摘要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。
关键词：人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争
The Tragedy Aspects in Hamlet
Abstract：As one of Shakespeare?s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare?s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists? h ardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human?s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.
Key Words：Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne
Introduction
It is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince?s revenge for his father?s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to
pleasant the King.
As one of the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is full of tragedy aspects: it described a disordered world, and also a world with strong self-consciousness, which reflected the modern main parts uncertainness and complication in the period of Renaissance. In such a special time, there are all the kinds of formation: Claudius?s schemes to seize the state power; the ethics between the ghost and his s on; the sincere feelings between Hamlet and Ophelia; friendship?s forsaking with old classmates; simultaneous revenge action; the failure of humanism, and so on. With all the formation organized, it forms Hamlet?s special artistic charm and literal achieve ment, which reveal human-being the tragedy aspects of Hamlet incisively and vividly.
I. The General Introduction of the Story
It is a story of a prince?s revenge for his father?s death in Denmark. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was making further education abroad came back to his country. Out of his imagination, his mother married his uncle Claudius just after the old King?s death. A ghost who looked like the old King emerged one night, and told Hamlet that it was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet vowed to revenge. He began to pretend to be mad, and left his lover Ophelia. To spy upon the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play which was drawn by him. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept watch on Hamlet to give letter to the king of England to have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed; Hamlet came back to his country again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father?s death and her lover Hamlet?s drifting apart of her. Her brother Leartes was very angry; he asked to fight with Hamlet. Then Claudius arranged a sword match for them, in which Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen (Hamlet?s mother) died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life.
II. Three Simultaneous Plots of Revenge
In Hamlet, there are three simultaneous plots of revenge, which give more details to help us learn the tragedy aspects in it. There are three characters: Hamlet, Laertes and
Fortinbius,all of whose father are killed. Based on the concept of the time, all the three persons should revenge for their relatives. As the same task, because of their own character and outlook of life, there are three different ways. Of the three persons, there
are two groups of comparison: Laertes and Hamlet are both comparatively young men in a court dominated by the Middle Aged; both are described as being popular with the people in Denmark; their common love for Ophelia units them thematically in the fourth act; and the ensuing swordfight which result in both their death makes clear the extent to which they are each other?s opposites; both give themselves the task of revenging the death of a relative; both are spied on by their parents. Young Fortinblas, who has a few similarities to Hamlet: he too is the nephew of a King; he too is any enemy of Claudius; he too is seeking some sort of vengeance following the death of his father.
A. Laertes’s Simple Idea to Revenge
Of Laertes?s idea to revenge, it can be described as “simple”. He is noble and dignified in his appearance, while in fact there is nothing in is mind. He is impulsive, narrow minded. Though he realizes his error and reveals the evil plot of the King, he loses his life. As he learns the news that his father Polonius was killed, without asking anyone about the reason, hurriedly he comes back to Denmark and arouses the asses to action. Thinking that the King is the sinner of his fathe r?s death,
Laretes leads his masses rush into the court and fight with Claudius. We see Laretes does like that, but in fact, he does not love his father at all. He laughs at his father?s weakness, hates that his father asks someone to keep watch on him. Fo r the reason of his father?s death, he has no interest. Suppose Laertes is willing to learn the reason, he would know that the death of Polonius is caused by himself, for he is so positive to interfere the conflict between Hamlet and the King. What?s more, he supports the King. Hamlet is meaningless to kill Polonius, to which Laertes dose not care about, so he decides to revenge without any doubt. He understands the moral from the point of formalism, according to which he takes action. His principle is measure for measure. What Laertes revenges for is the reputation of his relevant and his family. In the face of such requirement, even the King?s order, it should be delayed. Besides, what Laertes revenges for is his ambitions. When he leads his masses to kill the King, he advocates them support him as the King. It is available that Laertes?s revenge is divorced from the essence, he has ulterior motives.
B．Fortinblas’s Abandonment to Revenge
Fortinblas gives up to revenge. In this drama we do not see the Norway prince so
many times. Just because of his uncle?s several words, he abandons to revenge for his father?s death. When the Denmark is frightened to wait for Fortinblas?s attack for his father?s death and the lost land, Fortinblas attacks Poland. No matter what causes Fortinblas to give up revenge, we can regard that his father once provoked to his enemy (the King of Denmark) and gave no choice to him. If the King of Denmark did not kill Fortinblas?s father, the person who would be in death now is himself. Fortinblas realizes that he has no ability to fight with Denmark, so he gives up. But what if he is willing to try his best? He abandons absolutely.
Leartes and Fortinblas have their own attitude on revenge. One is to obey the requirement of revenge without any conditions, and the other one is to give up
absolutely. Either of them takes hasty action, and also lacks consideration.
C. Hamlet’s Hesitation to Revenge
Since the ghost of Hamlet?s father tells Hamlet the truth of his death, the task to revenge is en graved on Hamlet?s mind deeply, he vows to revenge. He loves his father so sincerely and deeply. In his mind, his father symbolizes the top of human virtue. What a base action to keep his father in death! Compared with Leartes and Fortinblas, his motive for revenge is stimulated by his love to his father. While it takes along time for him to complete his task, why? There are three main stages:
First of all, he puts off all his action until he has positive proof of Claudius?s guilty, during his process, Hamlet arranges a play to spy upon Claudius?s response to prove the truth of the ghost?s words. Secondly, he passes up the opportunity to stab Claudius in the back preferring to wait for chance to kill him in a way more fitting. Because of the religion and superstitious belief, killing the enemy who is repenting is to send the evil person to the heaven. It means that he returns good for evil. Thirdly, however, he gets side-tracked. Forced into confrontation with his mother, he kills the eavesdropping Polonius, thinking that it is Claudius he is stabbing. The fact that Hamlet misfires Polonius has two main effects: it makes Hamlet?s own homicidal campaign lose energy---as if some sort of blood lust had been sated. It also forces Hamlet finally out into the op en. Rather than suspects, Hamlet is a threat to Claudius. On the excuse of Polonius?s death, Claudius has opportunity to move against Hamlet, which is sending him off to England to be put in death.
