主语和谓语的一致.
1.主语和谓语的一致关系:
谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致:
Her dreams have come true.
Her dream has come true.
She often arrives at school late.
They often arrive at school late.
It is getting dark.
Eggs are getting scarcer.
I am getting bored.
2.确定主语单复数的三个原则:
2 – 1. 语法上一致的原则:
The boy plays football well.
The boys play football well.
It is bitterly cold.
I am very cold.
2 – 2. 概念上一致的原则:
My family are all early risers. (指家中的全体成员, 有复数含义)
His family has moved into the new house. (指整个家, 用作单数)
Five minutes is enough. (一个时间段, 看作单数)
The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全体船员, 复数)
2 – 3. 邻近词一致的原则:
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.
Either your key or my key is missing.
Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party.
He or I am in the wrong.
-what’s worth visiting there?
-well, there’s the park, the castle and the museum.
3. 主谓一致的具体原则:
3 – 1. 根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式:
单数主语+ 单数谓语; 复数主语+ 复数谓语
The teacher encourages the students to speak freely.
My wages are low, but me taxes are high.
Their house has nine room.
It always pays to give your paper one final check.
在“主语+系词+表语结构”中, 系动词要与主语的数保持一致, 不受其表语的影响.
Their greatest concern is the children.
The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us.
What we need most is books.
Paul is friends with bill.
在“单数名词(主语)+(together)with+名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致, 这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用, 而非主语的一部分.
短语:
Along with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, as much as, no less than, including, besides, except, but, like.
The factory with all its equipment has been burnt.
You as well as I are wrong.
The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight.
An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.
The teacher, as much as the parents, is to blame for the accident.
Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife, is arriving tonight.
3 – 2 主语含有and时的谓语形式:
“单数名词+ and + 单数名词”作主语, 谓语动词用复数.
Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three R’s.
Joe and Bob are smart.
He and I are good friends.
The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.
如果由and 所连接的并列主语指的是同一个人或物事, 谓语动词用单数.
The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life.
A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall.
A / The + 单数名词人+ and + 单数名词人+ 单数谓语
指同一个人身兼两种职务.
A / The + 单数名词人+ and + a/the + 单数名词+ 复数谓语
指不同职务的两个人.
The conductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of people.
The conductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people.
一下已被看成一个整体, 因而做主语时, 谓语动词用单数.
Knife and fork, needle and thread, a cup and saucer, a horse and carriage, trial and error, law and order, etc.
Law and order has been established.
Bread and butter is our daily food.
Fish and chips is a popular fast food.
The stars and stripes is the natioanl flag of USA.
The sum and substance of the speech was antiwar.
主语为“every / each + 单数名词+ and + (every / each +) 单数名词”时, 谓语用单数.
Every man, woman, and child needs love.
Each boy and girl was given a book.
Each book and each paper is held in place.
Every minute and every second is precious.
主语为“形容词+ and + 形容词+ 不可数名词或复数可数名词”, 并且是涉及到该名词的品种或类别时, 谓语动词用复数.
Chinese and british beer are served at the pub.
Cooling draft beer is served at the pub.
Clever and dull students are treated alike.
There is a black and white picture on the wall.
当“both … and ”连接两个单数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用复数.
Both his brother and sister are married.
Both whales and dolphins are mammals.
3 – 3 根据邻近词一致的原则确定谓语形式:
用or 连接两个名(代)词作主语时, 依据“邻近原则”确定谓语形式.
George or Tom is wanted.
George or I am wrong.
Were you or he there?
用either … or 连接连个名代词作主语时, 邻近原则.
Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad results.
Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy.
Not only … but also …; not … but …连接两个名代词作主语时, 邻近原则.
Not only Mary but also John was invited to the party.
Not the students but their teacher is invited to the party.
3 –
4 谓语用单数形式的情况:
动名词, 动词不定式或主语从句作主语.
Reasing is a great pleasure in life.
To live means to creat.
That we need more time is obvious.
数词或“数词+ 复数名词(表示时间, 距离, 金额, 重量, 大小, 体积等)”作主语.
