少). 73. Beijing has announced that _________________________(在任何请光下，中国将不首先使
《英汉翻译》练习题一 一、Phrase Translation（句子翻译） A. Directions：Put the following phrases into Chinese（将下列词语译成汉语）． 1) rural reform （） 2) industrial revolution （） 3) non-governmental sectors （） 4) the International Court of Justice （） 5) Agriculture Department （） 6) encyclopedia （） 7) editorial （） 8) relay race （） 9) vocational school （） 10) the theory of relativity （） 11) to pick and choose ( ) 12) a drugstore ( ) 13) soda fountain ( ) 14) in this fashion ( ) 15) a part-time river ( ) 16) up the river ( ) 17) a summer resort ( ) B. Directions：Put the following phrases into English（将下列词语译成英语）． 1) 经济增长（） 2) 知识经济（） 3) 民族团结（） 4) 官僚主义（） 5) 所有制（）
6) 社会科学（） 7) 期刊（） 8) 世界纪录（） 9) 最高人民法院（） 10) 国营企业（） 11) 现代化建设( ) 12) 专属经济区( ) 13) 可再生能源( ) 14) 合法权益( ) 15) 御花园( ) 16) 故宫博物院( ) 17) 可耕地( ) 二、Multiple Choice Questions（选择题） A. Directions：This part consists of ten sentences．each followed by four different versions labeled A，B，C and D．Choose the one that is the closest equivalent to the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness．1.He thought that directly internal confidence in the regime declines，her financial structure would be in danger．( ) A.他认为，那直接影响着园内对政府的信心下降，它的财歧体制就会出现危机了。 B.他直截了当地认为，国内对政府的信心下降，其财政结构就要出现危机了。 C.他认为，一旦国内对政府的信心下降，她的财政体制就会出现危机。 D．他当时认为，只要政府内部失去信心，其金融结构就会瓦解。 2．Sunlight is no less necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition 0f body．( ) A．日光和新鲜空气对于身体健康都是不可缺少的。 B．对于健康的身体，日光和新鲜空气一样不可缺少。 C．对于身体健康，日光如新鲜空气一样不可或缺。 D．阳光同新鲜空气一样对于身体的健康不可缺少。 3．Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded
四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案 In China, variety of foods and dishes is needed in traditional ways of entertaining guests and makes them impossible to finish the dinner. Typical menus of Chinese banquetinclude cold dishes to start and the following hot ones. For example，meat, chicken, duck and vegetables. In most banquets, a whole fish dish is considered indispensable, unless various kinds of seafood have been served. Nowadays, Chinese people tend to mix Western specials with traditional Chinese cuisine. Thus, steak is not rare. Traditionally，although the Chinese do not eat any of theuncooked dishes，salads have also become popular. The banquet usually has at leasta bowl of soup that can be offered as the first or the final dish. Desserts and fruits usually mean the end of the feast. 城市化 2020年是中国城市化进程中的历史性时刻，其城市人口首次超过农村人口。在未来20年里，预计约有3.5亿农村人口将移居到城市。如此规模的城市发张对城市交通来说既是挑战，也是机遇。中国政府一直提倡“以人为本”的发张理念。强调人们以公交而不是私家车出行。它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会。有了这个明确的目标，中国城市就能够更好地规划其发展，并把大量投资转向安全、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上。 2020 was a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China as its population exceeded the rural population for the first time. In the next 20 years, about 350 million rural
《英汉翻译》期末练习题 Part I: Phrase Translation 01. white elephant无用而累赘的东西 02. fond dream黄粱美梦 03. happy medium 中庸之道 04. narrow escape九死一生 05. north, south, east, west东、南、西、北 06. be at a loss不知所措 07. supreme authority至高无上 08. wet paint油漆未干 09. No Thoroughfare禁止通行 10. Employees Only顾客止步 11. Please Tender Exact Fare恕不找零 12. 20% Off八折优惠 13. catch at shadows捕风捉影 14. look for a needle in a haystack大海捞针 15. between hammer and anvil腹背受敌 16. white lie善意的谎言 17. black sheep害群之马 18. carry coals to Newcastle多此一举 19. be fair and square光明正大 20. share weal and woe患难与共 21. the think tank智囊团 22. personal remark人身攻击 23. French leave不辞而别 24. fish in the air水中捞月 25. a castle in the air空中楼阁 26. shed crocodile tears猫哭耗子 27. play the lute to a cow对牛弹琴 28. hen party妇女聚会 Part II: Sentence Translation 01. She needs to find somewhere to live. 译：她需要找个住的地方。 02. My school runs a factory. 译：我的学校办了一家工厂。 03. He did not die happily. 译：他死得不安乐。 04. He is ignorant to a proverb. 译：他的无知是众所周知的。 05. It is the working people in the capitalist countries who bear the unemployment, heavy taxation and reduced standard of living which these aggressive wars entail. 译：在资本主义国家，是劳动人民忍受着这些由侵略战争所带来的失业、苛捐杂税和下降的生活水平。 06. Their skill as horsemen and archers halted Persian and Macedonian invasion. 译：他们善骑术、精弓箭，所以能够抵御波斯人和马其顿人的进攻。 07. Eczema may be found in all age groups and in both sex.
