Quantifying the Impact of Traffic
Responsive Signal Systems
Eric Nelson Darcy Bullock
Research Assistant,Associate Professor
Purdue University Purdue University
USA USA
ABSTRACT
In recent years, there have been two parallel research paths for developing advanced traffic signal systems. Real-time traffic adaptive system research, supported largely by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) and smaller scale closed loop systems developed primarily by traffic signal system vendors. Simulation models have been developed for evaluating USDOT supported projects, and those results have been reported in the literature. However, even though there are several hundred traffic responsive systems deployed, most of the vendor developed closed loop signal systems have not undergone such rigorous evaluations. This is an area of signficant concern because deployment of efficient closed loop signal systems is one of the most cost effective Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) investment that a small urban area can make. In order to make good deployment decisions, rational quantitative evaluation procedures are required to evaluate feasible options.
This paper reports on an evaluation procedure developed for quantifying the impact of traffic responsive operation in modern closed loop signal systems. The paper reviews the concepts of “hardware-in-the-loop simulation,” explains the application of this simulation procedure to evaluate closed loop systems, and reports on the observed results. The same procedure can be applied to systems developed outside the United States such as the SCOOT and SCATS systems.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past several years, there has been extensive public and private sector activity in the development of traffic responsive and traffic adaptive control procedures. Internationally, systems like SCAT and SCOOT have seen broad application. In the United States, traffic signal vendors have implemented many traffic responsive features in their traffic signal systems. The United States Department of Transportation has also sponsored an aggressive program of research and field deployment of new traffic adaptive algorithms and cities throughout the world continue to deploy a variety of traffic responsive and traffic adaptive algorithms.
The common feature of all of these systems is that they use some type of vehicle detection and change the display of signal indications according to some prescribed logic that is designed to optimise certain system Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs). However, virtually all of the signal systems in commercial production implement their control logic on unique computing platforms. Furthermore, the algorithms are usually considered proprietary and are generally not available to the traffic engineering community for conducting a rigorous scientific evaluation.
Computing power has recently reached the point where microscopic network simulations of an entire network are now feasible. Several microscopic simulation packages are available that model vehicle movement and basic coordinated-actuated signal logic. However, because of the proprietary nature of the various traffic responsive and traffic adaptive algorithms, there is no generally available package that can be used for either quantitatively evaluating the performance of alternative algorithms, or to serve as a design tool for “tuning” system parameters prior to deployment. As a result, the only studies agencies have available to assist in their design and decision-making process are vague “before-after” studies conducted with probe vehicles or system detectors. Many of these studies use the old system with out dated timings as the “before” case so it is unclear if the benefits are simply associated with the new timings, or the new traffic responsive or traffic adaptive system. Furthermore, because of the natural stochastic variation of traffic, and huge costs associated with systematically collecting system performance data, few if any of the studies present rigorous statistical comparisons.
This paper summarises the development of hardware-in-the-loop simulation procedures, discusses procedures for tabulating quantitative data, and concludes by discussing how this type of evaluation equipment can be used to upgrade the traffic engineering profession’s design, analysis and operation of modern traffic signal systems.
HARDWARE-IN-THE-LOOP SIMULATION CONCEPT
To address this systematic evaluation problem, there are several efforts in the United States to integrate microscopic simulation programs with traffic signal control hardware to study the performance of vendor specific algorithms [Bullock 98, Bullock 99, Engelbrecht 99, Husch 99, Koonce 99, Nelson 00]. Figure 1 depicts the typical hardware-in-the-loop simulation architecture. There are three basic components:
? A controller interface device (CID). This device provides the interface from the traffic controller to the computer running a microscopic simulation. The interface is typically based upon the discrete voltage levels used to drive the load switches and monitor loop detectors.
? A software interface module to provide the linkage between the CID and a microscopic simulation program. Since the software runs under Windows, this software interface is typically implemented in a dynamic link library (DLL) software module.
? A microscopic simulation engine that is responsible for moving vehicles through a defined network and tabulating MOEs. The simulation engine does not implement any control logic. Instead, external signal state indications (RED, AMBER, and GREEN) are obtained from actual traffic signal control equipment which is connected to the simulation computer.
The traffic signal control equipment is “stimulated” by detector calls placed by the simulation program via the CID.
