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大学英语四级考试精讲班第35讲讲义
篇章阅读理解
篇章阅读理解
一、大纲的要求：
（一）《大学英语教学大纲》（修订本）对四级阅读能力的要求：
1．能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章；
2．掌握文章的中心大意及说明中心大意的事实和细节；
3．能根据文章进行一定的分析、推理和判断；
4．领会作者的观点和态度；
5．阅读速度达到每分钟70个词。
（二）《大学英语四级考试大纲》对考生阅读理解能力的要求：
1．掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
2．了解阐明文章中心思想的事实和细节；
3．能根据所读材料进行一定的推理判断；
4．根据上下文判断词汇和短语具体含义；
5．能理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；
6．领会作者的观点和态度。
二、阅读理解的题材和体裁：
无论是《大学英语教学大纲》还是《大学英语考试大纲》都没有对阅读理解的题材和体裁作明显的规定，只是提到四级阅读应是“语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章”。这就为四级阅读的题材和体裁提供了广泛的选择范围。一般而言，四级阅读的选材广泛，包括人物传记、社会经济、文化教育、科普知识、风士人情等。但是，从近几年来的试题看，科普类文章占有很大的比例，其次是社会生活方面的文章，还有少量文章是关于教育、经济和文化等内容。因此考生在平时就应该有意识地加强自己对科技、教育、文化等问题的关注。
《大学英语考试大纲》对四级阅读理解所选文章的体裁规定有“体裁可多样化，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等。”而从历年的试题来看，占阅读理解大多数的还是议论文和说明文，记叙文，则非常少见。
三、篇章仔细阅读考点分析及常考题型：
篇章仔细阅读主要是考查考生是否具备英语国家的篇章阅读习惯和篇章阅读能力——了解文章中一些具体的事实状况，以及做出一定的推理判断，从而对文章语义，作者观点态度，全文的主旨大意得出一个全面的理解的能力。考生只有真正意识到了四级考试的仔细阅读考查实质，才能够掌握正确的解题思路及方法。
根据《大学英语教学大纲》对考生阅读能力的要求，阅读理解的题型一般可分为以下
五类
五类：
1．主旨大意题：测试考生对文章主题及中心思想的把握能力；
2．观点态度题：测试考生理解、领会作者的观点、态度及情感倾向的能力；
3．事实细节题：测试考生把握阐述主题的事实和细节的能力，其内容多涉及人物、地点、原因和数字等具体的内容；
4．推理判断题：测试考生根据阅读文章的表层意思推测隐含意义的能力；
5．语义理解题：测试考生对阅读文章中关键词和关键句的理解能力。
事实细节题：涉及考查文章中明确给出的细节性内容。
语义理解题：涉及考查理解把握文章中词语或句子层面的某一细节性内容。
推理判断题：涉及考查推理判断文章中句子或句际层面的细节性内容。
语义理解题和推理判断题都要针对篇章语境做出相应的判断，但不同之处在于语义理解是要结合某一个词语或短句前后的内容对该词语或句子的意思做出推理判断，而推理判断题要求能够把握某一个较长的句子在特定的篇章语境下的意思。
观点态度题：涉及考查理解把握并且相应综合推理，判断文章一个或多个细节性内容。
主旨大意题：涉及考查综合推理文章各个不同细节点，归纳概括得出文章主旨大意。
观点态度和主旨大意题都是对文章多个细节的综合推理，归纳概括，但是两题的侧重点不尽相同——观点态度题更侧重文章中作者的观点态度，而主旨大意题更侧重于对文章主旨大意的把握。
读理解第一篇
下面以2005年12月四级英语考试阅读第一篇为例，具体解释事实细节题的解题思路：
（1）题干：
21. It is the belief of Frito-Lay’s head of global marketing that ___________.
22. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?
23. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that __________.
24. Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?
25. Frito-Lay’s executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market _________.
（2）跟我读题干：
21.题眼：belief，考查细节或推理。查读焦点：Frito-Lay’s head of global marketing。
22.题眼：learn from…，考查细节或推理。查读焦点：Frito-Lay, Paragraph 2。
23.题眼：the assumptions，考查细节或推理。查读焦点：development strategy。
24.题眼：Why考查细节或推理原因。查读焦点：logo redesigned。
25.题眼：claim，考查细节或推理。查读焦点：executives, promoting, international market。
本文主题推测：Frito-Lay公司的海外市场扩张战略。
（3）文章：
Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,”the Lay’s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker, Frito-Lay, thinks otherwise. “Potato chips are a snack food for the world,”said Salman Amin, the ①company’s head of global marketing. Amin ①believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.
Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by PepsiCo, and accounts for over half of the parent company’s $ 3 billion annual profits. ②But the U. S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas.
③Its strategy relies on two beliefs: first, a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete, and second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global”as a concept. “Global”does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones that consumers—especially young people —see as part of a modern, innovative（创新的）world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know that Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the company’s research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.
With brand perception a crucial factor, ④Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo（标识）. The logo, along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility”of its chips, would help facilitate the company’s global expansion.
The ⑤executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Rather, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. “We’re making products in those countries, we’re adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives,”said Steve Reinemund, ⑤Pepsico’s chief executive.
（4）跟我读文章：
【文章主题】国内市场饱和，Frito-Lay要发展就得进军海外市场，提出全球化策略。
解释性报道。第一部分(Para. 1-Para. 2)提出事件主题。第二部分(Para. 3-Para. 5)具体展开阐述。为提出主题做铺垫（其开头提出一种观点，而后否定并指出真正观点），
Para. 1-Para. 2: [Para. 1为引文，Para. 2提出事件主题]
Para. 3: 分述①：全球化策略基于的两个信念。
Para. 4: 分述②：全球化策略的关键因素——品牌效应。
Para. 5: 分述③：该公司高层领导表明进行全球化策略的真正目的——给海外国家带来利益。（引用他人话语）
（5）题干及选项：
21. It is the belief of Frito-Lay’s head of global marketing that _________.
[A] potato chips can badly be used as a weapon to dominate the world market.
