2013年职称英语真题理工(A)
第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）
1. rigid—inflexible
2. died out --become extinct
3. expire --end
4. contend –compete
5. primitive—simple
6. cardinal --Fundamental
7. contaminated –polluted8. bust –break9. shed--Wiped
10. magnitude—Importance11. intact –undamaged12. skeptical--doubtful
13. endorsed –approved14. circulate –spread15. wary --cautious
第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）
New Understanding of Natural Silk’s Mysteries
16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.Wrong
17. Silk’s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together.Right
18. Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.W
19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast.W
20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research.C
21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.R
22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.R
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）
Black Holes Black holes can be best ……
23. Paragraph 1 C. How are black holes formed?
24. Paragraph 2 F. What are black holes made of?
25. Paragraph 3 E. What happens to the objects around a black hole?
26. Paragraph 4 A. Is there proof that black holes really exist?
27. Black holes are formed after______. B. an explosion of huge stars
28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into______. C. the tiniest particle
29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of______. D. the same amount of mass
30. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove______ .E. the existence of black holes
第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）
第一篇Forecasting Methods There are several different methods ……
31. What of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choosing a forecasting method? D. Creativity of the forecaster.
32. The persistence method fails to work well when ?D. weather conditions change greatly.
33. The trends method works well when? A. weather features are constant for a long period of time.34. The analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when ?B. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.
35. Historical weather data are necessary in? C. the climatology method and the analog method.
第二篇Students Learn Better With Touchscreen Desks Observe the criticisms of nearly……
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system? B. Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.
37. What has been found after the new tech is employed?A. Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.
38. What is the benefit students get from the new tech?D. It enables them to develop critical thinking ability.
39. What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?D. The software installed automatically identifies different users.
40. How does the new tech work to improve students’mathematical learning?C. It enables them to work together.
第三篇On the Trail of the Honey Badgers On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, ……
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?B. To observe how honey badgers behave.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?C. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?B. They hunt over a very large area.
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?D. They lost interest in people.
第5部分：补全短文（第46-50题，每题2分，共10分）
Toads are Arthritic and in Pain
Arthritis is an illness that can cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads, a big problem in the north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs and backbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are more likely to be larger and to have longer legs. 46E. But this advantage also has a big drawback — up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer from arthritis.
The large yellow toads, native to South and Central America, were introduced into the north-eastern Australian state of Queensland in 193S in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from destroying sugarcane crops. Now up to 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in the country, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up to 60 km a year. The toads can now be found across more than one million square kilometers. 47 B. The task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.A Venezuelan poison virus was tried in the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was found to also kill native frog species.
The toads have severely affected ecosystems in Australia. Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from their poison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth. 48C. Furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of Australia’s native species.
A co-author of the new study, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney, says that little attention has been given to the problems that toads face. Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queensland and the Northern Territory and found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active, sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.
According to the results of the study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometre a night.49 D. Toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances, while the others are being left behind.But speed and strength come at a price —arthritis of the legs and backbone due to constant pressure placed on them.
In laboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping, arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop. 50 F. But arthritis didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory, the researchers found. These toads are so programmed to move, apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and as far as the healthy ones, continuing their relentless march across the landscape.
第6部分：完形填空（第51-65题，每题1分，共15分）
Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light
Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but A. until(51) now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar the rmal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, B. which(52) lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.
That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower D. cost(53). And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can D. take (54) up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.
In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a C. solution (55) in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada.
Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known D. as (56) thin-film silicon. They don’t c reate as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they C. require(57) much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. A. Unfortunately (58), thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.
“That means that their efficiency drops when you D. expose (59) them to light —pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains, which is one of the C. reasons (60) thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.
However, Pearce and his team found a D. way (61) to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new A. type(62) of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make i t work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling B. point(63) of water, they could make thicker cells that largely C. overcame(64) the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they A. boosted(65) the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.
