2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语一试题
跨考教育英语教研室
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .
He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.
Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .
1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers
2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external
3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment
4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all
5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless
6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for
7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless
8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test
9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success
10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified
11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息
12.[A] inspired [B]expressed
[C] conducted [D] secured 13.[A] assigned [B]rated
[C] matched [D] arranged 14.[A] put [B]got
[C]gave [D] took 15.[A]instead [B]then
[C] ever [D] rather 16.[A]selected [B]passed
[C] marked [D] introduced 17.[A]before [B] after
[C] above [D] below 18.[A] jump [B] float
[C] drop [D] fluctuate 19.[A]achieve [B]undo
[C] maintain [D]disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions ：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep , scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to d epartment stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.
This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with fever ish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of ―fast fashion‖. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, a nd Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnround s mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style -conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal —— meant to last only a wash or two, although the y don’t advertise that ——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry lo ng accustomed to a seasonal pace.
The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, orde r in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.
Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Polla n’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet i s non-durable, and wasteful,‖ Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year ——about 64 items per person ——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.
Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes ——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it to ok Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.
Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the envi
ronment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-c hange can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates o f sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.
21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her
[A] poor bargaining skill.
[B] insensitivity to fashion.
[C] obsession with high fashion.
[D]lack of imagination.
22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to
[A] combat unnecessary waste.
[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.
[C] resist the influence of advertisements.
[D] shop for their garments more frequently.
23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to
[A] accusation.
[B] enthusiasm.
[C] indifference.
[D] tolerance.
24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.
[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.
[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.
[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.
25. What is the subject of the text?
[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.
[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.
[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.
[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.
Text 2
An old saw has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behavioural‖ ads at those most likely to buy.
In the past couple of weeks three deals and a quarrel have illustrated the value to advertisers (and their suppliers of software) of such fine-grained information. Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission p roposed adding a ―do not track‖ (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.
On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息 Windows 8, a new incarnation of the software firm's operating system, would have DNT as a default.
Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. ―They'll get less m eaningful, less targeted ads.‖
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies (including Twitter) have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rile Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: ―We believe consumers should have more control.‖ Could it really be that sim ple?
26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioural‖ ads help advertisers to:
[A] ease competition among themselves
[B] lower their operational costs
[C] avoid complaints from consumers
[D]provide better online services
27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:
[A] online advertisers
[B] e-commerce conductors
[C] digital information analysis
[D]internet browser developers
28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
[A] many cut the number of junk ads
[B] fails to affect the ad industry
[C] will not benefit consumers
[D] goes against human nature
29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?
[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose
[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT
[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers
[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads
30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:
[A] indulgence
[B] understanding
[C] appreciation
[D] skepticism
Text 3
Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.
Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."
So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .
Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.
This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.
31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by
[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment
[B] our faith in science and technology
[C] our awareness of potential risks
[D] our belief in equal opportunity
32. The IUCN’s ―Red List‖ suggest that human being are
[A] a sustained species
[B] a threaten to the environment
[C] the world’s dominant power
[D] a misplaced race
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息 33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?
[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.
[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.
[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.
[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.
34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to
[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources
[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world
[C] draw on our experience from the past
[D] curb our ambition to reshape history
35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A] Uncertainty about Our Future
[B] Evolution of the Human Species
[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind
[D] Science, Technology and Humanity
Text 4
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court k nocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday -a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power bet ween the federal government and the states.
In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization "and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.
Jus tice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had t hus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal -state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.
The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as "a shocking assertion of federal executive power". The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.
Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is
among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state shou ld be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they
[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.
[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.
37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?
[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.
[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.
[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts
[A] violated the Constitution.
[B] undermined the states’ int erests.
[C] supported the federal statute.
[D] stood in favor of the states.
39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement
[A] outweighs that held by the states.
[B] is dependent on the states’ support.
[C] is established by federal statutes.