[B] their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales.
[C] the light golden color enhances the charm of their company’s potato chips
[D] people all over the world enjoy eating their company’s potato chips
22. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?
[A] Its products used to be popular among overseas consumers.
[B] Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker.
[C] It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.
[D] It needs to turn to the world market for development.
23. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that _________.
[A] consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands
[B] local brands cannot compete success-fully with American brands
[C] products suiting Chinese consumers’needs bring more profits
[D] products identified as American will have promising market value.
24. Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?
[A] To suit changing tastes of young consumers.
[B] To promote the company’s strategy of globalization.
[C] To change the company’s long-held marketing image.
[D] To compete with other American chip producers.
25. Frito-Lay’s executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market ________.
[A] won’t affect the eating habits of the local people
[B] will lead to economic imperialism
[C] will be in the interest of the local people
[D] won’t spoil the taste of their chips
大学英语四级考试精讲班第36讲讲义
解析
解析：
21.查读焦点：Frito-Lay’s bead of global marketing在第一段①处。考查belief的具体内容。[D]对应Believes 后的内容：[D]中people all over the world对应(every) corner of the world; can’t resist “抵挡”对应enjoy。排除干扰项：[A]属于文章部分信息，与第一段前两句结合起来的意思不符；[B]和[C]在文章中未提及。
22.查读焦点：在第二段②Frito-Lay以及动词和连词后。考查Frito-Lay的细节。[D]项对应连词and后的内容：needs to 对应has to; look overseas对应turn to the world market; for development
23.查读焦点：development strategy，在第三段③。考查公司发展战略依据的细节。[A]对应冒号后的内容：are attracted by对应are drawn to; global brands对应“global”as a concept。
排除干扰项：第三段first, a global product 对应to grow。
排除干扰项：[A]与最后暗示公司未进入海外市场不符。[B]和[C]文中未提及。…cannot compete,且American brands % global brands排除[B]；[C]未是及；第三段最后一句排除[D]。
24.查读焦点：logo redesigned 在第四段④。考查重新设计logo的原因。[B]对应本段最后一句：promote 对应help facilitate, promote意为“促进”；facilitate意为“推动，促进”。Company’s strategy of globalization 对应company’s global expansion。
排除干扰项：[A]文中未提及；文中along with “随同…一起”与[C]change相反；[D]Lay logo…global expansion 不符。
25.查读焦点：executives, promoting, international market在文章第五段⑤。考查细节概括。claim表明题目考查的是Frito-Lay’s executives宣称的内容。[C]项目interest后的内容对应executives后的四个并列的动宾结构所表达的内容。
排除干扰项：最后一段第一句的前半部分暗含了对当地居民的饮食习惯是有影响的，排除[A]；[B]与文中deny相反；[D]与adapting them (their chips) to the tastes of those countries不符。
【答案速查】21[D]，22[D]，23[A]，24[B]，25[C]
读理解第二篇
练习：2005年6月英语四级考试阅读理解第二篇：
本文主题推测：
（1）文章：
“Tear’em apart!”“Kill the fool!”“Murder the referee（裁判）！”
These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. ①But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations（含义）may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent”as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.
The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent”is “adversary”;“enemy”;“one who opposes your interests.”Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when ②a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed,“Are they wet enough now?”
③In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior. Therefore, I ④believe it is time we ⑤elevated （提升）the game to the level where it belongs, thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term“opponent”with“associate”could be an ideal way to start.
The dictionary meaning of the term“associate”is “colleague”;“friend”;“companion.”Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate”rather than“opponent.”
（2）导读：
【文章主题】文字语言对运动员在体育竞技中的行为有着很深的影响，应该改变一些体育竞技中使用的语言了。
Para. 1-Para.2:
论点：是时候将“对手”这个词从体育竞技的术语中删除了。
Para. 3-Para. 4:
论据：因为文字言语的影响，的影响，一个运动员往往将其“对手”看成是“敌人”，获胜的欲望支配其思想和行为（下定义、举例子）。
Para. 5-Para. 6:
结论：用“合作者”替代“对手”（下定义）。
（3）题干及选项：
26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view?
[A] Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
[B] The words people use can influence their behavior.
[C] Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
[D] unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ___________.
[A] are too eager to win
[B] are usually short-tempered and easily offended
[C] cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitions
[D] treat their rivals as enemies
28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
[A] He refused to continue the game.
[B] He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
[C] He claimed that the referee was unfair.
[D] He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.
29. According to the passage, players, in a game, may _________.
[A] deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
[B] keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
[C] lie down on the ground as an act of protest
[D] kick the ball across the court with force
30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by __________.