Eight hours of sleep is enough.
Five is an odd number.
A hundred miles is quite a drive, isn’t it?
Five tons is a heavy load.
Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.
复数形式的专有名词作主语.
The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands.
The United Nations has its head quarters in New York City.
The Times has a large circulation.
“many a / more than one + 单数名词”作主语.
Many a little makes a mickle.
Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.
More than on grammatical mistakes was found in his composition.
表示群意义的词组, 如: a flock of birds, a pack of dogs, a pride of lions, a herd of cattle, a school of fish 作主语.
A flock of birds is circling overhead.
The herd of cattle is breaking away.
3 – 5 谓语用复数形式的情况:
trousers, pants, pyjamas, shorts, pliers, scissors, pincer, tongs, glasses, spectacles, tights, compasses等;
一般都用复数形式, 但当这些词前面有单数量词时, 谓语动词常用单数形式. Where are my scissors?
There is a pair of scissors on the table.
有些集合名词作主语时, 要用复数形式的谓语.
Sheep, Cattle, Police, Poultry, militia, people等;
Cattle feed on grass.
The police are looking into the matter.
“S everal / (a) few / both / many + (of+) 复数可数名词或上述词”单独用作主语时, 谓语用复数形式.
Several of you need to work harder.
Several have already written to me.
3 – 6 谓语用单复数皆可的情况:
有些名词形式上是复数, 但做主语, 谓语多用单数, 也可以用复数形式. Means, works, tidings, headquarter等;
The firm’s headquarters are / is in London.
The good tiding come / comes too late.
There is / are no means of finding out what happened.
The steel works is / are closed for the holiday.
数词组成的数学算式作主语, 谓语单复亦可:
Two and three is/are five.
Twice two make/makes four.
一些复数形式疾病名称作主语, 通常用单数, 复数也可以.
The measles is an infectious illness.
Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults.
3 – 7 不定代词作主语时的谓语形式:
由any, some, no, every 与body, one, thing 构成的不定代词作主语或主语的一部分, 谓语用单数.
Somebody, anyone, nothing, everyone等;
Everybody is doing his best.
There is nothing you can do to help.
There’s something interesting in the newspaper.
“each, each + 单数可数名词; each of + 复数名词”作主语时, 谓语用单数形式. Each arrives on time.
Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour.
Each boy has tried twice.
Each 位于复数主语之后, 不影响主语的数, e.g. The boys each have an apple. Either, neither 作主语或主语一部分时, 谓语用单数形式:
Either is acceptable.
Either one is good enough for me.
Is/are either of them a doctor?
Neither is/are to blame.
Neither answer is correct.
Neither of us wants/want to do it.
注意, neither, either of 和neither of 等用于否定或疑问句时, 特别在口语中, 也可以跟复数谓语.
All, some, more, most 作主语或主语一部分时
上述+ 不可数名词作主语, 谓语用单数;
上述+ 复数可数名词作主语, 谓语用复数形式;
All hope has gone.
Some money was spent on books.
All roads lead to Rome.
Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian.
All is going well.
There’s some in the pot.
The most you can hope for is five dollars.
All are agreed on this point.
Some are wise and some are otherwise.
Many people support the proposal, but more are against it.
All, some, more, most 与of 连用时:
同样原则;
All of this is yours.
Some of the book is good.
Some of the food has been eaten, but not all of it.
Most of his writing is rubbish.
Most of the books on that shelf are in English, and the rest are in Russian or French. None 作主语或主语一部分时:
-Is there any milk in the cup?
-No, there is none.
None have arrived.
None has returned from the meeting.
“N one of + 名词”作主语:
None of us is perfect.
None of the guests want to stay.
None of this money is yours.
None of these suggestions is/are very helpful.
Any 用作主语或主语一部分:
Any is better than none.
Any is good enough for me.
Give me some if there are/is any.
If there is any trouble, let me know.
Any child wants to know that.
There are scarcely any flowers in the garden.
Any of these authorities are/is reliable.
I don’t think any of us want/wants to work tomorrow.
