厦门大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Part A (30 points)
Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or un- finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 1- 5 are based on the following passage:
Forum for the Future, working with Tesco and Unilever, reckon that by 2022 what we buy, how we buy it and who from will have changed radically. In their report, Retail Futures, they look ahead 15 years to see what lies in store for shoppers and the retail groups. They see not only new or bigger store chains, more sprawling retail parks, and more poultry products and pasta sauces. Their visions range from multi- storey car parks converted into city centre allotments or "vertical farms" with produce markets where the parking payment booths once were, to a nation of stay-at-home shoppers who let their fingers do the walk- king to order in almost everything they need or let their refrigerators do the talking, with automatic, direct-to-store reordering and home delivery every time yoghurt, salad or beer stocks run Iowa. Forum for the Future, a sustainable development charity founded by veteran environmentalist Sir Jon- atman Parrett and which now advises more than 100 organizations in the public and private sector, says the reality of 2022 is probably somewhere between the two extremes. "It will be a mixture," said Tom Berry, the Forum's main sustainability adviser.
The high street is vital to the economy and the environment; nearly three million people work in retail which generates 6% of UK GDP and 2.5% of the country's carbon dioxide emissions. The Forum says stores and retail groups have "a disproportionate influence over society" as a result of marketing cam- pains’ and daily dealings with consumers.
The Forum's researchers identified a range of factors which will affect what we buy, how we buy and who we will buy from in the next 15 years. They include: climate change, which is likely to affect Agricola- tubal production; higher-or lower-oil prices; new technology; advances in energy production; more globalization and demographic changes that will mean more immigrant labor and more elderly and single per-son households.
They could prompt new shopping formats, says the Forum, like "Tesco Silver" outlets with custom-zed products for retired baby boomers. They also reckon the bell could be tolling for endless aisles of utility products like toilet paper and bin liners, which might only be sold online, or from a utility section at the back of a store, alongside vast vats of liquids like fabric conditioner, where shoppers could fill reusable containers. The long queue at the checkout could also be history when bar codes are read for prices immediately an item is dropped into a trolley.
The online revolution, says the Forum, has only just started. "We can anticipate
innovations such as' entering your postcode for hyper-local sourcing'.”Consumers, however, might also use the Internet to cut out the middleman and source direct from farms and manufacturers "so posing a threat to major retailers."
The explosion in the number of TV channels and the rise of the Internet to download entertainment means store chains will have to work far harder to build, and keep, consumers' trust. One retailer told the researchers;” We won't be able to rely on hitting millions of people at 7.45 p.m. on a Wednesday night with a Coronation Street advertising slot."
The Forum came up with four different visions of the future depending on high or Io economic growth and changing consumer outlooks; whether shoppers want more convenience or to do more for them-selves; perhaps buying more locally sourced products with more information about what their families are eating and wearing.
1. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The big retailers and experts have forecast an individualistic, optimistic society where technology is held in very high regards.
B. The big retailers and experts have gazed into the future and seen a new world of shopping.
C. The big retailers and experts have recognized that the economy is buoyant and big business will meet shoppers' demands.
D. The big retailers and experts have predicted that consumer confidence will be Iow and people rely on big business for security.
2. Which of the following behaviors has been carried out by Forum for the Future according to the pas- sage?
A. It provides methods for consumers to measure their energy use and carbon emission.
B. It promotes campaigns for the big retailers to build up consumer confidence.
C. It provides counsels for some public and private organizations.
D. It predicts that the big retailers would become more powerful in 2022.
3. According to the report, the shopping scenario for shoppers and retailers in 15 years time will include the followings, except
A. vertical farms
B. orders from home refrigerators
C. home delivery
D. fingers doing the walking
4. Which of the following aspects has influence on people's shopping behaviors according the researchers?
A. The changes of the population.
B. The emission of the country's carbon dioxide.
C. The emerging of the baby boomers.
D. The rearrangement at the back of the stores.
5. When the Forum advances four kinds of future consumption, the condition not taken into consideration is
A. smart package products
B. purchasing more local products
C. economic growth
D. consumers' perspectives
Passage Two
Questions 6 - 10 are based on the following passage:
It's often hard to see your mistakes as you're making them. When it comes to living arrangements, a humdinger is being made in this country right now and few have noticed it yet. "Yikes! The kids are moving back in]" Thus goes the mantra of the baby boom generation, circa 2007. Analysts estimate that some 18 million adults between the ages of 20 and 34 live with their parents. That's roughly a third of that age group.