III. The Tragedy of Characters
A. The Tragedy of Hamlet
1. Three Stages of Hamlet’s Tragedy
Of the character of Hamlet in this drama, it is not still, but changeable as the struggles go on. According to the development of the character, Shakespeare shows us the tragedy of Hamlet, which is described in three stages logically.
The first stage is about his happiness time, during which he studies in Wittenberg. In that period, he has wonderful dream on humanism. To him the world is so bright, charming. In his mind, his father is on behalf perfect man. He also believes that the harmonious relationship between human would come true sooner or later. The second stage of Hamlet is about his dejection and hesitation. Hamlet is so puzzled by the conflict between humanism idea and the gloom reality. When we firstly see the prince, Hamlet appears as a dejected person. He is shrouded by sadness; he does not know where to look for happiness of life. When he realizes all the crimes in the court of Denmark, all his wishes of life have been changed. He decides to change the society, but in action he hesitates. The third stage is about his decision to take activities, which is after the play arranged by Hamlet himself. He can not bear the crime of reality any more. In his own words, he would fill his mind with bloody thoughts. Alt hough Hamlet revenges for his father?s death in the end, he does not achieve the purpose to remove the evil force thoroughly, even he loses his life.
2. Hamlet’s Death
Hamlet?s death is also his tragedy. It is destined for Hamlet to end with his death, whi ch is caused by both internal and external course; it is not comprehensive to emphasize either of them. As one of his challengeable enemy, Claudius is on behalf of the evil force; his crime is collected with all the society?s darkness. Hamlet is eager to wipe out such evil force and revenge for his father?s death. But it can not be solved only by having Claudius died, of course to achieve which is not easy. To remove the evil force which is commonly existed in the society and reverses the situation is more difficult. What Hamlet is hesitating “is not what he should do, but how to do it.” Judging from the objective aspect, Hamlet?s enemy is not only Claudius, and also some villains. As a new style of thought of a newly emerging capitalist class, humanism just exists as a power of thought at that time, which is far away to match with the feudal evil force. The bourgeoisie revolution in England happened in 17th century, judging from the feature of the time, Hamlet?s death is destined. Judging from the character of him, Hamlet has the most weakness which dominates his action. Because of his prince social position, there is no communication with people. Although he has sympathy to them, he also learns people are angry to the evil force, and they also keep hope on h im, he is unwilling to corporate with people. What he believes is his own ability; what?s more, in his mind he is the only person who can complete such hard task, which is the root of Hamlet?s social tragedy. So Hamlet?s tragedy is of an advanced humanist?s failure to struggle with powerful evil force of him, of the time, which has strong classic meaning.
B．he Tragedy of Claudius
Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is on behalf of the feudal evil force. He kills his older brother, becomes the new King of Denmark, and marries his sister-in-law. What a dissolute gay! He indulges in creature comforts. Although he is so pleased with himself, when he meets Hamlet, who is in mourning apparel, he is frightened, even it is in his new wedding banquet, he can not conceal the fear which is from his inner heart.
Claudius lies that the old King (Hamlet?s father) died of a poisonous snake, and then he takes the place of Hamlet?s succeeding to the throne. While on the surface, he pretends to care Hamlet very much, treats Hamlet as his own son. He also promises Hamlet that he would let him inherit in the future. In the reply to Hamlet?s outburst, Claudius uses language which seems to be calculated to take into account both sides of a question. On one hand, He tells Hamlet that it is …sweet and commendable? of him to be so obviously affected by his father?s death. On the other hand, he continues mourning must end sooner or later, and life must go on. T hus, Claudius?s answer to Hamlet appears at first sight to be the epitome of reasonableness, a balanced combination of sensitivity and down-to-earth common sense.
…Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet,
To give this mourning duties to your father
But you must know your father lost a father,
That father lost, lost his-and the survivor bound
In filial obligation for some tem
To do obsequious sorrow. But to persevere
In obstinate condolement is a course
Of impious stubbornness, …tis unmanl y grief,
It shows a will most incorrect to heaven,
A heart unfortified, a mind impatient,
An understanding simple and unschool?d,
For what we know must be, and is as common
As any the most vulgar thing to sense---
Why should we in our peevish opposition
Ta ke it to heart? Fie, …tis a fault to heaven,
A fault against the dead, a fault to nature,
To reason most absurd, whose common theme
Is death of fathers, and who still hath cried?
From the first cores till he that died today,
…This must be so?. (Hamlet, 87-106)
When people actually look at the different weight which Claudius gives to the two opposite parts of his argument as his speech develops, it can be realized that Claudius?s …balance? is actually nothing of kind. It is just because that he is under a great deal of strain, and that he is far less in control of the situation than he wants his audience to believe. In another words, Claudius, because he is in a public situation, needs to be a little tactful towards Hamlet, and thus compliments him on his sweet and commendable nature, and assures him that he regards him …with no less nobility of love/Then that which the dearest father bears his son?. (Hamlet, II, 110,-II). But Claudius is, after all, King, and his power is absolute. He tries all the ways to eliminate Hamlet, who is regarded to treat him very much. Because Hamlet is deeply loved by people, even pirate is willing to help him, Claudius could not kill him by any reason, he should be very careful. To spy whether Hamlet is mad or not, Claudius as ks two of Hamlet?s classmates to keep watch on him. Meanwhile, as bait, Ophelia is used to spy upon Hamlet?s inner secrets. After the play, which is arranged by Hamlet, Claudius exposes his guilty conscience thoroughly. Then he plans to murder with a borrowed knife to remove Hamlet for another try. On the excuse of Hamlet?s safety, Claudius sends him to
England, in secret he asks the man who keeps watch on Hamlet to convey his requirement of having Hamlet died to the King of England. But finally he failed. Then he incited Laertes to revenge for his father?s death, because of which, Hamlet dies from the poison sword.
Claudius is dissolute, insidious and sham, while on surface he pretends so kind. Of his character, Shakespeare shows us all the kinds of hideous features of feudal tyrant and the careerist of capitalist class during the time of original accomplishment. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do.