[D] rarely goes against state laws.
40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?
[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
Part B: (10 points)
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息 Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)_____________Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(42)_____________This is a shame —the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords ―environmental changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)__________________
When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)__________________this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)_____________That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.
[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.
[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .
[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
Section III Translation
46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a ―still point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life－assuming uncanny representational forms.
Section III Writing
Party A
51 Directions:
Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.
You should include the details you think necessary.
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2155
精勤求学 自强不息 You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52 Directions:
Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
英语一试题详解
跨考教育 英语教研室
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or
D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
答案：
1-5:
ADCAB
6-10: BADDA
11-15: DCBDB
16-20: CACBC
答案详解：
2013年的完型填空是一篇选自《经济学人》名为A Question of Judgment的文章。讲述的是有关判断的问题。这类文章出现在今年的考研真题中，符合考研英语历年的出题形式。但是考生在没有掌握单词基本知识和解题技巧的情况下也会感到很困难。
相较于2012年的完型来说，今年的考题适中。考查的词汇部分涉及到名词、动词、形容词和介词。其中，动词考查的频率最高，占完型部分考题的35%。第4、7、15和17题考察了逻辑连接题，占完型题目的20%。考生要在掌握上下文结构的基础上准确完成这类考题。其次，在文章考查点里有两处涉及到了后置定语的语法知识，即第5和第10题。一处是形容词加介词构成后置定语，一处是过去分词作后置定语，而这两点在跨考一阶的讲义中，各位语法老师已经跟考生们专门讲解过。后期陆陆续续的阅读和写作课里，也是反复提到的语法点。
遵循以往完型填空的结构形式，今年的考题仍然秉承了总分的结构。第一段引出话题并介绍Dr. Simonsohn 的观点。第二、三、四段具体介绍了Dr. Simonsohn为证明理论采取的实验以及最后的发现。而且在文章第一句话就给出了整篇文章的中心主线—People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.
总之2013年的考题在日常强调的“单词加技巧等于高分”的解题方式下，定会被迎刃而解。