But letting the kids move back in is not the societal error we're talking about. Instead, the big mistake is the loudly voiced chagrin of the boomers. Most mistakenly decry the notion of the boomerang generation. In order to fully appreciate the depth of the error being made here, we all need to step back a bit and look at the bigger picture. This epidemic of kids moving back home is first, not "unprecedented," and second, it's not a bad thing. The precedent for this trend can be found among the other 6.2 billion non-Americans on the planet, many of whom happily live with their adult children, often in three-generation households.
Then there's the growing number of non-Anglo Americans, including many recent immigrants, who see no problem in having adult kids contribute to the household. Finally, the agrarian history of this country before World War II allowed kids to live and work around the farm well into adulthood.
Adult kids moving back home is merely the most noticeable symptom of a larger, fundamental transformation of American society. We are nationally beginning to recognize the costs of the independence the so-called greatest generation foisted on us. We can't blame them. They did have to grow up fast. Kids in their generation went off to World War II and grew up on the bloody beaches of distant lands.
After the war, the survivors had factories to build and the wealth to buy their white-picket-fence dream out West. They designed a social and fiscal system that has served their retirement years very well. But their historically unique retirement system mistakenly celebrated independence and ignored the natural state of human beings--that is, interdependence.
Moreover, their system breaks down with the onslaught of their kids' retirement. We can already see the pension systems, both private and public, beginning to disintegrate under the weight of the baby boomers.
We are now just starting to understand the substantial fiscal and psychological costs of separating the generations into so-called single-family homes with the ideal of a mother, father and two kids. But times change and so do cultures.
Regarding boomerang kids, most demographers focus on the immediate explanations for the changes, such as the growing immigrant population, housing shortages and high prices, and out-of-wedlock childbearing.
Many psychologists have noted that baby-boomer parents enjoy closer relationships with their fewer children that allow extended cohabitation. A recent survey conducted for Del Webb (a division of Pulte Homes Inc) reports that only about one-quarter of baby boomers are happier once the kids move out. However, all these explanations are simply symptoms of the larger, more fundamental reuniting of Americans into households that include extended families--adult kids, grandparents, grandchildren and other relatives--rather than just nuclear families.
The rate at which our American culture is adapting will accelerate as baby boomers begin retiring in waves. Creative housing arrangements are necessitating and allowing three generations to live together again--under one roof or in close proximity. Now some 6 million American
grandparents are living under one roof with their grandchildren.
Whether grandparents live in accessory apartments on the property or houses next door, these flexible housing options provide privacy and companionship at the same time. Grandparents
can interact with their grandchildren while the parents work, and all benefit from the new togetherness. These 21 st century housing arrangements are a creative way to handle the financial needs of the generation that is retiring and, yes, the adult children who are coming home. Such multigenerational households don't make sense for everyone， Personality conflicts or family characteristics preclude such arrangements for some. Legal constraints such as building
and zoning codes are formidable obstacles in most communities across the country.
Often more room is mandated for parking your car than parking your grandmother. Home builders have been more interested in selling houses that satisfy immediate needs rather than anticipating the needs of the growing numbers of aging Americans.
The culture itself frequently gets in the way, reinforcing the perception of a stigma attaching to Pack of independence--the adult child who just won't move out (and grow up) or the aging grandparent who eschews "being a burden."
Despite these problems, once you begin talking with your friends about three-generation households, you will begin hearing stories about how such obstacles are being overcome. You also
will begin hearing stories about the wonderful benefits of thinking about housing and family arrangements in creative ways. And you'll hear stories about the fundamental satisfaction of living together again.
6. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The trend of kids moving back home has negative effect to American culture.
B. The symptom of adult kids moving back home is extraordinary.
C. Back to the nest is by no means the precedent.
D. The family unit and individual independence are damaging in the society.
7. Which of the statements is true according to the passage?
A. The trend of adults moving back home is since 2007.
B. The epidemic of kids moving back home in USA is unparalleled in the world.
C. The United States was an agriculture country before World War II.
D. One-third of baby boomers are sorrowful once the kids move out.
8. Which of the statements is NOT true about the greatest generation?
A. They imposed the idea of independence on the successive offspring.
B. They make loud complaints about their children's prolonged staying at home.
C. Their social and finance scheme for their retirement disregard the interdependence.
D. Their retirement system is collapsing with the overwhelming outpouring of their children's retirement.
9. The factor which holds back adult children moving back home is
A. fiscal and psychological costs
B. adults' unwillingness of growing up
C. the disturbing conventional ideas
D. the legal constraints of multigenerational households
10. What is not the reason for adult moving back home according to researchers of U.S. populations?
A. Aging grandparents would eschew.
B. Childbearing without matrimony.
C. Housing shortages.
D. The increasing immigrant population.
Passage Three
Questions 11 -15 are based on the following passage-
First there was a Washington Post article published shortly after the elections on the presumptive new House speaker, Muted Tones of Quiet Authority. A Look Suited to the Speaker. "It offered the information that" Pelosi's suit was by Giorgio Armani--the Italian master of neutral tones and modern power dressing--and she wore it well. "The article at least appeared in the newspaper's Style section, but was chock-full of psychoanalytic forays into Pelosi's wardrobe choices, asserting that "an Armani suit, for a woman, is a tool for playing with the boys without pretending to be one.”1 would wager that Pelosi is one woman who doesn't play around with anyone.