C. The Tragedy of Ophelia
Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and her tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to pleasant the King. She is the victim of feudalism. Her thoughts is tightly bounded it. She believes truth, beauty and kindness, she really loves Hamlet, but she also becomes the tool of Claudius to spy upon
the inner secret of Hamlet when Hamlet is mad. When her father tells her to left Hamlet,
she promises him without words. Ophelia is drawn at the end of this drama. It is eventually Ophelia whose madness leads to her actual suicide. But it is clearly that the person who caused Ophelia?s death is the King and her father. Ophelia is also the victim of the political. Is there any other reason? Of course that is the feudalism. Ophelia?s death stimulates people to detest the hateful power, and also evokes people?s sympathy for good things, which people have destroyed. IV. The Failure of Humanism
A. The Conflict between Humanism and Reality
The Renaissance reached its high tide in 16th century, so did the Humanism. As the fundamental key of Renaissance, the essence of humanism is that human have the right to seek for freedom to advocate the ra tionalism and to gain people?s position and development in the world. The elements of humanism are to establish the central status, of human beings, their dignity value, to advocate the spirit of rationalism and science, to protest the super role of God admired during the Middle Ages. In the literature of 16th in England, it was play got the best achievement, so there are so many good works. To some extent, a play is the reflection of the society. The history of 16th century is filled with struggle and conflict, which between the capitalism and feudalism.
Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from the medieval prejudices and super station. He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the Heaven. As one of humanists, Hamlet cherishes a profound reveren ce for man, and he believes in human?s power and destiny:
What a piece of work is human; how noble in reason;
How infinite in faculty, in form and moving
How express and admirable; in action how like an angel;
In apprehension how like a god! (Hamlet,85-96)
From such ebullient words, vivid figure of speech, it is clear that Hamlet confirms human?s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, wherever exists humanism. He believes that human is valuable, energetic. He regards that the relationship between human being should be equal, and everyone should be respected. He takes “love” to instead of people?s loyalty to him, and the principle of equality and love to the relationship of feudal grade. According to his thought, character, appearance and expression, either of which shows us that he is the model of a perfect humanist. In his mind, his father (the old Hamlet) is a model of human. To love, friendship and life, Hamlet has his own humanism view. And he himself, just as Ophelia?s description, is a young
prince of humanism, such a lovely prince, there?s no doubt that anyone would not love him. Even Claudius, his enemy, has to admit that he is loved by the “silly” people, and the ordinary people would have good opinion to him. While at the beginning of the play, Hamlet is covered by the misfortune of his family. He adores and loves his father very much, but he died; he also loves his mother, while very quickly (“A little month, or ere those shoes were old, with which she follow?d my poor father?s body,”) she marries his uncle (the new King). The faithful love, friendship, and all a humanist?s valuable dreams began to be destroyed. He laments: “Fraity, thy name is woman!” To find out the reason of his father?s death, Hamlet pretends to be mad. Out of his imagi nation, his old classmates and friends, even his lover, Ophelia, become Claudius?s accessories. In front of the evil reality, his humanism dream is destroyed completely. He even thinks about “to be or not to be”:
To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Whether …tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles
And by opposing end them. To die---to sleep,
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
The heartache and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to: …tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish?d. To die, to sleep;
To sleep, perchance to dream---ay, there?s the rub……(Hamlet, 152-180)
B. The Failure of Hamlet’s Task
What Hamlet is able to do is to reveal the reality that the society is not reasonable and it must be changed, not how to solve such fundamental question; to move the crime existing in the world, not how to wipe out it. Because of the limitation of time and class, humanist does not have the ability which is needed to change the society, wipe out the social crime. It is one of the reasons that the reactionary force is powerful, because of which Hamlet fails to complete his task. Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius represents that between the newly emerged capital humanist and feudal reactionary force, which reflects the conflict between the advanced people and evil force in Renaissance. However, it is a complicated time, with the social crime of feudal force and the capital accumulation, it is a gloom time, and it is destined to fail for the advanced people.
Conclusion
With abundant and vivid plots, Hamlet reveals an important thought: in the later of Renaissance, the central state power was stable, the system of government was charged by the King. The King abandoned the capitalist class, arbitrarily and dictatorially, he forcibly occupied all the benefit; in political, he went against the progressive measure, then the feudal force had the chance to state a comeback, all the country was filled with foul, and each trying to cheat the other. Under such background, the capital humanists were angry with it. All the ordinary people even could not bear the exploitation coming from the feudal and original accumulation, but they could do nothing to help themselves. Such phenomenon was just about which happened before the bourgeoisie revolutionary in 1645. Humanists had the thought to remove the unforgivable King and reverse the situation, but they fell into hesitation, because the responsibility for them was hard to complete.
Taking the court of Denmark in the Middle Ages for the background, according to the story of Hamlet?s revenge for his father?s death, Hamlet describes the truth England an d the Europe society in the later Renaissance. It reveals the author?s self-questioning on Renaissance movement and his carelessness on people?s life and future. The Renaissance promotes Europe into the time human beings awakening. People?s belief to God began to shake, under the flag of “personality liberation”; it was the custom to do what you like to. For one side, people?s thought liberated, which promoted the development of the social civilization. In the other side, especially in the later of Renaissa nce, it was full of overflow of selfish desire and social?s confusion. Encountering such an enthusiasm and confused time, instead of the optimistic and romantic brought by the humanism, Shakespeare shows us the hidden danger which hided in the ideal and progress. It is destined to fail for humanists. Hamlet is the reflection of such social phenomena.
Acknowledgements
I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor—Chen Shunjiang, who offers me academic and constructive advices on composing this paper. His encouragement and help are worthy of high acknowledgement. During the learning of my paper, Mr. Chen gives me much good and valuable advice on my course, and provides me many opportunities to do practice. Because of those opportunities, I can accumulate much practical experience and precious theories for this paper. In the process of composing this paper, he helps me correct this paper and make it more perfect.
I would like to express my thanks to those who spend their time in reading my paper, and I will be grateful if you could give me your advice, and I will appreciate them very well. Because I know that will be beneficial and helpful in my life. Meanwhile, I?d like to say thanks to my dear friends, Tang Xuejin, Li Jiangtao, Shu Qing, and so on, who give my ideas in my work, so that I can complete my paper on time.
