?Onomatopoeia:words imitating the sounds associated with the thing concerned
?creak: (to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens
?When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.
?The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened.
?squeak:(to make) a short very high but not loud sound
?the squeak of a mouse
?rumble:(to make) a deep continuous rolling sound
?The thunder / the big guns rumbled in the distance.
?I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.
?grunt: (of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose were
closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog, or a man making a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom, irritation
?sigh: (to let out) a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness, or satisfaction
?We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done
?groan:(to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despair
?The patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.
?The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it.
?The roof creaked and groaned
under the weight of the snow.
?Personification: a figure that
endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility,
?The Middle Easter bazaar takes
you...
?dancing flashes
?The beam sinks…taut and
protesting
?Hyperbole: a device of
comparison using exaggeration or obvious overstatement for comic or dramatic effect.
?takes you ...hundreds even
thousands of years
?every conceivable
?innumerable lamps
?incredibly young
?with the dust of centuries
lesson 2
●Irony:a figure of speech in which
the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm.
●Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan
●Each day of suffering that helps to free from earthly cares
●congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me
●Anti-Climax:the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.
●a town known throughout the world for its---oysters
●The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.
●Alliteration: the repetition of an
initial sound that is usu. a consonant in two or more neighbouring words.
●slip to a stop
●tested and treated
●Rhetorical Question: a question that needs no answer, but used for emphasis
●Was I not at the scene of the crime?
●Euphemism:the substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasant
●eg:
●He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.
●The boy is a bit slow for his age.
●to go to heaven---dead
●to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, put an end to my life.
●Each day of suffering that helps to
free me from earthly cares
●Metonymy
●...little old Japan adrift amid beige
concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt ●I thought that Hiroshima still felt
the impact.
Metonymy: a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated
●Metonymy can be derived from
various sources:
●a. Names of persons
●Uncle Sam: the USA
●b. Animals
●the bear: the Soviet Union
●the dragon : the Chinese (a fight
between the bear and the dragon)
●c. Parts of the body
●heart: feelings and emotions
●head, brain: wisdom, intelligence,
reason
●She was a girl who excited the
emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
●grey hair: old age
●d. Profession:
●the press: newspapers, reporters
etc.
●He met the press yesterday evening
at the Grand Hotel.
●the bar: the legal profession
●e. location of government, business
etc.
●Downing Street: the British
Government
●the White House: the US president
and his government
●the Capitol Hill: US Congress
●Wall Street: US financial circles
●Hollywood: American filmmaking
industry
Lesson 4
?Parallelism:
–chin on chest, eyes on ground,
feet in shuffle ?Metaphor:
–She washed us in a river
of...burned us... Pressed us ...to
shove us away
–stare down any disaster in her
efforts...
lesson 5
●Metaphor:
●They will be rounded up in hordes.
●I see Russian soldiers standing on
the threshold...
●Means of existence is wrung from
the soil...
●Metaphor:
●cataract of horrors
●rid the earth of his
shadow...liberate people from his yoke
●The scene will be clear for the final act.
●Alliteration:
●dull, drilled, docile...
●for his hearth and home
●with its clanking, heel-clicking...
●Assonance: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive words
●clanking, heel-clicking,…
●cowing and tying ...plodding on like crawling locusts, ...smarting from many a British whipping...
●easier and safer prey
●Repetition:
●We have but one aim and one single purpose
●nothing will turn us---nothing
●We will never parley, we will never negotiate...
●This is our policy and this is our declaration
●as we shall faithfully and steadfastly
●Parallelism:
●The past, with its crimes,
●its follies,
●and its tragedies...
●I see,...I see...
●the return of the bread-winner, ●of their champion,
●of their protector
●We shall fight him by land,
●we shall fight him by sea,
●we shall fight him in the air
●Any man or state...
●Any man or state...
●Let us...
●Let us...
●Noun phrases:
●I had not the slightest doubt where ...
●With great rapidity and violence ●Periodic sentences:
●When I awoke on...invasion of
Russia.
●If Hitler imagines that... woefully
mistaken.
Lesson 6
?M etaphor:
?...the nerves of both ... were excessively frayed…
?h is wife shot him a swift, warning glance.
?T he words spat forth with sudden savagery.
?I’ll spell it out.
