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语法讲解-高考总复习:名词

语法讲解-高考总复习:名词
语法讲解-高考总复习:名词

真题再现:

1. (2015 安徽高考)There is no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ______ and then let me know.

A. thought

B. support

C. protection

D. authority

2. (2015 浙江高考)One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feeling with someone you trust.

A. production

B. stress

C. energy

D. power

3.(2015 江苏高考)Some schools will have to make ________ in agreement with the national soccer reform.

A. judgments

B. adjustments

C. comments

D. achievements

4. (2015 江苏高考)—Go and say sorry to your mom, Dave.

—I’d like to, but I’m afraid Mom won’t be happy with my ________.

A. requests

B. excuses

C. apologies

D. regrets

5. (2015 湖北高考)When he was running after his brother, the boy lost his ___ and had a bad fall.

6. He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of _____.

A. luck

B. value

C. time

D. fact

7. The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ______ in this city.

A. quantity

B. progress

C. production

D. demand

8. My first ____ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.

A. expression

B. attention

C. satisfaction

D. impression

9. —Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?

—Well, you know, English is my _______. So it is my best choice.

A. strength

B. talent

C. ability

D. skill

10. (2015 湖北高考)He gave himself a new name to hide his ____ when he went to carry out

11. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______.

A. exchange

B. bargain

C. trade

D. business

12. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common ______ in many parts of the city.

A. look

B. sign

C. sight

D. appearance

13. Always read the________ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.

A. explanations

B. instructions

C. descriptions

D. introductions

14. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a _____ of exercise.

A. limit

B. lack

C. need

D. demand

15. This restaurant has become popular for its wide of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.

A. division

B. area

C. range

D. circle

16. (2015福建高考)The failure was a big____________ to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.

A. blow

B. issue

C. excuse

D. factor

1.【解析】C。本题考查的是名词的用法,A想法,B支持,C保护,D权力,职权,根据语意故选:C。

2. 【解析】B。句意:一种最有效的减压方法就是和你觉得信任的人谈谈你的想法。production 意为“产品”,stress意为“压力”,energy意为“能源”,passive意为“力量”。根据常识可以知道,和别人谈心应该来说是减压。

3. 【解析】B。本题考察名词的基本用法,A判断,B调整C评论,D成就。根据语意选B。

4. 【解析】C。本题考察名词的意思,A请求,B借口,C道歉,D后悔。根据语意选C。

5. 【解析】A。考查名词词义辨析。句意:男孩在追他哥哥时,失去了平衡,重重地摔了一跤。lose one’s balance 失去了平衡。chance 机会,可能性;memory 记忆。

6. 【解析】C。本题考查名词辨析。句意为:他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。

7. 【解析】D。此处quantity数量;progress进步;production生产;demand要求。这里be in great demand意为“需求量很大,畅销”。句意:《哈利波特》很受欢迎;在这个城市有很大的需求量。

8.【解析】D。句意为:我对他的第一印象是他是一个善良的、善于思考的年轻人。expression 意为“表达”;attention意为“注意力”;satisfaction意为“满意、满足”;impression意为“印象”,符合句意。

9.【解析】A。根据后半句解释“it is my best choice”可知“英语是我的强项”。strength意为“优势、强项”,符合句意。

10. 【解析】C。考查名词词义辨析。句意:他执行一项秘密任务时,给自己起了一个新的名字来掩盖身份。emotion 情绪;talent 天资,才能;identity 身份;treasure 财富。故选C。

11.【解析】B。题意为:我仅花10元买了一件甩卖的裙子;真是一件便宜货。bargain意为:廉价货,便宜货。exchange 交换,交流;trade贸易;business 商业,买卖;事情。

12. 【解析】C。四个选项的词不完全是同义词,但意义比较接近。look/appearance外表;sign标志、迹象;sight风景、视力。结合句意,“在城市的很多地方,衣服穿街晾晒已成一道风景。”