Then there was a New York Times article in January in its Thursday Styles section titled "Speaking Chic to Power." While noting that Pelosi, barely in her new job a month, had brought the House to votes on a minimum wage increase, stem cell research and Medicare drug prices, the article said "she did it looking preternaturally fresh, with a wardrobe that, while still subdued and over-reliant on suits, has seldom spruced the halls of Congress."
Similar articles appeared in the Baltimore Sun and Chicago Tribune. Mentioned were other women politicians and their fashion choices, such as Sen. Hillary Clinton's hair style and preference for black pantsuits or Florida Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz's haircut. The question is whether focusing on the lathing choices of serious female political players risks rendering them less than serious. Another question is whether such reports warrant precious space. After all, with rare exceptions, male politicians are seldom scrutinized for their choice of suits.
Some reporters and editors haven't figured out a way to cover female politicians that doesn't rely on tine old stereotypes, says Gall Dines, sociology and women's studies professor at Wheelock College in Boston. "To be a woman politician, you have to strategize and work hard, and yet what matters is what designer you're wearing. It's a way to make women in power less scary,' Dines notes. "It's putting women into a comfort zone for those who are still baffled by how to treat strong women.'
The articles seem a throwback to a time when women were only spouses, not players, says Ruth Mandel, director of the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University. "-To focus on their attire, the cut of their clothes...is to be in danger of trivializing who they are, the important role they play and the meaning behind women's advancement to positions of power: That is, we're moving to a true democracy of shared leadership.'
The problem is the media haven't quite caught up. "A woman who rises to a leadership position at any level is going to dress appropriately," says Kathleen Hall Jamieson, professor at the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania. "It underscores her competence and is not a distraction. You take for granted that it would not be worthy of comment any more.' Jamieson thinks the underlying motivation for reporting on female politicians' style is "the natural news interest in talking about what changes and men don't look different. There is a uniform for men in power and we all know what it looks like. The only thing to change is the
color of the shirt or tie. ‘Because women have greater fashion options, changes they make are more obvious and invite analysis. Now that Pelosi's "uniform'' has been established, that should be the er-id of it. Ditto for Clinton. "Clinton now has a range of what she wears.’ Jamieson says. "She hasn't been changing hairstyles or her pantsuits. That is our definition of what she wears, and that should end it.'
Tom Rosenstein, director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism, thinks reporting that describes women politicians' appearance is justified in profiles of them. Female politicians will certainly survive such silly coverage, and some argue the stories are harmless. But these women are role models for young women and offer an alternative to the fashion model and celebrity in setting the standard for female beauty and worth.
Dines worries that when the media emphasize the appearance of women, it perpetuates attitudes in the larger world that devalue and limit women. "These are fortunate, privileged women," Dines notes of politicians, "but for young women trying to make it in the world, how they look can affect their opportunities."
11. The passage is mainly about
A. the captious coverage of powerful women attire
B. fashionable women leaders in the U. S. A.
C. the seriousness of female political players
D. the importance of making powerful women less scary
12. Which of the following is NOT true of Pelosi?
A. She was covered in the newspaper fashion section.
B. She brought some controversial ideas to vote in the House.
C. Her fashion brought an extraordinary freshness in the House.
D. She staked on some recreations as the House speaker.
13. Which of the following is true of male political leaders?
A. They trivialize female political leaders by focusing on their attire.
B. They are always baffled by how to treat women in power.
C. They are seldom inspected critically for their style of suits.
D. They are politically relevant but dazzlingly charismatic looking.
14. Some people contend the media
A. pays more on women politicians than their male counterparts
B. sets the women politicians an alternative standard for female beauty and worth
C. emphasizes the appearance of the women politicians to devaluate them
D. is justified to put the clothing choices of women politicians on precious space 15．Professor admission believes that
A. dressing appropriately of women politicians would not be worthy of comment any more
B. we have the definition of what Sen. Clinton wears, and that should be end of her style analysis
C. no distraction would be earned for those politicians in uniform
D. women politicians would like to make changes and invite analysis
Part B (10 points)
Think about what would make you really, really happy. More money? Wrong. Smiling,
well-adjusted kids? Wrong again. The fact is we are terrible at predicting the source of joy. And whatever choices we do make, we likely later decide it was all for the best.