[A] calling on players to use clean language on the court
[B] raising the referee’s sense of responsibility
[C] changing the attitude of players on the sports field
[D] regulating the relationship between players and referees
（4）解析：
26.题眼the author’s view,考查作者观点态度，查读焦点：第二段①：seem innocent enough描述看起来的情况。紧接着出现的But let’s not kid ourselves, They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed.对应[B]粗话会影响人们的行为。文中的they指带的是如“tear’em apart!”之类的粗暴话语。
排除干扰项：[A]是文章陈述的事实，并非作者观点，排除；[C]、[D]文中未提及。
27.题眼because，查读焦点：during game对应第一段结尾，第二段开头，考查根据细节推理：比赛中运动员把“对手”当“敌人”，心中“赢”字当头是言行粗鲁（对应hard words）根本原因。[D]项正确。
排除干扰项：[A]是文章明确表达的内容，未做进一步推理；[B]和[C]文章未提及。
28.题眼what did…do,查读焦点：handball player, change gloves在文章第三段②，考查手球运动员的行为细节：[D]项对应文章手球运动员行为。
排除干扰项：[A]、[B]、[C]与原文不符。
29.题眼：play may，查读焦点：player in a game 对应文章第四段③In the heat of battle，考查运动员行为细节：选项[A]对应witness somebody. Doing something“亲眼看见某人做某事”后的内容与：intentional对应deliberately; illegal blocking在选项中复现。
排除干扰项：[B]、[C]、[D]原文未提及。
30.题眼：hope, by，考查作者观点态度。文章第五段④的believe对应题干hope引出作者的观点。查读焦点：the current situation, improved与文章第五段⑤it is time, elevated对应。从文中可看出作者希望通过从“对手”到“合作者”的转变，来改变运动员匀在体育场上对待彼此的态度，进而改善目前运动比赛时的状况。选项[C]正确。
排除干扰项：[A]过于片面：[B]、[D]文中未提及。
【答案速查】26[B]，27[D]，28[D]，29[A]，30[C]
大学英语四级考试精讲班第37讲讲义
阅读理解第一篇
练习：2005年1月英语四级考试阅读理解第一篇：
（1）题干：
11. According to the author, knowing the cause of the misery will help __________.
12. We learn from the passage that ____________.
13. According to the passage, to combat the flu effectively, _________________.
14. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold?
15. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents _____________.
（2）读题思路：
11.题眼：________________。
查读焦点：____________。
12.题眼：________________。
13. 题眼：_______________。
查读焦点：_____________。
14. 题眼：_______________。
查读焦点：_____________。
15. 题眼：_______________。
查读焦点：_____________。
本文主题推测：
（3）文章：
Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if ①the cause is a cold or flu（流感）may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.
The American Lung Association（ALA）has issued new guidelines on combating colds and the flu, and one of the keys is being able to quickly tell the two apart. That’s because the prescription drugs available for the flu need to be taken ②soon after the illness sets in. As for colds, the sooner a person starts taking over the-counter remedy, the sooner relief will come.
The common cold and the flu are both caused by viruses. More than 200 viruses can cause cold symptoms, while the flu is caused by three viruses—flu A, B and C. There is no cure for either illness, but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine（疫苗）, which is, for most people, the best way to ④fight the flu, according to the ALA.
⑤But if the flu does strike, quick action can help. Although the flu and common cold have many similarities, there are some obvious signs to look for.
⑥Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. On the other hand, fever is one of the ⑥characteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.
The ALA notes that it may be particularly difficult to tell when infants and preschool age children have the flu. It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children have flu-like symptoms.
③Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with over-the-counter medications as well. However, children and teen with a cold or flu should ⑦not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome（综合症）, a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous system.
There is, of course, no vaccine for the common cold. But frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with people who have colds can reduce the likelihood of catching one.
（4）导读：
【文章主题】区分感冒和流感的重要性和具体方法，以及因此而得到的不同治疗方法。
Para. 1-Para. 2：
区分普通感冒和流感的重要性——减少病痛且治疗两种疾病的用药不同。（对比）
Para. 3:
两种疾病是由不同的病毒引起的；有流感疫苗，而无预防感冒的疫苗。（对比）
Para. 4-Para. 6:
区分普通感冒和流感的明显症状，但在对待儿童时最好向医生咨询。（对比）
Para. 7-Para. 8:
缓解普通感冒和流感都可服用非处方药（儿童要避免服用阿司匹林）及预防普通感冒的措施。
题干及选项
题干及选项：
11. According to the author, knowing the cause of the misery will help __________.
[A] shorten the duration of the illness
[B] the patient buy medicine over the counter
[C] the patient obtain cheaper prescription drugs
[D] prevent people from catching colds and the flu
12. We learn from the passage that ___________.
[A] one doesn't need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu
[B] aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for the flu
[C] delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system
[D] over-the-counter drugs can be taken to case the misery caused by a cold or the flu
13. According to the passage, to combat the flu effectively, _________.
[A] one should identify the virus which abuses it
[B] one should consult a doctor as soon as possible
[C] one should take medicine upon catching the disease
[D] one should remain alert when the disease is spreading
14. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold?
[A] A stuffy nose.
[B] A high temperature.
[C] A sore throat.
[D] A dry cough.
15. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents ________.