13.【解析】B。句意:一定要仔细阅读瓶子上的说明书并且适量服用。强调“指示、指导”。

14. 【解析】B。句意,健康问题与不良饮食习惯和缺乏锻炼有密切关系。a lack of 是“缺乏、缺少”。

15. 【解析】C。此题不仅考查学生对于四个选项的认知,更重要的是要理解句子的含义。“这家餐馆越来越出名是由于它做的各种各样的食物适应各种类型人群。”“a range of ”强调一个系列,而“a wide range of”意为“各种各样的”。正好符合题意。从句子结构来讲,这个句子属于典型的“从句套从句”。“for”引导原因并列从句,“that”引导定语从句。

16. 【解析】A。考查名词辨析。blow打击; issue问题; excuse借口; factor要素。该句意思为:这个失败对他来说是一个打击,但是他没有泄气,很快振作恢复了原来的热情。故选A。

语法讲解

名词是英语中比较大的一类词,也是高考的重点和难点。从近几年全国各省市高考题可以看出,高考对名词的考查主要涉及在特定的语境中考查名词词义辨析(包括名词与动词或介词的搭配),名词的数(包括可数名词的单复数形式,名词的可数性和不可数性及它们之间的转化等),名词的所有格,名词作定语,以及名词的修饰语和主谓一致。另外,考查名词常常和考查冠词一起进行。

从命题形式来看,目前高考对名词的考查主要集中在完形填空、单项选择和短文改错,其中完形填空对名词的考查所占分值最大。单项选择涉及对以上所述类型的考查;完形填空主要考查名词辨析;短文改错则大多考查名词的单复数以及名词作定语。

考点一:名词词义辨析

名词词义辨析是高考对名词考查的最大热点,又是重点和难点。主要题型有单项选择和完形填空。而完形填空中对名词辨析的考查最多。名词辨析包括同义词辨析(意思大致相同,但是各个词之间有着细微差别或者用法完全不同)、近义词辨析(词义不同,但比较接近)、形似词辨析(拼写类似,词义差别较大)。

名词的搭配主要包括名词和动词的搭配、名词和介词的搭配。

I can’t say which wine is be tter—it’s a (n) _______ of personal taste.

A. affair

B. event

C. matter

D. variety

【解析】C。a matter of是一固定结构,表示“……的问题,事情”。此处是“个人口味问题”。

Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.

A. sense

B. view

C. means

D. idea

【解析】A。A项sense表示“感觉官能”,本句中的sense of smell表示“嗅觉”;B项view 表示“视野,想法,见解”;C项means表示“方法,手段”;D项idea表示“主意,想法”。本句的意思是:狗有非常灵敏的嗅觉,经常被用来搜寻地震中的幸存者。故选A。

—Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?

—Because the old one has been damaged ______.

A. beyond reach

B. beyond repair

C. beyond control

D. beyond description

【解析】B。beyond是介词,意为“(程度)超出”,beyond repair是“无法修理”。(2015届江苏省南通市高三第二次调研测试)Children enjoying parents’______ during their growth tend to have better living habits than left-behind children.

https://www.doczj.com/doc/1b10322743.html,pany

B. compromise

C. command

D. comprehension

【解析】A。句意:在成长期间享受父母陪伴的孩子比留守儿童趋向于有更好的生活习惯。company陪伴;compromise妥协,折中;command命令;comprehension理解。与题干后面

的left-behind children相对应,应是有父母陪伴的孩子。故选A。

考点二:名词在具体语境中的用法

高考题越来越多地考查词语在特定语境中的含义、感情色彩和表达作用。要理解词语的语境意义,读懂句子是关键,当然要进行联系、比较和体会。

(2015 湖北省黄冈中学等八校高三第二次模拟考试) If you can’t trust your friend to have a relationship with another person you consider a friend, it’s a clear ______ of a problem in your friendships.

A. disappearance

B. symbol

C. symptom

D. settlement

【解析】C。A. disappearance 消失;B. symbol象征;C. symptom 征兆;D. settlement解决。句意:如果你连介绍另一个人给自己的好友都不放心,显然这是你们的友谊存在问题的征兆。

Most air pollution is caused by the burning of _______ like coal, gas and oil.

