国名】阿尔巴尼亚共和国 (The Republic of Albania)
【国庆日】１１月２８日（１９１２年）
【国旗】呈长方形，长与宽之比为７∶５。旗地为深红色，中央绘有一只黑色的双头鹰。阿尔巴尼亚号称“山鹰之国”，鹰被认为是民族英雄斯坎德培的象征。
【国徽】为盾徽。黑色双头鹰镶在深红色的盾面上，寓意同国旗。
【国家政要】总统巴米尔·托皮(Bamir Topi)，２００７年７月当选，同年７月宣誓就职；总理萨利·贝里沙，２００５年９月任职。
【自然地理】面积为２．８７万平方公里。位于东南欧巴尔干半岛西岸。北接塞尔维亚和黑山（南斯拉夫），东北与马其顿相连，东南邻希腊，西濒亚得里亚海和伊奥尼亚海，隔奥特朗托海峡与意大利相望。海岸线长４７２公里。山地和丘陵占全国面积的３／４，西部沿海为平原。属亚热带地中海型气候。
【人口】约３１３．４万。主要民族是阿尔巴尼亚族（９８％），希腊族（１．８％），马其顿族（０．１％），其余有黑山、塞尔维亚、克罗地亚族等（０．１％）。全国通用阿尔巴尼亚语。信奉伊斯兰教（７０％）、希腊东正教（２０％）和罗马天主教（１０％）。
【首都】地拉那 (Tirana)
【简史】阿尔巴尼亚人是巴尔干半岛上的古老居民伊利亚人的后裔。公元９世纪以后，分别受到拜占庭帝国、保加利亚王国、塞尔维亚王国和威尼斯共和国的统治。１１９０年建立独立的封建制公国，１４１５年遭土耳其入侵，被土耳其统治近５００年。到１８世纪，在阿尔巴尼亚人聚居区周围逐渐形成了两个民族群体，并形成不同的书面语言，居住在什昆河南部的托斯卡人主要从事农业，由于地理和交通条件较好，所以经济文化较为发达。１９世纪下半叶，阿尔巴尼亚的民族解放运动日渐高涨。１９１２年１１月２８日宣告独立。第一次
世界大战期间，被奥匈、意、法等国军队占领，１９２０年阿再次宣告独立。１９２４年成立资产阶级政府，１９２５年成立共和国，１９２８年改行君主制，索古为国王直至１９３９年４月意大利入侵。第二次世界大战期间，先后被意、德法西斯占领（１９４３年德国法西斯侵入）。１９４４年１１月２９日，阿全国人民在共产党的领导下进行的反法西斯民族解放战争夺取政权，并解放全国。１９４６年１月１１日，阿尔巴尼亚人民共和国宣告成立。１９７６年修改宪法，改称为阿尔巴尼亚社会主义人民共和国。１９９１年４月通过宪法修正案，改国名为阿尔巴尼亚共和国。阿尔巴尼亚的“石头城”
政治
阿尔巴尼亚实行议会选举总统制。１９９０年阿人民议会通过宪法修正案，决定取消宪法中规定阿劳动党是唯一的政治领导力量的条款，确定阿是政治多元化的法治国家；阿公民有成立党派和政治组织的权利。总统为国家元首，由议会秘密投票选举产生，每届任期５年，可连任一届。总统任命总理，并根据总理提名任命部长。
２００８年４月通过宪法修正案。宪法修正案规定，在未来的议会选举中实行比例代表制，即各政党按其所得票数在总票数中的比例获得议员席位；在由１４０名议员组成的议会中，超过简单多数，即７１名议员，即可决定总统人选。
外交
奉行务实的外交政策。２００９年４月１日，阿尔巴尼亚正式加入北约。
与中国关系：１９４９年１１月２３日，阿中两国建交。２００４年９月，纳诺总理对中国进行正式访问，两国发表联合公报。２００９年４月，萨利·贝里沙总理对中国进行正式访问，两国发表联合声明。
he State of the Republic of Albania (The Republic of Albania)
】【National Day November 28 (1912)
】【Flag was rectangular in shape, length and width ratio of 7-5. For the red flags, the central ainting of a black double-headed eagle. Albania, known as "Eagle of the country", eagles are onsidered a symbol of national hero Scanderbeg.
【】 To shield emblem national emblem. Black double-headed eagle inlaid in the surface of ed shield, meaning the same flag.
National politicians】【Bamir ? President Topi (Bamir Topi), 2007 was elected 7 years, as sworn in July the same year; Salifou ? Prime Minister Sali Berisha, office in September 005.
】【Geographical area of 2.87 million square kilometers. South-Eastern Europe in the West ank is located in the Balkans. The north of Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia), connected to he northeast and Macedonia, south-east neighbor Greece, the west by the Adriatic and伊奥尼ea, separated from the sea and the Italian Strait of Otranto. 472 kilometers long coastline. ountains and hills of the country's total area of 3 / 4, the western coastal plains. editerranean-type climate is subtropical.
】【Population of about 3,134,000. The main ethnic Albanian (98%), Greek (1.8%), Macedonian 0.1%), with the rest of Montenegro, Serbia, Croats, etc. (0.1%). National General Albanian. uslim (70%), Greek Orthodox (20%) and Roman Catholic (10%).
】【Capital Tirana (Tirana)
】【A Brief History of the Balkans, Albanians are the oldest inhabitants were descendants of lya. After the 9th century AD, respectively, by the Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, erbia and the Kingdom of the rule of the Republic of Venice. In 1190 the establishment of an ndependent principality of the feudal system, by the Turkish invasion in 1415 was nearly 500 ears Turkish rule. To the 18th century, in Albanian inhabited areas gradually formed around he two ethnic groups, and the formation of different written languages, living in the Department f什昆Tosca Henan are mainly engaged in agriculture, as a result of geography and traffic onditions are better, and so economic the more developed culture. The second half of the 19th entury, Albania's national liberation movement has been snowballing. November 28, 1912 eclaration of independence. During the First World War, the Austro-Hungarian, Italian, French nd other countries the military occupation of Afghanistan in 1920 declared independence once gain. In 1924 the Government set up the bourgeoisie, the establishment of the Republic in 1925, iverted to the monarchy in 1928, Sok Kwu to King in April 1939 until the invasion of Italy. uring World War II, have been Italy, Germany and France occupied (invaded Germany and France n 1943). November 29, 1944, the Arab-Israeli people of the whole country under the leadership f the Communist Party's anti-fascist war of national liberation to seize power, and the iberation of the country. January 11, 1946, Albania was proclaimed the People's Republic. To mend the constitution in 1976, renamed the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. April 1991 hrough amendments to the Constitution, changing the country called the Republic of Albania. lbania's "Stone City"
Political
residential system, the implementation of the parliamentary elections in Albania. Albanian eople's Assembly in 1990 adopted amendments to the Constitution, decided to cancel the
rovisions of the Constitution of the Arab-Israeli Labor Party is the only force in terms of olitical leadership, to identify the Arab-Israeli political pluralism is the rule of law; the rab-Israeli citizens have set up political parties and political organizations. Head of State resident by the Parliament elected by secret ballot, 5-year term, renewable once. President ppoints the Prime Minister and Minister of the Prime Minister appointed. Through April 2008 mendment to the Constitution. Amendment to the Constitution provides that in the next arliamentary elections under the proportional representation system, that is, the number of otes according to their various political parties in the proportion of the total number of otes received in the seats; in the 140 member parliament, more than a simple majority, that s, 71 members, to decide presidential candidate.