[A] are advised not to give them aspirin
[B] should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome
[C] are encouraged to take them to hospital for
[D] should prevent them from mixing with people running a fever
（6）解析：
11.题眼：According to ，查读焦点the cause在第一段转折词but后①，考查细节：being able to tell对应knowing；文章how long…lasts①对应[A]the duration。
排除干扰项：第二段②确定是流感后要尽快服用处方药prescription drugs而不是非处方药medicine over the counter，[B]与原文相反；[C]未提及；[D]预防只第三段和最后一段提到，全文验证可排除。
12.题眼：learn from，考查细节。用排除法：[A]与文章意思不相符；[B]未提及，第七段只是说儿童在患感冒或流感后应避免服用阿司匹林；[C]未提及；只有[D]与第七段③对应，为正确选项。
13.题眼：According to，查读焦点：combat the flu effectively对应第三段fight the flu，考查细节：第三段结尾讲预防流感冒，第四段第一句⑤即尽快治疗流感。选项[C] take medicine upon catching the disease 对应文章⑤quick action和②prescription drugs…need to be taken soon after the illness sets in。
排除干扰项：[A]、[B]、[D]未提及。
14.题眼：Which，查读焦点：symptoms, distinguish the flu from a cold对应文章第五段⑥，考查细节：感冒不伴随发烧，症状是渐渐出现；而流感伴有发烧，症状出现得快，A high temperature 即文中的fever。
排除干扰项：[A]、[C]是感冒而非流感的特征，排除；[D]文中未提及。
15.题眼：If，查读焦点：children have flu-like symptoms对应第七段⑦，考查细节：选项[A] not to give them aspirin 对应文中的should not take aspirin。
排除干扰项：[B]与倒数第二段第二句表述不符；[C]为预防flu的措施；[D]最后一段预防普通感冒措施之一为远离患者，而非孩子与发烧人群接触。
【答案速查】11.[A], 12.[D], 13.[C], 14.[B], 15.[A]
语义理解题
语义理解题
一、语义理解题题干表现形式：
语义理解题考查的是考生对文章中出现的关键词、短语或句子含义的理解能力。完成这类题目时不能孤立地根据某个句子或短语做出判断，应把它放到上下文中支理解。语义理解题常见的题干表现形式有：
1. The word “…”refers to …
2. The word “…”stands for (1997年6月18题)
3. The phrase “…”probably refers to …(1997年1月70题)
4. By saying that “…”the writer means …(1997年6月55题)
5. …the pronoun “…”refers to …(1997年1月54题)
6. The word “…”mostly probably means …(1996年2月81题/ 1997年1月53题)
7. “…”most probably means…
8. “…”refers to …(1997年1月59题)
9. “…”in the last sentence refers to …(1997年60题)
10. By “…”the author means that …(1997年61题)
11. The word “…”mostly probably refers to …(2002年6月36题)
12. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word “…”(2000年6月68题)
13. The phrase “…”is closest in meaning to …
14. The statement “…”probably means “…”(1999年1月26题)
二、语义理解题怎么考——选项特征：
（一）正确选项的特点：
1.是所考词汇或句子的同义转换；
2.如果考查的是熟词，与上下文意义一致的解释往往是正确选项；
3.考查句意的题，含有不肯定语气词、或意义解释深刻的常常是正确选项。
（二）干扰项特点：
1.与所考查的词汇形似；
2.含有该词常规含义；
3.语气无关/相反；
4.对句子的释义太宽/太窄。
三、语义理解题考什么：
语义理解题可以是对单词和短语的考查，也可以是对句子含义的考查。对于文中单词的考查无外乎两种情况：一种是多义常用词在特定语境中的具体含义；一种是可以根据上下文推测出含义的生僻词汇。无论是对单词和短语，还是对句子含义的考查，弄清上下文之间的逻辑和语义关系都是解题的关键。
四、语义理解题怎么答——解题思路：
语义理解题：见基本解题法+结合语境和文章主题，对词句细节合理推理
下面以2005年12月英语四级考试第四篇36、37、38题为例讲述语义理解的具体解题思路：
（1）题干：
36. If a mother adds “but”to an apology, _________.
37. According to the author, saying “I’m sorry you’re upset”most probably means “________”.
38. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ________.
39. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry _______.
40. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is ________.
（2）跟我读题干：
36.题眼：if。查读焦点：a mother adds “but”to an apology。
37.题眼：According to the author, mean, 考查语义理解。查读焦点：“I’m sorry you’re upset”。
38.题眼：because。查读焦点：the general, all-covering apology。
39.题眼：learn from, 考查推理或细节。查读焦点：last paragraph, teaching children to say sorry。
40.题眼：inferred, 考查推理。查读焦点：apologizing properly。
本文主题推测：教孩子道歉
大学英语四级考试精讲班第38讲讲义
读文章
读文章：
If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.
If you say to your children “I’m sorry I got angry with you, but…”what follows that ①“but”can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day”or “your noise was giving me a headache”leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.
Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say ②“I’m sorry you’re upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.
Then there is ③the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I’m useless as a parent”does not commit a person to any specific improvement.
These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies. But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition（痛悔）, children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as be does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a beavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children’s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent’s clothes without permission is not.
（4）跟我读文章：
【文章主题】向人道歉尤其是向孩子道歉的方式是很微妙复杂的。
Para. 2-Para. 4:
论据（3个）：阐述了三种不同的虚假道歉方式。（采用了驳论的论证方式）
Para. 5:
论据总结：告诫家长在教孩子如何道歉时不要采用如上的虚假道歉方式。
Para. 6:
孩子仍需要帮助才会意识到道歉方式的复杂性时。（论点+论据。举例子）
（5）题干及选项：
36. If a mother adds “but”to an apology, _______.
[A] she doesn’t feel that she should have apologized.
[B] she does not realize that the child has been hurt
[C] the child may find the apology easier to accept
[D] the child may feel that he owes her an apology
37. Accrding to the author, saying “I’m sorry you’re upset”most probably means “_________”.
[A] You have good reason to get up set
[B] I’m aware you’re upset, but I’m not to blame
[C] I apologize for hurting your feelings
[D] I’m at fault for making you upset
38. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because _________.
[A] it gets one into the habit of making empty promises
[B] it may make the other person feel guilty
[C] it is vague and ineffective
[D] it is hurtful and insulting
39. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry ________.