Since all control equipment ultimately controls load switches and monitors detector calls, this discrete signal interface is the lowest common denominator interface that all controllers must have. Consequently, this architecture provides a common evaluation framework that a variety of signal control systems can be connected to for conducting scientifically rigorous and reproducible evaluations. Although not shown in Figure 1, a typical simulation would have each controller connected to either a closed loop master or a central control system which would run an algorithm such as SCOOT, SCATS, UTCS, or other emerging real-time control procedures.
Figure 2 shows a photograph of both control equipment and CID units, which would be used to evaluate a three intersection system. Controllers 1 and 3 are housed in a traditional cabinet, where all their discrete signals are terminated on the cabinet back panel. The corresponding CIDs are then interfaced to these cabinets using a simple alligator clip harness. Controller 2 is interfaced to the CIDs using a direct connect cable. The direct connect procedure has the obvious advantage of using less equipment. However, this direct connect configuration is not as flexible because custom cables must be constructed for each type of controller. Also, when using this environment for educational purposes, students do not gain the experience and insight associated with locating the proper cabinet terminals and connecting the appropriate alligator clip.
Other procedures using a defined communication protocol [Husch 99] can also be used for interfacing control equipment with simulation software. These procedures are typically based upon the NEMA TS 2 Type 1 interface [NEMA 98] and use much smaller and cheaper CIDs. However, such communication based procedures typically restrict the diversity of control equipment that can included in the simulation. For example, in the United States neither the 170 nor the 2070 currently support the NEMA TS 2 Type 1 interface. Finally, it is important to point out that this evaluation procedure should not be confused with traditional switch box based testers that allow engineers to verify that desired controller features are operating as expected. Using just switch box based testers, it would be impossible to simulate all the discrete detector actuations associated with a small arterial, much less corridors with more signals or high volumes. Furthermore, without a simulation program tabulating MOEs, it would be impossible to conduct quantitative studies of an algorithm or systems performance.
APPLICATION OF MICROSCOPIC SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY
In order to make the evaluation system, shown schematically in Figure 1, useful for evaluating alternative control algorithms, it is essential that the CIDs be interfaced with a robust microscopic simulation program. The microscopic simulation is responsible for “moving” all vehicles through a user defined network following prescribed vehicle kinematics. This movement is performed by recalculating the position each vehicle at a deterministic frequency, typically between 1 and 10 Hz. During each recalculation, vehicle accelerations in the simulation are updated in response to signal indications obtained from the CID and adjacent vehicles in the network. Also during each simulation interval, appropriate detectors states are updated via the CID. In order to ensure the occupancy calculated by the traffic controllers closely models field conditions, the duration of the presence detectors is inversely proportional to the velocity of the vehicle actuating the detector.
Since the microscopic simulation tabulates vehicle positions over the entire simulation period, the resulting data obtained from the microscopic simulation program tends to be extremely detailed. In fact, it is so detailed that some aggregation must be performed in order to understand the impact of alternative control procedures. It is essential that the data analysis (and aggregation) procedure balance overall system performance MOE’s with details that help analysts identify troublesome areas and time periods of a network or arterial. In order for this data to be as useful as possible, it is essential to present the analytical data in a graphical format that is easy to understand [Shoup 99].
EXAMPLE DATA FROM ANALYZING TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE OPERATION
To illustrate some of the information that can be obtained from conducting
a hardware-in-the-loop simulation, a five intersection arterial (Figure 3) in Indianapolis, IN (USA) was analysed. The analysis was performed with
the equipment shown in Figure 2, plus two additional controllers and two
additional CIDs not shown in the photograph. The basic phasing for each of the five intersections is shown in Figure 4. Hourly turning movement
counts from 6am to 6pm were obtained, and each hourly demand was coded into the network so that a twelve hour period could be accurately simulated.
Since microscopic simulation is stochastic in nature, each control scenario
analysed was replicated 5 times, for a total simulation time of about 60 hours per control strategy.
Figures 5, 6, and 7 illustrate example data from an analysis conducted
using traffic responsive equipment under evaluation for deployment on the
five intersection arterial in Indianapolis, IN. Figure 5 depicts a simulation conducted with one set of demand volumes and Figure 6 depicts a
simulation conducted with an alternative set of demand volumes. Figure 7 provides insight into the specific location along a Southbound path that is
experiencing heavy congestion.