Foreign Affairs
Pursue a pragmatic foreign policy. April 1, 2009, Albania's accession to NATO.
Relations with China: November 23, 1949, establishment of diplomatic relations between he two countries. September 2004, Prime Minister Fatos Nano on an official visit to China, he two countries issued a joint communique. April 2009, Prime Minister Sali Berisha Salifou an official visit to China, the two countries issued a joint statement.
国名：巴西联邦共和国
(The Federative Republic of Brazil，República Federativa do Brasil)
国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比为１０∶７。旗地为绿色，中间是一个黄色菱形，其四个顶点与旗边的距离均相等。菱形中间是一个蓝色天球仪，其上有一条拱形白带。绿、黄色是巴西的国色。绿色象征该国广阔的
丛林，黄色代表丰富的矿藏和资源。天球仪上的拱形白带将球面分为上下两部分，下半部象征南半球星空，其
上大小不同的白色五角星代表巴西的２６个州和一个联邦区。白带上用葡萄牙文写着“秩序和进步”。
国徽：图案中间突出一颗大五角星，象征国家的独立和团结。大五角星内的蓝色圆面上有五个小五角星，代表南十字星座；圆环中有２２个小五角星，代表巴西各州和联邦区。大五角星周围环绕着用咖啡叶和烟草叶编织的花环，背后竖立一把剑，剑柄在五角星下端。绶带上用葡萄牙文写着“巴西联邦共和国”，“１８８９年１１月１５日”（共和国成立日）。
重要节日：独立日：９月７日（１８２２年）；国庆日：９月７日（１８２２年）；印第安人日：４月１９日；吉卜赛人日：５月２４日。
国家政要：总统卢拉·达席尔瓦 (Lula da Silva) ，２００２年１０月当选，２００３年１月１日任职；２００６年１０月再次当选，２００７年１月１日正式宣誓就职。参议院议长若泽·萨尔内，２００９年２月当选；众议院议长米谢尔·特梅尔，２００９年２月当选。
自然地理：位于南美洲东南部。北邻法属圭亚那、苏里南、圭亚那、委内瑞拉和哥伦比亚，西邻秘鲁、玻利维亚、南接巴拉圭、阿根廷和乌拉圭，东濒大西洋。面积８５１．４９万平方公里，是拉丁美洲面积最大的国家。海岸线长７４００多公里，领海宽度１２海里，领海外专属经济区１８８海里。国土８０％位于热带地区，最南端属亚热带气候。北部亚马孙平原属赤道气候，年平均气温２７－２９℃。中部高原属热带草原气候，
分旱、雨季。南部地区平均气温１６－１９℃。巴西称亚马孙河为世界第一长河
人口：１．８７亿，居拉美首位。其中白种人占５４. ０３％，黑白混血种人占３９. ９４％，黑种人占５. ３９％，黄种人占０.４６%，印第安人约占０. １６％。葡萄牙语为官方语言。居民大部分信奉天主教。
巴西五分之一城市青年未完成基础教育巴西“印第安人日”不良饮食习惯导致六成多巴西人体重超标巴西拟禁止大学生修双学位
首都：巴西利亚（Brasilia），人口２３８万，融汇了世界古今建筑艺术的精华，有“世界建筑博览会”之称。城市建造在人工湖旁，以三权广场为核心，形状像一架头朝东方的巨型飞机。１９８７年，联合国教科文组织宣布将巴西利亚城列为“人类文化财富”。
。
政治：１９８８年１０月５日颁布的新宪法规定，总统由直接选举产生，取消总统直接颁布法令的权力。总统是国家元首和政府首脑兼武装部队总司令。１９９４年和１９９７年议会通过宪法修正案，分别规定将总统任期缩短为四年，总统和各州、市长均可连选连任。国民议会由参议院和众议院组成，行使立法权，为国家最高权力机构。主要职能是制定一切联邦法律；确定和平时期武装力量编制及兵力；制定全国和地区性的发展计划；宣布大赦令；授权总统宣布战争或和平；批准总统和副总统出访；批准或撤消总统签署的临时性法令、联邦干预或戒严令；审查总统及政府行政开支；批准总统签署国际条约；决定临时迁都等。内阁为政府行政机构，内阁成员由总统任命。
经济：巴西自然条件得天独厚。横贯北部的亚马孙河是世界上流域最广、流量最大的河流。素有“地球之肺”之称的亚马孙森林面积达７５０万平方公里，占世界森林面积的三分之一，其中大部分位于巴西境内。在西南部的世界第五大河巴拉那河上有极为壮观的伊瓜苏大瀑布，巴西与巴拉圭合建的被誉为“世纪工程”的世界第一大水电站伊泰普水电站就建在巴拉那河上。巴西矿产资源丰富，主要有铁、铀、铝矾土、锰、石油、天然气和煤等，其中已探明的铁矿砂储量为２５０亿吨，储量、产量和出口量均居世界第一位。铀矿、铝矾土和锰矿储量均居世界第三位。截至２００７年底，巴西已探明石油储量达到１２６．２３亿桶，从而使该国石油储量在南美地区仅次于委内瑞拉，排名第二。巴西是拉美第一大经济体，有较为完整的工业体系，工业产值居拉美之首。钢铁、汽车、造船、石油、化工、电力、制鞋等行业在世界享有盛誉，核电、通讯、电子、飞机制造、信息、军工等领域的技术水平已跨入世界先进国家行列。巴西农牧业发达，是世界蔗糖、咖啡、柑橘、玉米、鸡肉、牛肉、烟草、大豆的主要生产国。巴西是世界第一大咖啡生产国和出口国，有“咖啡王国”之称，甘蔗和柑橘的产量也居世界之首。大豆产量居世界第二，玉米产量居世界第三。巴西是仅次于美国和德国的世界第三大糖果生产国。各类糖果产量每年达８００亿颗。糖果业年产值为５亿美元。每年出口糖果５万吨左右。全国可耕地面积约４亿公顷，被誉为“二十一世纪的世界粮仓”。巴是南美钢铁大国，为世界第六大产钢国，钢材出口达１２００万吨，占全国钢材总量的５４％。也是拉美第一、世界第九汽车生产大国。巴西的旅游业久负盛名，为世界十大旅游创汇国之一。主要旅游点有里约热内卢、圣保罗、萨尔瓦多的教堂和古老建筑、巴西利亚城、伊瓜苏瀑布和伊泰普水电站、玛瑙斯自由港、黑金城、巴拉那石林和大沼泽地等。２００７年巴西国内生产总值为２．５５８万亿雷亚尔（１美元约合１．７雷亚尔），比上一年增长５．４％。货币：雷亚
尔巴西海滩风情画巴西览胜：(１)(２)(３)(４)(５)巴西经济前景看好但面临通胀挑战巴西：法定带薪年假30天甘蔗成为巴西第二大能源来源巴西正式成立国家主权基金