[A] the complexities involved should be ignored
[B] their ages should be taken into account
[C] parents need to set them a good example
[D] parents should be patient and tolerant
40. It can inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is _________.
[A] a social issue calling for immediate attention
[B] not necessary among family members
[C] a sign of social progress
[D] not as simple as it seems
（6）解析：
36.查读焦点：a mother adds “but”to an apology在第二段①句层次语义理解。That后的内容是but所表达的真正意思。he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology对应[D]孩子应该向母亲道歉。
排除干扰项：[A]、[B]、[C]与文章语义无关。
37.查读焦点：I’m sorry you’re upset“在第三段②。语义理解题。This suggests that后for allowing yourself to get upset对应[B]你感到沮丧是因为你主观愿意，与我无关。
排除干扰项：[A]文章未提及；[C]、[D]与文章意思相反。
38.查读焦点：the general, all-covering apology在文章第四段③。句层次语义理解。Which后对the general, all-covering apology作了说明。“avoids…”这种笼统的道歉不针对具体行为，因此是模糊的；“does not commit …”这种道歉不会改善情况，所以是无效的ineffective。排除干扰项：[A]、[B]文章未提及；[D]是说人的感受，而不是针对the general, all-covering apology。
39.查读焦点：在最后一段。篇章推理。Help对应题干teaching，从对三种不同年龄阶段的小孩的举例阐述，推得教孩子学会道歉要考虑到孩子的年龄。
排除干扰项：[A]与第一句相反；[C]、[D]文章未提及。
40.篇章概括推理。首段道歉quite tricky（非常微妙复杂），列举了几种没有效果的道歉方式；最后一段再次提出了教孩子道歉的complexities（复杂性）还在于要充分考虑孩子的年龄。因此全文旨在阐明道歉是not simple的。
排除干扰项：[A]、[C]文章未提及；[B]与原文相反。
【答案速查】36.[D], 37.[B], 38.[C], 39.[B], 40.[D]
语义理解题技巧巩固训练
语义理解题技巧巩固训练
练习一：2005年1月英语四级考试考试阅读理解第二篇：
（一）题干：
16. According to the author’s observation, college students ________.
17. The students’criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with _______.
18. By saying “While it’s true that…be they scientific or artistic”(Lines 1-5, Para. 5), the author means that ________.
19. Studying the diverse wisdom of others can ________.
20. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
(二)读题思路：
16.题眼：_____________。
查读焦点：___________。
17.题眼：_____________。
查读焦点：___________。
18.题眼：_____________。
查读焦点：___________。
19.题眼：_____________。
查读焦点：___________。
20.题眼：_____________。
本文主题推测：
（1）文章：
According to ①a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, ①today’s traditional age ①college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)”than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.
Not surprising in these hard times, ②the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.”It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.
Interest in teaching, social service and the “altruistic”fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.
That’s no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job-even before she completed her two-year associate degree. While it’s true that we all need a career, ③it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions-be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we ④learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.
Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run!
But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral senses. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group o f businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table: one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机): “Miss Baxter,”he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”
From the long-term point of view, that’s what-education really ought to be about.
（2）导读：
【文章主题】目前的大学生比以前更看重物质享受，这一点体现在所选的专业课程上。然而全方位教育也很重要。
Para. 1-Para. 4:
社会现象：目前的大学生比以前更看重物质享受，这一点体现在所选的专业课程上。
Para. 5-Para. 8:
观点：全方位教育的重要性。（第五段运用了陈述式排比句进行道理论证；第六、七段采用了驳论的论证方式）。
（3）题干及选项：
16. According to the author’s observation, college students _________.
[A] have never been so materialistic as today
[B] have never been so interested in the arts
[C] have never been so financially well off as today
[D] have never attached so much importance to moral sense
17. The students’criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with ________.
[A] the influences of their instructors
[B] the financial goals they seek in life
[C] their own interpretations of the courses
[D] their understanding of the contributions of others
18. By saying “While it’s true that…be they scientific or artistic”(Lines 1-5, Para. 5), the author means that __________.
[A] business management should be included in educational programs
[B] human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed
[C] human intellectual development has reached new heights
[D] the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked
19. Studying the diverse wisdom of others can _________.
[A] create varying artistic interests
[B] help people see things in their right perspective
[C] help improve connections among people
[D] regulate the behavior of modern people
20. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
[A] Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded.
[B] Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong.
[C] People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life.
[D] Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.
（4）解析：
16.题眼：According to，查读焦点：observation, college students在文章第一段①，考查细节：are more materialistic对应选项[A]“现在学生比…更现实。”
排除干扰项：[B]与原文意思相反；[C]文章未提及；据第二段第二句排除[D]。
17.题眼have much to do with，查读焦点:criteria, selecting majors today在文章第二段②，考查推理：目前大学生主要目标是经济上富裕，因此现在最受欢迎的课程是会计学而非文学或历史，因此可知学生在选择专业上会着重考虑经济目标。