当前常用政治术语的英文翻译 作者：夜孔守望| 来源：沪江博客 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the gre at rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside
中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。
Exercise for Advanced English-Chinese Translation 2-2 1 (Changing and adding) Sensitive souls: How dogs became man’s best friend No species has developed a closer relationship with humanity than the dog. (Though cat-lovers may disagree.) But that relations hip‘s basis—what it is about dogs that allows them to live at ease with people—is still little understood. After all, dogs are descended from wolves, which are big, scary carnivores that would certainly have competed with early man for prey, and might not have been averse to the occasional human as a light snack. Unless specifically bred for fighting, dogs are more docile than wolves, so that is clearly part of the answer. But mere docility cannot account for why people like to have dogs in their homes. Sheep are docile, but few people keep them as pets. Brian Hare, of Harvard University, thinks he knows. And, as he told the AAAS meeting in Seattle, it does not reflect well on the intelligence of mankind‘s closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Dr Hare‘s h ypothesis is that dogs are superbly sensitive to social cues from people. That enables them to fit in with human society. On one level, this might sound common sense. But humans are such sociable animals that they frequently fail to realize just how unusual are their own skills at communicating. Dr Hare therefore decided to test his idea by comparing the abilities of dogs with those of chimpanzees, which are often regarded as second only to people in their level of innate intelligence. His experiment was simple. He presented his animal subjects with two inverted cups. Then he hid the cups behind a screen, put a small piece of food under on of them, and took the screen away. The animal had to choose which cup to look under. If the experimenter gave no clue, both species got it right 50% of the time, as what would be expected. However, if he signaled in some way which was the right cup, by pointing at it, tapping it, or even just gazing at it, a dog would choose correctly every time, while a chimpanzee would still do only slightly better than chance. Chimps simply did not get the idea of social signals of this sort. However many times the experiment was repeated. Having established, to his own satisfaction at least, that his hypothesis was correct, Dr Hare asked the next logical question—how did this skill originate? He had three more hypotheses. （392） 2 How to Avoid Foolish Opinions Bertrand Russel To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don‘t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translation: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．究竟是什么激发小王学习电子工程的积极性？(motivate) 2．网上支付方便了客户，但是牺牲了他们的隐私。(at the cost of) 3．让我的父母非常满意的是，从这个公寓的餐厅可以俯视街对面的世纪公园，从起居室也可以。(so) 4．博物馆疏于管理，展品积灰，门厅冷落，急需改善。(whose) 【答案】 1．What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room. 或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．This museum is not well managed, whose exhibits are covered with dust, and there are few visitors, so everything is badly in need of improvement. 或The museum whose management is reckless, whose exhibits are piled with dust and whose lobby is deserted, requires immediate improvement. 【解析】 1．motivate sb to do sth 激发某人做某事，on earth究竟，major in 以…为专业，enthusiasm/ initiative热情/积极性，故翻译为What on earth has motivated Xiao Wang’s enthusiasm/ initiative to major in electronic engineering? 2．