《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点
1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）
2. Romance （名词解释）
3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story
4. Ballad（名词解释）
5. Character of Robin Hood
6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)
7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”
13. Francis Bacon “essays”esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）
14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读）
15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。
16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress
17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images.
18. Enlightenment（名词解释）
19. Neoclassicism（名词解释）
20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler”
21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。
22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions
23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (f eatures) and limitations
24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver 游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony也就是反讽手法。25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature.
26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。
27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison”
28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel.
29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传
30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal”
31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted Village” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The
Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy), “The Citizen of the World” (collection of essays)
32. Sentimentalism（名词解释）
33. Thomas Gray——“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”（英国诗歌里非常著名的一首，曾经被誉为“有史以来英国诗歌里最好的一首”）(a representative of sentimentalism and graveyard school of poets墓园派诗人)
* Graveyard School / Poets”: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”. The writing of graveyard poems spread from England to Continental literature in the second part of the century and also influenced some American poets.
34. In the latter half of the 18th century, Pre-Romanticism; representative: William Blake and Robert Burns.
35. Thomas Percy——“Reliques of Ancient English poetry”许多中古的民谣都是在这个时期重新收集和整理起来的，这个集子是那个时代比较有名的一个民谣集。
36. William Blake比较重要，需要对主要作品有所了解，特别是Songs of Innocence 和Songs of Experience, 这两本集子的contrast一定要注意，另外Blake的写作特点也要注意，比如语言的简单明了，神秘主义氛围等。
37. Robert Burns伟大的苏格兰民族诗人, A Red Red Rose, Scots Wha Hae, Auld Lang Syne等名诗，写作特点: Scottish dialect; a poet of peasant and Scottish people; plain language; influence from Scottish folk songs and ballads; musical quality of his poems. 《英国文学史及选读》第二册练习题
I. 浪漫主义时期
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets.
1. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun with_____in 1798.
A. the publication of Lyrical Ballads
B. the death of Sir Scott
C. the birth of William Wordsworth
D. the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament
2. The Romantic Period is first of all an age of_____.
A. Novel
B. poetry
C. drama
D. prose
3. Romanticism does not emphasize_____.
A. the special qualities of each individual’s mind
B. the inner world of the human spirit
C. individuality
D. the features that men have in common
4._____ is not a Romantic poet.
A. William Blake
B. Sir Scott
C. P. B. Shelley
D. Lord Byron
5. _____ is a Romantic novelist but is impressed with neo-classic strains.
A. Walter Scott
B. Mary Shelley
C. Jane Austen
D. Ann Radcliff
6. _____ is not characteristic of William Blake’s writing.
A. plain and direct language
B. compression of meaning
C. supernatural quality
D. symbolism
7. Wordsworth published Lyrical Ballads in 1789 with _____.
A. Byron
B. Coleridge
C. Shelley
D. Keats
8. Wordsworth thinks that _____ is the only subject of literary interest.
A. the life of rising bourgeoisie
B. aristocratic life
C. the life of the royal family
D. common life
9. Don Juan is the masterpiece of_____.
A. Lord Byron’s
B. P. B. Shelley’s
C. John Keats’s
D. Samuel Coleridge’s
10. _____ is not a novel written by Jane Austen.
A. Jane Eyre
B. Sense and Sensibility
C. Pride and Prejudice
D. Emma
II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.
1. In essence, Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the_____as the very center of all life and all experience.
2. For the Romantics, _____ is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.
3. W ordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of _____.”
4. According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about _____.
5. Coleridge’s achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably dive rse groups:
_____ and the conversational.
6. As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “_____.”
7. “_____” is Shelley’s representative work.
8. _____ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature work.
9. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is a famous line in Keats’s “_____.”
10. _____is the most delightful of Jane Austen’s work.
III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.
( )1. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose.
( )2. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending their own literary heritage against the advocates of classical rules.
( )3. Coleridge has been rewarded as Poet Laureate.
( )4. Keats is one of the “Lake Poets.”
( )5. Jane Austen is a typical Romantic writer.
IV. Name the author of each of the following literary work.
1. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”
2. Songs of Innocence
3. “Ode to a Nightingale”
4. “A Song: Men of England”
5. The Prelude
V. Define the literary terms listed below
1. Romanticism
2. Ode
VI. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.