2012年职称英语考试理工类A级
第一部分：词汇选项
1. alleviate—ease
2. update—modernize
3. exotic--unusual
4. induce—attract
5. evoked—refreshed
6. crisp—fresh
7. profile--description8. utterly--completely 9. hollow--B. empty
10. ran into--hit 11. peep—look12. asylum—protection
13. weary—tired14. discriminate—distinguish15. layout--arrangement
第二部分：阅读判断
Europa’s Watery Underworld
16. The liquid water of an underground pool of Europa is estimated xxxxx of the US Great lakes. A. Right
17. The strange ice patterns on Europa are formed as a result of a xxxxx underground water pool. B. Wrong
18. Europa is the most recently discovered one among Jupiter’s C. Not mention
19. The size of Europa is a bit larger than that of Earth’s moon. B. Wrong
20. Schmidt and her colleagues are the first group of scientists xxxxx Europa. B. Wrong
21. The formations on Europa’s surface are rather unique in the B. Wrong
22. The existence of liquid water is a necessity for a life-support A. Right
第三部分：概括大意和完成句子
1. Have you ever ridden on a balloon? Many tourist spots offer balloon rides……
23. Paragraph 2 E. How were noble gases understood in the past?
24. Paragraph 3 C. What are noble gases?
25. Paragraph 4 D. What cause the low chemical reactivity of noble gases?
26. Paragraph 5 A. What are the applications of noble gases?
27. Noble gases are not very chemically______. F. reactive
28. Among the elements of noble gases Helium is the____. C. lightest
29. The required number of electrons in noble gases` outer shell is _____. B. complete
30. MRI may make operating on the patient ______. A. unnecessary
第四部分：阅读理解
第一篇Small But Wise On December 14，NASA……
31. What is so special about WISE? D. Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space.
32. The camera on WISE ?A. produces images of objects giving off infrared radiation.
33. It is true that infrared radiation?D. has longer waves that those of visible light
34. Which of the following statements about asteroid is NOT true?D. They float through space giving off visible light．
35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that brown dwarfs?B. give off visible light．
第二篇
Download Knowledge Directly to Your Brain For the first time, researchers have been ……
36. What have researchers been able to do with the help of the study?D. Discover a person’s learning process in the brain
37. What helps a person to do a particular task better in visual perceptual learning?C. Repetition.
38. Which of the following statements is true of the experiment participants?B. They learned how to control MRL machines in the experiment.
39. The finding of the study is most significant in that learning B. is visualized
40. Who are most likely to benefit from the stability?A. senior people
第三篇
Gross National Happiness In the last century，new technology……
41. Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?D. A king.
42. Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?D. To keep its tradition and customs.
43. A country shows its progress with GNP by?A. selling more products.
44. According to GNH, people are happier if they?C. have a good, stable government.
45. Today, many countries are ?D. trying to find their own ways to measure happiness.
第5部分：补全短文
The Mysteries of Nazca
In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑) people for decades. E. Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.(46) But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells, all beautifully carved into the earth.
The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines.
Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. B. A Swiss writer named Erich Von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.(47) However, it would probably be very tricky to xxxxx（单词暂不明）and a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys.
In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings are a chronicle (记录) of the movement of the stars and planets.
F. He called Nazca “the largest astronomy book in the world”.(48) xxxxx an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space.
Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. xxxxx researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes xxxxx and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It’s possible that xxxxx, the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. D. The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.(49) But xxxxx people have never constructed anything this big.
Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated xxxxx lines could have been related to water. Nazca is one of the driest places in the xxxxx receives only 2cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for xxxxx water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built ancient xxxxx were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant xxxxx underground water in the area. A. Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.(50)
第6部分：完形填空
S olar P ower w ithout S olar C ells
A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.
The researchers found a way to make an "optical A. battery (51)," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.
Light has electric and magnetic D. components (52). Until now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be C. ignored (53). What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not C. conduct (54) electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength A. equivalent (55) to a strong electric effect.
"This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the D. light (56) goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power D. source (57)." What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification," says William Fisher, a doctoral student in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling D. apart (58) of the positive and negative charges in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to A. that (59) in a battery.
Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through a B. material(60) that does not conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter. Sunlight isn't this C. intense (61) on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.
"In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light like sunlight is theoretically almost A. as(62) effective in producing charge separation as laser light is,”Fisher said.
This new D. technology(63) could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting D. technology (63) solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells.
"To manufacture modern solar cells, you have to do C. extensive (64) semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for C. both (65). It's already made in bulk, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."
2011年职称英语考试理工类A级
一、词汇选项
1、unclear--- obscure.