These are insights from happiness economics, perhaps the hottest field in what used to be called theism. al science. Happiness is everywhere--on the best-seller lists, in the minds of policymakers, and front and center for economists--yet it remains elusive. The golden rule of economics has always been that well being is a simple function of income. That's why nations and people alike strive for higher incomes--money gives us choice and a measure of freedom. After a certain income cap, we simply don't get any happier. And it isn't what we have, but whether we have more than our neighbor, that really matters. So the news last week that in 2006 top hedge-fund managers took home $ 240 million, minimum, probably didn't make them any happier, it just made the rest of us less so.
Now policymakers are racing to figure out what makes people happy, and just how they should deliver it. Countries as diverse as Bhutan, Australia, China, Thailand and the UK are coming up with happiness indexer, to be used alongside GDP as a guide to society's progress. In Britain, the politics of happiness will likely figure prominently in next year's elections. Never mind" that the world's top happiness" re-searchers recently gathered at a conference in Rome to debate whether joy is even measurable.
Why is this all happening now? Only in the last decade have economists, psychologists, biologists and philosophers begun cross-pollinating in such a way to arrive at "happiness studies." Harvard psychologist Daniel Gilbert humorously sums up much of the new wisdom in his book "Stumbling on Happiness. "He says 24-hour television and the Internet have allowed us all to see more seemingly happy people than ever before. "We're surrounded by the lifestyles of the rich and famous," says Gilbert, "rubbing our noses in the fact that others have more."
Of course, the idea that money isn't the real key to happiness isn't new. The 18th-cen turyBritish Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham argued that public policy should try to maximize happiness, and many prominent economists agreed but could not quite embrace the idea. There was just no way to measure happiness objectively.
One of the early revelations of happiness research, from Richard Easterly at the University of Southern California, was that while the rich are typically happier than the poor, the happiness boost from extra cash isn't that great once one rises above the poverty line. The reason, says Easterly, is the "hedonic cycle": we get used to being richer darn quick, and take it for granted or compare it to what others have, not what we used to have. Turns out, keeping up with the Joneses is hard-wired into our brains, thanks to our pack-creature roots.
Though many happiness researchers say "work less, play more" is the formula for happiness, Ruut Veenhoven, a professor at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, suggests otherwise. Hard-working Americans ranks 17th on his list; the hard-vacationing French 39th. Human beings do want a European-style safety net, but a/so want freedom and opportunity.
And perhaps our intuitions about happiness should triumph over the fuzzy data, anyway. The economics of happiness has given us a couple of fairly hard and fast rules about welt-being--being truly poor is bad, and time with friends and family are good. The good news is that whatever choices we make individually and as societies in the pursuit of happiness there's good chance that they'll seem better in hindsight. Yet another truism of happiness is that "we all wear rose-colored glasses when it comes to our past decision-making," says Gilbert. Today's dreadful life choice will likely be tomorrow's happy accident.
Directions: The passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box bow according to the passage. You should deck/de on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
We are poor at prevision of the origin of happiness, and we would probably believe the decision we made is the most satisfactory. The happiness has become (1) everywhere but tough to define. Nations and people manage to gain higher in comes based on the principle of economics that (2) are related to happiness, but that is not (3) Wealth alone isn't necessarily what makes us happy. It makes different if we possess more than (4) and that's why we feel unhappy to find those top (5) have superlative income. Some nations are beginning to consider issues like measuring society's progress by _(6) as well as GDP, and researchers even held seminar to exchange surveys about the (7) though the influential topic was advanced 10 years ago. The issue that a state policy should be _(8) the happiness of the majority, erupted many decades ago by British Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham and accepted by many eminent economists, could not fairly (9) because happiness can not be objectively measured. The (10) of the happiness made by Richard Easter in is that the wealth makes people happier, but their happiness will not (11 ) as great as it should be if they live above the (12) They can easily take the life for granted and (13) the more expansive way of life. They are (14) to compare the life with others and manage to keep up with the Joneses. Ruut Veenhoven, a professor at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, does not support the (15) "work less, play more."
According to his investigation of happiness list, people want a European-style (16) and want to enjoy freedom and opportunity as well. We should probably go beyond the confusing information and _ (17) _ the fairly principles of the happiness: poverty is (18) staying with friends and family is (19) and the decisions made (20) are by chance to be happy experience.