Is there any more of this stuff?
Half 用作主语或主语一部分:
Half was damaged.
Half are here.
I broke the chocolate into halves, and here’s your half.
Half his time was wasted.
Half the soldiers were killed.
Half my class has/have obtained driver’s licenses.
Half of the apple was rotten.
Half of the time was spent in the country.
Half of the fruit is bad.
Half of my class has/have obtained driver’s licenses.
Half of them are here.
Half of the plums are bad.
Enough 作主语或主语的一部分:
Enough has been said on this matter.
Enough are here to constitute a quorum.
There is enough food for everybody.
There are enough players for a game.
3 – 8 表示数量的短语作主语时的谓语形式:
A lot of, lots of, plenty of, the percentage of, 分数词+ of, a quantity of, quantities of 作主语的一部分时:
Two-fifths of the money is mine.
Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.
There was quantities of rain this fall.
Lots of my friends are here.
There were a quantity of people in the hall.
A great deal of, an amount of, (a) little of, much of 与不可数名词连用时, 谓语用单数:
Much of that furniture is uncomfortable.
Little of the equipment was standardized.
There is a limited amount of oil in the world.
A good many, a great many, a number of 与复数可数名词连用, 谓语用复数. There were a great (good) many people in the park.
A number of students were absent.
“the number of + 复数名词+ 单数谓语”, 因为the number of 的词义为“…的数目”, 如the number of days in a week is seven.
3 – 9 there be 句型中的谓语形式:
There be 句型中, be 的形式通常取决于be后的主语的数;
There aren’t any letters in the mail for you today.
There isn’t any mail for you today.
There’re some good programs on TV.
非正式英语中, 如果there be 后是由and 连接的并列主语, 可以用复数谓语, 也可以依据邻近词一致的原则来确定谓语形式.
There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.
There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk.
3 – 10 需经判断来确定句子的谓语形式:
1.集合名词作主语
如果集合名词被看作是一个整体, 或一个组织, 谓语动词用单数形式
The graduating class is in the laboratory.
The audience was rather small.
A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.
如果着重其各组成部分或成员的行动, 谓语用复数形式.
The class were all cheerful.
The audience were excited by his speech.
The team were talking over some new plays.
常用集合名词:
Army, audience, club, class, committee, crew, faculty, troop, group, organization, government, jury, public, school, staff, team 等;
2.物主代词作主语
Mine is a new bike.
Theirs are old bikes.
3.“the + 形容词”作主语
指人时, 谓语用复数
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
The good are well rewarded, and the bad are punished.
The old are a part of the society.
指抽象概念时, 谓语用单数
The old gives place to the new.
The beautiful exists in contrast with the ugly.
4.以–ics 结尾的学科名词作主语
一些这样的词作学科名称时, 谓语用单数
Physics was his major.
Mathematics is her strongest subject.
Strategy wins wars, tactics wins battles.
这样的名词作普通名词, 谓语用复数
What are the economics of the project?
The latest statistics tell the truth of facts.
Your mathematics are not so good.
Politics [单数]政治学[复数]政治活动或手腕
Statistics 统计学统计数字或资料
Tactics 兵法, 战术策略, 手法
Acoustics 声学建筑物的传声性
Economics 经济学经济因素或财务上的考虑An army commander must be skilled in tactics.
These tactics are unlikely to help you.
Statistics is a branch of mathematics.
These statistics show that there are 57 deaths per 1000 children born.
Acoustics is taught in this college.
The acoustics of the theatre are very good.
5.What / which / who 等疑问代词作主语或主语一部分
Which is your favourite subject?
Which are your favourite subjects?
Who is the woman in the black hat?
Who are the men in white coats?
What she said is true.
What she left me are a few old books.