I hope I can apply my knowledge to my practical job in the future, and make some achievements during my career.
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【摘要】《哈姆雷特》作为莎士比亚四大悲剧之首，将主人公哈姆雷特的人物性格通过其语言动作刻画的淋漓尽致，作者莎士比亚通过哈姆雷特的悲剧哀悼了文艺复兴晚期人文主义的衰落。本文主要通过分析主人公哈姆雷特的性格来探讨其悲剧形成的根本原因http://www.【关键词】《哈姆雷特》历史背景莎士比亚性格缺陷 一、历史背景 十六、十七世纪之交，英国正处在封建制度向资本主义制度过渡时期，这个时期是英国历史进程中的一个巨大转折。 《哈姆雷特》是借丹麦八世纪的历史反映十六世纪末和十七世纪初的英国社会现实。当时的英国，如前所述，是一个“颠倒混乱的时代”，而《哈姆雷特》正是“这个时代的缩影”。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳迪斯的斗争，象征着新兴资产阶级人文主义者与反动的封建王权代表的斗争。通过这一斗争，作品反映了人文主义理想同英国黑暗的封建现实之间的矛盾，揭露了英国封建贵族地主阶级与新兴资产阶级之间为了争夺权力而进行的殊死较量，批判了王权与封建邪恶势力的罪恶行径。 文艺复兴运动使欧洲进入了“人”的觉醒的时代，人们对上帝的信仰开始动摇。在“个性解放”的旗帜下“为所欲为”，这是当时的一种时代风尚。这一方面是思想的大解放，从而推动了社会文明的大发展；另一方面，尤其是到了文艺复兴的晚期，随之产生的是私欲的泛滥和社会的混乱。面对这样一个热情而又混乱的时代，人到中年的莎士比亚，已不像早期那样沉湎于人文主义的理想给人带来的乐观与浪漫，而表现出对理想与进步背后的隐患的深入思考，《哈姆雷特》正是他对充满隐患而又混乱的社会的一种审美写照。 二、莎士比亚 莎士比亚（1564―1614）出生在伊丽莎白时期艾文河畔的斯特拉夫小镇上。他的父亲是当地一个小有名气的商人，后来生意中途没落，最终没有步入大资产阶级之列。年轻时的莎士比亚做过屠夫、商人。他所受教育程度不高，但内心始终有一种改变生活状态，进入高级阶层社会的需求与向往，并以此获得超越自我，追求自我价值的实现。莎士比亚离开家乡，来到充满文学、戏剧氛围的伦敦，在此他的文学创作天分得到了充分的施展，最终使他踏上了通向文学的巅峰之路。 处于社会底层的莎士比亚处于一种心理焦虑状态，他渴望同他人在一起，建立友好的关系，尤其渴望被社会接纳，从事一种被欣赏、有尊严的工作。戏剧和诗歌是他最好的选择。他积极接受伊丽莎白时期人们对美的观念，用唯美的方式表达对美的理解和对文学艺术的膜拜。在《第十八首十四行诗》中，他使用伊丽莎白式十四行诗描述了爱人那不可言喻的美，并歌颂了文学能战胜自然，使美永存人世的特殊功能。 三、哈姆雷特的性格分析 （一）忧郁 1.忧郁之根源 一系列残酷的事件突然发生，打破了他关于人生、世界、爱情、友谊、前途等一系列人文主义的幻想。然而父亲的死，母亲的改嫁，朋友的背叛等等让哈姆雷特觉得：人类，并不
论哈姆雷特的悲剧 【摘要】《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的经典悲剧。讲述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特复仇的故事，在整个过程中，主人公的悲剧让读者值得思考，本文将对悲剧根源，悲剧意义进行分析。 【关键词】哈姆雷特；悲剧性格；悲剧根源；悲剧意义 一、引言 《哈姆雷特》作为莎士比亚著名的四大悲剧之一，在西方文学史上占有重要的地位。它主要讲述了主人公哈姆雷特丹麦王国一位年轻有为的王子，他有魄力、好思索、接近人民、对人类抱有美好的希望。他正在德国的威登堡大学学习，国内传来噩耗，父王突然惨死，叔叔克劳斯迪篡夺王位，母亲改嫁克劳斯迪。哈姆雷特回国奔丧，在一天深夜，他在城堡里见到了父亲的鬼魂，父亲的鬼魂告诉了他自己被害的经过。哈姆雷特知道真相后，精神恍惚，他整天穿着黑色的丧服，一心想着复仇。这样的开始演变成一个悲剧的结局。 哈姆雷特是一个处于现实和理想矛盾中的人文主义者，曾经对天地万物、人与社会都充满了美好的希望。但是现实的严酷与丑恶打破了他的美好理想，他的人文主义的信念破灭了。作为一个人文主义者，哈姆雷特在复仇道路上的犹豫，显示了他所代表的人文主义与封建势力的悬殊。渐渐地他的性格也显得悲剧，已然不再是那个快乐的王子。 同时，借此表现了作者对文艺复兴运动的反思与对人的命运与未来社会的忧虑。哈姆雷特是文艺复兴时期人文主义思想者的典型。虽然他在剧中一出场就是一个身著黑衣、一脸肃穆的忧郁王子，但“剧前期”的哈姆雷特可是一个在人文主义思想策源地的威登堡大学学习的快乐王子，他对人类充满了理性的信念：“人类是一件多么了不得的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的能力！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使，在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！”可是他对世界倏然改观：哈姆雷特心目中理想化的君主——老哈姆雷特突然亡故，猥琐而卑鄙的叔父克劳狄斯却登上王位；他的母亲的爱情理想又为改嫁的母亲所玷污；盛大的结婚笙乐使哈姆雷特看到了民族的致命缺陷，而老臣新贵们纷纷向新王献媚邀宠更使哈姆雷特感受到了人情的冷暖、世态的炎凉。仅仅这些生活的不幸、人世的苦难就已经使哈姆雷特深深地陷入悲凉、忧郁中，谁知还有更加残酷的谋杀阴谋，使哈姆雷特的信念受到致命一击，巨大的震惊和愤怒，使忧郁的王子从个人的痛苦中转到了更加深广的范围，使他意识到了“这是一个颠倒混乱的时代”，这一列原因性格，社会环境等等都是这成了悲剧的根源。 悲剧的性格，恶劣的社会环境，悲剧的根源同时也阐释了悲剧的意义。让我们从中认识到了《哈姆雷特》的悲剧意义，同时也阐释了人文主义带来的意义。 二、悲剧根源 （一）悲剧性格 1．多疑 哈姆雷特自幼生活在一帆风顺的环境中：身份尊贵，家庭和睦美满，国家强盛。他所经历过的处境无一不是平顺的。但是在一夜之间，他所拥有的一切都遭到了全盘颠覆：父王猝死，母后改嫁，王权旁落，国外大军压境。对于一个从来不曾遭遇过什么重大挫折与坎坷境遇的年轻王子来说，没有什么比这突如其来的巨变更打击的事了。也正因为如此，哈姆雷特的忧郁本性愈发得明显了，而他性格中多疑的一面也被激发了出来，并愈演愈烈。 2．嫉恶如仇 嫉恶如仇的性格也是推动哈姆雷特人生轨迹的重要动力。在第一幕中，他气愤于母亲的
The Causes of Hamlet's Tragedy As we know, Hamlet is one of the most powerful and influential tragedies wrote by William Shakespeare. He gives deep impression to almost everyone who have read the story. Every reader has their own idea about Hamlet’s tragedy. This story describes a prince’s of Denmark revenge for his father’s death. The King of Denmark died, young prince Hamlet who was studying abroad came back to his country only to find out that his mother married his uncle Claudius just a short time after his father’s death. A ghost who looked like the old King appeared at night, and told Hamlet that it was Claudius who killed