2、greatly--considerably greatly
3、push-- urge
4、handle--approach
5、caused --provoke:
6、stand= tolerate
7、energetic---vigorous 8、shake -- tremble 9、praised ---hail:
10、afraid---- scared 11、understand--- grasp 12、saying--- remarking 说
13、maintain –assert 14、continuous –steady . 15、criticizes--- finds fault with
二、阅读判断
Earth Rocks on
16. The ground beneath our feet is indeed still.---Wrong
17. The shape of lands and oceans are slowly changed with the movements of plates.---Right
18. Earth cooled down shortly after it was formed.---Not Mentioned
19. Scientists once estimated that Earth’s crust started shifting three billion years ago.---Wrong
20. It took a long time for the melted crust to become hard. ---Right
21. The formation of the Isua supracrustal belt is thought to have started about 3.8 billion years ago. ---Right
22. The Isua supracrustal belt is now a popular holiday resort. ---Not Mentioned
三、概括大意与完成句子
The IPad The IPad is a tablet computer……
23、Paragraph 2---B.Operating system
24、Paragraph 3---F.Display and data connection
25、Paragraph 4---D. Features and applications
26、Paragraph 5---E. Business usage
27、In April 2010 the IPad developed by Apple was .---B. released
28、The IPad will only run programs approved by Apple if not .---C. modified
29、IPad applications enable the owner’s email accounts to be .---F. personalized
30、IPad usage in offices enables employee productivity to be .---D. distributed
四、阅读理解
第一篇Calculating Crime
题干：Which of the following statements about math is true?
答案：Few people associate it with finding criminals.
题干：People tend to think there is a relationship between 答案：the location of a crime and the residence of the criminal.
题干：O’Leary includes all the following information in writing his program EXCEPT
答案：the locations of police bureaus.
题干：O’Leary’s program is different from other similar software in that
答案：it uses more math.
题干：It can be inferred from the last paragraph that O’Leary
答案：will further use math in studying crimes and criminals.
第二篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt like Others
题干：John Hayes pointed out that
答案：many people make efforts to accept low-salt food.
题干：The fourth paragraph briefly describes
答案：how the subjects were selected and what they were asked to do.
题干：It is true that
答案：supertasters like snack foods more as they contain higher levels of saltiness.
题干：Supertasters prefer high-salt cheese because
答案：it tastes less bitter.
题干：It can be inferred from the last paragraph that taste acuity is
答案：genetically determined.
第三篇Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?Millions of people are using cell phones today.……题干：People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that
答案：they're cheap.
题干：The word “detected”in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by
答案：discovered.
题干：The salesman retired young because
答案：he couldn’t remember simple tasks.
题干：On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing company
答案：hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about.
题干：The writer’s purpose of writing this article is to advise people
答案：to use mobile phones less often.
五、补全短文
Mt. Desert Island
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northernmost coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. D. The term comes from the activity of the ice age. (46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier（冰川）descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountain sank, ocean water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, forming a series of twisting inlets and lagoons（咸水湖）. The highest parts of the former mountain range, nearest the shore, remained as islands. B. Mt. Desert island is one of the most famous of all of the islands left behind by the glacier. (47) Marine fossils found here were 225 feet above sea level, indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands. F. It is split almost in half by Sones Sond, a deep and narrow stretch of water seven miles long. (48)s
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But, the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate（温带）and sub-Arctic zones, the island supports the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach, inland, and alpine（高山的）plants. A. It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
(49) The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, cycling, and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
The best view on Mt. Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain. E.This mountain rises 1,532 feet, making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seashore. (50) From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.