Part II Short Question Answer (10 points)
Directions: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the following five
questions. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Most of us tell one or two lies a day, according to scientists who study these things. And we rarely get caught, because the lies we tell are usually little ones: "1 got stuck in traffic." "That color looks good on you." "1 was just about to call."
But even the smallest fib may soon be systematically exposed, at least in the virtual world. Researchers at several universities are developing software that can detect lies in online communications such as instant messages e-mails and chartrooms. The ability to spot "digital deception”, as researchers call it, has never been more crucial. Today, much of our business and social life is conducted online, making us increasingly vulnerable. White collar criminals, sexual predators, scammers, identity thieves and even terrorists surf the same Web as the rest of us.
Conventional lie detectors look for physiological signs of anxiety--a bead of sweat or a racing pulse but online systems examine only the liar's words. "When we're looking at language, we're looking at the tool of the lie," says Jeff Hancock, an assistant professor of communication and a member of the faculty of computing and information science at Come, University.
Hancock, who recently received a $ 680,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to study digital deception, says there is a growing body of evidence that the language of dishonest messages is different than that of honest ones. For example, one study led by Hancock and due to be published this spring in Discourse Processes found that deceptive e-mail messages contained 28 percent more words on average and used a higher percentage of words associated with negative emotions than did truthful messages. Liars also tend to use fewer first-person references (such as the pronoun "1" ) and more third-person references (such as "he" and "they"). This may be the liar's subconscious way of distancing himself from his lie.
More surprising, Hancock and his colleagues have observed that the targets of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns. For instance, people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions. Even though they may not be aware that they are being lied to, people seem to exhibit subconscious suspicions.
To identify the patterns of deceit, Hancock has developed an instant-messaging system at Cornell that asks users to rate the deceptiveness of each message they send. The system has already collected 10,000 messages, of which about 6 percent qualify as patently deceptive. Eventually the results will be incorporated into software that analyzes incoming messages.
For now, the Cornell researchers are working only with the kinds of lies told by students and faculty. It remains to be seen whether such a system can be scaled up to handle "big" lies, such as messages sent by con artists and terrorists. Fortunately, the research so far suggests that people lie less often in e-mail than face-to-face or on the phone. Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing, Hancock speculates. "An e-mail generates multiple copies," he says. "It will last longer than something carved in rock." So choose your words carefully. The Internet may soon be rid not only deceit but also of lame excuses.
1. The digital polygraph conducts testing based on
2. List one of the differences between false pretences and unfeigned messages, according to Hancock's study.
3. The language patterns of those harboring suspicious perspectives would be characteristics of
4. Why does Hancock need the rating results of the message deceptiveness?
5. Why do people lie less in e-mail messages than confronting with each other according to Hancock's speculation?
Part III Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)
Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center,
1. Many economists believed that _ consumers would cut spending once the value of their homes began to fall.
A. overstretched
B. oversaturated
C. overproduced
D. overpopulated
2. Any Democratic president will try to the United States from the mess in Iraq, yet all would face rigid constraints.
A. knockout
B. distinguish
C. overture
D. extricate
3. Perhaps most important, the report could __ more light, though it does give some, on how child welfare is changing over time.
A. glance
B. reckon
C. cast
D. resort
4. He was in the streets of the Mexican capital by more than a million people, most of them sincerely inspired.
A. acclaimed
B. attested
C. ratified
D. considered
5. The British historian Niall Ferguson speculated that the end of American __ might not fuel an orderly shift to a multicolor system.
A. domain
B. hegemony
C. sovereignty
D. preference
6. I personally am offended by what they have tried to do in a very misleading way with, what I've said about two of my personal President Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr...
A. resemblance
B. statues
C. icons
D. parable
7. Since its inception, Pakistan has strived desperately to India, cultivating ties with any state willing to help it.
A. counteract
B. counterfeited
C. counterchange
D. counterbalance
8. Rental housing, which is an important component of price indices, looks likely to moderate in the next year, in part because of an __ of new homes.
A. override
B. oversupply
C. oversight
D. overture
9. Our network security solutions are being used by dozens of merchants at hundreds of locations across the country that supports PCI __ requirements.
A. compliance
B. controversy
C. quiescence
D. asseverating
10. The ALSPAC report is the third in recent years to find few or no __ effects from consuming most types of seafood during pregnancy.
A. adverse
B. aggregate
C. antagonistic
D. animate
11. Hutu extremists in government organized the killing and used state radio stations to urge ordinary people to crush the cockroaches--a Hutu for Tutsis.
A. cursor
B. irregularity
C. slur
D. amender
12. The senator of New York courted black voters, considered crucial to the Democratic presidential nomination, in a series of campaign stops.