1.[标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 本题考查动词。根据上下文意思，首先可以排除[B]和[D]。这句话中that 引导一个定语从句，主要是说这一优势赋予了一种特定的能力。[C]中transmit 为传播，不符合上下文意思。
2.[标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 上下文语义
[选项分析] which are unbiased 这个定语从句做插入语修饰judgment。这句话的意思是“通过XXX因素作出公正判决的能力”，由此可以排除[A] 和[B]。做这一题时，我们需要理解第一句话，给我们提供了一个大的背景和条件。第一句话说“人们不擅长利用背景信息作决定”，所以可以推出这儿并不是“通过关键信息”来做出公正的判决，而是通过其它一些信息，如外部的信息，作出判决。根据上下文意思，可以推出[D] 为正确答案。
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息 3. [标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配
[选项分析] big picture 是一个固定搭配，指（事情的）主要部分；重点，故选[A]。其它词语与big 搭配，均没有这层意思。
4. [标准答案] [A]
[考点分析] 逻辑衔接题
[选项分析] 根据上下文的逻辑关系判断，在提出一个观点之后，接下来就是进行例证。选项中只有[A] 表示“例如”，符合这一逻辑关系，故选[A]。[B]表示“平均”的意思；[C]为“大体上，原则上”；[D] 为“首先”，均不符合。
5. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和词汇辨析
[选项分析] 这四个选项均可以与介词 of 搭配，[A] 表示“喜欢”， [B] 表示“害怕，恐怕”， [C] 表示“能够，具有…能力”， [D] 表示“轻率的，考虑不周的”。of 后面的短语作 judge 的定语，这句话意思是“XXX 地显得对犯罪太过软弱的法官可能更倾向于给被告作出判刑的判决”。根据上下文的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。而“显得对犯罪太过软弱”显然不是某种能力，故可以排除[C] 选项。根据上下文意思，害怕显得过于软弱的法官，才会更倾向于作出较严厉的判决。故选[B]。
6. [标准答案] [B]
[考点分析] 介词搭配
[选项分析] soft on sb/sth 是一个固定搭配词组，表示“对某人/某事态度偏软，不够严厉”的意思，故选[B]。
7．标准答案A
考点分析 逻辑衔接题
选项分析 前半句含义是“一个担心自己会犯罪行为上表现的过分软弱的法官可能会判人入狱”，后半句含义是“当天他已经判五到六个人缓刑”两句间的逻辑关系明显为假设。A if 表示假设“如果”。B until “直到。。。才。。。”。C though “然而”，表转折。D unless “除非”，表让步。前半句是结果主句，后半句是一个假设条件，所以选C
8．标准答案 D 。考点分析 上下文语义及动词辨析
选项分析 本句话是说要进行试验来验证观点。空格后的名词idea 作宾语，对决定动词十分关键。 动词意思应为“测试”。A promote “促进”。B emphasize “强调”。C share “分享”。D test “测试”。只有D 选项和“观点”搭配，符合语境。
9．标准答案 D 。考点分析 上下文语义及名词辨析
选项分析 本句话含义是讲其中一个申请者与其他申请在面试中的关系。申请者希望成功。A
decisioin “选择”。B quality “质量”。C status “身份”。D success “成功”。只有D 项搭配，符合语境。10．标准答案A。考点分析后置定语
选项分析本句意为测试中随机选出的其他申请者。A chosen “选出”。B stupid “笨的”。C found “发现”。D identified “识别”。只有A 选项和申请者搭配意为选出来的申请者，符合语境。
11．标准答案D。考点分析逻辑衔接题
选项分析后半句开头的but已经暗示了下文的连接词。内容上前半句意为一个申请者的面试成功和其他申请者没有关系，后半句意为西蒙森怀疑事实。明显是转折关系。A exceptional “例外的”。B defensible “可防御的”。C replaceable “可替换的”。D otherwise “相反的”。只有D项可以表转折关系，所以选D。
12. 标准答案C。考点分析后置定语
选项分析本句前半句是说西蒙森研究了面试者的结果，后半句含义是招生办官员。所以这里应该是招生办官员举行面试，后半句做后置定语。A inspire “鼓舞”。B expressed “表达”。C conducted “举行”。D secured “保护”。所以结合上下文可以得出只有C项符合语境。
13．标准答案B
考点分析上下文语义及动词词义辨析
选项分析文中句子含义为，“面试官有13个申请者一到五级打分”A .assign 分配；指派；将财产过户（尤指过户给债权人）B .rate 认为；估价，C.match 使比赛D .arrange 安排，根据上下文含义，应选B.
