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UNIT02

PART A

Additional questions for discussion

1. Comment on the proverb "Do in Rome as the Romans do."

This is a very wise saying and makes a lot of sense. It is always advisable for visitors to a new place to be sensitive to people's ways of doing things there and try to behave in a similar way themselves where necessary. By doing in Rome as the Romans do, you will be appreciated by the local people and considered to be a person who understands the local customs. You will have a better chance of being accepted as one of them instead of being treated as an outsider. And more often than not, you will be able to get things done that way

2. What does "culture shock" mean?

Culture shock is a painful feeling people experience when they encounter entirely different ways of life in another culture. It often happens to people who have been suddenly transplanted (迁移) abroad. The foreign culture has such a strong impact on newcomers that they may become extremely anxious. They may find it hard to understand people's behavior, customs and value systems there. Sometimes they may feel like fish out of water and confused as to what is proper and what is not proper, and even what is right and what is wrong.

3. In what ways can we cope with culture shock?

There are several things we can do to prevent or reduce the negative effects of culture shock. Before we enter a strange culture, we can learn about it and prepare ourselves for the new experience. When we are in the new culture, we should maintain an open attitude towards people and things, and try to adjust to the new environment. When we run into problems, we should not panic but keep calm, and try to get assistance from the natives. Finally, if we are going to have a long stay in the culture, we should make an effort to gradually blend in the new surroundings and make ourselves comfortable there.

PART B

[-] Vocabulary:

apparently ad. 显然

individually ad. 各个地

upset v. 使生气

gently ad. 不太用力地

firmly ad. 坚定有力地

gosh interj. (表示惊讶的非正式感叹词)哎呀

title n. 头衔，职称，尊称

Embarrassing Experiences (Part One)

Interviewer: Rob, you went to Brazil, didn't you?

Rob: Yes, I did.

Interviewer: So, what happened?

Rob: Well, I went into this meeting and there were about, er...seven or eight people in there and I just said "Hello" to

everybody and sat down. Apparently, what I should have done is to go round the room shaking hands with everyone individually.

Well, you know, it's silly of me because I found out later it upset everyone. I mean, I think they felt I was taking them for

granted. Kate: Well, I know that because when I was in France the first time, I finished a meeting with "Goodbye, everyone!" to all

the people in the room. There were about half a dozen people there but I was in a hurry to leave, so I just said that and

left. Well, I later found out that what I should have done is shake hands with everyone in the group before leaving. Now,

apparently, it's the polite thing to do.

Interviewer: Well, people shake hands in different ways, don't they?

Rob: Oh, yes, that's right, they do. See, normally I shake hands quite gently when I meet someone. So when I went to the US

or the first time, I think people there thought my weak handshake was a sign of weakness. Apparently, people there tend to

shake hands quite firmly.

Kate: Oh, gosh, you know, that reminds me: on my first trip to Germany, it was a long time ago, I was introduced to the boss

in the company when he passed us in the corridor. Well, I wasn't prepared, and I mean, I had my left hand in my pocket. And

when we shook hands I realized my left hand was still in my pocket. Well, that was, you know, very bad manners and I was

quite embarrassed.

Interviewer: And how about using first names? Have you made any mistakes there? Rob: Oh, yes, I have! When I first went to Italy I thought it was OK to use everyone's first name so as to seem friendly. And

I later discovered that in business you shouldn't use someone's first name unless you are invited to. Oh, and you should

always use their title as well.

Kate: Hm, yeah, well, when I met people in Russia, you know, they seemed to be puzzled when I shook hands with them and said

"How do you do?" Well, what they do when they greet a stranger is to say their own names, so I had that all wrong!

Rob: Oh, yes, I agree with that. Remembering names is very important.

Interviewer: Shall we take a break? When we come back we'll move on to our next topic. Kate & Rob: OK.