1….Be through my lips to unawakened Earth.
The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind,
If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
2. For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
Keys:
I. 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A
II.1.individual 2. human life 3.nature 4.human life
5.the demonic
6.Byronic hero
7. Ode to the West Wind
8. The odes 9. Ode on a Grecian Urn 10. Pride and Prejudice
III. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F
IV. 1.Coleridge 2. Blake 3. Keats 4. Shelley 5. Wordsworth
V. 1. Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. The leading features of Romantic movements are Wordsworth, Shelley, etc.
2. Ode is a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honour a person or a season or to commemorate an event.
VI. 1. It is taken from Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind. In this poem, Shelley eulog izes the powerful west wind and expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. In these last lines, the poet shows his optimistic spirit for the future.
2. It is taken from Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.” The poet thi nks that it is
a bliss to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude. He expresses his strong affecting for nature in the poem.
II.维多利亚时期
I. Each of the statement below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets
1. The Victorian period roughly began at the enthronement of Queen Victoria in_____.
A. 1835
B. 1836
C. 1837
D. 1838
2. The critical realists like Charles Dickens in the Victorian period wrote novels_____.
A. representing the 18th century realist novel
B. criticizing the society
C. defending the mass
E. all the above
3. _____is not a Victoria novelist.
A. Charles Dickens
B. George Eliot
C. William Makepeace Thackeray
D. D. H. Lawrence
4. _____ is not a work by Charles Dickens.
A. Oliver Twist
B. David Copperfield
C. Middlemarch
D. A Tale of Two Cities
5. Wuthering Heights is a masterpiece written by_____.
A. Charlotte Bronte
B. Emily Bronte
C. Anne Bronte
D. Branwell Bronte
6. _____ is not Thomas Hardy’s work.
A. The Mill on the Floss
B. Tess of the D’Urbervilles
C. Jude the Obscure
D. The Mayor of Casterbridge
7. “My Last Duchess” is _____.
A. a dramatic monologue
B. a short lyric
C. a novel
D. an essay 8. Tennyson’s “Ulysses” gets its inspiration from the following works or writers
except_____.
A. Homer’s Odessey
B. Joyce’s Ulysses
C. Dante
D. Greek Mythology
9. In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend _____ appeared. And it flourished in the 1840s and in the early 1950s.
A. romanticism
B. naturalism
C. realism
D. critical realism
10. The title of the novel Vanity Fair was taken from_____.
A. The Pilgrim’s Progress
B. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
C. Gulliver’s Travels
D. The Canterbury Tales
II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook
1. The aestheticists such as Oscar Wilde in the Victorian period advocated the theory of “_____.”
2. In the Victorian period, _____became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.
3. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest _____ writers of the Victorian Age.
4. Tennyson’s poem “_____” is in memory of his bosom friend Arthur Hallam.
5. Robert Browning is famous for his _____.
6. George Eliot’s _____ is one of the most mature works in English literature.
7. Tennyson’s famous dramatic monologue based on the story in Greek Mythology is “_____.”
8. _____ is Dickens’ first child hero.
9. Jane Eyre represents those_____-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.
10. The most important poet of the Victorian Age was_____. Next to him were Robert Browning and his wife.
III. Decide whether the following statements are true of false and write your answers in the brackets.
( )1. The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
( )2. Tennyson is famous for his aesthetic viewpoint of “art for art’s sake.”
( )3. Wuthering Heights is the masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte’s.
( ) 4. Browning’s “Meeting at Night” and “Parting at Morning” were originally one poem in dramatic monologue.
( )5. Naturalism has played an important part in Thomas Hardy’s work.
IV. Name the author of each of the following literary works.
1. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club
2. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
3. In Memoriam
4. The Mill on the Floss
5. The Return of the Native
V. Define the literary terms listed below.
1. Dramatic Monologue
2. Critical Realism
VI. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.
1. That same evening the gentleman in the white waistcoat most positively and decidedly affirmed, not only that Oliver would be hung, but that he would be drawn and quartered into the bargain. Mr. Bumble shoot his head with gloomy mystery, and said he wished he might come to good; where—unto Mr. Gamfield replied, that he wished he might come to him---which, although he agreed with the beadle in most matters, would seem to be a wish of a totally opposite description.