him, so Hamlet promised to revenge for his father. He began to pretend to be mad, and left Ophelia who was loved by him very much. To spy on the reflection of Claudius, Hamlet arranged a play. Claudius realized it, he sent Hamlet to England, and asked the man who kept an eye on Hamlet and sent a letter to the king of England to have Hamlet died. But Claudius failed. Hamlet came back to Denmark again. Meanwhile Ophelia was drawn because of her father’s death and Hamlet’s departure. Her brother Laertes asked to fight with Hamlet and Claudius gave a sword to them. In this fight, Hamlet was killed by the poison sword, Laertes was wounded to die. The Queen, Hamlet’s mother, died from the poison wine which was prepared for Hamlet by Claudius. Before death, Laertes told the truth. Finally Hamlet killed Claudius with the cost of his life. In my opinion, there are four mainly causes of Hamlet’s tragedy. Firstly, Hamlet was the prince of Denmark, he was noble and simple. So when Hamlet found his father’s death and his mother’s marriage with his uncle, who had become the new king, he was barely to get over of these matters. Filled by sorrows, Hamlet cannot thought about his revenge clearly, which is one of the reason of his filled. Secondly,Hamlet had complex characteristics which made him though a lot about his plan of revenge. H e was struggling with the choice of the cause of his father’s death, suicide as people said or murdered by his uncle. Therefore, he was entangled with the question “To be or not to be”. Besides, his faith in religious hindered his idea of killing his uncle. His struggle of this question made him hesitate to kill his uncle for the revenge of his father. Thirdly, before all of these horrible things, Hamlet lived a happy and bright life as the prince of Denmark. During his study aboard, Hamlet has wonderful dreams and brilliant image of his future. In his mind, the world is peace and prosperous. However, these over-optimistic thoughts gave him a frail will which led him to tragedy. Fourthly, as a prince, hamlet refused to tell his friends about his experiences and ideas. He was unwilling to cooperate with others, because he believed that he was the
摘要：《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。 关键词：人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争 The Tragedy Aspects in Hamlet Abstract：As one of Shakespeare?s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare?s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists? h ardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human?s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists. Key Words：Tragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne Introduction It is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince?s revenge for his father?s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. There are three simultaneous plots of revenge, from which, the tragedy of characters is described more complicated. There is also some description of characters: Hamlet represents the few number of the advanced person emerging in the feudal society; Claudius, who is the head of the reactionary force, is also a schemer, the model character of double-dealer. He is dissolute, insidious and sham. But finally, such unforgivable man bears what he should do; Ophelia, who is one of the loveliest girls Shakespeare has described, is also a tragedy character in this play. She is kind, but because of her innocent and tenderness, she became the tool which her father used to