主语与谓语动词的一致 江苏沛县湖西中学鹿俊先 221611 英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化，这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致，简称主谓一致。 在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外，其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es，其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言，主谓一致问题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问题可依照不同的原则，即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。 1．语法一致，即主语为单数，就使用单数形式的动词，主语为复数，就使用复数形式的动词。 1．1．单数及复数名词的辨别。 某些名词单数词尾，却用作复数，如：people (人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。 People have the right to defend themselves. The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl. The poultry have been fed. 某些名词复数词尾，却常用作单数，如：news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。
Mathematics / Maths（数学学科）is the science of pure quantity. (Her mathematics / maths（数学能力）are / is rather shaky.) The news is favourable this morning. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是单数词尾，如：fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。 In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat. A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born. Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born. 某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是复数词尾，如：means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。 All means have been tried. Every means has been tried. 1．2．避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。 容易产生干扰的同位语：each, one of…, like …, such as…, including…, especially…, particularly…, for example,…等。 Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time. Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths. We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)
谓语动词单复数用法: 主谓一致是指： 1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。 2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。 3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语， 一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。 There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 1 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 Reading and writing are very important. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 2 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。 Either you or she is to go. Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 3 谓语动词与前面的主语一致 当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 4 谓语需用单数 1）代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜谭>>是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 3）表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
主语和谓语的一致. 1.主语和谓语的一致关系: 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致: Her dreams have come true. Her dream has come true. She often arrives at school late. They often arrive at school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are getting scarcer. I am getting bored. 2.确定主语单复数的三个原则: 2 – 1. 语法上一致的原则: The boy plays football well. The boys play football well. It is bitterly cold. I am very cold. 2 – 2. 概念上一致的原则: My family are all early risers. (指家中的全体成员, 有复数含义) His family has moved into the new house. (指整个家, 用作单数) Five minutes is enough. (一个时间段, 看作单数) The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全体船员, 复数) 2 – 3. 邻近词一致的原则: Neither he nor they are wholly right. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather. Either your key or my key is missing. Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party. He or I am in the wrong. -what’s worth visiting there?