The next morning, the public were once more informed that Oliver Twist was again To Let, and that five pounds would be paid to anybody who would take possession of him.
2. Thus, neither having the clue to the other’s secret, they were respectively puzzled at w hat each revealed, and awaited new knowledge of each other’s character and moods without attempting to pry into each other’s history.
Every day, every hour, brought to him one more little stroke of her nature, and to her one more of his. Tess was trying to lead a repressed life, but she little divined the strength of her own vitality.
Keys:
I. 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.A
II. 1. art for art’s sake 2. the novel
3. critical realist
4. Break, Break, Break
5. dramatic monologue
6. Middlemarch
7. Ulysses 8. Oliver Twist
9. middle 10. Tennyson
III. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T
IV. 1. Charles Dickens 2. Anne Bronte
3. Alfred Tennyson
4. George Eliot
5. Thomas Hardy
V. 1. Dramatic Monologue is a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one In the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the s ubjects of the poem. An example of a dramatic monologue is “My Last Duchess” by Robert Browning.
2. Critical Realism is a literary movement in the 19th century. It sticks to the principal of faithful representation of the 18th century realistic novel and carries its duty forward to the criticism of the society and the defense of the mass. The representative figures are Dickens, the Bronte’s, etc.
VI. 1. It is taken from Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist. This part describes how Oliver is punished for asking for more to eat and how he is therefore sold at three pound ten to a notorious chimney-sweeper. It reveals that the pitiable state of the orphan boy and the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse board.
2. It is taken from Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urber villes. This part describes how Tess forgets about her past misfortune in the beautiful, pastoral dairy farm and unconsciously gives herself up to the attraction of Angel Clare.
III. 现代时期
I. Each of the statement below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets
1. Modernism takes_____as its theoretical base.
A. the irrational philosophy
B. the theory of psycho-analysis
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
2. Modernism rose out of_____.
A. skepticism
B. disillusion of capitalism
C. irrational philosophy
D. al the above
3. Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against_____.
A .romanticism B. realism
C. post-modernism
D. all the above
4. _____is not a movement in the modern period.
A. “the Angry Young Men”
B. “the Beat Generation”
C. “the Lost Generation”
D. “the Theater of the Absurd”
5. _____ is not a representative figure in applying the technique of “the stream of consciousness” in his/her writing.
A. D. H. Lawrence
B. James Joyce
C. Virginia Woolf
D. Dorothy Richardson
6. Waiting for Godot is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd. It is written by_____.
A. George Bernard Shaw
B. Samuel Beckett
C. John Galsworthy
D. Eugene O’ Neill
7. The Waste Land is_____’s most important single poem.
A. Ezra Pound
B. William Butler Yeats
C. Alfred Tennyson
D. T. S. Eliot
8. _____ is not D. H. Lawrence’s work.
A. Finnegans Wake
B. Sons and Lovers
C. Lady Chatterley’s Lover
D. The Rain Bow
9. _____ is not James Joyce’s novel.
A. Ulysses
B. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
C. Dubliners
D. Finnegans Wake
10. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” is written by_____.
A. W. H. Auden
B. D. H. Lawrence
C. W. B. Yeats
D. T. S. Eliot
II. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to
the textbook
1.The French_____, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.
2. Modernism rejects_____, which is the theoretical base of realism.
3.In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian_____played a particularly important role.
4.Most of Bernard Shaw’s plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, and, thus, can be termed as_____.
5._____is famous for his frank discussion of “sex” in his works.
6.John Galsworthy’s trilogy is named_____.
7._____, an American Poet, took English Citizenship in 1927, and became a devout member of Anglican Church.
8._____is Eliot’s most important poetry, revealing the spiritual decadency and meaninglessness of life of the 20th century.
9.Most of Joyce’s works are concerning the life of his hometown_____.
10.Joyce’s “Araby” is a short story in his collection_____.
III. Decide whether the following statements are true of false and write your answers in the brackets.
( )1. The rise of modern poetry was, in some sense, a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Romantic poetry.
( )2.Writers like E. M. Forster and D. H. Lawrence are still conventional writers, as in their works, old traditions are still there.
( )3.John Galsworthy has been awarded Nobel Prize for literature.