“咖啡王国”——巴西拉美大国巴西以咖啡质优、味浓而驰名全球，是世界上最大的咖啡生产国和出口国，素有“咖啡王国”之称。咖啡原产于非洲的埃塞俄比亚，１７２７年传入巴西。巴西位于南美洲东南，地处热带和亚热带，独特的地理和气候条件很适合种植咖啡，加之劳动力廉价，咖啡种植业迅速兴起。１９世纪，巴西的咖啡种植几乎遍及全国，随后又形成持续近一个世纪之久的“咖啡繁荣期”。咖啡大面积种植，给巴西带来了财富和繁荣。２０世纪初，巴西的咖啡产量占世界总产量的百分之七十五以上，从而赢得了“咖啡王国”的美称。咖啡是巴西国民经济的重要支柱之一。全国有大大小小的咖啡种植园５０万个，种植面积约２２０万公顷，从业人口达６００多万，年产咖啡２００万吨左右，年出口创汇近２０亿美元。近年来，由于出口结构的变化和国际咖啡市场不景气，巴西咖啡生产和出口量有所下降。巴西人酷爱咖啡。６０年代，巴西人均年咖啡消费量达５·８公斤。近二十年来，随着其它饮料的出现，巴西人均咖啡消费量仍超过３公斤。在巴西，无
论在城市还是乡村，各式各样的咖啡屋随处可见。人们几乎随时随地都可以喝到浓郁芳香的热咖啡。休闲是巴西人心中的最爱
“足球大国”——巴西巴西是世界足球大国。足球运动不仅是巴西民众的共同爱好，也是整个民族的骄傲。巴西职业球队之多，可谓世界之冠。正式登记注册的足球俱乐部已有两万个以上，从事足球运动的人数逾百万。除球王贝利外，巴西还拥有济科、苏格拉底、卡雷卡、罗纳尔多、里瓦尔多、罗马里奥等一大批世界级
的足球巨星。著名足球运动员贝利从姓名看巴西人个性
新闻出版：２０００年，全国日报有５００种，杂志１４８５种，发行量在１５万份以上的主要报刊有：《圣保罗页报》、《圣保罗州报》、《环球报》、《人民邮报》、《零点》等。主要杂志有：《请看》、《这就是》、《时代》等，均为周刊。据２００１年统计，全国有广播电台２９６５家，其中调频台１４１８家。大多为私人所有，巴西广播公司为官方电台。大型电视台有七家，“环球台”为全国最大私营电视台，全国覆盖面达９９.７７％。其他较大的私营电视台有“巴西电视网”和“班特兰德斯”等。政府管理的有两家，即国家电视台和教育电视台。上述电台和电视台均使用葡萄牙语。
外交：奉行独立自主，不干涉别国内政的外交政策。提出外交政策的重点是为经济服务。注意加强同第三世界国家的关系。
与中国关系：中国与巴西早在一百多年前就开始了交往，建在里约热内卢蒂茹卡国家公园的中国亭是对于１８１２年来此传艺的中国茶农永久的纪念。１９７４年８月１５日，中国与巴西建立外交关系。建交以来，中巴在政治、经贸、科技、文化等领域的友好合作关系得到全面发展。１９９３年，中巴两国建立战略伙伴关系。江泽民主席于１９９３年１１月和２００１年４月访问过巴西。１９９５年１２月，巴西总统卡多佐对中国进行国事访问。２００４年５月，卢拉总统对中国进行国事访问，双方签署联合公报。２００４年１１月，胡锦涛主席对巴西进行国事访问。两国政府为建立长期、稳定、互利的战略伙伴关系作出了不懈努力。１９９９年中巴联合研制的第一颗地球资源卫星发射成功。２００４年７月，中巴合作生产的支线飞机首次进入我国国内航空市场。
巴西是中国在拉美最大的贸易伙伴，中国是巴西的第二大贸易伙伴、第一大出口市场和第二大进口市场。
２００８年１至１０月份，中巴贸易额达４２５．４亿美元，同比增长８１．１％。巴西与中国贸易总额继续保持高速增长2010年中国将成为巴西第一大贸易伙伴巴西发布指导文件促进对华贸易发展
１９８６年１１月２４日，北京同里约热内卢结为姊妹城。汉语进入巴西出租车
Country name: Federative Republic of Brazil
(The Federative Republic of Brazil, República Federativa do Brasil) National Flag: rectangular, length and width ratio of 10:7. Flag to green, the middle is a yellow diamond shape, with the flag of its four vertices are the same distance from the edge. The middle is a diamond-shaped blue celestial globe, and its on a vaulted leucorrhea. Green and yellow colors of Brazil state. Green symbolizes the country's vast jungle, yellow, rich mineral deposits and resources. Arch on the celestial globe spherical leucorrhea will be divided into two parts from top to bottom, the lower half of the symbol of the southern hemisphere sky, its white five-pointed star of different sizes on behalf of Brazil's 26 states and one Federal District. Leucorrhea written in Portuguese on "order and progress."
National Emblem: patterns among the highlights of a large five-pointed star, a symbol of national independence and unity. Large five-pointed star inside a blue circle, five small five-pointed star surface, on behalf of Southern Cross constellation; ring 22 a small five-pointed star, on behalf of states and the Federal District of Brazil. Large five-pointed star surrounded by coffee and tobacco leaves
of the rosette leaf weaving behind the erection of a sword hilt in the bottom five-pointed star. Sash on the Portuguese words "Federal Republic of Brazil", "November 15, 1889" (Republic Day).
Important holiday: Independence Day: September 7 (1822); the National Day: September 7 (1822); Indian date: April 19; Roma Day: May 24.