A. fuels

B. articles

C. goods

D. products

【解析】A。该题考查考生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对选项中名词含义的理解。由题干中的“coal, gas, oil”可知都是燃料,故正确答案为A。B 项为“物品”;C项为“货物,商品”;D项为“产品”。

考点三:名词的抽象意义和具体意义的转换(可数名词和不可数名词的转换)抽象名词具体化可分为以下四类情况:

1.表示情感的词,强调具体人或是时,常将其具体化使用:

surprise表示吃惊;a surprise一件令人吃惊的人或事,可数名词。

2表行为的抽象名词,强调其具体表现形式时常以“a/an加抽象名词”,或“a/an+形容词+抽象名词:例如:

have a wonderful supper;have a strong character

have a bright future;have a good time

3.表示具体动作意义的抽象名词,加a/an与某些动词(have, take, make, give)等词连用时,表示某一次短暂的动作。

have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep;take a walk/bath

4.接同源宾语的短语,通常名词表示具体化意义。

die a heroic death;live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life;dream a strange dream 抽象转具体:pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“……的人/ 物”。如:The meeting is a success.

抽象转具体:worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food 等,指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时,有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.

抽象转具体:a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如:He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.

具体转抽象:day, night, morning, noon, evening, night等用指天色时,表达抽象概念(注意其前不用冠词)。如:Day may break now, for the birds are singing outside.

名词的转义用法常和冠词用法结合起来考查,因此可以把冠词和名词联系起来复习。

—How about Christmas evening party?

—I should say it was success.

A. a; a

B. the; a

C. a; 不填

D. the; 不填

【解析】B。题意为“圣诞晚会怎么样?”是问谈话双方都知道的晚会,应该采用定冠词。句意为“应该说它很成功。”这次晚会很成功,指的是这一次的成功,具体化,故选B。

Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make _______ room in their day for exercise.

A. a;/

B. the; a

C. the; the

D. /;a

【解析】A。go on a diet 为一固定搭配,room此处为不可数名词,前面一般不用冠词。

Washing machines made by China have won _____ worldwide attention and Haier has become____ popular name.

A. a;the

B. the;a

C.不填;a

D. 不填;the

【解析】C。本题考查可数名词与不可数名词及与它们连用的冠词的用法。第一空涉及到名词attention“注意”是不可数名词,表泛指,因此其前不可用冠词。第二空涉及到名词name, 是可数名词单数,且表泛指,因此其前用a。

名词的单复数在短文改错中的考查:

As I tell(told) you last time, I made three new friend here. (friend改成friends) (2015 四川高考)

One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.(parent改为parents)(2015全国II卷高考)

I have been practicing for three weeks now, but I still couldn’t get used to it—in fact, I’ve nearly killed three peoples.(people表“人,人们”时是复数,既不能用a/an修饰又没有复数形式;表“民族”时是单数,既能用a/an修饰又有复数形式peoples,而本题中应指“三个人”,故peoples应为people)

The second man pointed to his glass, and asked if the angel could cure his poor eyesight. (glass表示“玻璃”时是不可数名词,表示“玻璃杯”时是可数名词,但表“眼镜”时必须用其复数形式glasses,而根据题意,第二个人指着他的眼镜询问天使是否能治愈他的弱视,故此题中glass应为glasses)

I’d like to stay there for half a month, visiting place of interest。(“名胜古迹”应为places of interest, 属固定用法,故place应为places)

注意:有些不可数名词是不能转化为可数名词的,常见的如advice, information, traffic, progress, weather, furniture,equipment, health, wealth, luggage, baggage, clothing, word(消息), harm, fun, work等。

有些名词常以复数形式出现,如glasses(眼镜), congratulations(祝贺,贺词),customs (海关),instructions/directions(指示,说明) , thanks(感谢)等。同时,有些固定短语中名词需用复数,如to make matters worse, make friends with, shake hands with, make preparations for, as follows, in high spirits等。

考点四:名词所有格

名词所有格有两种:’s所有格与of所有格。近年的高考题主要涉及对’s所有格的构成及用法的考查。

The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk.