( )4.John Galsworthy is a conventional writer, inheriting the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens.
( )5.James Joyce is a prolific writer, creating a great number of famous works.
IV. Name the author of each of the following literary works.
1. Modernism
2. Angry Young Men
V. Define the literary terms listed below.
1. Pygmalion
2. “Sailing to Byzantium”
3. Woman in Love
4. Ulysses
5. The Man of Property
VI. For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.
1. I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,
I hear it in the deep heart’s core.
2. Now she began to combat in his restless fretting. He still kept up his connexion with Miriam, could neither break free nor go the whole length of engagement. And this indecision seemed to bleed him of his energy. Moreover. His mother suspected him of an unrecognized leaning towards Clara, and, since the latter was a married woman, she wished he would fall in love with one of the girls in a better station of life. But he was stupid, and would refuse to love or even to admire a girl much, just because she was his social superior. Keys:
I. 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.D
II. 1. Symbolism 2. rationalism 3. psycho-analysis
4. problem plays
5. D. H. Lawrence
6. The Forsyte Saga
7. T. S. Eliot 8. The Waste Land 9. Dublin
10. Dubliners
III. 1.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F
IV. 1.Modernism is a movement in the 20th century. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base and in many aspects is a reaction against realism.
2. Angry Young Men is a phrase applied to a number of British playwrights and novelists from the mid-1950s, who described various forms of social alienation and whose political views were radical and anarchic.
V. 1. Bernard Shaw 2. W. B. Yeats 3. D. H. Lawrence
4. James Joyce
5. John Galsworthy
VI. 1. It is taken from Yeats’s “The lake Isle of Innisfree.” In this poem, Yeats expresses his longing to escape from the city life and to live a secluded life by describing the peaceful, tranquil scene of the lake Isle of Innisfree, a legendary place for hermitage.
2. It is taken from D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers. Paul has love affairs with two girls, Miriam and Clara. But he is so dependent on his mother’s love and help that he fails to achieve a fulfilling relationship with either girl.
English Literature ( Book II)
Romanticis
1.Romanticism（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。
2.William Wordsworth要知道他的“Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。Lake Poets（名词解释）。他诗歌的主要两类题材：nature and common people’s lives。
写过的著名作品：I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。
3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。
4. George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes (名词解释); 著名作品：Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza写成；Don Juan要知道大致内容。
5. Percy Bysshe Shelley著名作品：Queen Mab; The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound
（lyrical drama，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。）其它名作: Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark等等。
6. John Keats著名作品：Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian Urn”。注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。
7. Charles Lamb：The Essays of Elia (humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers)
8. Walter Scott: founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature; famous novels: Rob Roy, Ivanhoe; features of his novels.
English Critical Realism
9. Critical Realism批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。
10. Charles Dickens主要作品: The Pickwick Papers (first novel); Oliver Twist; Dombey and Son; David Copperfield; A Tales of Two Cities等等，对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。
11. William Makepeace Thackeray主要作品即Vanity Fair要知道这个题目出自John Bunyan的The Pilgrim’s Progress，另外小说的副标题“A novel without a hero”的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。
12. Jane Austen主要作品：Pride and Prejudice其它5部小说知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。Austen的写作特点：thin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country society; good at writing young girls; modest satire; witty dialogues。
13. Charlotte Bronte主要作品Jane Eyre，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。
14. Emily Bronte主要作品Wuthering Heights，情节，人物形象及意义。勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些supernatural elements，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。
15. George Eliot主要作品: Adam Bede, The Mill on Floss.
Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century
16. Alfred Tennyson主要作品: In Memoriam, The Idylls of the Kings；有名的短诗Break, Break, Break; Crossing the bar等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。
17. Robert Browning introduced dramatic monologue to poetry. His famous poems: “Home-thoughts from abroad” etc. Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “Sonnets from the Portuguese”.
18. Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）Oscar Wilde主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。
Twentieth Century English Literature 19. John Galsworthy: 主要作品“The Forsyte Saga”注意这是两个trilogy构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是“The Man of Property”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。
20. George Bernard Shaw主要作品Mrs Warren’s Profession和Major Babara，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。
21. T. S. Eliot比较重要，特别是他的The Waste Land要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。另外他著名的文章Tradition and the Individual Talent被认为是manifesto of modernist poetry.
22. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities under the influence of Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud’s theories.
23. D. H. Lawrence重点作品Sons and Lovers这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，特别是其中体现的Oedipus complex，对其人物，主题要有了解；The Rainbow及其续篇Women in Love要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。Lady Chatterley’s Lover简单了解即可。劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。
24. Stream-of-consciousness（名词解释）
25. James Joyce其它作品简单了解，但Ulysses非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主人公和情节，以及主题。
26. Virginia Woolf重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。书上主要介绍的是Mrs. Dalloway，其实她的其它几部作品特别是To the Lighthouse也比较出名，需要了解一下。
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)
美国文学史及选读1
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学
1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年
Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)
开始了美国历史
3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included
Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries
and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was
established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出
版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been
described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.
7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉
尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.
8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia:
with a Description of the Country”.
9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导
sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.
10.他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around
the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of
“workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and
pushing the frontiers westward.
11.早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.
12.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships,
together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观；注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;
波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.
1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from
England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.
3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet,
through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.
4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”
“stern and black-browed Puritans”.
二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯
1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England”. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.
2．Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island。对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》“A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”
三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1．Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting
of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
2．她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.
3．Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylor’s work treated
religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学
1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s“Common Sense”;
托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.
3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.
4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.
诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：
1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;
1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by Bartram
一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” collocation of proverbs.
2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The
Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.
3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.
5．教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography”
二、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）
1．被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.
2．1762年税务官职务employed as an excise officer. 1772年《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”第一部政治性小册子。1774年富兰克林给他写介绍信“an ingenious worthy young man”去美国费城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania Magazine” and contributed to the “Pennsylvania Journal”是政治讽刺的天才a
political satirist of genius.
3．1776年1月10日his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 《常识》，署名“By an Englishman”.书中大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张it boldly advocated a
“Declaration for Independence”.成了美国独立革命思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
4．1776-1783《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen’s army。最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。
5．战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。
(1791-1792)《人权》“Rights of Man”。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制not only championed Rousseau’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.
6．在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱, he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror, was imprisoned.
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”.
7．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.
三、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）
1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics….. 2．尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise.
3．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.
4．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state.
1800起担任两届美国总统。
5．把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（the Library of Congress）.1819 年开始创建弗吉尼亚大学并担任第一任校长。
6．1826年去世，正值《独立宣言》签署50周年the fiftieth anniversary of “The Declaration of Independence”
7．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。
四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”
（Father of American Poetry）.
2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.
3．1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. F·L·帕蒂称
它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.
4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.
5．1786年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.
6．1788 年出板《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办《国家公报》对抗《联邦公报》with Jefferson’s support “National Gazette” campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States” edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton). 7．他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as
a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国
文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.
8．作品：《野忍冬花》：“The Wild Honey Suckle”
《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground”
《致凯提·迪德》：“To a Caty-Did”
Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学
1.1828年安德鲁·杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结
束”the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年开始Civil War.
2.美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社
会动荡the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society,
technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social
disorders.
3.这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮
双理影响The attitudes of America’s writers were shaped by their New World
environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.
4.浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，
强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and
a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a
source of corruption.
6．超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the
transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
7．美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.
8．From the early 1800s to the civil war 美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the
realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.
一、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
1.他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose
stylist of American romanticism familiar style.
2.他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品
同自己的人格特征结合起来，作品中尽量表现出自己的个性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful
identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary
personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce
pleasure.
3.1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国
第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary
entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣his best-known stories
awakened an interest in the life of American regions.
4.19岁发表《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》讽刺作品，对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺
“Jonathan Oldstyle”, satires of New York lif.
5.1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲
出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A
History of New York” by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current
serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.
6.1822年《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”.
7.1824年《旅行者故事》，带有德国浪漫主义风格“Tales of Traveller” has the flavor
of the German romanticism.
8.同美国剧作家及演员约翰·佩恩创作著名社会喜剧《查理二世》（又叫《快乐君
主》） in Paris he with John Howard Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy “Charles the Second” or “The Merry Monarch”.
9.1828《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》“A History of the Life and Voyages of
Christopher Columbus”;
10.1829《格拉纳达征服编年史》“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”;
11.1831《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》“Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of
Columbus” .