A. confining
B. securing
C. tampering
D. pervading
13. In the wake of the 70-vehicle pileup, a slew of lawsuits are expected to be __ against drivers, trucking companies and several state agencies alleging negligence and wrongful death.
A. subjected
B. filed
C. committed
D. surrendered
14. Divorced from his wife just three months ago, he has made quite a __ of himself by gallivanting about with his new girlfriend, a former supermodel.
A. improvidence
B. revelation
C. extravagance
D. spectacle
15. Salas is one of 13,000 King County employees who will be asked to confidentially __ whether they're overweight, smoke or engage in other health-related vices.
A. dement
B. divulge
C. retaliate
D. disservice
16. Happiness used to have a much broader meaning--tied to the idea of a __ and meaningful
life--but now it's almost indistinguishable from pleasure.
A. virtuous
B. depraved
C. vicious
D. malicious
17. When the novelist Jodi Pitchout was approached to write a few installments of the "Wonder Woman" comics’ series, her first was to take the character out of her trademark.
A. conspiracy
B. subversion
C. impulse
D. dissipation
18. He fears this month's increased violence may harm Kenya's vital tourist industry, much of which centers on to see its exotic animals.
A. sahib
B. shamble
C. severity
D. safari
19. Vaccines are normally conceived to fight infectious disease, but a new __ will bring cheer to those who have resolved to kick certain habits in the New Year.
A. shot
B. bound
C. finitude
D. gunnery
20. Although the government still enjoys a high level of public support, the crime problem has stirred political and suspicions.
A. substance
B. antagonisms
C. dimension
D. possession
21. The president striking an __ Israeli-Palestinian relations after a week of ideal meeting with leaders from both sides of the conflict.
A. outlandish
B. optimistic
C. jurisdictional
D. sacramental
22. Now they think that their views about the president and his policies on Iraq, global warming or unilateralism have all been so why keep ranting?
A. treacherous
B. fraudulent
C. avenged
D. vindicated
23. Mark Moore, director of the Northwest Weather, warned skiers of the deadly avalanches that have the mountains of Washington State, killing nine people.
A. pummeled
B. elaborated
C. executed
D. alleged
24. Antiwar champion Rep. John Murtha wants to attach conditions on the impending supplemental bill to fund the war.
A. approbations
B. approximations
C. apprehensions
D. appropriations
25. There's one girl at my school who everybody __ because she doesn't wear what everybody else wears; they are horrible to her.
A. picks up
B. picks over
C. picks on
D. picks off
26. Before starting my own business, I had to my boss's peculiar working.
A. play the devil with
B. plays along with
C. play checkmate with
D. plays the beat with
27. Players will be against four others worldwide in a timed competition to answer trivia questions from the 1950s to present day.
A. trifled
B. wreathed
C. instigated
D. pitted
28. Exactly how many people experience stress-related eating isn't known, but as the obesity
worsens, there's growing scientific interest in the topic.
A. peregrination
B. origination
C. epidemic
D. fragrance
29. Unilever, one of the world's largest consumer products companies, aims to add to
life by meeting everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care.
A. agent
B. remain
C. vitality
D. leaven
30. The patients’ __ symptoms to get appointments quicker and ask doctors to hide the truth from insurance companies.
A. feign
B. obstruct
C. coinage
D. conjure
31. CNBC, the cable business network, and the New York Times have joined forces to create an alliance against a common __: Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.
A. void
B. foe
C. cockpit
D. gist
32. It wasn't until the late 19th century that physicians realized that its __symptoms were all part
of the same disease.
A. perfunctory
B. peremptory
C. perplexing
D. perambulatory
33. The bureau develops and implements U.S. foreign economic policy and tries to America's economic interests with its foreign policy.
A. undertake
B. resolve
C. obey
D. reconcile
34. Libby lied to investigators about his role in disclosing the identity of a CIA officer in order to
the White House from political embarrassment.
A. aviate
B. recover
C. berate
D. insulate
35. "I am convinced that we will not a millimeter nor move one step to the side," said
ova Ruben Costas to tens of thousands of jubilant supporters waving the department's green and white flags.
A. recast
B. rebuke
C. assert
D. retreat
36. High-fructose corn syrup is easy for food and beverage makers to use, and has the former leading sweetener: sucrose, or ordinary table sugar.
A. edged out
B. edged in
C. edged away
D. edged on
37. Merilee Miller, merchants association marketing director, called the festivities a(n)
for the sickening feelings left by the shootings at West roads Mall on Wednesday.
A. ant/febrile
B. antidote
C. counteract
D. neutralization
38. In fact, the country has exhibited considerable flexibility, relaxing its position on many issues, including agricultural subsidies.