Figures 5 and 6 show more of a “big picture” view comparing plans selected
with traditional time-of-day (TOD) schedule vs. plans selected with traffic responsive procedures (TRP). Each bar in the figures depicts the total
system delay (veh-min) for a particular one-hour interval. Figure 5
illustrates a case where traffic responsive plan selection performed slightly worse throughout much of the day, but performed much better during
the early evening peak hour (2p.m.-4p.m.), because TRP responded to evening peak flows that started earlier then the TOD system was scheduled for. In
general, this is the expected performance of a traffic responsive system:?TRP performance will slightly lag that of a well timed time-of-day system because the traffic responsive system takes additional time to recognise changes in traffic and then transition to appropriate control
plans.
?TRP performance will be significantly better then TOD systems if the TRP is properly calibrated to respond to traffic demand that can not be predicted by time-of-day.
The hours 7a.m.-9a.m. illustrate this slight lagging performance.
Similarly, the hours 2p.m.-4p.m. illustrate the benefit of TRP recognising that the peak hour has started earlier then expected and then reacting accordingly.
In contrast, Figure 6 illustrates a case where traffic responsive performs significantly worse then the time of day schedule because the traffic responsive algorithm was either too slow or failed altogether to trigger the appropriate timing plans. For example, during the 8a.m.-9a.m. period, the delay with the traffic responsive plan is almost double that selected by the TOD schedule. Similarly, during the 2p.m.-3.p.m. period, the delay is about 30% worse with the TRP plan. This degraded TRP performance is an important point to note. Although Figure 5 clearly shows the potential benefits of a well calibrated TRP system, Figure 6 illustrates that if TRP is not well calibrated, the performance of a TRP system can be significantly worse then that of a TOD system.
Although Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the network level performance, they do not provide much insight into where the problems are, so that signal timing improvements can be made. Figure 7 illustrates the average time it takes vehicles to proceed South along the corridor during each of the 12 one hour intervals[Shoup 99]. In general, the cumulative travel times in that direction are on the order of 200 seconds. However, during the morning
peak hour (8am to 9am), the travel time is much larger, on the order of 450 seconds. By inspection, one can see that virtually all the delay is introduced at the first intersection (shown as a square on the X-axis at about 1000ft). An engineer reviewing these plans would then look into causes such as a short main street green or an overflowing left turn as potential causes. In this particular example, the problem was caused by a short left turn phase and the resulting spill back impeded the through movement.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the above example comparisons were very brief, they were intended to illustrate that hardware-in-the-loop evaluation procedures can be used to characterise the operational performance of a signal system during both steady state as well as transition periods. Microscopic simulation programs have been available for many years. However hardware-in-the-loop simulation procedures have only recently become feasible because of a combination of improved computing platforms and the use of a CID to interface traffic signal controllers to the simulation. Using hardware–in-the-loop simulation, scientifically rigorous and reproducible evaluations can now be performed. Such a system has the following application:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/187559673.html,ing a combination of simulation software and controller
interface devices, field equipment can now be evaluated in a shop
or laboratory environment under traffic conditions that
approximate those that will be experienced in the field. Since
the motoring public is not very receptive to online TRP tuning
errors (Figure 6), such procedures are particularly important to
ensure that a traffic responsive system has no major problems
before it is deployed in the street.
2.The quantitative MOEs provided by a Simulation/CID environment
provide a mechanism for evaluating alternative control algorithms
which can not be simulated. For example, the SCOOT and SCAT
algorithms are proprietary and can not be simulated in traditional
simulation models. However, the hardware-in-the-loop procedure
allows a simulation program to be connected to either system with
only a functional description of the algorithms' operation.
3.It is now possible to explore and quantify the impact that the
multitude of actuated control, traffic responsive, and traffic
adaptive parameters have on system performance without
experimenting under live traffic conditions. Many of the these
features promise to provide significant improvements in operating
efficiency. However, without evaluating them in a structured and
reproducible environment, it is currently impossible to develop
rational design procedures for deploying them.
4. A “Flight Simulator” type experience can be constructed for
training personnel new to the profession. Such an environment
allows experienced-based learning exercises demonstrating various
“what-if” scenarios. This type of system has application to a
variety of educational efforts including college engineering
curricula, continuing professional engineering education, and
training of technicians responsible for daily operation and
maintenance of the system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported in part by ITT Systems, the Texas Transportation Institute, the Federal Highway Administration and the Joint Transportation Research Program at Purdue University. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsors
Figure 1: Schematic of Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation Environment.
`
Controller 1Controller 2Controller 3
CID 3CID 2
CID 1
Figure 2: Photograph of Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation Environment.