National political figures: ? President Lula d a Silva (Lula da Silva), 2002 was elected 10 years, 1 January, 2003 service; in October 2006 was re-elected, 1 January, 2007 officially sworn into office. ? Senate President Jose Sarney, was elected in February 2009; ? House Speaker Michael Mitchell, was e lected in February 2009. Physical Geography: located in the southeastern part of South America. North French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia, next to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay south, Argentina and Uruguay, the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Area of 8.5149 million square kilometers, is the largest country in Latin America. More than 7400 km long coastline, the 12-mile breadth of the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone of 188 sea miles from overseas. 80% of land is located in tropical areas, the southern tip of a subtropical climate. Plain north of the Amazon is a tropical climate, the annual average temperature of 27-29 ℃. Central plateau is savannah climate, sub-dry, the rainy season. The southern region the average temperature 16-19 ℃. Brazil says Amazon is the world's long river
Population: 187 million, ranking first in Latin America. Which white people accounted for 54.03%, mixed black-and-white accounts for 39.94%, black people accounted for 5.39%, the yellow races, accounting for 0.46%, Indians account for about 0.16 percent. Portuguese as its official language. The majority of Catholic residents. Brazil, one-fifth of urban youth to complete basic education in Brazil is not "Indian Day"六成bad eating habits lead to excessive weight and more Brazilians
Brazil proposed amendment to prohibit double degree students
Capital: Brasilia (Brasilia), population 2,380,000, a combination of the world the essence of ancient and modern architecture, the "World Building Expo" known. Lake in the construction of artificial cities in order to square the three powers at the core, shaped like a giant aircraft with the head pointing towards the East. In 1987, UNESCO announced that the city of Brasilia as a "wealth of human culture."
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Politics: October 5, 1988 promulgated a new constitution, the president elected by direct, decreed the abolition of the president the power to direct. President Heads of State and Government and the armed forces commander-in-chief. In 1994 and 1997, Parliament passed amendments to the Constitution provides for presidential term were reduced to four years, the president and the states, can be re-elected mayor. The National Assembly is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives to exercise legislative power, as the highest organ of power. The main function is to develop all the federal law; to determine the preparation of the armed forces in times of peace and strength; the development of national and regional development plans; announced amnesty; authorized the President declared war or peace; approval of the President and the Vice-President to visit; ratified or signed by the President to withdraw temporary laws, federal intervention or martial law; review
of the administrative expenses of the President and the Government; the approval of international treaties signed by the President; decisions, such as the provisional capital. Cabinet for the government administration, cabinet members appointed by the President.
Economy: Brazil, a unique natural conditions. Cross the northern part of the Amazon Basin is the world's most widely's largest rivers flow. Known as "Earth's lungs" of the Amazon forest area of 7,500,000 square kilometers, accounting for one third of the world's forest area, most of which is located in Brazil. Fifth in the world in the south-west of the river Parana River has a very spectacular Iguazu Falls, Brazil and Paraguay to build the as the "century project" of the world's largest hydropower station built in the Itaipu Hydropower Station on Palawan that river. Abundant mineral resources in Brazil, mainly of iron, uranium, bauxite, manganese, oil, gas and coal, which has proven iron ore reserves of 25 billion tons, reserves, production and export volume ranking first in the world. Uranium ore, bauxite and manganese ore reserves ranked third in the world. As of the end of 2007, Brazil has proven oil reserves reached 126.23 million barrels, making the country's oil reserves second only to Venezuela in South America region, ranking the second. Brazil is Latin America's largest economies, have a more complete industrial system, industrial output value of the first Latin American home. Iron and steel, automobile, shipbuilding, petroleum, chemicals, electricity, footwear and other industries reputation in the world, nuclear power, communications, electronics, aircraft manufacturing, information, military and other fields has entered the technological level of the ranks of advanced countries in the world. Brazil developed agriculture and animal husbandry, is the world's sugar, coffee, citrus, corn, chicken, beef, tobacco, a major producer of soybeans. Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, the "Kingdom Coffee" is that sugar cane and citrus production in the world. Ranked second in the world soybean production, corn production ranks third in the world. Brazil is second only to the United States and Germany, the world's third largest candy producer. Various types of candy production in 80 billion annually. Confectionery industry with an annual production value 500 million U.S. dollars. Annual export 50,000 tons to about candy. The national arable land area of about 400 million hectares, known as "the twenty-first century the world granary." Pakistan Steel is the largest country in South America for the world's sixth largest steel producing countries, steel exports reached 12 million tons, accounting for 54% of the total amount of steel. Is also the first in Latin America, the world's ninth largest producer of automobiles. Brazil's tourism industry renowned for the world one of the top ten tourism foreign exchange earnings. Major tourist points in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Salvador and the oldest church building, Brasilia City, Iguassu Falls and the Itaipu Hydropower Station, Manaus free port, and Jincheng, Parana, such as Stone Forest and the Everglades. Brazil 2007 GDP 2558 billion for real (1 real 1.7 U.S. dollars), representing a 5.4 percent growth the previous year. Currency: Breezes雷亚尔巴西painting览胜Brazil: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) prospects for the Brazilian economy but it faces the challenge of inflation in Brazil: the statutory 30 days paid annual leave to become Brazil's second-largest sugar cane energy source of national sovereignty was formally established in Brazil
Fund
"Kingdom Coffee" - Brazil, Latin America, large and high quality coffee in Brazil, the world's rich and famous, is the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, has been called the "Kingdom Coffee" was. Coffee originated in Africa, Ethiopia, in 1727 Brazil imported. Southeast of Brazil in South America, is located in the tropics and subtropics, the unique geographical and climatic conditions are suitable for coffee cultivation, coupled with cheap labor, the rapid rise of coffee-growing industry. The 19th century, Brazil's coffee plantations in almost all over the country, followed by the formation of nearly a century-long "coffee boom." Large-scale cultivation of coffee, Brazil has brought to the wealth and prosperity. The early 20th century, coffee production in Brazil accounted for 75 percent of the world's total output of more than, which won the "coffee kingdom" name. Brazilian coffee is one of the important pillars of the national economy. There are large and small coffee plantations 500000, planting an area of about 2.2 million hectares, the employed population reached 600 million, annual output of about two million tons of coffee, the annual export volume of nearly two billion U.S. dollars. In recent years, due to changes in the structure of exports and the international coffee market recession, the Brazilian coffee production and exports declined. Brazilians love coffee. 60 years, annual per capita coffee consumption in Brazil amounted to 5 ? 8 ki lograms. Over the past two decades, with the emergence of other beverages, per capita coffee consumption in Brazil is still more than three kilograms. In Brazil, both urban and rural areas, a wide variety of coffee shops can be seen everywhere. People can drink almost anywhere rich aroma of hot coffee. Leisure is the hearts of Brazilians Favorites "Football great powers" - Brazil Brazil is one of the world soccer power. Brazilian football is not only a common-loving people, but also the pride of the entire nation. Number of professional teams in Brazil, is the world. Officially registered soccer club has more than 20,000, the number of people involved in football in more than one million. In addition to Pele, the Brazilian also has a Zico, Socrates, Careca, Ronaldo, Rivaldo, Romario, such as a large number of world-class soccer star. Famous soccer player Pele watching from a Brazilian name personality
Press and Publication: In 2000, the National Journal has 500 species, 1485 kinds of magazines, circulation of more than 15 million copies of the main newspapers are: "St. Paul's page at", "Sao Paulo reported," "Globe", "People's Post" , "0:00" and so on. The main magazine: "Look," "This is the", "age" and so on, are weekly. According to 2001 statistics, there are 2965 radio stations, including FM 1418. Mostly privately owned, Brazil is the official radio broadcasting company. There are seven major television stations, "Global Taiwan" for the country's largest private television stations, national coverage of 99.77%. Other large private television stations, "the Brazilian television network" and "特兰德斯classes" and so on. There are two government-managed, that is, national television and educational television. The above-mentioned radio and television stations use Portuguese.