悲剧英雄——哈姆雷特 一、悲剧产生 身为王子的哈姆雷特被莎翁塑造为生命之美的典型，他热爱生命，认为：“人类是一件多么了不起的杰作，多么高贵的理性，多么伟大的力量，多么优美的仪表，多么文雅的举动，在行为上多么像一个天使，在智慧上多么像一个天神，宇宙的精华，万物的灵长!”。他年轻英俊，坚毅勇敢，热爱自己的国家，热爱自己的父王和母后，有着心爱的恋人奥菲利亚，可以说，他的生命正处于人生最美好的时刻。 然而，这美好的生命时光瞬息之间又消失了。宫廷一片混乱，父王奇怪地驾崩，母后改嫁新王，国外敌军压境，国内群情激愤、一触即发，而宫中却在通宵达旦地酗酒取乐，一切的一切，都在哈姆雷特年轻美好的生命中投下了巨大的阴影，从而使他郁郁寡欢，认为人间不过是“一个荒芜不治的花园，长满了恶毒的莠草”，这些，已经为王子年轻的生命注入了悲剧的因素。随着老王鬼魂的出现，宫廷内幕的揭开，谋杀罪行的暴露，王子心中烈火的燃起，悲剧的帷幕拉开了……面对阴险奸诈的新国王，哈姆雷特开始了孤身复仇的行动：为了复仇，他杀死了恋人的父亲；为了复仇，他失去了深爱的情人；为了复仇，他对软弱的母亲冷言相向；为了复仇，他忍受着失去友情的痛苦。最后，在一场血淋淋的宫廷决斗中，他虽然杀死了阴险狡诈的新王，但自己的生命也结束在这“牢狱”般的宫廷中。 二、悲剧根源 （一）悲剧性格 哈姆雷特的性格充满着复杂性，多面性和矛盾性。他拥有世俗的一切光辉的品质，如爱人奥菲利亚的赞誉“一个朝臣的眼睛、学者的辩舌、军人的利剑、国家的娇子；时尚的明镜、人伦的雅范、举世瞩目的中心”。还没有说服力的话，国王和波各涅斯对他的忌惮则可显示民众对这位英武的王子的拥戴；直到变故发生前，他还有一位拥有“太阳神的毛发、天神的前额、阿波罗的身躯”“完善卓越的仪表”的堪称“世间男子汉的典范”的父亲；他还拥有一位美丽贞洁的母亲，父亲的英勇让国人骄傲，让自己自豪；父亲和母亲的爱情在他看来是那么的完美无暇；作为丹麦的王子，他继承的不仅是丹麦的国土和臣民，还有父母的美德和国人的赞颂。这是一个完美的人。然而父亲被害，凶手竟是叔父；母亲变节，元凶还是叔父。只要是一个正常人，就不能夸口自己还能在这样的变故中保留自己一贯的优秀品质，即使他是一个像哈姆雷特这样完美的王子———三十岁的拥有智慧的青年。 1．多疑 哈姆雷特自幼生活在一帆风顺的环境中：身份尊贵，家庭和睦美满，国家强盛。他所经历过的处境无一不是平顺的。但是在一夜之间，他所拥有的一切都遭到了全盘颠覆：父王猝死，母后改嫁，王权旁落，国外大军压境。对于一个从来不曾遭遇过什么重大挫折与坎坷境遇的年轻王子来说，没有什么比这突如其来的巨变更打击的事了。也正因为如此，哈姆雷特的忧郁本性愈发得明显了，而他性格中多疑的一面也被激发了出来，并愈演愈烈。 2．嫉恶如仇 嫉恶如仇的性格也是推动哈姆雷特人生轨迹的重要动力。在第一幕中，他气愤于母亲的朝三暮四，痛斥：“脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人。”在母亲的寝室中，他愤怒地辱骂他的叔叔是“一个杀人犯，一个恶徒，一个庸奴，一个冒充国王的丑角，一个盗国窃位的扒手。”对叔父的奢侈以及国家的陋习，他都表现得痛心疾首。他向往光明，痛恨邪恶，将所有的国仇家恨都绑在自己一个人身上，忍受所有苦难，不断挣扎前进。 3．优柔寡断 哈姆雷特虽然善于思索，但却优柔寡断，这也是他的复仇成为悲剧的原因。面对着父亲被毒杀，母亲被占有，王权被窃取，国家被觊觎的家恨国仇，哈姆雷特有强烈的复仇愿望。
Analyses the reason of Hamlet tragedy Ellision.S.T.Young Summary Shakespeare's Hamlet is one of the famous one of the four great tragedies, it represents the Shakespeare's the highest art achievement. This article through to hero Hamlet words and deeds of the description, analysis of the Hamlet's tragedy character and his tragedy . Key words Hamlet tragedy character reason Hamlet(1601) is a masterpiece of Shakespeare's tragedy, the story of the prince of Denmark revenge for father choose in AD 1200 Danish history. before Shakespeare , the story many times being adapted to popular revenge drama, Shakespeare's Hamlet is the most creative one , both in the content and the form ,which became a spectacle in the history of Europe. Hamlet to the Danish royal a background, through the Hamlet revenge for father , described the Renaissance British and European society true sense, and performance of the Renaissance and profound reflection to the person's destiny and future of deep concern. he is indecisive. although Hamlet good at thinking, but he is indecisive, this also why his revenge become the tragedy. Facing the father were killed, mother be possessed, royalty is stolen, Hamlet have a strong desire for revenge, Hamlet has been firmly express his firm belief of revenge.“Friends, I with full enthusiasm, trust you two; If in Hamlet's weak capacity of less than, can have to you say his friendship place, god, I wouldn't have negative you. Together let us go, Please you remember no matter what time will keep. This is a topsy-turvy chaotic age, alas, shit but I will take reforming qiankun responsibility! Come, we go together. "But several times when he had chanceTo kill the enemy he became hesitate, he was wandering between the value of life and revenge , "To be or not To be, -- that is the question." this is the perfect reflectc of his hesitate character . Though Hamlet is indecisive but he is so detest evil, he yearning light, hate evil, swear to eradicate the evil. this character is the important power to promote