六、完形填空
Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores
Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ 1 and are more likly to go on to university，reveals a major new study51. carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy3 and Sahlgrenska University Hospital．
The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
(PNAS)．The study 52.involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976．The research group analysed the 53.result of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army．
The study shows a clear link 54.between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test．The strongest links are for 55.logical thinking and verbal comprehension．But it is only fitness that plays a 56.role in the results for the IQ test5，and not strength．“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung 57.capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxyen，"says Michael Nilsson，professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital．“This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness，but not with muscular 58.strength．We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important．”
By analysing data for twins，the researchers have been 59.able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that 60.explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ．
“We have also shown that those youngsters who 61. improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance，”says Mafia Aberg，researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre．“This being the case，physical education is a 62.subject that has an important place in schools，and is an absolute must 63.if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects．"
The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests during national service 64.with the socio-economic status of the men later in life．Those who were fit at 18 were more 65.likely to go into higher education，and many secured more qualified jobs．
2010年全国职称英语理工类（A级）
第l部分：词汇选项
1． put up with A．tolerate2．immense D．great3． vague B．unclear
4． decent D．good5． hazard B．danger6． turmoil D．confusion
7． resentment．C．anger8． vigorous A．energetic9． funny C．humorous
10． spur A．attract 11． demolished B．disproved12． merge D．combine
13． graceful A．polite14． diligent A．hardworking15． appalling B．terrible
第2部分：阅读判断
California Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power
16.Solar-power satellites will use radio waves to beam energy down from space.A.Right
17.Solaren is going to design 200 solar-power satellites.C.Not mentioned
18.Space-based solar cells could collect solar power only when skies are clear.B.Wrong
19.One advantage of space-based solar power system is that it is economical.B.Wrong
20.Inflatable minors are used to reduce the space-based solar power system.A.Right
21.Space-based solar power will rule out other forms of renewable energy sources.B.Wrong
22.Many countries will grant permission for the use of spaced-based solar power soon.C.Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
Natural Gas 1 Natural gas is produced……
23．Paragraph 2 A．Popularity and use of natural gas
24．Paragraph 3 D．Clean fuel of choice
25．Paragraph 4 F．Natural gas consumption
26．Paragraph 5 B．Natural gas reserves and supply
27．Natural gas is stored deep B．beneath the earth surface
28．Natural gas is recognized as the most economical energy source F．for home energy needs
29．When manufacturing many products，people commonly use natural gas E．as a raw material
30．It is estimated that by 2025 that natural gas demand in the United States will increase C．by more than 50 percent
第4部分：阅读理解
第一篇How the First Stars in the Universe Came into Existence
31．According to the first two paragraphs，the early universe A．was governed by simpler physics
32．What can the state-of-the．art computer simulation tell us about?D．How the first stars canle into being after the Big Bang．
33．What does the"astronomicalobject"in paragraph 2 refer to?C．a protostar．
34．According to paragraph 4，what is NOT true about a protostar?A．It developed into a massive star during the Big Bang．35．According to the last paragraph，all of the following are goals of the simulation project EXCEPT B．to simulate the process of how the early universe began
第二篇The Iceman On a September,day in 1991，……
36．The body of the iceman was found in the mountains mainly because C．the melted ice made him visible
37．What can be inferred from paragraph 2?B．The iceman could have died from the wound in the head．
38．All the following are assumptions once made about iceman EXCEPT B．he came from Italy
39．The scientists made the deduction that the iceman B．was probably in some kind of a battle
40．The word"bandits"in paragraph 4 could be best replaced by A．robbers
第三篇Scientists Make Sweet Discovering Good news for chocoholics：
41．Why is chocolate good for heaa and circulation?B．It containS substances called flavonoids．
42．When cocoa was first introduced to Europe_________，it soon became fashionable．B．as a gift
43．What does James Bakers and John Hanan do about chocolate?D.They make chocolate accessible to average man．
44．Which is the following statement is not true according to the passage?B．Chocolate is good for health if it is eaten with added milk．45．What iS the author's tone about eating chocolates?C．positive
第5部分：补全短文
I Just Know How You Feel
Do you feel sad?Happy?Frustrated?Insouciant?Exonerated?Infuriated?Do you think that the way you display these emotions is unique?Well，think again．Even the expression of the most personal feelings CaB be divided into groups，classified，and perhaps，taught．This week sees the publication of Mind Reading，an interactive DVD-rom displaying every possible human emotion．It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel：the first visual dictionary of the human heart．
The attempt to classify the human heart began with Darwin．His The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals，published in 1872，divided the emotions into six types-anger，fear，sadness，disgust，surprise and enjoyment．E．He said that the expression of theses feelings aye universal and recognizable by anyone，from any culture．(46)．
Every other feeling，of which there may be thousands，was thought to derive from this six-strong group．More complex expressions of emotion were likely to be learned and therefore more specific to each culture．An incredulous or indignant Pacific islander might not be able to show an Essex girl exactly how she felt．
But now it is believed that，whereas gestures do not cross cultural boundaries well，many more facial expressions than Darwin's half-dozen are shared worldwide．C．Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read the emotional expressions．(47)．The Mind Reading is a systematic record of each of these expressions being acted out．