Questions:

1. What is the conversation mainly about?

2. Who might be the people Rob and Kate met in various countries?

3. What can we infer about Kate and Rob from the conversation?

4. Which countries has Kate visited, according to the conversation?

5. Which countries has Rob visited, according to the conversation?

6. What is the main message that the speakers want to tell us?

PART C

American Parties

As you would imagine, Americans move about a great deal at parties. At small gatherings they may sit down, but as soon as

there are more people than chairs in a room — a little before this point — you will see first one and then another make

some excuse to get to his feet to fetch a drink or greet a friend or open a window until soon everyone is standing, moving

around, chatting with one group and then another. Sitting becomes static beyond a certain point. We expect people to move

about and be "self-starters". It is quite normal for Americans to introduce themselves; they will drift around a room,

stopping to talk wherever they like, introducing themselves and their companions. If this happens, you are expected to reply

by giving your name and introducing the person with you; then at least the men generally shake hands. Sometimes the women do

so as well, but often they merely nod and smile. A man usually shakes a woman's hand only if she extends it. Otherwise he too

just nods and greets her.

Statements:

1. We can't imagine that Americans do not like big parties and they prefer going around at parties.

2. At small parties they may sit down, but as more people come, they would stand up and move about.

3. The reason why Americans like to stand is that they like the free atmosphere of the party.

4. The meaning of "self-starters" is that Americans help themselves to drinks during the parties.

5. Americans are more open-minded than British people according to the passage.

6. If a woman doesn't extend her hand to a man at the party, he should not shake hands with the woman.

7. The passage shows a unique aspect of American culture.

PART D

Embarrassing Experiences (Part Two)

Interviewer: Let's go on with our talk. What do you think of business cards, Rob?

Rob: I found them very useful when I was in Japan not so long ago. Each person can clearly see the other's name and the

job title on the card. And I found out that you have to treat business cards with respect. What you've got to do is hold them

with both hands and then read them very carefully. What happened to me was the first time I just took a man's card with one

hand and put it straight into my pocket.

Interviewer: What other advice do you have, Kate?

Kate: Well, one time I unintentionally caused some problems when I was in China. Well, I was trying to make a joke when I

pretended to criticize my business associate for being late for a meeting. And he was embarrassed, I mean, he was really

embarrassed instead of being amused. Now you shouldn't criticize people in China or embarrass them. I mean, you must avoid

confrontation. That's for sure!

Rob: Oh, I must tell you about the first time I was in Mexico! I have to admit I found it a bit strange when business

associates there touched me on the arm and the shoulder. Well, I tried to move away and, of course, they thought I was being

very, very unfriendly. Apparently, it's quite usual there for men to touch each other in, youknow, in a friendly way. Oh ...

oh, and another thing, the first time I went to Korea I thought it was polite not to look someone in the eye too much. The

Koreans I met seemed to be staring at me when I spoke, which seemed, you know, a bit odd at first. In Korea, eye contact

conveys sincerity and it shows you're paying attention to the speaker.

Kate: Oh, well, it seemed strange because you British don't look at each other so much when you're talking to each other.

I mean, you look away, you know, most of the time. I found this hard to deal with when I first came to the UK, because people

seemed to be embarrassed when I looked at them while they were speaking to me.

Interviewer: So what's the thing visitors to Britain should avoid most?

Rob: Well, I don't think we're all that sensitive, do you, Kate?

Kate: Ohoo, well, I'll tell you, I made a big mistake when I was in Scotland. I found myself referring to the UK as

"England" and to the British as "the English". Now, I know that would be just as bad in Wales, I guess.

Rob: Yes, it certainly would!

1. In Japan, you should hold a business card with and read the name and the carefully. So do not hold the card with and

put it into without .

2. In Mexico, it is usual for men to each other in a way and it is considered if you move away when you are .

3. In Korea, eye contact means and to the speaker.

4. In China, you should avoid people, otherwise you will them.

5. Rob is from the but is not.

6. Kate pretended to her Chinese with the intention of him.

7. In China, you should avoid with people. . People in Scotland and Wales will be offended if you call them . It is because

8.England is only one of the .