A. surpassing
B. commodious
C. contentious
D. judicable
39. Nations, like individuals or sports teams, will not follow leaders they don't respect, whose goals are unclear, whose philosophy is not in with accepted human values.
A. synonym
B. syne
C. synod
D. sync
40. They are experimenting with "physiotherapy, or plant and herb-based to ameliorate hot flushes, sleeplessness, and more."
A. remedies
B. renovates
C. embellishes
D. modifies Part IV Translation (15 points)
Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
Many advocates of a universal healthcare system in the United States look to Canada for
their model. While the Canadian healthcare system has much to recommend it, there's another model that has been too long neglected. That is the healthcare system in France.
(1) Although the French system faces many challenges, the World Health Organization rated it the best in the world in 2001 because of its universal coverage, responsive healthcare providers, patient and provider freedoms, and the health and longevity of the country's population. The United States ranked 37.
The French system is also not inexpensive. At $ 3,500 per capita it is one of the most costly in Europe, yet that is still far less than the $ 6,100 per person in the United States.
(2) The French share Americans' distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as "socialized medicine" Virtually all physicians in France participate in the nation's public health insurance, Securite Sociale.
Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care controlled U.S. counterparts envious. However, the average American physician earns more than five times the average U. S. wage while the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compatriots.
(3)But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors. Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers with little if any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums.
Nor do France's doctors face the high non-medical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Securite Sociale has created a standardized and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds.
(4) It's not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no non-medical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers' arcane and constantly changing rules of payment.
National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargains--the first with doctors and a second with insurers.
Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the law protected a patient’s choice of practitioner, and guaranteed physicians' control over medical decision-making. French legislators also overcame insurance industry resistance by permitting the nation's already existing insurers to administer its new healthcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are not paid for by Securite Sociable. In fact, in France, the sicker you are, the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems.
(5) Today French reformers' number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levies because they hamper employers' willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned in come alike to pay for healthcare.
Part V Writing ( 15 points)
Direction:Write an essay on the given topic, On Unrestrained Consumption. Based on the following out line, present your argument with supporting details of no less than 250 words. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
1．人们在节假日无节制消费。
2．大量消费对个人和社会的影响。
3．我的看法……
试题详解
Part I Reading Comprehension