The project was conceived by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen of the autism research centre in Cambridge as an aid for people with autism，who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotion．But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses．Novelists，actors and portrait painters all need to draw upon a wide range of emotional expression，and teachers could use it for classes in personal and social development．
Baron-Cohen's team first had to decide what counted as an emotion．D．They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by"Ifeel"or"helooks"or "she sounds"．(48)．Using thisdefinition，1，512 emotion terms were identified and put to a panel who had to decide if each repre．sented a separate emotion，or if they were synonyms．That list was whittled down to 412，arranged in24 groups．from"afraid"to"wanting"．
Once the emotions were classified．a DVD seemed the most efficient way to display them．In Mind Reading，each expressions is acted out-six times，by six different actors-in three seconds．
F．Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，would have been far less efiective．(49)．The explanation for this is simple：we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words，but we instantly recognize one when we see it on someone's face．"It was really clear when the actors had got it right，"says Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD．
BUt though we find it difficult to describe many emotions，we instantly recognize one when we see one．"Even when the actors were strnggling to get an emotion，there was a split second when it was absolutely there．It was really clear when they'd got it，"Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD．"Although the actors were given some direction，they were not told which facial muscle they should move．"She added B．These particular muscles aye difficult to control，and few people can do it．(50)For example，when someone feels contempt，you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down．
Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American Professor Paul Ekman．who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion．The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called"action units"．These can be combined into more than 10．000 visible facial shapes．Ekman has written out a paper of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion．
第6部分：完形填空
Obtaining Drinking Water from Air Humidity
Not a plant to be seen，the desert ground is too dry．But the air contains water，and research scientists have found a C．way (51)of obtaining drinking water from air humidity．The system isbased completely on renewable energy and is therefore autonomous．
Cracks permeate the dried-out desert ground and the landscape bears testimony to the lack of water．But even here，where there are no lakes，rivers or groundwater，considerable quantities of water are stored in the air．In the Negev desert in Israel，for example，annual average relative air humidity is 64 percent-in every cubic meter of air there aye 11．5 milliliters of water．
German research scientists have found a way of converting this air humidity autonomously into drinkable water．"The process we have developed is based exclusively on renewable energy sources D．such as (52)thermal solar collectors and photovoltaic ceils，D．which (53)makes this method completely energy-autonomous．It will D．still (54)function in regions where there is no electrical infrastructure．"says Siegfried Egner，head of the research team．The principle of the B．process(55)is as follows：hygroscopic brine-saline solution which absorbs moisture runs down a tower-shaped unit and absorbs water from the air．It is then sucked D．into(56)a tank a few meters off the ground in which a vacuum prevails．Energy from solar collectors D．heats (57)up the brine，which is diluted by the water it has D．absorbed (58).
Because of the vacuum，the boiling point of the liquid is lower thaa it would be under A．normal (59)atmospheric pressure．This effect is known from the mountains：as the atmospheric pressure there is lower than in the valley，water boils at temperatures distinctly below 100~C．The evaporated，non-saline water is condensed and runs down through a completely filled tube in a controlled manner．The gravity of this water column A．continuously (60)produces the vacuum and so a vacuum pump is not needed. The reconcentrated brine D．runs (61)down the tower surface again to absorb moisture from the air．
"The concept is suitable for various water A．users (62)．Single-person units and plants supplying water to entire hotels are conceivable，"says Egner．Prototypes have been built for A．both
(63)system components-air moisture absorption and vacuum evaporation-and the research scientist shave Mready C．tested(64)their interplay on a laboratory scale．In a further B．step (65)the researchers intend to develop a demonstration facility．
2009 年理工类A
第1部分：词汇选项
1 eternal→everlasting (B )
2 wrecked→damaged (A)
3 authentic→genuine (D)
4 lure→attraction (B)
5 puzzle→mystery (D)
6 irritated→annoyed (B)
7 duplicated→copied( C) 8 spurred→encouraged( A) 9 ample→enough( C)
10 marvels→miracles (A) 11 perpetual→endless( A) 12 shabby→unfair (C)
13 adhere to→follow (B) 14 barren→bare (D) 15 specifications→instructions (D)
第2部分：阅读判断
Water-the Issue of This Century 16It is estimated that water use will rise by 50% in the next 30 years. A Right
17Most developed countries will face water shortages in 20 years. C Not mentioned
18Most of the world's population may live within 100km of the sea in 2025. A Right
19Almost all coral reefs may disappear in 100 years. B Wrong
20Some species of fish in the Atlantic are at dangerously low levels. C Not mentioned
21The World Bank report implies that urgent action should be taken to protect water supplies. A Right
22India exceeds environmental limits for water use. A Right
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
Chimpanzees黑猩猩
23 Paragraph 1 C Implications of chimpanzee extinction for humans
24 Paragraph 2 E Genetic similarities between chimps and humans
25 Paragraph 3 A Genetic differences between chimps and humans
26 Paragraph 4 F Chimps’ resistance to HIV
27 Chimpanzee extinction may affect D human survival
28 There is a difference of less than 2z between the chimp and E human genomes
29 Scientists suspect that genes play a significant role in protecting chimps from getting C some diseases
30 The discovery of the genetic code of chimps will be helpful to B some human disease treatments
第4部分：阅读理解
第一篇Youth Emancipation in Spain.The Spanish Government is……
31The "Youth Emancipation" program aims at helping young people A live in an independent way.