9. Rob does not like to be and .

10. English people tend to when each other.

制造业信息化技术答题

1.简述制造业信息化的内涵？答：制造业信息化是指将信息技术、现代管理技术和制造技术融为一体，并应用到企业产品生命周期（life-circle）全过程的各个环节，从而提高产品适应市场需求的快速应变能力和竞争能力的过程。换句话说，制造业信息化就是只利用信息化技术将产品生产的决策、设计、制造、管理与控制、销售等环节集成和一体化的过程，其目的是提高产品对市场需求的快速响应能力和竞争能力。 2.简述我国目前制造业信息化的特点和面临的问题? 答：特点：1）设计数字化、管理数字化、制造装备数字化、生产过程数字化和企业数字化；面临的问题：1）劳动力生产率及工业增加率低，2）低水平生产能力严重过剩，高水平生产能力不足，3）技术创新能力十分薄弱，大部分技术及关键设备依赖进口，4）企业生产管理模式与体制改革还不能适应市场竞争的需求，5）装备制造业规模较小，产业缺乏活力； 3.名词解释。 DFX：design for X，是面向产品生命周期设计的缩写，X可以代表产品生命周期的某个环节。 CE：concurrent engineering，并行工程，是对产品设计集齐相关过程进行并行、一体化设计的一种系统化的工作模式，是一种只打新产品开发的哲理。 AM：agile manufacturing，敏捷制造，通过将高素质的员工、动态灵活的组织机构、企业内及企业间的灵活管理以及先进的制造技术进行全面集成，是企业对持续变化、不可预测的市场需求做出快速反应，从而获得长期、持续的经济效益。 VM：virtual manufacturing，虚拟制造，提供一个强有力的建模与仿真环境，是的产品的规划、设计、制造、装配等均可以在计算机上实现，且对设计生产过程的方方面面提供支持。 GM：green manufacturing，绿色制造，就是一个综合考虑环境影响和资源消耗的现代制造模式，其目标是使得产品从设计、制造、包装、运输、使用到报废处理的整个生命周期中，对环境的负面影响最小、资源利用率最高，并使企业经济效益和社会效益最高。 4.ERP定义和特点。答：定义：ERP的定义可以从管理思想、软件产品和管理系统三个层面上来描述。1）ERP 是MRP和MRPⅡ软件的延伸，是以市场和客户需求为向导，要实现企业内部资源的优化配置为目的，在制造资源计划（MRPⅡ）基础上进一步发展而成的面向供应链（supply chain）的现代企业管理思想。2）ERP是以ERP管理思想为灵魂，以资源计划与控制为主线，以网络与信息技术为平台，综合应用了客户机/服务器体系、关系数据库结构、面向对象技术、图形用户界面等信息产业成果，实现了信息流、物料流、资金流、价值流和业务流的有机集成，实现了客户，市场、小手、计划、采购、生产、外泄、成本、财务和服务的集成和支持业务流重组的软件产品。3）ERP是整合了企业管理概念、业务流程、基础数据、人力物力、计算机硬件和软件为一体的企业资源管理系统。特点：(1)ERP更加面向市场、面向经营、面向销售，能够对市场快速响应；它将供应链管理功能包含了进来，强调了供应商、制造商与分销商间的新的伙伴关系；并且支持企业后勤管理。(2) ERP更强调企业流程与工作流，通过工作流实现企业的人员、财务、制造与分销间的集成，支持企业过程重组。(3) ERP纳入了产品数据管理PDM功能，

制造业信息化发展趋势及思考教学总结

制造业是指对原材料(采掘业的产品和农产品)进行加工或再加工，以及对零部件装配的工业的总称。制造业一般有消费品制造业和资本品制造业、轻型制造业和重型制造业、民用制造业和军工制造业、传统制造业和现代制造业之分，其中装备制造业越来越重要。装备制造业是指资本品的制造业，是为国民经济和国防建设提供投资类产品的企业的总称。制造业和制造技术的形成，只有两百年的历史。18世纪后期，以蒸汽机和工具机发明为特征的产业革命，开始了以机器为主导地位的制造业新纪元，促成了制造企业雏形――工场式生产的出现。19世纪末、20世纪初，内燃机的发明引发了制造业的革命；由福特、斯隆开创了流水式、大批量生产模式，泰勒创立了科学管理理论，导致了制造技术的过细分工和制造系统的功能分解。第二次世界大战后，微电子技术、计算机技术、自动化技术得到了迅速发展，推动了制造技术向高质量生产和柔性生产的方向发展。从70年代开始，大量生产模式已不能适应新的市场特点，于是相继出现了计算机集成制造、丰田生产模式（精益生产）。也就是说，受市场多样化、个性化的牵引及商业竞争加剧的影响，制造技术进入了面向市场、柔性生产的新阶段，引发了生产模式和管理技术的革命。在90年代, 相继出现了智能制造、敏捷制造、下一代制造等新的制造理念。在这样的背景下，传统制造技术与以计算机为核心的信息技术和现代管理技术相结合，形成了先进制造技术(AMT――Advanced Manufacturing Technology) 。两百多年的历史充分揭示了市场牵引与技术推动两种力量对制造技术发展所起的作用。改革开放前，我们走独立自主自力更生的道路，取得了重大成就，提供了12000吨自由锻造水压机、以30000吨模锻水压机、辊宽2800毫米热轧和冷轧铝板轧机、辊宽700毫米二十辊极薄带钢轧机等为代表的9大成套设备以及锻轧火车车轮和轮箍成套设备、攀枝花钢铁公司成套设备、葛洲坝工程转浆式水轮发电机组等重大民用装备；以“两弹一星”、核动力潜艇、歼击机、主战坦克等为代表的众多武器装备。改革开放以来，通过引进、消化、吸收、创新等制造业的水平得到了新的提高，如在激光照排机、秦山300兆瓦核电站、300兆瓦和600兆瓦亚临火电发电机组、宝钢三期工程成套设备，500千伏输变电成套设备、石油加氢裂化和精制成套设备、大露天矿成套设备、大秦重载铁路设备、港口大型设备、北京正负电子对撞机、年产1～2千万