排除干扰项：[A]、[C]、[D]未提及。
18.题眼the author means that，查读焦点：“While it’s true that…be they scientific or artistic”在第五段③，考查语义理解。It is equally true后作者认为不管是科学或艺术方面的知识，多了解些对我们更好。这是针对大学生为追求经济利益，重会计等学科，轻视文科的现象提出来的。
排除干扰项：[A]原文无此意思；[B]原文提到知识量上的积累，但未提及速度；[C]未提及。
19.题眼：Studying the diverse wisdom of others can，查读焦点：在文章第五段，考查篇章概括推理。开阔知识可以learn how to think；更重要的是可以看清事物关系；最重要的是有是非观，这样才能“从正确的角度看问题”，[B]正确。
排除干扰项：[A]、[C]、[D]未提及。
20.题眼：Which, true，考查篇章推理概括。在第五段末句作者提到broad education能够使我们看到事物间的联系，看到直接需求以外的东西；我们不应目光短浅，只求当前的利益（第六段例子），这以此项内容一致。
排除干扰项：[A]、[B]、[C]与文章主旨无关。
【答案速查】16.[A], 17.[B], 18.[D], 19.[B], 20.[D]
大学英语四级考试精讲班第39讲讲义
推理判断题题干表现形式
推理判断题
一、推理判断题题干表现形式：
推理判断题考查的是考生根据阅读文章给出的细节性内容推测隐含在文章字里行间意思的能力；学生要根据所读的细节内容进行一定的推理和引申。此类题的题干中一般都含有imply, infer, deduce, conclude等词。常见的题干表现形式有：
1. What can be concluded from the passage? (1997年1月57题)
2. From the passage, we learn that…（1997年1月64题）
3. What do we learn from the last paragraph? (2002年6月29题)
4. It can be inferred from the passage that…（2002年6月34题/ 2002年1月35题/ 2000年12月31题/ 1997年6月20、24题）
5. The passage is most probably taken from an article entitled “…”(2000年12月35题)
6. It can be concluded from the passage that…(2002年12月40题)
7. We can learn from the passage that…(1999年1月25题)
二、推理判断题考什么：
推理判断题还可以细分为两种。句子推理是针对文章某一个具体内容的多个细节进行推理，这些内容通常在文章段落、句子等处涉及转折，复杂句或内容细节处。篇章推理考查基于语篇理解进行推理判断能力。它要求根据隐藏在文章字里行间的线索推断上下文论述的主题，推理的内容与段落或整个篇章的主旨相关。
三、推理判断题怎么考——选项特征：
（一）正确选项的特点：
1.一般含义不肯定（或主观）的，或有新义的，或不合理的答案。如含有can, some, more or less, usually, relatively, not necessarily, suggest, be likely to, possible, dubious, expect, ignore, suspect, overlook, like, dislike, new, most, often, discuss, believe, could, may, should, might, whether…or 等词的选项是正确选项；
2.如果四个选项全能凭常识判断，其中含义深刻的是正确选项；或四个选项中惟一不是常识项的是问题的正确选项；
3.应该注意选项中是文中说明的，即使符合原文，也不是正确选项。
（二）干扰项特点：
1.以假乱真，编造信息：不是在文章事实或上下文（句）逻辑基础上进行推理而得出的观点；
2.混淆本末，推理过度：虽然以文章提供的事实或内在逻辑为基础进行推理，但推理过头，概括过度；
3.直接、间接不分：把文章中明确表达的内容当成推理出来的；
4.因果颠倒：原文的原因变成了选项中的结果，或反之；
5.手段与目的颠倒：原文的手段变成了选项中的目的，或反之。
四、推理判断题怎么答——解题思路：
推理判断题：见基本解题法+结合语境和文章主题，对句子意思合理推理。
下面我们以2005年1月英语四级考试阅读理解第二篇中16、17、18题为例具体讲解推理判断题的解题技巧：
（1）题干：
16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________.
17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to ________.
18. In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on ________.
19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________.
20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
（2）跟我读题16. 题眼：
查读焦点：干：
16. 题眼：learn from，考查细节或推理。
查读焦点：the first paragraph, many Americans believe。
17. 题眼：believe, 考查细节或推理。
查读焦点：Americans surveyed, preschools。
18. 题眼：the focus is on，考查细节或推理。
查读焦点：Japan’s preschool education。
19. 题眼：in order to，考查细节或推理。
查读焦点：Free play, Japanese kindergartens。
20. 题眼：Why，考查细节或推理原因。
查读焦点：university-based kindergartens。
本文主题推测：日本和美国的学前教育。
（3）文章：
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, ①many Americans are turning to Japan, a county of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. ‖①In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问卷者) listed “to give children a good start academically”as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, ②over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, ④Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. ③Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性发展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early
childhood education continues into elementary school education.
Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend ⑥a university-based program, it will increase the children’s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. ⑤Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.
（4）跟我读文章：
【文章主题】美国对日本教育的调查与其预料不同，日本对孩子的早期教育形式多样，而不是过分强调学业。
Para. 1(‖前)：
调查主题：一度美国孩子的学业表现不佳，许多美国人希望能从日本的教育寻求到答案，然而结果出乎意料。
Para. 1 ( ‖后)：
调查结果1：日本的学前教育将塑造孩子的性格而非过多强调学业指导列为社会开办学前教育的三个首要原因之一。（对比）
Para. 2：
调查结果2：日本的学前教育将为孩子提供群体生活经验列为社会开办学前教育的三个首要原因之一。（对比）
Para. 3：
调查结果3：日本的早期儿童教育像美国一样形式多种多样。（举例子）
（5）题干及选项：
16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________.
[A] Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents
[B] Japan’s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
[C] Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction
[D] Japan’s higher education is superior to theirs
17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to _______.
[A] problem solving
[B] group experience
[C] parental guidance
[D] individually-oriented development
大学英语四级考试精讲班第40讲讲义
第18题
18. In Japan’s preschool education, the focus is on _________.
[A] preparing children academically
[B] developing children’s artistic interests
[C] tapping children’s potential
[D] shaping children’s character
19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________.
[A] broaden children’s horizon
[B] cultivate children’s creativity
[C] lighten children’s study load
[D] enrich children’s knowledge
20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
[A] They can do better in their future studies.
[B] They can accumulate more group experience there.
[C] They can be individually oriented when they grow up.
[D] They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.