1832《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”; 1832年《西班牙征服传说》收录在1835年《见闻札记》中“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”(in the “Crayon Miscellany”).
12.陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，1835《草原游记》；1836《阿斯托里亚》；1837《博
纳维尔船长历险记》，western adventures as “A Tour on the Prairies”; “Astoria” and “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”.
13.1840《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》“Life of Oliver Goldsmith”;
1855-1859《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”.
14．教材作品：《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”;
《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.
二、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851
1．美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.
2．1821年他第二部小说《间谍》获得世大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.
3．库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the
frontier saga. 1824年《领航者》最为成功“The Pilot” the best of his many sea
romances. 1839年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史《美国海军》he wrote the first
official history of the U.S. Navy.
4．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由5部小说共同组成，历时18年，1823-1841，即《杀鹿者》、《最后的莫希干人》、《探路人》、《拓荒者》及《大草原》。阿伦·内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.
5．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“The Last of The Mohicans”
三、William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
1.1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一
篇诗作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”)
introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.
2.他不仅在诗坛享有极高声望，在新闻界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰
出的编辑之一。他积极支持言论自由、贸易自由等主张，还主张废除奴隶制apart from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as one of the great editors of
American journalism. He supported such causes as free speech, free trade and the abolition of slavery.
3.《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl”
is perhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.
4.后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》his most important later
works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse. 5.当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美
国的诗歌也达到了相当高的水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.
6.教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”
《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”
四、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849
1.1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖he won a contest with
his story “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern
Literary Messenger” ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary
critic, and a writer of fiction.
2.发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”.
3.1840 年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》his first collection of short stories “Tales of the
Grotesque and Arabesque”.
4.1845 年诗集《乌鸦》出版“The Raven” was published as the title poem of a collection
在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional
techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers.
5.教材作品：《给海伦》：“To Helen”
《乌鸦》：“The Raven”
《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”
五、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized
throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and
self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.
2．1836 年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是《美国学者》，还有一个是《神学院致辞》“The American Scholar”
and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他1850年的《代表》和1856年《英国人》。1847年他的《诗集》问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems”
appeared in 1847.
3．人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.
4．他的散文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；
然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀his prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a
striking thought makes his writing memorable.
5．《美国学者》被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言”“our intellectual Declaration of Independence”
6．教材作品：《论自然》：“Nature”;
《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”
六、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862
1．他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.
2．1854年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-year’s residence at Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living.
3．1849年，根据他1846年坐监经历写下了著名的随笔《平民反抗》文章中梭罗阐述了自己的观点，在政府的压力下，人不应该违背自己的良知From his experience in jail came his famous essay” Civil Disobedience”, which stated Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.
4．教材作品：《沃尔登我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What
I Lived For”
七、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
1．《七尖角阁的房子》讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“The House of the Seven Gables” deals with the effects of a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.
2．他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and
superstition.
3．《海关大楼》“The Custom House”;
1852年的《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”;
1846年他完成了宏篇巨著《古厦青苔》splendid stories called “Mosses from an Old Manse”
1860年创作出《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”.
5．霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂
深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet
Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is
obtained for some of them.
6．在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑的杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当时人们的道德参考it was Hawthorne’s ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol. 霍桑同埃德加·阿伦·坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American。霍桑同麦尔维尔一样都采用了讲故事的手法来探讨生活的意义to Hawthorne and Melville, hower, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.
7．他的作品还有：《伊桑·布兰德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的体验》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石脸》。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”; “The Ambitious Gust”; “The Great Stone Face”.
8．教材作品：《红字》：“The Scarlet Letter”
八、Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891
1．《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者“Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly
supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century.
2．1846年《泰皮》出版后，他被称为“同食人族生活的人”“Typee”, became known as the “man who lived among cannibals” 1847年后续集《欧穆》同样大获成功
“Omoo”；
1849年《雷德本》“Bedburn”;
1850年《白外衣》“White-Jacket”;
1891年《比利·伯德》“Billy Budd”
3．两部哲学性小说《玛地》、《皮埃尔》two other philosophical novels “Mardi”, “Pierre”.