制造业信息化技术的作用与意义(精)

1.制造业信息化技术的作用与意义答: 制造业信息化是制造企业信息化的简称。制造业信息化是将信息技术、自动化技术、现代管理技术与制造技术相结合,改善制造企业的经营、管理、产品开发和生产等各个环节,提高生产效率、产品质量和企业的创新能力,降低消耗,带动产品设计方法和设计工具的创新、管理模式的创新、制造技术的创新,从而实现产品技术制造和企业管理的信息化、生产过程控制的智能化、制造装备的数控化,全面提升制造业的竞争力。制造业信息化将信息技术、自动化技术、现代管理技术与制造技术相结合,可以改善制造企业的经营、管理、产品开发和生产等各个环节,提高生产效率、产品质量和企业的创新能力,降低消耗,带动产品设计方法和设计工具的创新、企业管理模式的创新、制造技术的创新以及企业间协作关系的创新,从而实现产品设计制造和企业管理的信息化、生产过程控制的智能化、制造装备的数控化以及咨询服务的网络化,全面提升我国制造业的竞争力。 2.产品生命周期主要分成哪几个阶段,其意义是什么?答:典型的产品生命周期一般可分为四个阶段,即介绍期(或引入期、成长期、成熟期和衰退期。 1.介绍(投入期。新产品投入市场,便进入介绍期。此时,顾客对产品还不了解,只有少数追求新奇的顾客可能购买,销售量很低。为了扩展销路,需要大量的促销费用,对产品进行宣传。在这一阶段,由于技术方面的原因,产品不能大批量生产,因而成本高,销售额增长缓慢,企业不但得不到利润,反而可能亏损。产品也有待进一步完善。 2.成长期。这时顾客对产品已经熟悉,大量的新顾客开始购买,市场逐步扩大。产品大批量生产,生产成本相对降低,企业的销售额迅速上升,利润也迅速增长。竞争者看到有利可图,将纷纷进入市场参与竞争,使同类产品供给量增加,价格随之下降,企业利润增长速度逐步减慢,最后达到生命周期利润的最高点。

制造业信息化工程建设实施方案(doc 11)

新疆制造业信息化工程建设实施方案二十一世纪是知识经济和信息经济时代。信息化已经成为经济发展的助推器，并越来越深刻地影响和改变着企业的经营、管理和销售模式。党的十五届五中全会指出：“信息化是当今世界经济和社会发展的大趋势，也是我国产业优化升级和实现工业化、现代化的关键环节”。制造业信息化是国民经济信息化的核心，同时也是企业加强和改善管理，适应市场和技术发展变化的重要举措。制造业信息化的推进，对促进企业经营管理的现代化，降低企业营销成本，加快产品的结构调整和升级换代，增强企业竞争力，树立企业良好形象，提高企业知名度，跟踪和超越先进技术水平等都具有十分重要的意义。 1. 新疆制造业信息化工程指导思想与目标 1.1指导思想与工作原则新疆制造业信息化工程在国家制造业信息化工程的总体部署下，围绕自治区经济发展和制造业发展的战略目标，在“九五”CAD应用工程的基础上，在“抓应用，创环境，促发展，见效益”方针的指导下，以创造新形势下制造业信息化的发展环境为重点，总体规划，合理布局，突出重点，分布实施。坚持“国家引导，地方扶持，企业为主”和多元投入的工作原则，