（6）解析：
16.查读焦点：在文章第一段。考查句层次推理概括：many Americans后是美国人的想法，However后是事实。美国人没想到日本大多数学前教育机构极少强调学业指导，因此推理出许多美国人认为大多数学前教育机构强调学业指导。[C]正确。
排除干扰项：[A]文章未提到美、日家长在孩子的教育上投入多少的比较；[B]教学质量高和经济发展是并列关系而非因后里关系。[D]未涉及。
17.查读焦点：Americans surveyed, preschools得出两个调查结果在②处。考查篇章层次的概括推理，即过半美国人重视早期教育要有好的学业开端和③65%的美国人把团队体验列为学前教育的三个首要考虑因素之一。推理得出大多数美国人重视学前团队教育。[B]项正确。
排除干扰项：[A]、[B]未提及；[D]是文章的倒数第二段第二句修饰主语的定语。
18.查读焦点：在调查结果中④处。篇章层次概括推理，日本学前教育重视培养孩子的persistence, concentration, the ability to function as a member of a group这些都是在塑造孩子的性格，[D]项正确。
排除干扰项：[A]与第一段倒数第二句相反；[B]、[C]文中未提及。
19.考查细节。查读焦点：在文章第三段倒数第三行⑤处。选项[C]对应lighten 对应a way out for, study load 对应heavy intellectualizing 。[C]正确。
排除干扰项：文中未提及[A]、[B]、[D]与Free play的关系。
20. 查读焦点：在文章第三段倒数第五行。考查细节：选项[D]better对应文中的increase; a first-rate education 对应文中的top-rated schools and universities。[A]、[B]、[C]文章未提及。
【答案速查】16[C]，17[B]，18[D]，19[C]，20[D]
推理判断题技巧巩固训练
练习一：2005年1月英语四级考试阅读理解第三篇
（1）题干：
21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________.
22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US _______.
23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that __________,
25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists _________.
（2）读题思路：
21.题眼：______________________。
查读焦点：_____________________。
22.题眼：______________________。
查读焦点：_____________________。
23.题眼：______________________。
查读焦点：_____________________。
24.题眼：______________________。
查读焦点：_____________________。
25.题眼：______________________。
查读焦点：_____________________。
本文主题推测：
（3）文章：
Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960’s and 70’s, were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions origination in the United States. In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the ②lead accumulation world-wide has decreased significantly.
① A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining.
In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian gasoline and thus enabled scientists to differentiate （区分）the lead sources. The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the North-eastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.
③The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990. The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem （生态系统）respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.
（4）导读：
【文章主题】在美国的一部法案规定使用无铅汽油后，世界范围内的含铅沉淀物明显减少了。
Para. 2-Para. 4:
论据：北极雪地的含铅量在下降；美国东北区域的土壤中含铅量的大幅下降。（引用）
Para. 5-Para. 7：
生态环境的某些部分对大气污染的减轻能做出迅速的清理反应。（引用）
（5）题干及选项：
21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ____________.
[A] the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
[B] lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
[C] lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
[D] the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow
22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US _______.
[A] was discouraged
[B] was enforced by law
[C] was prohibited by law
[D] was introduced
23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
[A] By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.
[B] By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
[C] By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.
[D] By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.
24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________.
[A] forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
[B] lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
[C] lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
[D] the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions
25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________.
[A] are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
[B] feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
[C] still consider lead pollution a problem
[D] lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution
（6）解析：
21.题眼：indicates，查读焦点：The study published in the journal Nature 在文章第二段①，考查句层次推理概括。选项[D]major source对应文中的leading contributor。常识：格陵兰岛约五分之四地区在北极圈之内。推理得出[D]正确。
排除干扰项：[A]与首段最后一句意思相反；[B]与第二段最后一句意思相反；[C]前半句与第六段最后一句相反。
22.题眼：use of unleaded gas，查读焦点：Lead accumulation, use of unleaded gas在文章第一段②，考查细节：选项[B]law对应的就是文中的Clean Air Act。Mandate“命令，指示”。
排除干扰项：[A]、[C]与文章内容相反；[D]题干问的是worldwide的情形，因此不能据第四段最后一句选择答案。
英语四级阅读理解练习题及解析 【阅读练习】 What is it about Americans and food? We love to eat,but we feel 1 about it afterward. We say we want only the bes t, but we strangely enjoy junkfood. We’re 2 with health an d weight loss but face an unprecedented epidemic of obes ity(肥胖). Perhaps the 3 to this ambivalence(矛盾情 结) lies in our history. The first Europeans cameto this con tinent searching for new spices but went in vain. The first cash crop(经济作 物)wasn’t eaten but smoked. Then there was Prohibition, i ntended to prohibit drinking butactually encouraging more 4 ways of doing it. The immigrant experience, too, has been one of inharmon y. Do as Romans do meanseating what “real Americans” e at, but our nation’s food has come to be 5 by imports—piz za,say, or hot dogs. And some of the country’s most treas ured cooking comes from people whoarrived here in shack les.
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.
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3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller
1. When I was growing up, the whole world was Jewish. The heroes were Jewish and the villains were Jewish. The landlord, the doctor, the grocer, your best friend, the village idiot, and the neighborhood bully: all Jewish. We were working class and immigrants as well, but that just come with the territory. Essentially we were Jews on the streets of New York. We learned to be kind, cruel, and smart and feeling in a mixture of language and gesture that was part street slang, part grade-school English, part kitchen Yiddish. One Sunday evening when I was eight years old my parents and I were riding in the back seat of my rich uncle's car. We had been out for a ride and now we were back in the Bronx, headed for home. Suddenly, another car sideswiped us. My mother and aunt shrieked. My uncle swore softly. My father, in whose lap I was sitting, said out the window at the speeding car, “That's all right. Nothing but a few Jews in here.” In an instant I knew everything. I knew there was a world beyond our streets, and in that world my father was a humiliated man, without power or standing. When I was sixteen a girl in the next building had her nose straightened; we all went together to see Selma Shapiro lying in state, wrapped in bandages from which would emerge a person fit for life beyond the block. Three buildings away a boy went downtown for a job, and on his application he wrote “Anold Brown”instead of “Anold Braunowiitz.”The news swept through the neighborhood like a wild fire. A name change? What was happening here? It was awful; it was wonderful. It was frightening; it was delicious. Whatever it was, it wasn't standstill.Thing felt lively and active. Self-confidence was on the rise, passivity on the wane. We were going to experience challenges. That's what it meant to be in the new world. For the first time we could imagine ourselves out there. But whom exactly do I mean when I say we? I mean Arinie, not Selma. I mean my brother, not me. I mean the boys, not the girls. My mother stood behind me, pushing me forward. “The girls goes to college, too,” she said. And I did. But my going to college would not mean the same thing as my brother's going to college, and we all knew it. For my brother, college meant going from the Bronx to Manhattan. But for me? From the time I was fourteen I yearned to get out of the Bronx, but get out into what? I did not actually imagine myself a working person alo ne in Manhattan and nobody else did either. What I did imagine was that I would marry, and that the man I married would get me downtown. He would break the perils of class and race, and some how I'd be there alongside him. 1.In the passage, we can find the author was____.