Diplomacy: pursue an independent, non-interference in domestic affairs of other foreign policy. To focus on foreign policy to serve the economy. Attention to strengthening relations with third world countries.
Relations with China: China and Brazil as early as the beginning of more than 100 years ago on the exchanges, located in Rio de Janeiro tijuca National Park for the Chinese Pavilion in 1812 to the mass of the Chinese Art of the commemoration of a permanent farmers. August 15, 1974, China established diplomatic relations with Brazil. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Pakistan in the political, economic, scientific and cultural cooperation between the all-round development. In 1993, the establishment of Sino-Pakistani strategic partnership between the two countries. President Jiang Zemin in November 1993 and April 2001 visit to Brazil. December 1995, Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso on a state visit to China. May 2004, President Lula's state visit to China, the two sides signed a joint communique. In November 2004, President Hu Jintao paid a state visit to Brazil. The two governments for the establishment of long-term, stable and mutually beneficial strategic partnership has made unremitting efforts. China and Pakistan jointly developed in 1999 the first earth resources satellite was successfully launched. July 2004, China and Pakistan co-production of the first aircraft to enter China's domestic aviation market.
Brazil is China's largest trading partner in Latin America, China is Brazil's second largest trading partner, largest export market and second largest import market. 2008 1-10 months, Sino-Pakistani trade volume reached 42.54 billion U.S. dollars, up 81.1 percent. Brazil's total trade with China to maintain rapid growth in 2010 China will become Brazil's largest trading partner of Brazil issued guidance documents to promote the development of trade with China
November 24, 1986, Beijing became a sister city with the Rio de Janeiro. Chinese car to enter Brazil
足球是巴西人文化生活的主流。对巴西人来说，足球是运动，但更是文化。每当联赛或重大国内国际比赛进行时，巴西人常常举家前往观战，整个城市万人空巷，而赛场人山人海。巴西几乎人人都是球迷，巴西人笑称“不会足球、不懂足球的人是当不上巴西总统的，也得不到高支持率”。巴西人认为，巴西足球理所当然位列世界文化遗产之林。巴西人把足球称为“大众运动”，无论是在海滩上，还是在城市的街头巷尾，都有人踢球。即使是在贫民窟，穷人家的孩子也光着脚把袜子塞满纸当球踢。巴西许多国际知名的足球运动员都是从这里开始他们的足球生涯的。
巴西国家队挑选队员，不仅看运动员的球技，更要看其是否遵守纪律，是否有团队精神和良好的品格。一个运动员要在巴西国内取得观众的支持，要在俱乐部站稳脚跟，首先要有热爱足球、热爱观众的意识，每场比赛必须全力以赴，踢出自己的水平和风格，让买票看球的球迷们得到精神上的享受和满足。
Brazilian football is the mainstream of cultural life. Example of the Brazilian football is a sport, but it is more cultural. Whenever the league or major domestic and international competitions, the Brazilian families often go to watch the battle, the city booming, and the packed stadium. Almost all are fans of Brazil, Brazilian, laughing, "not football, do not know football is not on when the President of Brazil, but not the high support rate." Brazilians believe that Brazil ranks only natural World Heritage Forest. Brazilian football is called "mass movement", whether
it is on the beach or in city streets, there were playing. Even in the slums, children from poor families also barefoot when the ball socks filled with paper. Many internationally famous Brazilian football players from their football here career.
The selection of the Brazilian national team players, not just the skills of athletes, but also depends on whether they comply with the discipline, whether there is team spirit and good character. An athlete to the audience in Brazil to obtain the support, it is necessary to get a firm foothold in the club, first of all have a love of the game, love the sense of the audience, to do every game, kicked out of their own level and style, so buy a ticket to watch a soccer match fans get to enjoy and meet the spiritual.
巴西的足球运动，渊源于英国。一八六三年，英国成立了足球协会。后来，巴西有个青年到英国学习，回国时带回来两个足球和一本守则。不久，足球运动便在巴西传开了。一九三三年，巴西开始成立专业足球队。一九三八年，巴西足球队在世界杯足球赛中，获得第三名，从而崭露头角。世界杯足球赛因第二次世界大战而中止，直到一九五零年，才恢复了比赛，并推举巴西为东道国。巴西为主办第四届世界杯足球赛，特地在里约热内卢建造了一个规模宏大的足球场即马拉卡纳体育场。马拉卡纳体育场的正式名称叫小马里奥体育场，是为纪念新闻工作者小马里奥而命名的，他曾经为体育场的兴建作出很大贡献。这个地方原叫马拉卡纳，体育场也因此而得名。当今世界十大足球场中，半数以上是在巴西。其中号称世界最大的马拉卡纳足球场，是一九五零年建成的。体育场为椭圆形，球场周长为九百四十米，看台高三十二米，共有一十五点五万个座位，另外还有包厢三百个，最多可容纳二十万人。据说，马拉卡纳球场初建时。没有现在大，一度被墨西哥足球场超过，巴西人不甘屈居第二，于是扩建球场，将“世界第一”这个荣誉重新夺了回来。马拉卡纳球场外表雄伟壮观，内部各种设备齐全。它有五个播音室，五个电视转播室，二百二十个扩音器，一百一十个电话分机，七十五个记时钟和七十个警报器。此外，还附设有四十六个小卖部，一个餐厅，以及运动员宿舍、更衣室、病房、按摩间和肌肉治疗、淋浴等设施，此外,还有几十个男女厕所。为了防止球迷过度热情或跑进场内闹事，在中间比赛场地周围有一条类似护城河的河沟，将球场和看台隔开。足球场外的大广场上，可停放六千多辆汽车，足球场正门入口处有一座纪念碑，上面刻有“马拉卡纳有史以来最漂亮的一球”。这是为了纪念球王贝利在一九六一年的一场比赛中，从本队禁区起却，带球穿过七名对手的层层阻截，直捣对方球门劲射入网而特地建造的。八年后，在这个体育场里，巴西队同南斯拉夫队比赛时，贝利踢进了他参加比赛以来的第一千个球。这在世界足球运动员中，是空前的记录。此后，他告别了巴西队。这个足球由贝利签名，并收藏在巴西的体育纪念馆内。一九八一年，这个球神秘地失踪，轰动了全国，警方四处侦查，终于在里约热内卢一个室内游泳池内找到。如今，参观者在这个足球场里，还可以看到当年贝利踢进第一千个球时穿的那双足球鞋以及贝利在中场休息时戴着氧气面具坐过的那把椅子。一九七零年，马拉卡纳体育场盛况空前。这一年，马拉卡纳体育场共举行了二百一十四场比赛，平均每周有四场之多。每蓬星期天，整个城市都装饰得五彩缤纷，一派节日气氛，车上、窗户上，啦啦队员的背上，大街上都用每个队的代表颜色加以点缀。比赛场上更是热闹非凡，啦啦队员不停地发出有节奏的呼喊，观众的热情也为比赛所牵动，时而挥舞彩旗，时而欢呼跳跃。比赛结束，人们跳起桑巴舞庆祝胜利。四十多年来，马拉卡纳体育场大大促进了巴西足球运动的普及与提高，从而使巴西在世界杯足球赛中，多次夺得冠军。Brazilian football, sources in the United Kingdom. In 1863, the British Football Association was set up. Later, the youth in Brazil to the United Kingdom study, back to back two and a code of football. Soon, the sport has spread in Brazil. In 1933, Brazil began to set up a professional football team. In 1938, Brazil in World Cup soccer team in third place, thereby emerge. World Cup soccer tournament was suspended due to World War II until
1950, before the resumption of the game, and chose Brazil as the host country. Brazil to host the fourth World Cup, specially in Rio de Janeiro in the construction of a large-scale football field that the Maracana stadium.