32It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that family ties are stronger in Portugal than in B Finland.
33Young people's family dependence can be attributed to all the following factors EXCEPT C unwillingness to get married.
34Which of the following statements is ,NOT true of Dionisio Masso? A She has a boyfriend.
35The phrase "wary of" in paragraph 8 could be best replaced by D cautious about.
第二篇Listening to Birdsong.A male zebra finch (雀科鸣鸟) chirps (鸣)……
36Which of the following is true about birdsongs?C Male zebra finches change their songs to attract females
37What did the researchers find in their study of female zebra finches?A Female finches liked songs male finches sang for them
38What is meant by "concert songs" in paragraph 7?D Songs sung by male finches for female finches
39The expression "directed communication" in the last paragraph means communication in which B the message sender has a specific audience 40Which of the following can best reflect the theme of the passage?D Birdsongs as communication
第三篇The Robot Man According to Hans Moravec,……
41What will be the distinctive feature of the second generation robots?A They will be able to learn by themselves.
42Which of the following statements is true of the future robots?C They will never surpass us.
43The author's main purpose is to A support the view that robots will play a major role in our life.
44The word "plummet" in paragraph 6 means B decrease.
45What does Moravec think of these future robots?A They will be humans' mind-children.
第5部分：补全短文
My Life at Renda
I learned very quickly that being a teaching assistant (TA) at the University of Iowa would be different from being a teacher at Renmin University.A Back at Renda, I had walked into my first classes feeling like a celebrity. (46) Eyes staring, mouths open, students examined my big nose, while I was writing my name on the blackboard.
At Iowa, when my first classes began, half of my students still hadn't arrived. When everyone finally found a seat, ringing cellphones and loud yawns (哈欠) interrupted my opening remarks. It is not that American students were disrespectful. B In my students’ minds, I had little to offer them, except perhaps some sample questions for the mid-term exam (47) They were, however, far more skeptical than the students I had at Renda. The truth is I couldn't fault them for their skepticism. Undergraduates at large US universities - especially freshmen and sophomores - often have several classes a semester handled by TAs. In some cases, the TA sets the course content. C In others the TA works as a grader and discussion leader (48) Most have good intentions, but very few are as effective as professors.
Every teacher has to confront obstacles to learning - no matter what the culture. Students who talk during lectures, students who cheat, students who question the grade they get for a paper or project - dealing with these is all part of the job. D I encountered these in China and I faced them in the US (49)
The difference, I think, is that in the US I had to swallow more of my pride. E On the other hand, being taught by a graduate student is not necessarily bad (50)
I had a responsibility to teach them, of course, but I had to do so indirectly -as a guide who himself had a few things to learn from the students.
第6部分：完形填空
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to B attack (51)people frequently. Although these fish perform a valuable D service (52) for earth's waters and for human beings, business and sport fishing are threatening their A existence (53). As a result, some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark C activity (54). Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their D warm (55) waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, C where (56) people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person A for (57) a sea animal, such as a seal (海豹) or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up, because those are the times when sharks are looking for B food (58). Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry (珠宝) may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely 'good sense of D smell (59), with which it can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals A produced (60) by animals. These powerful senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any C other (61) sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark's body defense and immune (免疫的) B systems (62)against disease. Researchers know that sharks B recover (63) quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world's oceans, as they eat injured and diseased fish. Their A hunting (64) activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too C great (65). This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.