14．[标准答案] [D]
[考点分析] 固定搭配。题干This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. 空格处需要动词一个。因为后面有into consideration. 所以选took. Take into consideration 是把什么考虑在内的意思。
15.B。本题考查逻辑关系，通过上下文应该选择一个表顺承先后顺序的词，只有B项then合适。
16.[标准答案] [C]
[考点分析] 上下文语义和逻辑关系
[选项分析] 这句话which 引导一个定语从句，修饰exam，考试都有一个总分，这句话的意思是说“以800分计算的标准测试”，可以排除[A]、[B]和[D]选项。mark 表示“得分”，符合原文意思，故选[C]。
17.[标准答案] [A]
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2155 精勤求学 自强不息 [考点分析] 上下文语义和逻辑关系
[选项分析] 根据词语的意思和搭配，可以排除 [C] 和 [D] 选项。这题的选择必须与后面一题联系起来进行选择，这句话说“前面候选者的分数比XXX 的候选者高0.75分”，则“下一个候选者则XXX ”，由此可知，“前面的候选者”肯定不能是比他后面的人分数高，排除[B]。[A] 选项符合上下文逻辑关系，故选[A]。
18.B. 根据上下文意思，是一种up 和down 的趋势，17空前面是up 趋势，所以18谓语动词应该选“下降”的趋势的动词，A,B,C,D 之中明显的表下降的是B 项， drop 相对于前面的high 。
19.B 。根据上下文应该选一个“消除”影响的含义的动词，答案当中B 项和A,C 相反，B 是“消除”即“不会产生”，符合上下文。
20.C 。本题需要找个形容词修饰points, A 项promising “有前途的，有希望的”；意思不合适，很明显B,C,D 当中C 项necessary 符合上下文。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions ：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
【答案】
BDADC
BDCAD
BBDCA
CCDAD
21．标准答案 B
考点分析 细节题（文中人物观点态度题），本题考查考生对文章中人物观点的把握和细节信息的分析能力。解题的关键在于根据题干信息与原文的重叠信息，回原文定位。
选项分析 根据题干信息“Priestly ”,和“criticize ”: Priestly 谴责她的助手，是因为什么。定位在
第一段第一句话，去掉状语和插入语，第一句的主干信息为“Priestly scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn ’t affect her. ”选项B ，对该句内容的完美改写：criticize 对应scold ；high fashion doesn ’t affect her 对应 insensitivity to fashion 。句子在文中的意思为“Priestly 责怪她那没有魅力的助手，认为她不懂得时尚保鲜。”选项B 意思为，“因为助手对时尚的不敏感。”二者意思相
同，即：同义替换。故正确选项为B。其他三个选项均可排除。
22．标准答案 D
考点分析细节题细节题（文中人物观点态度题），本题考查考生对文章中人物观点的把握和细节信息的分析能力。解题的关键在于根据题干信息与原文的重叠信息，回原文定位。
选项分析根据题干信息“Cline”, “labels”,和“consumers”: Cline认为大规模的市场商标促使消费者怎样？定位在第二段倒数第二句，主干信息为“Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. ”（两个破折号之间的插入语去掉）选项D，是原文信息的同义替换。urge对应encourage; garment对应clothes，wardrobe; shop for…frequently对应renew wardrobe every few weeks. 文中含义为“这些商标鼓励有时尚意识的消费者，定期清理衣橱，更换衣服新品。”选项D意思为，“经常买衣服”二者意思相同，故正确选项为B。其他三个选项均可排除。
23．标准答案 A
考点分析词汇题此题考查考生推测生词的能力，推测生词的能力，可通过两方面入手，一是通过上下文信息含义来推测词义，二是通过词根词缀的方法推测词义，考生需要注意关注定位位置逻辑关系。因此，此题，有两种解法。
选项分析
方法一词根词缀法推测词义：根据题干信息，选出近义词。Indictment=in+dict+ment‖起诉，控告‖，其同义词accusation=ac+cuse+tion‖起诉，控告‖,二者意思相同，故正确选项为A。B选项“热情主义”，C选项“漠不关心”，D选项“容忍”，此三个选项均可排除。
方法二上下文含义推测词义：理解“indictment”的含义需要到上下文中寻找答案。根据题干信息，“indictment”迅速定位，第二段，第一句。通过第二段的段首尾句，可得知本段的中心含义，同时也是Cline的观点为:品牌正在横扫时尚圈，但是要注意所有行业的发展都会有周期性的节奏。那么过去几十年，虽然各大品牌发展迅猛，但是近三年来，Cline对“fast fashion”的态度是持反面导向的，不支持的。即“指控，控告”。故正确选项为A。