The official name of Maracana Stadium叫小Mario Stadium, in memory of
journalist named small Mario, and he had built for the stadium have much to contribute. Maracana original name of this place, named after the stadium also. Football field in the top ten in today's world, more than half is in Brazil. Which claims to be the world's largest Maracana soccer stadium is built in 1950. For the oval-shaped stadium, the stadium is 940 meters circumference, stands 32 meters high, a total of 155,000 seats, as well as box 300, can accommodate a maximum of 200,000 people. It is said that the beginning of construction at Maracana Stadium. Not now, once more than the Mexican soccer pitch, the Brazilians never second place, so the expansion of the stadium will be "the world's first" re-capture the honor back. Maracana Stadium magnificent appearance, the internal variety of well-equipped. It has five studios, five television rooms, loudspeakers 220, ext 110, 75 and 70 recorded alarm clock. In addition, there are 46 small shop with a restaurant, as well as the athlete dormitories, changing rooms, wards, inter-and muscle massage treatment, shower facilities, in addition, there are dozens of male and female toilets. In order to prevent over-enthusiastic fans or ran into trouble inside, in the middle there is a similar venues around the moat of the rivers, will be separated from the stadium and the stands. Outside the big square can be parked more than 6000 cars, soccer fields at the entrance to the main entrance there is a monument inscribed "Maracana one of the most beautiful ball." This is to mark Pele in the 1961 game, starting from the restricted area of the team has, the ball passing through seven layers of the opponent's block, drive straight shot the other goal and specially constructed network. After eight years in this stadium, the Brazilian team match with Yugoslavia when Pele scored his 1000th race of the ball since. Football players in the world, it is an unprecedented record. Since then, he bid farewell to Brazil. Signed by Pele soccer and sports collections in the museum in Brazil. In 1981, the ball mysteriously missing, a sensation across the country, the police investigation of four, and finally in Rio de Janeiro to find an indoor swimming pool. Today, in the football field where visitors can see when Pele scored goals at the 1000th pair of football boots worn by Pele in the midfield and wearing oxygen masks when the rest of it been in the chair. In 1970, an unprecedented Maracana stadium. This year, the Maracana Stadium held a total of 214 games, an average of as many as four a week. Peng every Sunday, the whole city is decorated with colorful, festive atmosphere and one group, the car windows, the Salala players back, the streets are the representatives of each team to be dotted color. Competition is a bustling market, the issue of non-stop Salala team rhythmic cries,
the audience's enthusiasm for the game affected by, sometimes waving flags, cheering and sometimes jump. The end of the game, people danced samba to celebrate the victory. 40 Over the years, the Maracana Stadium in Brazil contributed greatly to the popularity of football and to improve, so that the World Cup in Brazil, winning many times.
巴西咖啡的口感中带有较低的酸味，配合咖啡的甘苦味，入口极为滑顺，而且又带有淡淡的青草芳香，在清香略带苦味，甘滑顺口，余味能令人舒活畅快。对于巴西咖啡来说并没有特别出众的优点，但是也没有明显的缺憾，这种口味温和而滑润、酸度低、醇度适中，有淡淡的甜味，这些所有柔和的味道混合在一起，要想将他们一一分辩出来，是对味蕾的最好考验，这也是许多山度士迷爱好这种咖啡的原因，正因为它是如此的温和和普通，山度士适合普通程度的烘焙，适合用最大众化的方法冲泡，是制作意大利浓缩咖啡和各种花式咖啡的最好原料。
巴西咖啡，泛指产于巴西的咖啡。巴西咖啡种类繁多，正如其他阿拉伯咖啡一样，巴西咖啡被成为“Brazils”以区别于“Milds”咖啡。绝大多数巴西咖啡未经清洗而且是晒干的，它们根据产地州名和运输港进行分类。巴西有21个州，17个州出产咖啡，但其中有4个州的产量最大，加起来占巴西全国总产量的98％，它们是：巴拉那（Parana）州、圣保罗（SaoPaulo）州、米拉斯吉拉斯（MinasGerais）州和圣埃斯皮里图（EspiritoSanto）州，南部巴拉那州的产量最为惊人，占总产量的50％。
The taste of coffee in Brazil, with low acidity, sweetness and bitterness of coffee with the taste, the entrance is extremely smooth, but with a hint of grass and aromatic, slightly bitter taste in fragrance, Gan slide
talk, can finish舒活is fun. The Brazilian coffee is not particularly
outstanding advantages, but no obvious defects, such mild taste and smooth, low acidity, moderate alcohol, a hint of sweet, soft flavor of these all mixed together, in order to differentiate them one by one out is the best test of taste buds, which is why so many fans loving Santos coffee the reasons for this is because it is so mild and common, Santos for general level of baking, suitable for use The most popular method of brewing, is the production of Italian espresso coffee and the best raw materials fancy.
Brazil coffee, refers to coffee produced in Brazil. A wide range of coffee in Brazil, as other Arab, like coffee, Brazilian coffee was to become "Brazils" as distinct from "Milds" coffee. The vast majority of Brazilian coffee and dried without washing, and they state the basis of origin and classification of Transport. Brazil has 21 states, 17 states produce coffee, but there are four states in which the output of the largest in Brazil together accounted for 98% of national output, they are: Parana (Parana) state, Sao Paulo (SaoPaulo) states, Milas Gerais (MinasGerais) state and Espirito Santo (EspiritoSanto) states, the southern state of Parana the most amazing production, accounting for 50% of the total output.
