The Aggregate Machine-tool
The Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From.
Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused.
Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece and tool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing.
Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,
the above design, implementation, completion of a two-sided 24-hole machining, achieve better the design requirements.
In order to adapt to the development of CNC machine tools in combination , appeared composed of CNC machine tools CNC machining modules. Modular is the result of a combination of machine tool numerical control machine tool combination brings, but also the basis of a combination of CNC machine tools , CNC machining enriched the universal modular combination of components of the machine, it will cause a fundamental piece for machine tool type changes . Over the past decade , the combination of machine tools and automatic line has made great strides in efficiency, productivity , flexibility and the use of concurrent engineering to develop a more rational, more savings programs. With the development of digital technology, electronic technology , the combination of machine mechanical structure and control system has undergone great changes. With a combination of the following development tools : 1 NC . Combination of CNC machine tools emerge , not only changed in the past by the relay circuit consisting of a combination of machine tool control systems , but also make head or even a combination of the mechanical structure of the machine components of general criteria huge change occurred . 2 modular . NC modular greatly enriched the common combination of components of the machine, it will cause a fundamental change occurred for machine tool parts , according to the principles of modular design , based on the functional analysis division of the combination of multi- axle box for each machine level modules. 3 speed. As the high-speed processing can reduce the surface roughness and cutting force components , reducing the cutting temperature , improve productivity, so the speed of the machine is just beginning research , especially the main movement of CNC machine tools and feed velocity has reached a very high speed . Conform to the trend of high-speed machine tools , machine tool 's speed will be higher. 4 , precision . Because the CNC machine to achieve , so more and more high machining accuracy . 5, full protection technology . Now the machine is fully enclosed features a large , almost all mechanical housings are fully closed . Fully enclosed protection, not only to make the machine more attractive appearance and its production line , but also improves the safety, reliability and ease of maintenance . Combination machine with both the advantages of low cost and high efficiency in large volume production has been widely used, and can consist of automated production lines. .
组合机床
组合机床是根据工件加工需要，以大量通用部件为基础，配之以少量的专用部件和按工件形状和加工工艺设计的专用部件和夹具，组成的半自动或自动的专用机床。组合机床一般由底座、滑台、夹具、动力箱、多轴箱、刀具等等组合而成。
组合机床具有如下的优点：(1)主要用于棱体零件和杂件等的孔面加工。(2)生产率高。因为工序集中，可以多面、多工位、多轴、多刀同时进行加工。(3)加工精度稳定。因为工序固定，可选用成熟的通用部件、精密夹具和自动工作循环来确保加工精度的一致。(4)研制周期短，便于设计、制造和使用维护，成本较低。因为通用化、系列化、标准化程度高，通用件可组织批量生产进行预先制造或外购。(5)自动化程度高，劳动强度较低。(6)配置灵活。因结构是横块化、组合化。可按照工件或工序要求，用大量通用部件和少量专用部件灵活组成各种类型的组合机床和自动线；机床便于改装：产品或工艺发生变化时，通用部件一般还可以重复使用。
组合钻床一般用于加工箱体类或特殊形状等零件。加工时，工件一般不旋转，由刀具的旋转运动和刀具与工件的相对进给运动，来实现钻孔、扩孔、锪孔、铰孔、镗孔等加工。有的组合机床采用车削头夹持工件使之旋转，由刀具作进给运动，也可对某些回转体类零件(如飞轮、汽车后桥半轴等)的外圆和端面加工。
组合机床一般采用多轴、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同时加工的方式，生产效率比通用机床提高很多倍。由于通用部件已标准化和系列化，所以可根据需要灵活配置，就能缩短设计和制造周期。多轴箱是组合机床的核心通用部件。它是选用通用零件，是按专用要求进行设计的，在对组合机床设计的过程中，是工作量较大的部件之一。它根据组合机床设计的工序图和加工示意图所确定的工件加工孔的数量和位置，切削用量和主轴类型设计的传递各主轴运动的动力部件。多轴箱动力来自通用的动力箱，与动力箱一起安装于进给滑台，可完成钻孔，绞孔等加工工序。根据需加工的零件尺寸进行组合机床通用多轴箱的设计，绘制多轴箱原始依据图，确定一系列的设计数据，通过以上设计，实现了双面24孔的一次加工完成，较好地达到了设计要求。
为了适应数控组合机床的发展，就出现了组成数控机床的数控加工模块。组合机床模块化是组合机床数控化所带来的结果，也是组合机床数控化的基础，数控加工模块化丰富了组合机床的通用部件，它一定会引起组合机床通用件发生根本型变化。近十年来，组合机床及其自动线在高效、高生产率，柔性化以及采用并行工程制订更合理、更节省的方案方面取得了很大的进展。近年来随着数控技术、电子技术等的发展，组合机床的机械结构和控制系统也发生了很大的变化。组合机床有了以下的发展：1. 数控化。数控组合机床的出现，不仅改变了过去由继电器电路组成的组合机床的控制系统，而目也使组合机床机械结构甚至通用部件标准发生了巨大的变化。2. 模块化。数控加工模块化极大地丰富了组合机床的通用部件，它一定会引起组合机床通用件发生根本性的变化，根据模块化设计的原理,在功能分析的基础上划分了组合机床多轴箱的各级模块。3. 高速化。由于高速加工可降低零件表面粗糙度及切削力，减小切削温度，提高生产率，所以机床的高速化研究才刚刚开始，特别是数控机床的主运动和进给运动速度已达到了非常高的速度。顺应机床高速化的潮流，组合机床的速度也会越来越高。4、精密化。因为机床实现了数控化，所以机床的加工精度越来越高。5、全防护化。全封闭式是现在机床的一个大的特点，几乎所有的机械均采用全封闭的外罩。全封闭防护，不但使机床及其生产线外形更加美观，而且也提高了安全性、可靠性和维修的便利性。组合机床同时兼有低成本和高效率的优点,在大批大量生产中得到了广泛的应用,并可以组成自动生产线。
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