online payment网上支付，brings convenience to给…带来方便，at the cost of以…为代价，privacy隐私，故翻译为Online payment brings convenience to consumers at the cost of their privacy. 3．To my parents’ satisfaction令我父母满意的是，后者也那样so it is with。也可以用主语从句What makes my parents really satisfy 表语从句thatthey can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment。overlooks俯视，opposite the street街对面，living room 起居室。故翻译为To my parents’ satisfaction, the dining room of this apartment overlooks the Century Park opposite the street and so it is with the sitting room.或者What makes my parents really satisfy is that they can see the Century Park from the dining room of this apartment, so can they from the living room. 4．not well managed/ management is reckless疏于管理，be covered with dust/ be piled with dust被灰尘覆盖，few visitors游客稀少，be badly in need of improvement/ requires immediate improvement亟需改善。故翻译为his museum is not well managed, whose exhibits
六级翻译 helj 2011/4/12 令狐采学 10/12) 82.There is no denying that you __________________________________ (越仔细越好) in dealing with this matter. 83.Only when I reached my thirties _____________________________(我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的). 84. Much _________________________________(使研究人员感到惊讶), the outcome of the experiment was far better than they had expected. 85. Oh, my, I can’t find my key; ______________________________(我一定是把它忘在哪儿了). 86. I ____________________________________________ (宁愿加入你们去做义工) than go to the beach for a holiday. (10\06) 82.___(他们的独生儿子从未想过) to leavethem and strike out on his own though he is in his late twenties. 83.Before you take any action, please remember to ___ (权衡你的决
定会产生的后果).84. He assured his friend that under no circumstances ___ (他会违背还钱的承诺).85. Most educators advise that kids ___ (不要沉溺于电脑游戏).86. Business major as he is, he has ___ (从未考虑过从事推销员工作). (09\12 ) 82. How long does a jacket like this last me? — (这要看你多长时间穿一次). 83. The theory he advanced has proved (对许多传统概念的一种挑战). 84. The manager (本可以亲自参加会议), but he was called away for some urgent business abroad. 85. Both research and practical experience have shown that a (均衡的饮食对健康是必不可少的). 86. Much (我感到遗憾), I was unable to finish the work on time. (09/06) 82.With the oil prices ever rising, she tried to talk ________ (说服他不买车). 83.________ (保持幽默有助于) reduce stress and promote creative thinking in today’s competitive society.. 84.When confronted with the evidence, ________ (他不得不坦白
英汉翻译复习题 Roman jakobson三种翻译类型 ?语内翻译：指同一个语言当中用一些语言符号解释另一些语言符号。（例如古文翻译成现代文） ?语际翻译:两种语言之间的翻译。用另一种语言的语言符号来解释一种语言的符号。 （英汉、汉英） ?符际翻译：通过非语言的符号系统解释另一种语言符号或用语言符号解释非语言符号Alexsander traser tytler 论翻译的三项原则 ?译文应完全腹泻出原作的思想 ?译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同 ?译文应和原作同样流畅 第一章翻译的基础知识篇 ?If you say that someone has a skeleton in the closet, or in British English a skeleton in the cupboard, you mean that they are keeping secret a bad or embarrassing fact about themselves. 我昨天才听说他们家大儿子坐过两次牢。真不知道他们家还有多少见不得人的事情。（意译）?Dear Mark, New York is finally getting a real sales manager. Congratulations on your new promotion. Your marketing ability has put you well above everyone else in the company, and probably everyone else in the industry. The company will benefit from the enthusiasm and intelligence you’ve always shown, and I imagine that before long you’ll be moving the whole firm into the number-one position. [Version] 亲爱的马克: 纽约终于有了位真正的销售(部)经理，祝贺你(的)又一次高升。 你所具有的市场营销知识(能力）使你在公司里出人头地，很可能在整个营销业中你也高人一筹。 你一贯表现出来的热情及聪明才智将会使你的公司受益匪浅，我想不久你就会使你的公司名列同行之首。