《代笔者巴特贝》是有诗歌风味的短篇故事“Bartleby the Scrivener”. 还有两本短
篇小说，即《班内托·西兰尼》和《比利·伯德》（最后一部）two celebrated short novels “Benito Cereno” and “Billy Budd”. 《比利·伯德》同《白鲸》一样都运用船来象征社会，苦苦追寻和探讨了人类善与恶的问题，船就是社会的一个缩影，里面有各种各样的人物uses a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil. Aha b’s ship was like a world in miniature with characters from all walks of life.
4．教材作品：《白鲸》：“Moby Dick”
九、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
1．1833-1835创作完成散文浪漫作品《海外记游》his prose romance “Outre-Mer”; 2．在《海华沙》中，他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说using Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体裁his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.
3．1838年他第一部诗集名叫《夜吟》Longfellow’s first collection of poems entitled “Voices of the Night”；
1839年浪漫散文作品《许珀里翁》出版“Hyperion” the prose romance.。
1841年《歌谣及其他》“Ballads and other Poems”;
1842年《奴隶制度诗篇》“Poems on Slavery”;
1847年诗歌《伊凡吉林》“Evangeline”;
1855年《海华沙之歌》“Song of Hiawatha”;
1858年《迈克尔·斯坦狄什的求婚》“The Courtship of Miles Standish”;
戏剧作品《迈克尔·安吉洛》dramatic work “Michael Angelo”
翻译作品《神曲》翻译成就最高“Divine Comedy”.
4．他的其它作品：《金星号遇难》、《人生礼赞》、《精益求精》、《乡村铁匠》、《逝去的青春》
“The Wreck of the Hesperus”; “A Psalm of Life”; “Excelsior”; “The Village Blacksmith”; “My Lost Youth”.
5．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.
The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his
lifetime.
6．教材作品：《人生礼赞》：“A Psalm of Life”;
《奴隶的梦》：“The Slave’s Dream”;
《逝去的青春》；“My Lost Youth”;
《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
附：作者及作品（第一册）
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”
2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop
《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”
3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”
4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”
二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution
1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”
《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson
※《独立宣言》
4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”
三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism
1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving
※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself”
※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
《见闻札记》“Sketch Book”
《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle”
《纽约外史》“A History of New York”
《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”
《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller”
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”
《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”
《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
”Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”
《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies”
《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria”
《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith”
《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore cooper
※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of The Mohicans”
《间谍》“The Spy”
《领航者》“The Pilot”
《美国海军》“U.S. Navy”
《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales”
包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder”
《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire”
3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant
※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis”
※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl”
4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe
※《给海伦》“To Helen”
※《乌鸦》“The Raven”
※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle”
《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson
※《论自然》“Nature”
※《论自助》“Self-Reliance”
《美国学者》“The American Scholar”
《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address”
《随笔集》“Essays”
《代表》“Representative Men”
《英国人》“English Traits”
《诗集》“Poems”
6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau
※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》
“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
《平民反抗》“Civil Disobedience”
7。纳撒尼尔·霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne
※《红字》“The Scarlet Letter”
《七尖角阁的房子》“The House of the Seven Gables”
《海关大楼》“The Custom House”
《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”
《古夏青苔》“Mosses From an Old Manse”
《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”
《伊桑·布兰德》“Ethan Brand”
《小伙子布朗》“Young Goodman Brown”
《海德格博士的体验》“Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”
《野心勃勃的客人》“The Ambitious Gust”
《巨石脸》“The Great Stone Face”
8。赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Herman Melville
※《白鲸》“Moby Dick”
《泰皮》“Typee”
《欧穆》“Omoo”
《雷德车》“Bedburn”
《白外衣》“White-Jacket”
《比利·伯德》“Billy Budd”
《玛地》“Mardi”
《皮埃尔》“Pierre”
《班内托·西兰尼》“Benito Cereno”
9。亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
※《人生礼赞》“A Psalm of Life”
※《奴隶的梦》“The Slave’s Dream”
※《逝去的青春》“My Lost Youth”
※《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》
“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
《海外记游》“Outre-Mer”
《海华沙》“Hiawatha”
《夜吟》“Voices of the Night”
《许珀里翁》“Hyperion”
《歌谣及其他》“Ballads and other Poems”
《奴隶制度诗篇》“Poems on Slavery”
《伊凡吉林》“Evangeline”
《迈克尔·安吉洛》“Michael Angelo”
《金星号遇难》“The Wreck of the Hesperus”
《精益求精》“Excelsior”
《乡村铁匠》“The Village Blacksmith”
美国文学史复习（colonialism)
第一部分殖民主义时期的文学
一、时期综述
1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记
2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：
1）their voyage to the new land
2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops
3) About dealing with Indians
4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit
3、清教徒的思想：
1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式
2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位
3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝
4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William
他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.