?E uphemism:
?...and you took a lady friend.
?M etonymy:
?w on 100 at the tables
?l ost it at the bar
?t hey'll throw the book,...
lesson 9
?Metaphor
?Mark Twain --- Mirror of
America
?saw clearly ahead a black
wall of night...
?main artery of transportation
in the young nation's heart
?the vast basin drained
three-quarters of the settled
United States
?All would resurface in his
books...that he soaked up...
?Hyperbole
?...cruise through eternal
boyhood and ...endless
summer of freedom...
?The cast of characters…--- a
cosmos.
?Personification
?life dealt him profound
personal tragedies...
?the river had acquainted him
with ...
?...to literature's enduring
gratitude...
?Bitterness fed on the man...
?America laughed with him.
?Antithesis
?...between what people claim
to be and what they really
are...
?...took unholy verbal shots at
the Holy Land...
?...a world which will lament
them a day and forget them
forever
?Euphemism
?...men's final release from
earthly struggle
?Alliteration
?...the slow, sleepy,
sluggish-brained sloths stayed
at home
?...with a dash and daring...
?...a recklessness of cost or
consequences...
?Metonymy
?...his pen would prove
mightier than his pickaxe
?Synecdoche
?Keelboats,...carried the first
major commerce.
Lesson 10
Metaphor:
my case would snowball
into...
our town ...had taken on a
circus atmosphere.
The street ...sprouted
with ...
… had not scorched the
infidels...
…after the preliminary
sparring over legalities…
Hyperbole:
The trial that rocked the
world
Transferred epithet
Darrow had whisper
throwing a reassuring arm
round my shoulder.
Antithesis
The Christian believes that
man came from above. The
evolutionist believes that he
must have come from below. Assonance:
when bigots lighted faggots
to burn...
Repetition:
The truth always wins...the
truth...the truth...
Pun:
Darwin is right --- inside. A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words.
a. Words or phrases having two
or more distinct meanings. Homonyms.
For a church outreach visitation program, I was paired with a rather reserved woman. We knocked on one house’s front door. Thinking no one was home, we started to walk away. Just then, a man wrapped in a bath towel, dripping wet, appeared at the upstairs window. “We hope you can visit our church sometime,” my partner called up. “We’d like to see more of you.”
The major was about to address his men when the general came. The general talked to the soldiers and left.
Then the major announced:"
The general had just made a
general speech. Now listen the
major points."
b. words having the same or
almost same sound but differing in form and meaning.
Homophones.
Seven days without water
makes one weak.
Then there was the man in
the restaurant. “You're not
eating your fish,” the waitress
said to him. “Anything wrong
with it?”
“Long time no see (sea),” the man replied.
Oxymoron:formed by conjoining of two contrasting terms.
Malone called my
conviction a "victorious
defeat".
bitter sweet memories
proud humility
orderly chaos
a damned saint
Irony
marching backwards to the
glorious age of the 16th
century
Hiroshima---the liveliest
city in the world
Lesson 11
●Personification:
–The storm...that greeted...
–An article in the Atlantic
viewed it as a
disappointment...
–The Yew York Times, ...felt it
–The Journal ...saw...
●Alliteration:
–...very little light on
Lincoln...on Life
●Assonance:
–The difference between the
much-touted ... and the much
clouted ...
●Synecdoche:
–What of those sheets and jets
of air that are now being used,
in place of old-fashioned oak
and hinges...
●Metonymy
–The Washington Post, ..."keep
Your Old Webster's"
–in short, ...written in the
language that the 3rd
International describes...
●Zeugma: the use of a word to modify or govern 2 or more words usu. in such a manner that it applies to each in different sense or makes sense with only one
–The issue of New York
Times …hail the Second as the
authority… and the Third as a
scandal…
●Zeugma:
–Miss Bolo went home in a
flood of tears and a sedan
chair.
–He lost his hat and his temper.
–To wage war and peace
–With weeping eyes and hearts Lesson 12
?Hyperbole
?…dresses that were always
miles too long.
?…those voices belonged to a
world separated by aeons from
our neat world
?Exaggeration by using numerals:
?1. Thanks a million.
?2. The middle eastern bazaar
takes you back hundreds even
thousands of years.
?3. I see the ten thousand
villages of Russia where the