外文资料 The aggregate machine-tool CAD system development and research Abstract aggregate machine-tool CAD is in Window 95/98, Wndows under the NT4.0 environment, designs personnel's special-purpose CAD system with VC5.0 and the AutoCAD R14 ADS/ARX technology development face the aggregate machine-tool.This software technological advance, performance reliable, function strong, convenient practical, has provided the modernized design tool for our country aggregate machine-tool profession. Key word: Aggregate machine-tool CAD jig CAD multi-axle-box CAD 1 uses the aggregate machine-tool CAD technology imperative The aggregate machine-tool is with according to serialized, the standardized design general part and the special purpose machine which composes according to the work piece shape and the processing technological requirement design special-purpose part, belongs to the disposable design, the disposable manufacture piecework product.Therefore, the design quantity is big, the design work is complex.In the
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
The Aggregate Machine-tool The Aggregate Machine-tool is based on the workpiece needs, based on a large number of common components, combined with a semi-automatic or automatic machine with a small number of dedicated special components and process according to the workpiece shape and design of special parts and fixtures, composed. Combination machine is generally a combination of the base, slide, fixture, power boxes, multi-axle, tools, etc. From. Combination machine has the following advantages: (1) is mainly used for prism parts and other miscellaneous pieces of perforated surface processing. (2) high productivity. Because the process of concentration, can be multi-faceted, multi-site, multi-axis, multi-tool simultaneous machining. (3) precision and stability. Because the process is fixed, the choice of a mature generic parts, precision fixtures and automatic working cycle to ensure consistent processing accuracy. (4) the development cycle is short, easy to design, manufacture and maintenance, and low cost. Because GM, serialization, high degree of standardization, common parts can be pre-manufactured or mass organizations outsourcing. (5) a high degree of automation, low labor intensity. (6) flexible configuration. Because the structure is a cross-piece, combination. In accordance with the workpiece or process requirements, with plenty of common parts and a few special components consisting of various types of flexible combination of machine tools and automatic lines; tools to facilitate modification: the product or process changes, the general also common components can be reused. Combination of box-type drilling generally used for processing or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece is generally not rotate, the rotational motion of the tool relative to the workpiece and tool feed movement to achieve drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring and other processing. Some combination of turning head clamp the workpiece using the machine to make the rotation, the tool for the feed motion, but also on some of the rotating parts (such as the flywheel, the automobile axle shaft, etc.) of cylindrical and face processing. Generally use a combination of multi-axis machine tools, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-faceted or multi-station machining methods simultaneously, productivity increased many times more than generic tools. Since the common components have been standardized and serialized, so can be flexibly configured according to need, you can shorten the design and manufacturing cycle. Multi-axle combination is the core components of general machine tools. It is the choice of generic parts, is designed according to special requirements, in combination machine design process, is one component of a larger workload. It is based on the number and location of the machining process diagram and schematic design combination machine workpiece determined by the hole, cutting the amount of power transmission components and the design of each spindle spindle type movement. Multi-axle power from a common power box, together with the power box installed on the feed slide, to be completed by drilling, reaming and other machining processes. The parts to be processed according to the size of multi-axle box combination machine tool design, based on an original drawing multi-axle diagram, determine the range of design data,
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