国名：伊朗伊斯兰共和国 (The Islamic Republic of Iran)
独立日：４月１日（１９７９年）（伊斯兰共和国日）
国庆日：２月１１日（１９７９年）（伊斯兰革命胜利日）
建军节：４月１８日
国家波斯湾日：２００５年，时任伊朗总统的哈塔米宣布伊朗历２月１０日（公历一般为４月２９日或３０日）为“国家波斯湾日”，以纪念１６２２年伊朗萨法维王朝的阿巴斯大帝把葡萄牙侵略者驱逐出霍尔木兹海峡。
国花：玫瑰花
国旗：呈长方形，长与宽之比约为７∶４。自上而下由绿、白、红三个平行的横长条组成。白色横条正中，镶嵌着红色的伊朗国徽图案。白色与绿色、红色交接处，分别用阿拉伯文写着“真主伟大”，上下各１１句，共２２句。这是为纪念伊斯兰革命胜利日——公元１９７９年２月１１日，伊斯兰教太阳历为１１月２２日。国旗上的绿色代表农业，象征生命和希望；白色象征神圣与纯洁；红色表示伊朗有丰富的矿产资源。
国徽：由四弯新月、一把宝剑和一本古兰经组成。新月象征宗教——伊斯兰教；古兰经位于顶端，象征伊斯兰教高于一切，是共和国行为准则的依据；宝剑象征坚定与力量，有如巨刃摩天，力斩“恶摩”。四弯新月和古兰经书本组成阿拉伯文的“安拉”（真主）；而整个图案呈圆形，象征地球，表示“安拉”的伊斯兰思想遍及全球。
国家政要：最高领袖阿亚图拉赛义德·阿里·哈梅内伊(Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei)，１９８９年６月霍梅尼逝世后继任领袖；总统艾哈迈迪－内贾德 (Mahmoud Ahmadinejad)，２００５年６月当选，８月就职；伊朗确定国家利益委员会主席、专家会议主席拉夫桑贾尼；议长拉里贾尼 (Larijani)，２００８年５
月当选。
伊朗已故宗教领袖霍梅尼前总统哈塔米前议长卡鲁比
自然地理：１６４．５万平方公里。位于亚洲西南部，北邻亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、土库曼斯坦，西与土耳其和伊拉克接壤，东与巴基斯坦和阿富汗相邻，南临波斯湾和阿曼湾。是高原国家，海拨一般在９００—１５００米之间。北部有厄尔布兹山脉，德马万德峰海拔５６７０米，为伊最高峰。西部和西南部有扎格罗斯山脉，东部是干燥的盆地，形成许多沙漠。北部里海和南部波斯湾、阿曼湾沿岸一带为冲击平原。主要河流有卡流伦河与塞菲德。里海是世界最大的咸水湖，南岸属伊朗。伊朗东部和内地属大陆性的亚热带草原和沙漠气侯，干燥少雨，寒暑变化大。西部山区多属地中海式气侯。里海沿岸温和湿润，年平均降水量１０００毫米以上。中央高原年平均降水量在１００毫米以下。
人口：人口７００４.９万（２００６年１１月伊朗第六次全国人口普查结果）。全国人口中波斯人占５１％，阿塞拜疆人占２４％，库尔德人占７％，其余为阿拉伯人、土库曼人等少数民族。官方语言为波斯语。
伊斯兰教为国教。伊朗文盲人口超过900万
首都：德黑兰 (Tehran)位于横亘伊朗北部厄尔布斯山的南麓，有人口１１００万。>>
简史：伊朗是具有四五千年历史的文明古国，史称波斯，有记载的历史和文化始于公元前２７００年，我国汉史称安息。公元前２０００年后出现印欧血统的伊朗人。公元前６世纪古波斯帝国阿契美尼德王朝曾盛极一时。该朝第三代国王大流士一世统治时期（前５２１—前４８５），帝国版图东至阿姆河和印度河两岸，西到尼罗河中下游，北至黑海、里海一带，南达波斯湾。公元前３３０年古波斯帝国被马其顿·亚历山大所灭。后建立了安息、萨珊王朝。公元７—１８世纪阿拉伯人、突厥人、蒙古人先后入侵。１８世纪末，伊东北部的土库曼人恺加部落统一了伊朗，建立了恺加王朝。１９世纪初沦为英、俄的半殖民地。１９２１年礼萨·汗推翻恺加王朝，于１９２５年建立了巴列维王朝。１９４１年礼萨·汗被盟军逐出伊朗，其子穆罕默德·礼萨·巴列维即位。１９３５年３月２１日，改国名为伊朗。１９７８年爆发了反对国王的群众运动，迫使巴列维国王于１９７９年１月１６日流亡国外。同年２月，宗教领袖霍梅尼结束１４年流亡生活从巴黎返回伊朗接管政权，４月１日宣布成立伊朗伊斯兰共和国。１９８１年１０月哈梅内伊就任总统，穆萨维就任总理并受命组阁。霍
梅尼逐步建立起政教合一的伊斯兰体系。伊朗和伊拉克长期存在着边界、教派和民族争端。进入８０年代两国关系恶化。１９８０年９月两伊战争爆发。经国际上多方调解于１９８８年８月宣布接受停火。１９８９年６月３日霍梅尼病逝，专家会议于第二天推举总统哈梅内伊为新领袖。７月２８日，议长拉夫桑贾尼当选总统。１９９３年６月１１日，拉夫桑贾尼连任总统。１９９７年５月２３日，哈塔米当选总统，８月４日宣誓就职，
２００１年连选连任。中国前驻伊朗大使华黎明：28年前在伊朗感受“革命”
行政区划：全国划分为２７个省，１９５个县，５００个区，１５８１个乡。２７个省为：德黑兰、中央、吉兰、马赞德兰、东阿塞拜疆、西阿塞拜疆、克尔曼沙汗、胡泽斯坦、法尔斯、克尔曼、霍拉桑、伊斯法罕、锡斯坦－俾路支斯坦、库尔德斯坦、哈马丹、恰哈马哈勒－巴赫蒂亚里、洛雷斯坦、伊拉姆、博韦艾哈迈德－科吉卢耶、布什尔、赞詹、塞姆南、亚兹德、霍尔木兹甘、阿尔达比勒、加兹温、库姆。
“沙漠里的翡翠”——古城巴姆石油城——阿巴丹繁忙而平静的霍尔木兹海峡
政治：伊斯兰革命后第一部宪法于１９７９年１２月颁布，规定伊实行政教合一制度，神权统治高于一切。１９８９年４月对宪法进行部分修改，突出强调伊斯兰信仰、体制、教规、共和制及最高领袖的绝对权力不容更改。伊斯兰议会是伊最高立法机构，实行一院制。议会通过的法律须经宪法监护委员会批准才可生效。议员由选民直接选举产生，任期四年。政府实行总统内阁制。总统是国家元首，也是政府首脑。可授权第一副总统掌管内阁日常工作，有权任命数名副总统，协助主管专门事务。伊朗的政治体制伊朗的选举制度伊朗的政党组织