A. a four hour

B. a four hour’s

C. a four-hours

D. a four hours’

【解析】选D。本题考查名词所有格。-'s属格一般是用于有生命事物的名词,但有些表示用于表示时间、距离、价值和重量等无生命事物的名词,如a moment's thought, seven hours' walk, six dollars' worth, two tons' weight等。a four hours’ walk也可以用a four-hour walk。

考点五:名词的修饰语和主谓一致

With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth____ each year.

A. is washing away

B. is being washed away

C. are washing away

D. are being washed away

【解析】D。本题考查名词的修饰语与主谓一致,同时考查了动词的被动语态。a large/ great/ huge quantity of既可以修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词,做主语时谓语的单复数取决于名词,但是large/great/huge quantities of修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词一律用复数。此题中earth与wash away之间逻辑上是被动关系。

The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took____ pictures of them.

A. many of

B. masses of

C. the number of

D. a large amount of

【解析】选B。本题考查名词的修饰语。A. “许多”应用many,many of表“……中的许多”;B. masses of, 也可以用a mass of, 表“许多”,既可以修饰可数名词复数,又可以修饰不可数名词;C. the number of 表“……的数量”,“许多”应用a number of; a large amount of 表“大量,许多”,但是只能修饰不可数名词。

因此,在复习备考中必须对只能修饰可数名词的限定词如many, a good/great many, 只能修饰不可数的限定词如much, a great amount of, 和既可以修饰可数名词复数又可以修饰不可数名词如plenty of, a mass of, a large/great quantity of,等进行归纳总结,以及它们修饰名词作主语时谓语的单复数形式需特别注意。如many a意为“许多”,但是只能修饰可数名词

单数,作主语时谓语动词必须用第三人称单数形式。还应注意单复数同形的名词作主语时谓语动词的数要根据特定的语言环境判断。

考点六:名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别

名词在句中定语表示目的、用途、来源、所属、性质、材料、性别等,此时名词通常用单数形式。高考题主要涉及名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。

(改错题)There have been sports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.

【解析】形容词和名词都可作定语,但有时含义有别,有时则出现错误。如可说a golden medal(一块镀金奖牌/一块金色的奖牌),也可以说 a gold medal (一块金牌); 但可说 a chemistry teacher (化学老师),而不可说a chemical teacher(化学原料做的老师),但可说a chemical works (一家化工厂)。据此可见,此题中的“个人信息”不应用person information表达。

注意:名词在句中定语时,一般都要用单数式。如:a lady doctor, two lady doctors等。而man, woman常用“单单(a woman doctor)”、“复复(two women doctors)”式,及一些特殊词,如a goods ship, the sports shoes, a clothes shop等常用复数形式。在复习备考中特别注意特殊情况。

易混名词辨析【高清课堂——名词】

1. country 侧重国土与人民;

nation强调人民;

state 正式用词,强调政权。

2. issue 指有争论急需讨论研究的热点话题。

subject为一般用词,使用广泛。指需要由读者或听众推断的主题或中心话题。

topic范畴小于subject,既可指题目、内容,也可指提纲中的标题甚至段落的主题或中心思想。

3. condition强调产生影响的原因或环境。

state指人或物的状态或形式。

situation指明确具体的环境情况或处境。

atmosphere:指人为营造的氛围。

4. journey: 指时间较长、距离较远的单程陆上旅行,也指水上或空中的旅行。

tour指游览或巡行。

travel泛指旅行的行为而不指某次具体的旅行。

trip常指为公务或游玩做的较短暂的旅行。

voyage指在水上旅行,也可指空中旅行。

5. job泛指一切有报酬的工作。

occupation:用于书面填表中。

career: 指经过专门训练,终身愿意从事的职业。

6. 介词搭配不同

……的原因:cause of ..., reason for...

……的方法:way of …, approach to…■

总之,高考英语对词汇量的要求越来越高,掌握足够的词汇,并熟知它们的含义和用法是非常重要的。高考备考时要加强词汇的记忆,特别注重常用名词及其近义词和反义词的复习,扩大词汇量。在做题时还应做到整体把握,注意语境和习惯搭配。只有这样,才能选出最佳答案。

名词 高考英语语法重点归纳

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