Hamlet's life. In the first act, he angry in mother's chop and change, said "fragile ah, thy name is woman." He make crazy revenge on his uncle, regardless of other people's sacrifice, In his mother's bedroom in he verbally abused his uncle, "a murderer, a evil ACTS, without a slave, a pretend to be the king's buffoon, a stolen countries theft " It also showed he detest evil characteristics. To uncle's luxury and the country's abuse, he hate evil, for the light, so that he will be all the hate tied in a person, put up with all suffering, and constantly struggle forward. Hamlet problem-free living environment was holistic subversion make his character become more suspicious, also because of this, Hamlet's melancholy nature have increasingly obvious, and his character suspicious side was also inspired out, and intensified. such as the first act, his appearance and the dialogue with couple of king, King: but now my cousin hamlet and my son Hamlet: a little more than king and less than kind. King: How is it that be clouds still on you? Hamlet: not so ,my lord,i am too much in the sun. Due to environmental change, Hamlet become very suspicious,
哈姆雷特的人物分析
哈姆雷特的人物分析 关键词：哈姆雷特复仇悲剧疯癫颠倒混乱的时代 摘要：本文主要分析了哈姆雷特遭受了一连串打击致使他对亲情、友情和爱情失望，从而改变了其原有的人生价值观以及在那个颠倒混乱的时代他的悲剧的必然性。 《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚四大悲剧中最著名的一出戏剧，同时也是莎士比亚创作生涯的高峰。《哈姆雷特》讲述了一个既复杂又简单的故事。说复杂是因为其情节十分的曲折，人物关系也错综复杂。说简单是因为它的主线可以用一句话概况——丹麦王子哈姆雷特为父报仇最终与仇人同归于尽。在这出著名的悲剧中，哈姆雷特和奥菲利亚这两个悲剧人物给我留下的印象最为深刻，这两个人同为疯子，只不过一个是装疯而一个是真疯。 哈姆雷特是丹麦的王子，在老国王未死之前，他就读于威登堡大学接受人文主义思想的熏陶，主张人与人之间应该平等互爱，相信人类的前途是光明的，相信依靠人的理性和力量能够创造美好的人生和理想的社会。哈姆雷特对美好事物的热爱的同事也对一切丑恶的事物表现出了憎恶。这样一位生机勃勃，抱有远大理想的王子本应该继承
着又对友情失去了信心。哈姆雷特不再相信友情，他更加的孤独了。 命运却并没有因此而放过他，他仅剩的爱情也岌岌可危，奥菲利亚确实是个好女人，她美丽善良又单纯，但她有一个致命的缺陷，那就是软弱并且没有主见，她过于听她父亲的话，就是这一缺陷葬送了他们的爱情。在哈姆雷特装疯期间，叔父克劳狄斯想要验证其真假，于是奥菲利亚的父亲便出主意让自己的女儿去验证一番，他们相信在恋人面前哈姆雷特会说真话或至少会露出马脚。于是奥菲利亚这个傻姑娘便真的去了。恋人的试探无疑是在哈姆雷特那血淋淋的伤口上又撒了一把盐，将他往绝望的深渊又推进了一步，也让他对女人彻底失望，不再相信爱情。 一系列伤天害理的事变突然发生，打破了哈姆雷特关于人生，世界，爱情，友谊，前途等的幻想。人类，并不美好，下贱的克劳狄斯一旦爬上王位，很多变开始对他阿谀奉承，为了利益而去巴结他；而为了篡位，弟弟居然暗杀自己的哥哥，人类不过是泥土捏成的生命，有着丑陋的心。爱情，也不坚贞，父王死去不到两个月，母亲变改嫁叔父。友谊，也不可靠，为了一己私利，好友接连背叛自己。纵目四望，奸王邪恶，群臣昏聩，朝廷腐败，上层堕落，这是一个颠倒混乱的时代。（朱维之，1982）本来美好的世界现在在他看来一切都是那
哈姆雷特悲剧的成因 莎士比亚笔下的哈姆雷特可以说是世界文学史上引起争议最多的人物形象之一，尤其是关于哈姆雷特悲剧的成因则更是众说纷纭。德国大诗人歌德评价哈姆雷特是“一个秉性优美、纯洁、高尚而有道德的人物，他缺乏成为一个英雄的魄力，却在一个他既不能担负又不能放弃的重担下被毁灭了。”英国大诗人柯勒律则一针见血地认为哈姆雷特“由于敏感而犹豫不定，由于思索而拖延，精力全花费在做决定上，反而失去了行动的力量。” 一 哈姆雷特虽身为丹麦王子，却在当时新文化中心的德国威登堡大学接受了人文主义教育。在这里，他形成了一套与中世纪以来的传统观念完全不同的社会人生理想。哈姆雷特同当时的人文主义者一样，对“人”抱有美好的看法：“人是多么了不起的一件作品！理性是多么高贵！力量是多么无穷！仪表和举止是多么端庄，多么出色！论行动，多么像天使！论了解，多么像天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！”而他自己，按照奥菲利娅对他的赞美：“朝廷人士的眼睛，学者的舌头，军人的利剑，国家的期望和花朵，风流时尚的镜子，文雅的典范，举世瞩目的中心......”哈姆雷特俨然是人文主义者理想的新人，是各种没得的化身。 然而，从人文主义的威登堡大学回到封建统治的丹麦，哈姆雷特的精神世界却发生了逆转。如同十七世纪初的英国，社会矛盾日益尖锐，伊丽莎白女王风烛残年，王室同资产阶级之间的矛盾越来越恶化。哈姆雷特所处的丹麦王国正是如此。现实原来这么残酷，在这尖锐的宫廷争斗中，他所崇拜和热爱的父亲突然死去；母亲也“迫不及待的钻进了乱伦的袅被。”什么忠贞的爱情、真诚的友谊、和谐的社会，统统成为泡影。 作为一个人文主义者，哈姆雷特渴望正义和自由，但到处是专制压迫、腐化和欺诈。他有着“重整乾坤” 的崇高理想, 但他与克劳狄斯及其帮凶的斗争, 实质上是一种阶级之间的对立和斗争。他的敌人是严酷地统治了人们一千多年的整个封建制度和教会势力,许多封建教会的陈腐观念还深深潜藏在人们的心灵之中。如教会所宣扬的上帝与魔鬼, 天堂与地狱, 灵魂与转世之说,即使是竭力歌颂人性来反对神权的人文主义者也是当作实有其事的。虽然这种势力开始走向衰朽, 但仍十分猖撅地居于当时的主导地位。当他陷入家庭的不幸之中时, 宝贵的生活理想开始破灭了。他对人世间的一切充满了失望和忧郁。作为一个出身封建王室, 从小就享受着贵族特权的王子, 却从此要挑起与本阶级抗争的重担, 未免有些勉为其难了。 “无论我们怎样辛苦图谋, 我们的结果却早已经有一种冥冥的力量把它布置好了。” 这句话虽然是哈姆雷特宿命论的佐证, 但我们不妨把历史发展的必然规律看成这种冥冥中的力量。哈姆雷特的悲剧是一个人文主义者的悲剧,更是时代的悲剧。因为他所处的时代还缺乏先进分子必然胜利的条件。正如恩格斯所说的, 是“历史的必然要求和这个要求的实际上不可能实现之间的悲剧性冲突” 。