Int J Adv Manuf Technol (2006) 29: 178–183 DOI 10.1007/s00170-004-2493-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Ferda C. C ? etinkaya
Unit sized transfer batch scheduling in an automated two-machine ?ow-line cell with one transport agent
Received: 26 July 2004 / Accepted: 22 November 2004 / Published online: 16 November 2005 ? Springer-Verlag London Limited 2005 Abstract The process of splitting a job lot comprised of several identical units into transfer batches (some portion of the lot), and permitting the transfer of processed transfer batches to downstream machines, allows the operations of a job lot to be overlapped. The essence of this idea is to increase the movement of work in the manufacturing environment. In this paper, the scheduling of multiple job lots with unit sized transfer batches is studied for a two-machine ?ow-line cell in which a single transport agent picks a completed unit from the ?rst machine, delivers it to the second machine, and returns to the ?rst machine. A completed unit on the ?rst machine blocks the machine if the transport agent is in transit. We examine this problem for both unit dependent and independent setups on each machine, and propose an optimal solution procedure similar to Johnson’s rule for solving the basic two-machine ?owshop scheduling problem. Keywords Automated guided vehicle · Lot streaming · Scheduling · Sequencing · Transfer batches entire lot to ?nish its processing on the current machine, while downstream machines may be idle. It should be obvious that processing the entire lot as a single object can lead to large workin-process inventories between the machines, and to an increase in the maximum completion time (makespan), which is the total elapsed time to complete the processing of all job lots. However, the splitting of an entire lot into transfer batches to be moved to downstream machines permits the overlapping of different operations on the same product while work proceeds, to complete the lot on the upstream machine. There are many ways to split a lot: transfer batches may be equal or unequal, with the number of splits ranging from one to the number of units in the job lot. For instance, consider a job lot consisting of 100 identical items to be processed in a three-stage manufacturing environment in which the ?ow of its operations is unidirectional from stage 1 through stage 3. Assume that the unit processing time at stages 1, 2, and 3 are 1, 3, 2 min, respectively. If we do not allow transfer batches, the throughput time is (100)(1+3+2) = 600 min (see Fig. 1a). However, if we create two equal sized transfer batches through all stages, the throughput time decreases to 450 min, a reduction of 25% (see Fig. 1b). It is clear that the throughput time decreases as the number of transfer batches increases. Flowshop problems have been studied extensively and reported in the literature without explicitly considering transfer batches. Johnson [1], in his pioneering work, proposed a polynomial time algorithm for determining the optimal makespan when several jobs are processed on a two-machine (two-stage) ?owshop with unlimited buffer. With three or more machines, the problem has been proven to be NP-hard (Garey et al. [2]). Besides the extension of this problem to the m -stage ?owshop problem, optimal solutions to some variations of the basic two-stage problem have been suggested. Mitten [3] considered arbitrary time lags, and optimal scheduling with setup times separated from processing was developed by Yoshida and Hitomi [4]. Separation of the setup, processing and removal times for each job on each machine was considered by Sule and Huang [5]. On the other hand, ?owshop scheduling problems with transfer batches have been examined by various researchers. Vickson
1 Introduction
Most classical shop scheduling models disregard the fact that products are often produced in lots, each lot (process batch) consisting of identical parts (items) to be produced. The size of a job lot (i.e., the number of items it consists of) typically ranges from a few items to several hundred. In any case, job lots are assumed to be indivisible single entities, although an entire job lot consists of many identical items. That is, partial transfer of completed items in a lot between machines on the processing routing of the job lot is impossible. But it is quite unreasonable to wait for the
F.C. ?etinkaya (u) Department of Industrial Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa-T.R.N.C., Mersin Turkey E-mail: ferda.cetinkaya@https://www.doczj.com/doc/129897444.html,.tr Tel.: +90-392-6301052 Fax: +90-392-3654029