Passage1 Reading leadership literature, you’d sometimes think that everyone has the potential to be an effective leader. 读领导文学，你有时会认为每个人都有可能成为一个有效的领导者。 I don’t believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who arc sadly incompetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities. 我不相信这是真的。事实上，我认为真正有效的领导者的方式比我看到的人都陷在领导的职位上，遗憾的是他们自己的能力不称职，严重误导了他们。 Part of the reason this happens is a lack of honest self-assessment by those who aspire to（追求）leadership in the first place. 对产生这种现象的原因一部分是由那些渴望缺乏诚实的自我评估（追求）放在首位的领导 We've all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether it's a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they can't help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear life. They believe they're natural born leaders. 我们都遇到了个人的类型，他们必须负责。无论是决策会议，篮球比赛，还是家庭外出，他们都不能不抓住领导的狗的地位，并紧紧抓住它，因为亲爱的生命。他们相信他们是天生的领袖。 Truth is, they're nothing of the sort. True leaders don't assume that it's their divine（神圣的）right to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take charge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it. 事实是，他们没有什么样的。真正的领导者不认为这是他们的神圣（神圣的）负责每次两个或两个以上的人在一起吧。恰恰相反。一个伟大的领导者会对每一个情况进行评估，并在他们的位置、情况和/或需要的情况下，只会负责。 Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that can’t be solved by the sheer force of activity, they generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is
大学英语四级阅读理解试 题及答案一 It was last revised on January 2, 2021
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（一） 一 There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. long-term goals mean a lot__. we complete our short-range goals we cannot reach solid short-term goals we write down the dates we put forward some plans short-term goals are bulid upon__. years goals activities goals that have been completed we complete each step of our goals ,__. will win final success are overwhelmed should build up confidence of success should strong desire for setting new goals our goals are drawn up,__. should stick to them until we complete them may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities had better wait for the exciting news of success have made great decision is implied but not stated in the passage that ___. who habe long-term goals will succeed down the dates may discourage you
大学英语四级阅读理解（1）We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把......按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every
As the pace of life continues to increase ,we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift,being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is an natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact ,it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation adn give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress,and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued exposure to stress,that health becomes endangered.Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress.Since we cannot remove stress from our lives(it would be unwise to do so even if we could),we need to find ways to deal with it. 1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____. a.they do not know how to enjoy themselves b.they do not believe that relaxation is important for health c.they are travelling fast all the time d.they are becoming busier with their work 2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________. a.not fearing stress b.knowing the art of relaxation c.high sense of responsibility d.having control over performance 3.Which of the follwing statements is ture? a.We can find some ways to avoid stress b.Stress is always harmful to people
大学英语四级阅读理解试题 Many people believe the glare from snow causes snowblindnenss. Yet, dark glasses or not , they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes,and even snowblindness,when exposed to several hours of "snow light" . The United States Army has now determined that glare from snow does not cause snowblindness in troops in a snow- covered , a man's eyes frequently find nothing to foucs on in a broad expanse of barren snow-covered terrain. So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of tsomething to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never sotp searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache. Nature offsets this irritation by producing more and fluid which covers the eyeball. The fluid coversthe eyeball in increasing quantity until vision blurs, then is obsured,and the result is total, even though temporary,snowblindness. Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are
大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之一（含答案） There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed. The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. 1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______. A.if we complete our short-range goals B.if we cannot reach solid short-term goals C.if we write down the dates D.if we put forward some plans 2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______. A.two years B.long-term goals C.current activities D.the goals that have been completed 3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______. A.we will win final success B.we are overwhelmed C.we should build up confidence of success D.we should strong desire for setting new goals 4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______. A.we should stick to them until we complete them B.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities C.we had better wait for the exciting news of success D.we have made great decision 5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______. A.those who habe long-term goals will succeed B.writing down the dates may discourage you C.the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desination D.every should have a goal 答案：adcbc 大学英语四级阅读理解试题40篇之二（含答案） The economy of the United states after 1952 was the econnomy of a well-fed,almost fully employed people. Despit occasional alarms, the country escaped any postwar depression and lived in a state of boom. A n economic survey of the year 1955, a typical year of the 1950’s, may be
?大学英语四级阅读40篇(含答案) There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we c an apply on a daily goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or pos sible should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foun dation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been compl eted. The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range might deal wi th just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend f or several time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to be come discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn as your list of completion dates grow,your m otivation and desire will increase. Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover fi ve years or more. Life is not a static should never allow a long-term goal to l imit us or our course of action. long-term goals mean a lot__. A we complete our short-range goals we cannot reach solid short-term goals we write down the dates we put forward some plans short-term goals are bulid upon__. D years goals activities goals that have been completed we complete each step of our goals ,__. C will win final success are overwhelmed should build up confidence of success should strong desire for setting new goals our goals are drawn up,__. B should stick to them until we complete them may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities had better wait for the exciting news of success have made great decision is implied but not stated in the passage that ___. C who habe long-term goals will succeed down the dates may discourage you goal is only a guide for us to reach our desination should have a goal 1/200答案：adcbc