为新疆制造业信息化示范工程实施提供政策、资金、技术和服务保障。 1.2新疆制造业信息化工程工作目标新疆制造业信息化工程“十五”期间的总体目标是：针对我区制造业信息化发展需求，建设技术服务体系和应用示范体系，创建新疆制造业良好的信息化推广应用环境；深入广泛地开展制造业信息化技术的推广应用，推动制造业的技术进步和整体发展，支持制造业技术创新、管理创新、资源优化重组和产业结构调整，全面提高制造业综合竞争能力；实施过程中注重与我区支柱行业和特色产业的发展相结合，开展有地方特色的制造业信息化工作。通过新疆制造业信息化工程的实施，用信息技术改造传统制造业，促进我区地方经济跨越式发展，实现以信息化带动工业化。新疆制造业信息化工程“十五”期间的具体目标是：遴选2~3个制造业基础比较好的县、市、区作为新疆制造业信息化示范地区，2~3个信息化基础条件比较好的行业作为新疆制造业信息化示范行业，支持130家企业实施制造业信息化示范工程，带动300家企业实施制造业信息化工程，示范工程中国产软件应用率达到50%以上，示范企业新产品贡献率平均达到30%，并取得显著的经济社会效益。促进3~4家从事制造业信息化软件研发的企业及技术服务公司的发展，培训30000人次各种层次的信息技术应用人才，逐步建立以软件服务和系统集成为主的新疆制造业信息化技术服务体系。 2. 新疆制造业信息化工程工作任务新疆制造业信息化工程以建立应用示范体系和技术服务体系为核

互联网+制造业企业信息化建设方案

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公司目前由于几个信息系统各自独立，存在着条块分割现象，机构之间信息难于共享；造成数据的实时性较差，数据核对、汇总、统计的工作量大，劳动强度大，工作效率低；财务、收费、管网信息各自独立，有时信息获得滞后或有误，容易引起误会和工作矛盾，有时又造成信息资源浪费。 ?数据来源多渠道，准确性、一致性较差没有实现数据集成，造成数据来源多渠道，信息重复，利用率低，信息资源浪费，不能实现管理信息集成、管理与生产信息集成。决策层得到的信息的真实性、准确性、一致性较差，容易造成判断失误，造成决策和指挥失误，影响生产和效益。 4、主要要求 ?根据一定的理论和实践，提出系统的整体规划方案和必要的合理化建议。 ?软件功能至少应包括数据显示与查询、图形显示、报表显示与打印、曲线图分析、上下限报警、数据存贮、生产管理、质量管理、调度方案的初步建立（优化和决策）。 ?支持B/S结构，易于公司信息门户挂接，实现数据共享。 ?基本保留原来的调度系统，根据需要和发展适当扩展几个现场测量点，原有的无线数传电台方式改为微波连接。 ?升级原有服务器和数据库，并建设一个技术先进、扩展性强、能覆盖集团公司本部和各个水厂﹑水源厂等部门的网络平

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制造业信息化的理解及其关键技术、制造业面临的机遇与挑战我国制造业在技术创新能力、管理体制与水平、市场响应和开拓能力等方面与发达国家相比仍有较大的差距，竞争态势日趋严峻挑战与问题：不实现技术创新和跨越发展就没有出路、信息时代制造业新的工业革命 .信息技术促进了敏捷制造的发展，形成了以虚拟制造和动态联盟为特征的新型制造模式。 .网络技术促进了全球化制造的发展，引发了制造业的重新分工和资源的重新配置。 .计算机技术促进设计制造数字化，提高了产品创新能力，缩短了设计周期，降低了产品开发成本。 .电子商务技术促进了全球化采购销售，降低了采购与销售成本，提高了服务质量。、制造业信息化的技术构成 .以为代表的单元技术 .以为代表的集成技术 .网络化应用技术 .电子商务、信息化是一次深刻的社会革命。信息化不仅是一次技术革命，更是一次深刻的认识革命和社会革命。