?主语和谓语保持一致叫主谓一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单、复数形式的变化而变化。 ?主谓一致原则: 1、语法上的一致 所谓语法一致原则，即主语和谓语的语法形式在人称和数上取得一致。 谓语的单、复数形式依据主语的单、复数形式而定：主语为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语为单数或者是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。 China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。 We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来。 使用语法一致的情况 （1）当主语是and，both…and连接的并列结构 如果主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或物，则谓语动词用复数。 My mother and I have seen the film. 我妈妈和我已看过这部电影。 Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. 在中国的这个地方既种稻子又种小麦。 注意：由and连接的并列主语前面分别有each，every，no修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。 Every boy and every girl has to receive education in our country. 在我国每一个男女孩子都得受教育。 No student and no teacher was invited to the party. 师生没有被邀请参加晚会。 （2）主语后面接说明主语的修饰语 主语后面接说明主语的修饰语如：
with，along with，together with，as well as，like，rather than，but，except，besides，including，in addition to， 谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。 The teacher with two students was at the meeting. 那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. 这个姑娘和男孩子一道，也学会了开汽车。 A library with five thousand books is offered to the nation as a gift.一个有5000册书的图书馆作为礼物赠送给了国家。 E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.电邮和电话在日常的通信中起着很重要的作用。 Nobody but Jane knows the secret.只有简知道这个秘密。 All but one were here just now. 刚才除了一个人外都来了。 （3）非谓语动词或从句作主语 非谓语动词(动词的-ing形式、不定式)或从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.什么时候在什么地方建新工厂还没定下来。 Checking information is very important. 核实事实是非常重要的。 To learn foreign languages is not easy. 学习外语并非易事。 When we will hold the meeting is not decided yet. 我们何时开会尚未决定。 注意：当what引导主语从句或由and连接两个动词不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词的数应根据意义一致的原则来决定。 What we need here is money．我们这里需要的是资金。
谓语动词和非谓语动词及各种句型的判断 一．意义 谓语动词和非谓语动词在高中英语教和学中具有重要意义，主要表现在写作，语法填空和阅读长难句判断中。 例如：典型例子：1.There are many people stand at the gate. Standing 的误用 2.After luckily _______(succeed) in the national college entrance examination, I realized my dream again. 3.He has two children, both of ________ are doctors. 4. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____46___(stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept ____47___(ride). 5. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___42____ some of them looked very anxious and ___43__(disappoint) 6. Maybe you leave a habit __67__ is driving your family crazy. 英语句子的标志：首字母大写，和结尾用句号。T here is a purse on the ground. P rofessor Mayer, recognized by many as a leading expert in the study of changes to people's EQs, recently announced the results of a study on school students. M iss Mary teaches us English. （teaches 动词作谓语） M r.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. a，在一个句子中，若只有一个动词，则此动词一定为谓语，若有两个及两个以上动词，就会出现两种情况：1. 两动词都是谓语动词形式，此时两个谓语动词之间必有连词，或并列连词，或从属连词；2. 两动词中必有非谓语，此时两动词之间没有连词。 例如： The novel written by him is very popular. The novel which was written by him is very popular. There is a purse that is lying on the ground. There is a purse lying on the ground. Our coming made him happy. 因此，判断一个句子中谓语与非谓语，带连词与不带连词的方法是：先找句子中的动词，根据连词判断所找到的动词是谓语还是非谓语；或者根据所找的动词的谓语非谓语动词形式判断需要或不需要用连词. 总之，一般句子只要有两个及以上谓语动词形式，必然有连词。反之亦然，只要有连词连接两个动词，必然有谓语动词。 理解这一点对于理解下列句子很有帮助： He has two children, both of __whom__ are doctors. =He has two children, and both of __them__ are doctors. =He has two children, both of __them_ doctors. Our coming made him happy. (简单句。句中两个动词，come和make，谓语动词为make，没有连词连接make和come，所以come用非谓语动词形式) =We had come and that made him happy.（make和come都用了谓语动词形式，有连词and，并列句）
主谓一致 主谓一致指句子中的主语和谓语在人称和数等方面应保持一致。英语中主谓一致的具体应用比较复杂，高考试卷中主谓一致的基本情况可以以下述三条原则为主线进行系统地把握。 （一）主谓一致的原则一：语法一致原则 语法一致原则是指句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致，即通常情况下，谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定，主语为单数形式时谓语动词用单数形式，主语为复数形式时谓语动词也用复数形式。 例如：He is reading an English book. 他在看一本英语书。 1.可以通过下面的主谓一致一般搭配总表把握语法一致原则： 一般现在时中实义动词作谓语 第一人称单数 I am was do have shall should动词原形 第一人称复数 We are were do have shall should动词原形 第二人称单或复数 you are were do have will would动词原形 第三人称单数 He, she, it, 单数名词 is was does has will would动词原形+-s词尾 第三人称复数 they及复数名词 are were do have will would动词原形 2.掌握主谓一致考点中的语法一致原则，要注意两个特殊问题： (1)主语前、后加修饰语时的主谓一致问题。