5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。
6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet
7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.
学习指南：
1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘
Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.
2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.
3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese. 美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)
(2009-01-17 15:54:25)
一、美国的性质：
The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。
二、代表作家：
1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790
1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集
It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation
2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题
3）established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University of Pennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。
4）first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.
5)As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficulty negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表，他不断建议英国改变政策，使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。
6）As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic.作为作家具有非凡的才能，表达简洁明了，幽默，讽刺天才、
7）The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传
2、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因 1737-1809 "Great Common of Mankind" 最平凡的人
1）famous pamphlet "Common Sense" 著名的政治小册子《常识》 it boldly advocated a "Declaration for Independence", and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护独立宣言，是分裂活动发展成最后危机。2）"American Crisis" 《美国危机》，signed "Common Sense" (p31,第一段）
The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Cri sis美国危机；Rights of Man 人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代
3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊
1）drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言
2）与清教徒不同，主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness. 人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
4、Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺 poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者
1）perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.
2)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
学习指南：
1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of American writing. Politics was the next great suject to command the attention of the best minds.
2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste ye romantic in essential spirit.
美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms)
(2009-01-17 18:58:09)
一、文学特征：
1、Environment:
1)shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境
2）array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditons of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮
2、美国文学特点：
pluralistic多元化 manifestations varied 表现形式多样 Individualistic个人主义 conflicting 矛盾
3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4、Transcendentalism 超验主义
1）as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
2)they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
3）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源。
4）it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural im plication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.
5）代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善
Thoreau 梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”
5、Literary forms文学形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。
6、Imaginative literature想象类文学
7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。
8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会，回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。
9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响，作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言，具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。
10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England → Transcendentali sm, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。
二、代表作家：
1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，划线部分为三个主要contribution
① the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家
②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。
④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》
A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；
The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉
2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀
①contribution: launched two kinds of imm ensely popular stories → the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。
②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, r egard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物，纳蒂.班波
Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order
The Spy间谍The Pilot领航者The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿
3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特 poet 诗人
①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。
②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。
③“To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。
4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡
①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、文学评论家。
②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志（坡的工作场所）
③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection, “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。
④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。
5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生
①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。
②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence of mind思想独立, and self-reliance 自强.
③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、“The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。
④his most important works are “Representative Men”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》
⑤摘自《论自然》：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。
6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗
①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。
②“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作
③教义：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。
★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑
①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne, who harm a person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。
②“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房，是霍桑著名神秘小说中的一个房屋名称。
③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注，认为清教徒的戒行过于森严，对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。
④“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》
⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s
moral nature. 独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。
⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in
his short stories. 短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。
⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能
把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。
⑥（课堂笔记提及的）“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》
⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实，坦然的面对罪过。
⑵弗洛伊德人格理论：Id 本我→ 欲望，只要快乐→Roger 女主角的丈夫
Ego 自我→ 分辨对错，受约束，符合现实→Hester 女主角
Superego 超我→ →Dim 女主角的情人，牧师
⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process
⑦“The Scarlet Letter” analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth
of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, tha t the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.
★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔
Moby Dick”《白鲸》，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手创作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。④在书中说：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物：Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，was a friendly on；⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas ife.”阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争，他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争，他们令人毛骨悚然，有时还冷酷无他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。
⑦“Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life
of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best il lustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.
9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗 poet 诗人
①it would be hard, also, to overes timate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”.
His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料，在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的，中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌，他都一一作了阐述。
②殊荣：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.
朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。
③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅
宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。
④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles
that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想，但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。
⑤特点：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to
popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用，也把美国民间文化传播到国外，他的作品还被翻译成多种文字，在海外受到高度评美国文学史复习4（Realism）