经济：石油和天然气资源丰富。截至２００６年年底，已探明石油储量１３８４亿桶。已探明的天然气储量为２７.５１万亿立方米，占世界总储量的１５.６％，仅次于俄罗斯，居世界第二位。石油是伊朗的经济命脉，石油收入占全部外汇收入的８５％以上，伊朗是欧佩克成员国中第二大石油输出国。森林是伊朗仅次于石油的第二大天然资源，面积达１２７０万公顷。伊朗水产丰富，鱼子酱举世闻名。伊朗水果、干果十分丰富，开心果、苹果、葡萄、椰枣等远销海内外，其中２００１年伊朗开心果总产量为１７万吨，出口量约９．３万吨，创汇２．８８亿美元，成为世界上最大的开心果出口国。有５０００多年历史的波斯地毯编闻名全球，其精湛的工艺、美丽的图案、和谐的色彩搭配倾倒了无数文人墨客。今天，波斯地毯已成为伊朗享誉世界的传统
大宗出口产品。其他工业有纺织、食品、建材、地毯、造纸、电力、化工、汽车、冶金、钢铁和机械制造。农
业比较落后，机械化程度较低。
货币名称：里亚尔(rial)。
军事：伊朗武装力量由军队和伊斯兰革命卫队组成。领袖为武装力量总司令。最高国家安全委员会是最高军事领导和国防政策的制定机构，由总统、一名领袖代表、司法总监、议长、武装力量指挥委员会主席、国家管理和计划组织主席及外交、内政和情报部长组成。实行义务兵役制，服役期两年。
伊朗革命卫队总兵力约30万人，其中，陆军约26.2万人，编成27个师和16个独立旅，主要装备有坦克500余辆、装甲运兵车500余辆，火炮1000余门。海军2万人，编成3个海防区，主要装备有各型巡逻艇150余艘、导弹快艇21艘和岸防导弹等。空军1.8万人，编成8个中队、3个地对地导弹旅和1个防空导弹旅，装
备各型飞机110架、“飞毛腿”B、C等型导弹数百枚。
文化：伊朗是著名的文明古国之一。几千年来，勤劳、勇敢的伊朗人民创造了辉煌灿烂的文化。大医学家阿维森纳在公元１１世纪所著的《医典》，对亚欧各国医学发展有着重大的影响。伊朗人修建了世界上最早的一座天文观测台，发明了与今天通用的时钟基本相似的日规盘。诗人费尔多西的史诗《列王记》、萨迪的《蔷
薇园》等不仅是波斯文学珍品，也是世界文坛的瑰宝。伊朗女子中学见闻伊朗美食多姿多彩走进伊朗：感受想象与现实的反差
新闻出版：各种刊物有９００多种，大部分在德黑兰出版。主要报纸有：《世界报》、《消息报》、《伊斯兰共和国报》、《虔诚者报》、《使命报》、《和平报》和英文版的《德黑兰时报》、《伊朗新闻报》和《世界报》国际版。伊斯兰共和国通讯社是唯一的官方通讯社，１９７９年革命前称波斯通讯社。国家广播电视台成立于１９６６年，１９７９年改名为伊朗伊斯兰共和国声像组织。电台用波斯语、阿拉伯语、英语、法语、德语及汉语等二十五种语言对外广播。电视有三个台播放节目。
外交：奉行独立、不结盟的对外政策。宣布“不倾向东方，也不倾向西方”，反对超级大国的霸权主义。积极发展同伊斯兰、第三世界和不结盟国家的关系，重视同西欧、日本等国的交往与经贸联系。除以色列外，
愿同所有国家在互利和相互尊重的基础上发展关系。
美国与伊朗关系回顾伊朗与伊拉克关系透视伊朗的天然气外交
伊朗对摩洛哥宣布与其断交“感到惊讶”美国和伊朗出现新对立
与中国关系：据中国“史书”记载，纪元前二世纪汉武帝时，张骞派其副使访问安息（即波斯），安息王
令两万骑兵迎候，礼仪极为隆重。东汉末年，安息王的太子、佛教高僧安世高也曾来汉访问，并在中国呆了多年。在中国南北朝时代，波斯派使节到中国北魏王朝友好聘问达十多次。随着双方友好往来，汉文化传至西域，西域文化传来中国，中国、伊朗等国的“丝绸之路”也全面畅通，为两国的经济及文化交流开辟了新的纪元。
中国的丝绸、瓷器以及打井、炼铁、制漆、缫丝等工艺源源传入伊朗等西亚诸国，伊朗的物产如蚕豆、苜蓿、
葡萄、胡桃、石榴等也源源传入中国。到了唐代，两国往来曾达到鼎盛时期。后来，波斯遭外来侵略，波斯王
亲自到唐帝国访问并请援，唐高宗封他为都督，遣将派兵护送他回国，但回国未成死于长安。其子尼列斯谋策
复国未成，于唐中宗景龙年间返华也死于长安。当时，尼列斯率领数千波斯人，其中有些在唐朝当上了将军、
外交官、天文学家、医学家和学者。在战乱的宋朝，陆上的“丝绸之路”几度中断。这时，造船业开始发达，
罗盘针相继使用，许多伊朗人经由海路来到中国广州、扬州和泉州等地经商，有的还在那里安家落户。这就是
后人称之为的海上“陶瓷之路”。据记载，中国发行钞票的方法在元朝传到了波斯，后来，波斯钞票上的图案
还保留了中国文字。当时，两国的史学家还合编史书“史集”。波斯等国的西域乐舞也盛行于长安。在明代，
明成祖和波斯的沙哈鲁王子曾先后互派３００人和５００人的大型代表团互访；郑和七次航海访问亚非各国时，其中３次访问了波斯湾的忽鲁谟斯（即今霍尔木兹）。当时，随同郑和访问的费信曾写纪行诗句描写当地的风
俗及特产。公元１５１６年，伊朗旅行家阿里·阿克巴尔撰写的《中国纪行》一书，后来，成为中、伊友好交
往的珍贵史料和重要见证。据考证，多年来，两国植物的传播和移植就达几十种。波斯的袄教和摩尼教还曾在
中国流行。１９７１年８月１６日，中伊两国建交。２０００年６月，伊朗总统哈塔米对中国进行国事访问。
Country name: Islamic Republic of Iran (The Islamic Republic of Iran) Independence Day: April 1 (1979) (the Islamic Republic Day)
National Day: February 11 (1979) (the Islamic Revolution Victory Day) Day: April 18
Countries on the Persian Gulf: in 2005, the then Iranian President Mohammad Khatami announced Iran's calendar of February 10 (Gregorian calendar is generally April 29 or 30) as "Persian Gulf countries Day" to