主语的修饰语对主语和谓语之间的关系一般不起影响，尤其在主语后接as well as, with, along with, together with, rather than, except, but, including, besides, in addition to, added to, like, rather than, more than, no less than等插入语时，谓语仍须与主语本身保持一致。 例如：Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party. 汤姆以及他的两位同学一起被邀请参加了晚会 A woman with Mary is coming to the hospital. 一个妇女跟同玛丽正向医院走来。 Nobody, except his most intimate friends, knows of it. 除了他最要好的朋友外，没人知道这件事。 (2)以“and”或“both... and... ”连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题。当主语是由“and”或“both... and...”连接的并列结构时，如果该并列主语指的是两个或两个以上的人或事物，谓语动词用复数形式；如果该并列主语指的是“同一个”人或事物(常以and后的名词前没有冠词为标志)，谓语动词需用单数形式。 例如：What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。 The worker and writer has come. 这位工人作家来了。 A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了针线(穿了线的针)。 Truth and honesty is the best policy. 真诚是最好的策略。 注意：对于由and连接的并列主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词通常仍要用单数形式。例如：Each boy and each girl was congratulated. 每个男孩和女孩都受到了祝贺。 Every hour and every minute is important. 每时每刻都是重要的。 Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting. 许多男孩和女孩都看了这幅油画。 No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物。 No teacher and no student is admitted. 师生一律不得入内。 （二）主谓一致的原则二：意义一致原则
谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别 首先你要明白在一个英语的单句中只有一个谓语，那么你就要学会怎样划分英语句子中的结构。 先说下什么是单句，单句就是只有一个完整句子结构（句号才是整个句子结束的标志）的句子，没有连词和引导词（像and，what，where，这些的词都没有）。具体的单句结构（五个）就不用我说吧。 eg： ①I love my mother.就是一个单句。 ②English is my best subject which i like.这就是一个复合句（which引导的限制性定语从句），在主语中，english是主语，is是系动词，my best subject 是表语。在从句中（引导词后边的是从句），which作宾语指代subject（subject 是从句的先行词），I作主语，like在这里是行为动词（vt.）作谓语。 给你一个划分简单句结构的例子： eg：I like playing basketball. 这个句子中，I是主语，like是谓语，playing basketball是动名词做宾语，在宾语中playing是非谓语动词，因为我刚刚说过了，一个单句中只有一个谓语，所以like做了谓语，playing就一定是非谓语动词了。
现在和你说下最简单的分辨谓语和非谓语的方法：划分句子的结构。 每个句子首先找到主语，然后是谓语，谓语一般都会和主语靠近（有特殊的情况），那么除去谓语之外的其他动词，都是非谓语动词了。 谓语动词：有以下几种分类 ①行为动词：行为动词又可分为及物（vt.）与不及物（vi.） 那么vi.和vt.的区别可以通过造句的方式来确定。 及物动词：可直接接宾语。(如果不接宾语，那么句意会不完整） 不及物动词：不可以直接接宾语，需借用介词。 eg： I go to school by bus.（go不及物动词，但是和home连接时为go home）He drinks water.（drink是及物动词，中文翻译为他喝水，如果没有宾语water，就成了他喝，那他喝什么呢？句意就不完整了。） ②系动词：be动词（is，am，are，were，was）表主语状态，感官动词（hear，look，listen，tast，sound，appear，seem等），持续性动词（keep，stay，lie，remind等），变化动词（become，go，get，turn等）... ③情态动词：could，should，can，must，may等。
主语和谓语的一致 1. 主语和谓语的一致关系： 谓语要与主语在人称和数上保持一致： Her dreams_have_come true. Her dream_has_come true. She often arrives_at_school late. They often arrive_at_school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are gett ing scarcer. 1 a m gett ing bored. 2. 确定主语单复数的三个原则： 2 -1.语法上一致的原则： The boy_plays_football well. The boys_play_football well. It_is_bitterly cold. I_am_ very cold. 2 -2.概念上一致的原则： My family_are_all_early risers.（指家中的全体成员,有复数含义）His family_has_moved_into the new house.（指整个家, 用作单数）Five_minutes_is_enough.（一个时间段,看作单数） The_crew_are_waiting for instructions from the captain.（指全体船员， 复数） 2 -3.邻近词一致的原则： Neither he no r_they_are_wholly right.
Neither Tomnor the_ Brow ns enjo y_ their journey to Beiji ng owi ng to the bad weather. Either your key or my key _i s_miss ing. Not only but_also_their_teacher_has_participated in the party. He or l_am_in the wrong. -what 'worth visiting there? -well, there 'the park, the castle and the museum. 3. 主谓一致的具体原则： 3 -1.根据语法一致的原则确定谓语形式： 单数主语+单数谓语；复数主语+复数谓语 The_teacher_e ncourages_the stude nts to speak freely. My_wages_are low, but me taxes_are_high. Their_house_has _nine room. It_always_pays_to_ give your paper one final check. 在主语+系词+表语结构”中，系动词要与主语的数保持一致，不受其表语的影响. Their greatest con cern_is_the_childre n. The most appreciated gift was the clothes_that_you sent us. What we n eed most is_books._ Paul _is_friends_with bill. 在单数名词(主语)+(together)with+ 名词”结构中谓语只与主语保持一致, 这是因为上述短语只起修饰主语的作用，而非主语的一部分. 短语： Along with, as well as, in additi on to, accompa nied by, rather tha n, as much as, no less tha n, in clud ing, besides, except, but, like. The_factory_with all its equipme nt has bee n bur nt. You as well as I are wrong.