24．标准答案 D
考点分析推理题此题考查考生的段落推理能力，考生需要注意最后一段的尾句people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.这句话出现段落转折之后，并且含有强调词only. D选项就是这句话的同义替换。
选项分析文章末段结构非常明确，第一句是对“fast fashion”快速时尚现象的简单概括，第二、三句是Cline的观点，也是作者全文观点。所以答案定位在文章末段末句。含义为“虚荣心是永远不会变的；所以，就算当人们没有经济能力购买商品的时候，购买能力也仍然更具有持续性。即：人们的购买能力具有可持续发展性。”故正确选项为B。即“快速时尚行业忽视了其自身的可持续发展性”。其他三个选项均可排除。
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25．标准答案 C
考点分析 主旨题 此题考查考生对文章观点的把握，解题的关键在于把握文章的行文思路和作者的情感态度词的使用。
选项分析 看到题干中的关键词subject 即可知这道题是主旨题，而且是题目题。考生可通过筛选
题目中的中心名词来确定文章主题。A 是lifestyle 生活方式，B 是high-fashion myth 高时尚传奇，C 是fast-fashion industry 快速时尚产业，D 是mass-market secret 大众市场秘密。考生不难发现，文章分别在
第二段和最后一段提到了fasst-fashionn ，所以这就是文章的主题词。而且文章第一段是引言，第二段开始作者对这种现象的评述，就是文章主旨句的位置。在最后一句，作者指出这些品牌“绑架”了时尚界，同时还在最后一段指出这种时尚忽视了可持续性。所以C 是正确答案。
Text 2
26. 标准答案：B
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力。此类题目的解题关键在于根据题干信息定位，本题的“Paragraph 1”，“behavioural ”即为定位信息。
选项分析：根据文章第一段第二句“this fraction can be much reduced ”在互联网时代，至少在理论上，被浪费的那一部分资金中，有很多都可以节省下来。对应文章“half of all advertising budgets are wasted ”。故B 项“降低运营成本”是文章的同义改写。ABD 项文章均为提到。
27. 标准答案：D
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力。根据题干中已经给出了具体信息点“The industry ”应回第三段定位。
选项分析：根据题干信息“the industry ”可推测the 为前文指代，所以应当定位到该句之前，文章内容为：“摩斯拉（Mozilla ）的火狐（Firefox ）、微软（Microsoft ）的IE （Internet Explorer ）及苹果的浏览器Safari 都有“不允许跟踪”选项；今年，谷歌也将在Chrome 中加入这一功能”，由此可推断出选项D “网络浏览器开发商”为正确选项。
一、标准答案：C
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力。结合题干中所给出的人名“Bob Liodice ”以及专有名词DNT 和“default ”可回文章定位到第五段。
选项分析：文章中Bob Liodice 称，“如果广告商不能收集有关用户偏好的信息，那么这对于消费者来说将更为不利。”原文中“consumers will be worse off ”对应C 选项“will not benefit consumers ”，“将对消费者不利”，因此C 应为正确答案。A 项与原文相反，“垃圾广告”不是减少而是增加。B 项“对广告业没有影响”以及D 项“违背人性”均与文章不符。
29. 标准答案：A
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章的细节信息的把握能力，关键在于定位和辨别细节信息。
选项分析：根据题干信息提示，我们不难定位到文章第六段最后一句的后半部分“…some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.” 一些公司可能忽略“不允许跟踪”信号，继续记录用户的在线行为。所以推知"不允许跟踪"可能不会起到预期的作用。选项B 广告商很乐意实行“不允许跟踪”与本段第一句话“It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. 广告商们会对此作何反应仍不清楚”不符。选项C"不允许跟踪"已经不再收到消费者的欢迎与本段第一句和最后一句内容“…some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.” 不符；选项C 广告商被迫提供"行为"广告与文中“Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking …”不相符。
30. 标准答案：D
考点分析：此题考查考生对作者观点态度的把握。根据自然段定位法可定位到文章的最后一段。
选项分析：根据关键信息Brendon Lynch我们主要定位到文章最后一段的倒数第二句以及最后一句。