SR 67 (KENTUCKY AVE) SYSTEM LAYOUT
MENDENHALL /
HEATHROW STERLING POINT DRIVE HIGH SCHOOL ROAD
JCT I-465(SOUTH)JCT I-465(NORTH)
Figure 3: Study Network: SR 67 – Mendenhall to JCT I-465 Ramps.
a) SR 67 & Mendenhall / Heathrow
b) SR 67 & Sterling Point
c) SR 67 & High School Road
d) SR 67 & JCT I-465 (South)
e) SR 67 & JCT I-465 (North)
Figure 4: SR 67 (Kentucky) System Ring Structures
TOTAL DELAY TIME (6:00AM TO 6:00PM)
SR 67 - KENTUCKY - (HEATHROW DRIVE TO JCT I-465) - ALL MOVEMENTS
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,00010,000
12,000
14,000
6:00AM
7:00AM 7:00AM 8:00AM 8:00AM 9:00AM 9:00AM 10:00A 10:00A 11:00A 11:00A 12:00A 12:00P 1:00PM 1:00PM 2:00PM 2:00PM 3:00PM 3:00PM 4:00PM 4:00PM 5:00PM 5:00PM 6:00PM
TIME PERIOD (BY HOUR)
D E L A Y T I M E (V E H -M I N )
Figure 5: Total Delay Time (Veh-min) - Time of Day Vs Traffic Responsive –
Volume Set I
TOTAL DELAY TIME (6:00AM TO 6:00PM)
SR 67 - KENTUCKY - (HEATHROW DRIVE TO JCT I-465) - ALL MOVEMENTS
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,0006,0007,000
8,000
9,000
6:00AM
7:00AM 7:00AM 8:00AM 8:00AM 9:00AM 9:00AM 10:00A 10:00A 11:00A 11:00A 12:00A 12:00P 1:00PM 1:00PM 2:00PM 2:00PM 3:00PM 3:00PM 4:00PM 4:00PM 5:00PM 5:00PM 6:00PM
TIME PERIOD (BY HOUR)
D E L A Y T I M E (V E H -M I N )
Figure 6: Total Delay Time (Veh-min) - Time of Day (2) Vs Traffic Responsive – Volume Set II
CUMULATIVE TRAVEL TIME (6:00AM TO 6:00PM)
SOUTHBOUND SR 67 - KENTUCKY - (HEATHROW DRIVE TO JCT I-465) - THRU VEHICLES
50
100
150
200
250300350
400
450
500
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,00013,00014,000
LINEAR DISTANCE ALONG CORRIDOR (FT)
T I M E (S E C /V E H )
Figure 7: Southbound Travel Time by Time Period using Traffic Responsive –
Volume Set II
REFERENCES
[Bullock 98]Bullock, D. and A. Catarella, 1998, “A Real-Time Simulation
Environment for Evaluating Traffic Signal Systems,”
Transportation Research Record, #1634, TRB, National Research
Council, Washington, DC, pp. 130-135.
[Bullock 99]Bullock, D., J.M. Morales, B. Sanderson, 1999, “Impact of Signal
Preemption on the Operation of the Virginia Route 7 Corridor,”
Proceedings of the 1999 ITS America Conference.
[Engelbrecht 99] Engelbrecht, R., C. Poe, and K. Balke, 1999, “Development
of a Distributed Hardware-In-The-Loop Simulation System for
Transportation Networks,” Transportation Research Board Annual
Meeting, National Research Council, Washington, DC, Preprint
#990599.
[Husch 99]Husch, D., 1999, “SimTraffic CI Supplemental Guide,”
Trafficware, Berkely, CA.
[Koonce 99]Koonce, P. T. Urbanik, and D. Bullock, 1999, “Evaluation of
Diamond Interchange Settings using Hardware-In-The-Loop-
Simulation,” Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting,
National Research Council, Washington, DC, Preprint #990715.
[NEMA 98]National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1998, Standards
Publication No. TS 2, Washington, DC.
[Nelson 00]Nelson, E and D. Bullock, 2000, “Impact Evaluation of Emergency
Vehicle Preemption on Signalized Corridor Operation,”
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting, National Research
[Shoup 99]Shoup, G. and D. Bullock, 1999, “Performance Evaluation of
Coordinated-Actuated Traffic Signal Systems,” Proceedings of
1999 Institute of Transportation Engineers Annual Meeting , Las
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法
The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.
way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；
t h e-w a y-的用法
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。
way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句
t h e_w a y的用法大全
The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的
The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.
the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.
The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。
一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.
在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。
The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。
定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：
The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子
Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线
He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）
way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that