【精品】非谓语动词总结以及易错点 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．Tom made a small cage _____ the little injured bird till it could fly. A．keep B．kept C．keeping D．to keep 【答案】D 【解析】 考查动词不定式。句意：Tom为了养这只受伤的小鸟做了一个漂亮的笼子，直到它会飞。此题根据句意和句型结构推知此处keep应该表示目的；在英语中，表示目的的动词应该使用动词不定式即to do sth。故选D。 2． He is thought ___foolishly .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. A．to act B． to have acted C． acting D．having acted 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：句型“有人认为..已....”可用It is thought/ believed/ ...that sb have/has done...结构。从句中的动作发生在主句动作之前。该结构可转化为sb is thought/believed +不定式的完成式。如： It is reported that Cheng Yifei died several days ago. The news reports that Cheng Yifei died several days ago. Cheng Yifei is reported to have died several days ago. 因此B选项正确。 句意为“ 有人认为他已做了一件傻事。现在应怪他自己丢掉这份工作。” 考点：考查动词非谓语形式。 3．(天津) The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, ________ more patients to be treated. A．being allowed B．allowing C．having allowed D．allowed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：近期这个医院购进了新的医疗设备，允许更多的病人被治疗。前句购进医疗设备和后面允许更多的病人被治疗之间是必然的结果关系，用doing即现在分词作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。A. being allowed表示被动且正在进行；C. having allowed 强调先于谓语动词发生；D. allowed表示被动且完成，故选B。 【点睛】 判断非谓语动词的形式的第一步是分析句子成分，看是用谓语动词还是非谓语动词，确定了是非谓语动词，还要判断非谓语动词的成分，和这个动词和逻辑主语的关系。
当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be，常省略从句的主语和be 动词. 省略的条件: (1)从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致,或者是it；(2)谓语动词必须含有be；(3)从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去，不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语，也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。 1. 由when/while/as/once/whenever/as soon as引导的时间状语从句 例：Please come here as soon as（it is）possible. While （I was——walking in the rain, I heard my name called. 我在雨中漫步时，听到有人叫我的名字。 由if/unless引导的条件状语从句例：She won’t come to party unless（she is）invited.由though/although/even if/even though引导的让步状语从句 例：He is very good at painting, though（he is）very young. T hough（he was）exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪，他仍很晚才睡。由because引导的原因状语从句 例：He was praised because （he was）brave. 5. 由wherever/where引导的地点状语从句 例：Fill in the blanks with articles where（it is）necessary. 从句和主句中相同或大体相同部分都可以省略 例：The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 She is as tall as I. 她和我一样高。 由as if/as though/as 引导的方式状语从句 例：The boy looked as if（he was）afraid of nothing. I wonder why he didn’t do as（he was）told to. 比较状语从句省略相同的部分： 例：She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties. He has lived here longer than I (has lived). In winter it is colder in Beijing than（it is）in Guangzhou.