Brendon Lynch“在博客中写道：‘我们认为用户应该有更大的话语权。’”紧接着最后一句“Could it really be that simple? 真的是这么简单吗？”体现了作者的态度。A项意为“纵容”；B项为““理解”之义；
选项C为“感激”之义；D项为“怀疑”。因此只有D项符合作者本意，故为正确答案。
Text 3
答案详解：
31. B 【解析】细节题。根据题干信息，our vision of the future used to定位为文章第一段。B选项为答案，我们的对未来的想象曾经被我们对于科技的信心所鼓舞。A 选项错误原因为因果倒置，lives of fulfillment 是由science and technololgy导致，与文章题干要求our vision of future 无关。C选项为无中生有，也未提到awareness of potential risks的概念。D选项equal opportunity为opportunity for all所有人都有相等的机会的曲解。
32.B 【解析】推理题。文章问题是“Red List‖表明人类怎么是什么。根据关键词定位到文章的第三段。Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read….根据threatened species知道是被威胁的物种，同时后面的the Conversation of Nature知道是对自然的。那这个“threatened”被人类威胁就很明显。
33. D 【解析】判断题。A 选项定位在it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.这里根本就没有讲限制。这2句话是说要让科幻小说的作者和未来学家去探索我们能现象的可能性。.这里发表的Arc根本就没有讲限制。A 排除B讲科技，但是文章说完The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated,讲科技和它的社会意义。后面一句and it's perhaps best…能看得到转折。文章也没有提到solution，也没有提到社会问题（social problem）.
C 选项是说对科幻小说的兴趣在上升（on the rise）但是整段都没有说到这个趋势。D选项定位文章第一句话Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.从这句话能推测出immediate future是比漫长的时标更难的事情，也是更不易察觉的。
34. C 【解析】细节题。定位的是future of the mankind ,文章第6段，同时有个很重要的标点符号冒号，说明the past holds the key to the future: 一直在点号之前都是这句话的具体解释。也就是说这句强调the past 的关键性，所以选择C。A项B项和D项都跟内容无关。
35. A 【解析】主旨题文章最好的题目是A选项，对未来的不确定性。文章第一段讲过去人们对于未来的想象，第二，三段为对现在的看法。第四段至最后一段为对未来的不确定性。B选项为人类的演化，C 选项为人类美好的前景，D选项科学，技术与人类不是文章的主旨。顾答案为Ａ。
Text 4
36.
标准答案: C
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力
选项分析：根据题干中的关键词three provisions of Arizona定位到文中第二段。第一句提到Arizona计划
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息 的三个部分被推翻是让州和地方警察实施联邦移民法律。这句话没有相对应选项，所以看到后
面一句，意思是宪法的规则是毋庸置疑的，它认为华盛顿本身就有建立一个统一的自然化的规
则的权力，而且认为联邦法律优先于州法律。所以被推翻就是因为它超越了联邦移民法的权威。
此题也可在第三段第二句话，因为它提到on the overturned provision, 意思是大部分人认为议会
故意占据了领地，Arizona 因此侵犯了联邦的享有特权的权力。所以，答案是B
37.
标准答案: C
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力
选项分析：根据题干的关键词the Justice 和Paragraph 4, 就可以准确定位在第四段。因为是判断正误题，
我们就可以采用排除的方法。通过观察选项，发现B.C 都是围绕State, 我们就可以先找关于它
的内容。第四段第二句话提到，议会通常想象联邦和州一起实施移民法律，而且明确鼓励州和
联邦的官员共享信息以及合作。所以C 选项，即州在移民实施方面的合法的作用，是正确答案。
38.
标准答案: D
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的推理引申能力
选项分析：根据题干中的关键词Paragraph 5和the Alien and Sedition, 就可以精确定位在第五段第二句话的
最后，也就是回归到the Alien and Sedition 法案的州特权，所以和法案有关联的就是选项D. 而
且我们也不难发现，B 和D 是一对矛盾选项，通过阅读文章，排除D.
39.