、关键技术： .产品设计的信息化及应用技术 .基于的设计制造过程集成化技术 .企业管理信息化技术 .制造过程中的信息化技术 .应用集成技术、机械制造业实施信息化 .利用信息技术实现物质和知识资源利用的最大化 .制造业信息化不是技术决策，而是企业生产经营过程重组的战略变革 .制造业信息化在深层次上是新的经营管理观念和企业家创新精神的体现内涵：制造业信息化是用信息技术改造传统产业和实现信息化带动工业化的突破口。作用：制造业信息将信息技术、自动化技术、现代管理技术与制造技术相结合，带动产品设计方法和工具的创新，企业管理模式的创新，企业间协作关系的创新，实现产品设计制造和企业管理的信息化，生产过程控制的智能化，制造装备的数控化，咨询服务的网络化，全面提升我国制造业的整体竞争力。

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制造业信息化分析报告(初稿) 制造业是我国国民经济的核心和工业化的原动力，我国制造业工业总产值约占全国GDP的42.5％。为保证制造业信息化工程的顺利实施，科技部目前已联合国家经贸委、信息产业部成立制造业信息化重大专项领导小组，地点也建立各级相应的组织治理机构。按照计世资讯(CCW Research)03年的研究报告，制造业信息化投资数据：同时，从《赛迪2003年IT服务分析报告》中也能够看到，03年IT服务市场规模达544亿，其中大型企业占到43.3%；在IT咨询服务市场，03年市场规模24亿，其中制造业占到22.1%。从以上数据中都能够看出，制造业信息化规模庞大，专门是大型企业占了其中近一半的投资比例。大型制造企业信息化已出现出“滚雪球效应”，投入较大的企业已取得一定成效并带来了不菲的收入，进一步增强了企业信息化的信心和决心，由此造成企业信息化投入的再度增加。同时，不同细分制造行业的信息化进展状况和投入数额也再次印证了滚雪球效应，处于两个极端的行业企业平均年IT投入额度相差近200多倍。其中一个重要缘故在于以上行业的巨额经济增长。2003年1－10月份，石化、汽车、冶金、石油四个行业实现利润高、且增长较快，合计实现利润1584.4亿元，占重点企业实现利润的51.9%，同比增长均在50%以上，因此这四个行业的信息化投资规模也排在前列。

图表：各细分制造行业大型企业以后1－2年内信息化建设投资规模(平均每家投入）钢铁、汽车、石化行业的特大型企业无疑是2003年度制造业信息化的焦点。有关资料显示，这些行业的特大型企业的信息化建设得到了国家巨额的国债资金支持。钢铁行业：到2003年底，我国钢年产量200万吨以上的20家企业100%上了信息化项目；钢年产量100万吨以上的47家企业中有41家上了企业信息化项目，占87%；钢年产量50万吨以上的58家企业中有45家上了企业信息化项目，占77.6%。宝钢在借鉴新日铁扁平化治理、消化德国先进的热轧生产制造执行系统技术的基础上，采纳台湾省中钢公司的冶金工艺流程编码技术诀窍，打通了从生产到销售的主线，即从订货合同—生产打算—作业打算—出厂打算的关键路径，集成全流程的质量治理和财务成本治理，建成了综合营销系统，使薄板合同交货期从45天缩短为6天。武钢的信息化思路与宝钢相似，但它的经营模式的变化过程与中国大多数钢铁企业相同或相似，因而更具代表性。武钢总投资两亿的信息化一期工程整体产销资讯治理系统于2003年1月成功上线，取得明显效益，已于年底启动二期工程。这两家特大型钢铁企业另一个共性特点是，都差不多孵化出专业的信息化软件及服务企业。另外，石家庄钢铁有限责任公司、马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司、杭州钢铁集团有限公司和首钢集团开始全面实施E RP，冶钢集团也全面完成企业主干网络建设等，标志着钢铁行业信息化处于大干快上的格局。2003年至2005年，钢铁企业信息化的总投资将达到4 0-45亿元。汽车行业：其迅速进展为企业行业信息化建设制造了良好的机遇。在汽车行业中，合资合作企业、外资企业的信息化程度较高，整车生产企业则优于改装车及零部件生产企业。一汽大众、东风、长安、柳州五菱等汽车企业普遍应用了ERP、CRM系统；一汽集团全面采纳了网上采购

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