动词的形式-----谓语动词和非谓语动词 突破点（一）--如何确定非谓语动词还是谓语动词 若句中找不到谓语，则所给动词就作谓语 (1)一个句子无论是主句还是从句，必须要有谓语，一般，空格所在的句子中无其他动词，那么这个空就应该填谓语动词。谓语动词要考虑时态语态主谓一致等。例如2016全国Then, handle the most important tasks so you will feel a real sense of achievement .Leave the less important things until tomorrow ---63 (be) often acceptable. 分析：该句中主语为动名词leaving -----,故所给动词作谓语，谓语动词为第三人称单数形式，且根据语境知时态为一般现在时故填is 例二2016四川高考The giant panda ---61 (love) by people through the world. 分析：句中没有谓语故空格处应该做谓语。大熊猫为世界各地人们所喜爱是个客观事实，应用一般现在时，且panda 与love 间是被动关系，用被动语态故填is loved (2)若句中找到了谓语动词，而又找不到连词（并列连词或从句连词）时，则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。非谓语动词需要确定是vIng形式，Ved 形式还是不定式。 例1 2016全国Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal-----43 (create) special designs. 分析:本句已有谓语动词combine 且空处不作并列谓语，故应填非谓语动词，此处为不定式作目的状语故填to create 例二2016 全国My ambassadorial duties will include ----67(introduce) British visitors to the 120 plus panda at Chengdu and others at a research center in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. 分析：句中已有谓语动词include 且无其他连词，故空处应填非谓语动词。Include 及物动词其后加名词或动名词作宾语再结合提示Introduce和空后的名词visitors ,此处应用动名词作宾语故填introducing.
v1.0 可编辑可修改 当主句的主语和从句的主语一致时且谓语动词为be，常省略从句的主语和be动词. 省略的条件: (1)从句中被省略的主语必须与主句的主语一致,或者是it；(2)谓语动词必须含有be；(3)从句必须与主语和be动词一起省去，不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语，也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。 1. 由when/while/as/once/whenever/as soon as引导的时间状语从句 例：Please come here as soon as（it is）possible. While （I was——walking in the rain, I heard my name called. 我在雨中漫步时，听到有人叫我的名字。 2.由if/unless引导的条件状语从句例：She won’t come to party unless（she is）invited. 3.由though/although/even if/even though引导的让步状语从句 例：He is very good at painting, though（he is）very young. T hough（he was）exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪，他仍很晚才睡。4.由because引导的原因状语从句 例：He was praised because （he was）brave. 5. 由wherever/where引导的地点状语从句 例：Fill in the blanks with articles where（it is）necessary. 6.从句和主句中相同或大体相同部分都可以省略 例：The sooner, the better. 越早越好。 She is as tall as I. 她和我一样高。 7.由as if/as though/as 引导的方式状语从句 例：The boy looked as if（he was）afraid of nothing. I wonder why he didn’t do as（he was）told to. 8.比较状语从句省略相同的部分： 例：She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties. He has lived here longer than I (has lived). In winter it is colder in Beijing than（it is）in Guangzhou. 1
非谓语动词①一个句子常不能出现两个做谓语的动词②非谓语动词即在句中不做谓语,但却具有部分动词的性质(接宾语或表语) ③分类时间意义 不定式后时性表将来一次性动作 也称动词动名词泛时性概念性 v-ing形式现在分词也称动词现时性主动意义 过去分词分词形式完成性被动意义 一、动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式：not + (to) do ; 完成式to have done；进行式; to be doing; 1, 不定式的句法功能：(1)作主语: 常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后 ￥ 常用句式有：①It+be+名词+to do; ②It takes sb. + some time +to do; ③It + be+ 形容词+ of sb.(人的品质) / for sb. + to do; It is very hard for us to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. It is careless of you to make such a silly mistake. It’s necessary for you to treasure the time. (2)作表语：Her job is to clean the hall. He appears to have caught a cold. (3)作宾语：如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面 Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. We think it important to study hard. · 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. He asked me what to do next. (4)作宾语补足语：He tells me to study hard. He asked me to sit down. (5)作定语：被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only等限定词时候，只能用不定式。 He is always the first to come and the last to go. What’s the next to do She is the only girl to take part in the party. I have a meeting to attend. He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. (6)作状语：①表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 》 ②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果、意料之外)：常放在never, only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. I visited him only to find him out. The prisoner breaks prison two times, only to be caught. ③表原因：They were very sad to hear the news. 2, 不定式的省略：If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 3, 不定式的并列：He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 二、动名词: 为名词的一种。1．形式: Ving；否定式；被动式：完成式：完成被动式；复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词2．动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. Collecting stamps is interesting. } （2）作表语:In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. （3）作宾语: They haven't finished building the dam. （4）作定语：He can't walk without a walking-stick. Is there a swimming pool in your school （5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．