标准答案: A
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章细节信息的把握能力
选项分析：根据题干中的关键词the White House, 定位在第六段。最后一句提到白宫声称它能够使任何它
不同意的州法律不合法，也就是选项A.
40.
标准答案: D
考点分析：此题考查考生对文章主旨的把握能力
选项分析：根据前三段得出文章的主旨和移民法律有关，只有A 和D 提到，答案在其中之一。而A 是说
通常被议会决定，和本段第三段句话内容冲突。所以答案是D.
Part B: (10 points)
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
答案：41-45：EFBGC
答案详解 ：
文章来源于Luk Van Langenhon 在《自然》杂志中关于对社会科学研究的资金未来取向，他的论据从社会科学的投资收益率角度，建议我们应该资助解决在各学科大环境下的大问题的研究。
41.[正确答案] ：E
[考点分析] 复现结构+代词纸带关系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段中空，因此此空所填内容是由其上下文决定的。上句中Yet this enormous resource 没有对如今的global challenges做出足够的贡献，这些global challenges 包括climate change, security, sustainable development and health. E选项中These issues指代上句中的各种global challenges，并且all have root causes in human behavior解释了为什么说t his enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges。因此E 选项为正确答案。
42．[正确答案]：F
[考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段首空，其内容由下一句决定。空后说This is a shame，那么此句之前，即空中所填的内容一定是一个让人感觉shameful的事情。只有F 选项中many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems 是应该羞愧的事情。因此可以确定F 选项为正确答案
43．[正确答案]：B
[考点分析] 复现结构定位
[选项分析] 此题为段尾空，其内容由上句确定。上一句句子主要意思是包括关键词environmental changed 和climate change 的论文的数量迅速增长.，根据段落内容一致性原则，下面应该继续讲此类论文的数量问题。只有选项B 中继续说，“然而，这些数量还是很小的”，从内容上来说衔接十分紧密，因此B 为正确答案。
44．[正确答案]：G
[考点分析] 代词指代关系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段中空，其内容由其上下句决定。空后面句子说this is an adequate amount，这是一个充足的数字。那么空中一定要出现的是一些数字，而选项中提到数字的只有B 和G 选项。B 选择数字之前直接说明the numbers are still small，数字仍然很小，与空后面说充足的数量矛盾，故排除。G 选项national spending …varied from around 4% to 25%, 符合空中所要求的内容，故为正确答案。
45．[正确答案]：C
[考点分析] 复现结构定位+代词指代关系定位
[选项分析] 此题为段中空，其内容由其上下句确定。空后面有个代词that 并且说明That should create more collaborative endeavors 那将带来一个“合作性的”endeavors. C选项中the idea is to force social to integrate 也就是整合their work with other categories。Integrate 与collaborative 同义复现，故为正确答案。
Section III Translation
46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)
It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.
One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a ―st ill point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a
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—2155 精勤求学 自强不息 distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.
Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life －assuming uncanny representational forms. 答案
46. 然而当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。因为这些花园不仅风格各异，在它的装饰和创造性之外，也透露出了其他其他基本的诉求。
47. 然而，一块神圣的和平之地，或许可能是粗糙的，但它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
48 无家可归的人的花园，事实上是无家可归的花园。 它城市环境引入了一种形式。这些城市要么没有，要么没有如此显眼的花园
49.我们当中大多数人都屈服于精神上的败坏，我们经常把这种精神上的败坏推卸到心理环境上，直到有一天我们发现自己处于一个花园当中，并感受到这种压迫感不可思议的消失了。
50. 正是这种隐含或外露的对自然的提及充分地证实了对花园这个单词的使用，尽管是从一种解放的意义上来说，描述了这些综合建设。
详解：
2013年的翻译文章选自一本小品文集：Gardens: An Essay on the Human Condition 。同往常一样，英语一的翻译文章，出题人习惯于从某一书中去改编。2013年考研英语一翻译这篇文章就改编自这本书的59