[Original] 第二章翻译的理解篇 ?I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with an E, because she's engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her name's Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield) 译文4： 我爱我的心上人，因为她那样地叫人入迷（enticing）；我恨我的心上人，因为她已订婚将作他人妻（engaged）；她花容月貌无可比拟（exquisite），我劝她私奔跟我在一起（elopement）；她的名字叫埃米莉（Emily），她的家就在东城里（east）。我为我的心上人呀，一切都因为这个E！（陆乃圣） 1 专有名词先天性歧义 1 A succulent desert catcus ...native to tropical and subtropical America. 一种多沙漠仙人掌，...原产美洲热带、亚热带地区。 2. The majority of the population is of Indian and mixed descent, with monorities of Africa descent, East Indians, and others 居民以印第安人和混血人为主，有少数非洲后裔、东印度人. 3.The first permanent Anglo- American settlement was established in 1821. 第一个永久定居点建立与1821年。 4.If the skin has become thoroughly wet or one has perspired a great deal, sunscreens should be
文言文翻译技巧和方法 一、基本方法：直译和意译文言文翻译的基本方法有直译和意译两种。所谓直译，是指用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译，做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。直译的好处是字字落实;其不足之处是有时译句文意难懂，语言也不够通顺。所谓意译，则是根据语句的意思进行翻译，做到尽量符合原文意思，语句尽可能照顾原文词义。意译有一定的灵活性，文字可增可减，词语的位置可以变化，句式也可以变化。意译的好处是文意连贯，译文符合现代语言的表达习惯，比较通顺、流畅、好懂。其不足之处是有时原文不能字字落实。这两种翻译方法当以直译为主，意译为辅。 二、具体方法：留、删、补、换、调、变。 “留”：就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词，以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等，翻译时可保留不变。例如：《晏子使楚》中的“楚王”、“晏婴”、“晏子”等不用翻译。 “删”，就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。例如：“寡人反取病焉”的“焉”是语气助词，可不译，本句的意思就是“我反而自讨没趣。”(《晏子使楚》)又如：“子猷、子敬俱病笃，而子敬先亡”中的“而”是连词，可不译，整句意思是“子猷与子敬都病重，子敬先死去。” “补”，就是增补。(1)变单音词为双音词，如《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人来此绝境”，“妻子”一词是“妻子、儿女”的意思;(2)补出省略句中的省略成分，如《人琴俱亡》中“语时了不悲”，翻译为：(子猷)说话时候完全不悲伤。 “换”，就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”，把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。“调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。例如《人琴俱亡》中“何以都不闻消息”，“何以”是“以何”的倒装，宾语前置句，意思是“为什么”。“变”，就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上，活译有关文字。“子猷问左右”(人琴俱亡))中的“左右”指的是“手下的人”，“左右对曰”(《晏子使楚》中的“左右”指的是“近臣”。 古文翻译口诀古文翻译，自有顺序，首览全篇，掌握大意；先明主题，搜集信息，由段到句，从句到词，全都理解，连贯一起，对待难句，则需心细，照顾前文，联系后句，
2014年6月英语六级真题翻译答案 翻译一：2014年6月英语六级翻译答案（中文热词） 中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化，有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。例如，土豪和大妈都是老词，但已获取了新的意义。 土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主，现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的人，也就是说，土豪有钱，但是没有品位。大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(OXford)英语词典，至今约有120中文加进了牛津英语词典，成了英语语言的一部分。 【点评】 本篇翻译内容为“热词”反映社会现象，可见汉译英的选材范围包括中国文化、社会、经济、政治、科技等等各个方面，在备考时要注重全面，而且要注重平时的积累。相信对社会热点有所关注的话都能够准确理解原文内容，但是其中一些俗语的表达，比如“花钱如流水”等，要学会“意译”，表达出词语内涵而不是字对字翻译。 【参考译文】 Chinese buzzwords usually mirror changes and culture in the society, and some of them are increasingly used by foreign media. For example, though old word they are, tuhao and dama have taken on new meanings now。 The word "tuhao" originally means urban lords who bully tenants and servants, but now it refers to rich people who enjoy squandering and flaunting their fortune. In other words, tuhao has much money but little taste. Meanwhile, originally meaning middle-aged women, the word "dama" is used to refer in particular to those Chinese women who snapped up gold when the price of gold plunged not long ago。 It is likely that the two words will be included in the newest edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. Up to now, about 120 Chinese words have been listed in it and became part of the English language。 翻译二：2014年6月英语六级翻译答案（中国科学院） 最近中国科学院(Chinese Academy of Science)出版了关于其最新科学发现与未来一年展望的年度系列报告。系列报告包括三部分：科学发展报告，高技术发展报告，中国可持续战略报告。第一份报告包含中国科学家的最新发现，诸如新粒子研究与H7N9病毒研究的突破。该报告还突出强调了未来几年需要关注的问题。第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。第三份报告呼吁加强顶层设计，以消除工业升级中的结构性障碍，并促进节能减排。