《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧因素(一) AbstractAs one of Shakespeare’s the four famous tragedies, Hamlet is the most remarkable one. It is also the sign of the maturation in the art of Shakespeare’s play. With abundant connotation of the time, vivid characters, complicated conflict and varied story, Hamlet gives people deep impression and moves them to appreciate it. This article aims to analyze the tragedy aspects in Hamlet from all the aspects of plot, character, conflict, and so on, according to which it reveals more information about England in the period of Renaissance. Based on the complicated plots, Hamlet reveals the confusion of England in 16th. In this play, there are many characters. With different character, each one reflects different feature of different stage and their social status, and also their value of life, which decide their final sufferance. The struggle between Hamlet and Claudius is about the conflict between the newly emerged capital humanists and the feudal evil force, which reflects the humanists’ hardship for their dreams to come true. As the essence of Renaissance, humanism is a newly emerged thought at that time, but unfortunately, it failed. On behalf of humanists, Hamlet confirms human’s value and dignity, and also the wisdom and power, but in front of the evil reality, all his dreams are destroyed completely. He just gets the spiritual victory with the cost of his life. As the mitigation of the time, Hamlet shows that it is destined to fail for humanists.Key WordsTragedy of Characters; conflict; humanism; tragedy of plots; fighting for throne摘要《哈姆雷特》是 莎士比亚戏剧创作中最杰出的代表作，著名的四大悲剧之一，又是莎士比亚戏剧艺术成熟的标志。该剧以丰富的时代内涵、生动的人物形象、复杂的矛盾冲突以及曲折多变的故事情节，给人们留下深刻的印象，吸引着他们对其不断的进行解读。本篇文章旨在从情节、人物、矛盾冲突等多方面分析《哈姆雷特》戏剧中的悲剧色彩。透过复杂的故事情节，该剧展示了十六世纪英国的动荡与混乱。该剧中任务众多，不同的任务有不同的性格，也反映了当时不同层次、身份的任务的特征以及他们的人生观。从而决定了他们最终的归宿。剧中哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的斗争是新兴资产阶级人文主义者与日趋反动的封建王权代表任务之间的斗争，反映了文艺复兴时期先进人物为实现美好理想向社会恶势力所进行的斗争。作为文艺复兴的核心，人文主义在当时是一种新兴思潮，但却遭到失败。作为人文主义者的典型代表，哈姆雷特对人类抱有美好的看法。他相信人类的智慧、高雅和力量。然而，面对罪恶的现实，他所有的人文主义理想都被彻底破灭。因而只能以生命的代价换来精神上的胜利。作为时代的缩影，《哈姆雷特》揭示了人文主义理想破灭的必然性。关键词人物悲情；矛盾冲突；人文主义；情节悲剧；王权斗争IntroductionIt is known that Hamlet is the most remarkable works of Shakespeare in his dramas. It describes a story of a prince’s revenge for his father’s death in Denmark, during which, it reveals human-being different conflicts.
哈姆雷特人物性格及悲剧原因 摘要：《哈姆雷特》四大悲剧之一，剧中交织着爱恨情仇，通过观看电影《哈姆雷特》了解到这部剧作的内容与意义。 关键词：哈姆雷特分析 一千个读者有一千个哈姆雷特。对于莎士比亚笔下的这个人物来说，他只是封建社会底下的一个代表，在那时候还有许多相似哈姆雷特遭遇的人们。 哈姆雷特作为丹麦的一个王子，本来可以过上人人称羡的幸福生活，但在那如戏的生活中，上帝是不允许你过得太一帆风顺。但对于哈姆雷特的结局来说，上帝给予他的考验太巨大了，以至于他为这个社会牺牲了。最后还是什么都没得到。 哈姆雷特因为父亲的死，母亲在父亲尸骨未寒时嫁给了叔父，为此他感到十分痛心。在这种情况下他却了解到一个比先前他经历的还要寒心的一个消息——父亲是被叔父杀死的！这让年轻的哈姆雷特几近疯狂。但他却又不能真正的发疯，因为他还要为死去的父亲报仇。而在报仇的同时，却又不能伤害到母亲。这让哈姆雷特十分矛盾。因为他认为母亲背叛了父亲，在父亲死后没到两个月就嫁给其他人。但与此同时，他有爱着他的母亲。不仅如此，还有在他为父报仇不得不装疯时，奥菲莉娅利用他对她的爱来试探哈姆雷特是不是真疯时，对他们爱情的矛盾，他不知道奥菲莉娅是否值得他爱。他也疑问，爱情是否真的存在。因为哈姆雷特觉得奥菲莉娅背叛了他。而当他看到奥菲莉娅入葬时，却对此十分悲痛、震惊。哈姆雷特说：“生存还是毁
灭，这是个值得考虑的问题，究竟要默默忍受，这命运暴虐的毒剑，还是要挺身和这滔天恶浪相抗，扫他一个干净？”有这句话可以看出，哈姆雷特对于生死有着深深的思考。同时心中也充斥这对人生的迷茫！因此哈姆雷特这个人物是十分矛盾的。他的独白中有这么一段话：“啊！但愿我太坚实的肉体能够融化、消散，化成一滴露水，或者那永生的真神从未制定律法，禁止自杀。上帝啊……这些多么可厌、陈腐、乏味而无聊，人世间醉生梦死的这一套，呸……这是一个荒芜的花园,一天天零落,长满了恶毒的莠草。”这一段话也体现出他对这个社会现实的失望，想死却因大仇未报而不能死去的矛盾。 哈姆雷特同时也是一个没有心机，束手束脚的不敢作为的人物，在他心中有的不仅仅有杀父之仇，还有根深蒂固的宗教信仰，以上帝为中心。在克劳迪斯看完哈姆雷特为他准备的一场演出而心中有愧为自己赎罪的时候，哈姆雷特与霍拉旭确认克劳迪斯心中有愧时，哈姆雷特看到克劳迪斯独自在祈祷时，气愤的哈姆雷特将匕首拿出准备杀死克劳迪斯，却在刺下的那一刻犹豫了。他认为“一个恶人杀死我父亲，而我，他的独子，却把这恶人送上天堂，这简直是以恩抱怨了”他认为如果在他祈祷的这一刻将克劳迪斯杀死，则会将他送往天堂。因此哈姆雷特说：“等一个更残酷的机会吧，在他酒醉以后，在他愤怒之中，或是乱轮纵欲的时候，没有机会得到救赎的时候，捉住他，让他在天堂没有立足之地，让他幽深黑暗不见天日的灵魂，永堕地狱。因此，哈姆雷特错事这次可以复仇的机会。也才导致到后来哈姆雷特将波洛涅斯杀死，导致奥菲莉娅的发狂，雷欧提斯的决斗，导致最后