Passage 1
参考译文:
未来论坛，与Tesco和联合利华一起，估计到2022年我们买什么商品，我们如何购买，我们从哪里购买都将会发生根本的变化。在他们的报告《零售期货》中，他们展望了在未来15年内顾客和零售集团将会有哪些变化。他们不仅看到了新的或更大的连锁店，更庞大的零售公园，和更多的家禽产品和面食调料品。他们还设想了多层停车场将会转化成市中心拨款用地或者是有农产品的“垂直农场”，而这些地方曾经是停车场收费亭，也设想了一个在家里购物的国家，居民只需要手指敲击键盘就可以订购他们所需要的一切东西，或者是让他们的冰箱发布命令，这种命令是自动的而且直接连接到商店，每当酸奶，沙拉或啤酒存储量少了，就会有公司送货上门。
未来论坛是由经验丰富的环保主义者——爵士乔纳森·波里特创立的可持续发展慈善机构，现在对100多个公共和私营组织提供建议，该组织认为2022年可能是处于上述两种极端的中间状态。论坛的主要可持续性顾问汤姆贝里说道：“这将可能是一种混合形式。”
市镇商业区的主要街道对经济和环境起着重要的影响，近300万名工人工作在零售店中，这占英国国民生产总值的6％，二氧化碳排放量占全国的2．5％。该论坛表示，由于市场推广活动和每天与消费者打交道，商店和零售集团“对社会有不成比例的影响”。
该论坛的研究人员确定了在今后15年中的一系列因素，这些可能会影响到我们购买的商品，我们购买商品的方式以及我们从谁手中购买商品。它们包括：可能影响到农业生产的气候变化；较高或较低的石油价格；新技术；先进的能源生产；更加频繁的全球化和人口结构的变化，这将意味着移民工的增加，老年人和单身人土家庭的剧增。
论坛说道，他们可能会推出新的购物方式，如“乐购”销售点专门为婴儿潮时期出生的退休人员定制产品。他们还预测满是手纸和垃圾袋等日用品的通道将不复存在，在未来这些商品可能只会网上销售，或者放在商店后面的日用品区内，旁边还会有大桶的像衣物柔顺剂等液体，在那儿消费者可以把它们灌装到可重复使用的容器里。商品放到手推车后条形码就会马上显示价格，到那时，在收银处排长队等待结账的时代将会成为历史。
论坛说道：网上革命才刚刚开始。“我们可以预见一些创新，如输入您的邮政编码以便大宗地采购。消费者或许利用互联网来绕过中间商，直接与农场和制造商联系，这就对主要零售商构成了威胁。”
电视频道的剧增以及从因特网上下载娱乐的兴起意味着，连锁店将不得不更加努力地建立以及保持消费者的信任。一位零售商告诉研究人员：“我们将不能指望周三晚7．45的《加冕街》的广告时段有数百万的人收看”
论坛提出了四个对未来的不同推断，这些推断取决于高速或低速的经济增长；消费者前景的不断变化；消费者想要更多的便利还是更倾向于自己动手；在了解家庭成员的吃穿后，
也许会购买更多的当地产品。
答案详解
1．B [精析]主旨题。全文讲述了未来消费者消费方式的变化，the reality of 2022 is probably somewhere between the two extremes．“It will be a mixture，”作者既不很乐观，也不很悲观，只是客观的讲述问题，所以B为答案。
2．C [精析]细节判断题。选项A在文中没有提到，选项B与题干无关，选项D与原文不符，因为原文提到the reality of 2022 is probably somewhere between the two extremes．“It will be a mixture，”said Tom Berry，the Forum's main sustainability adviser．选项C是原文中的句Forum for the Future，a sustainable development charity founded by veteran environmentalist Sir Jonathan Parrett and which now advises more than l00 organizations in the public and private sector。所以选项C正确。
3．D [精析]细节判断题。我们定位到第一段Their visions range from multi-storey car parks converted in to city centre allotments or“ vertical farms” with produce markets where the parking payment booths once were，to a nation of stay at home shoppers who let their fingers do the walking to order in almost everything they need or let their refrigerators do the talking，with automatic，direct-to-store reordering and home delivery every time yoghurt，salad or beer stocks run low．可知选项D不符，其他三项都与原文相符。
4。A [精析]细节判断题。我们定位到第四段，选项A与原文相符，见句子demographic changes that will mean more immigrant labor and more elderly and single person households。选项B只是对农产品有影响。选项C与D和题干无关。
5．A [精析]细节判断题。定位到最后一段The Forum came up with four different visions of the future depending on high or low economic growth and changing consumer outlooks；whether shoppers want more convenience or to do more for themselves；perhaps buying more locally sourced products with more information about what their families are eating and wearing．选项B、C、D都和原文相符，选项A只是convenience的——部分，犯了以偏盖全的错误。
Passage2
参考译文
当你犯错误的时候你很难意识到它们。当我们说到生活安排时，一件非同寻常的事情正在这个国家发生，但是还没有几个人意识到它。哎呦!孩子们回来了!”这是婴儿潮一代的口号，大约始于2007年。分析人士估计，约有一千八百万的20到34岁的成年人与父母同住。也就是在该年龄组中，大约有三分之一的人和父母同住。但是，让孩子们搬回住不是我们正在讨论的社会错误。相反，最大的错误是那些婴儿潮出生的人的大声抱怨。大多数人错误地谴责婴儿潮那一代的观念。为了充分理解错误的深度，我们都需要退—步，并且从更大的角度上看“回巢”问题。首先，孩子们搬回和父母同住不是“史无前例”的，第二，这不是—件坏事。在地球上的62亿非美国人都有这种事情发生，他们中的许多人愉快地和他们的成年子女生活在一起，往往是在三代家庭中。
此外，还有越来越多的非盎格鲁美国人，包括许多新移民，他们觉得成年子女和父母同住不是什么问题。
最后，二战爆发前，美国的农业历史也允许孩子们在农场上生活工作，一直到他们成年时期。成人孩子搬回家里仅仅是美国社会大范围发生根本转变的一个最明显特征罢了。我们国家开始认识到独立性的代价，也就是所谓的最伟大的一代人强加给我们的独立性。我们不能责怪他们。他们确实成长得很快。他们那一代的孩子奔赴到了二战战场，在遥远国度的血腥海滩—亡成长起来。
战争结束后，幸存者们建起了工厂，聚敛了财富，在西部建起了他们的美国梦。他们设计了一个社会财政制度，很好地规划了他们的退休生活。但是史上独特的退休制度使他们错误地拥护独立，忽视了人类的基本需求，即相互依存性。
此外，这种制度随着他们孩子的退休已经彻底崩溃了。我们已经可以看到私人和公共的养老金制度，在婴儿潮的重压下开始瓦解了。
我们现在才刚刚开始了解所谓独门独户家庭，也就是父母和两个孩子，所产生的财政和心理代价。但是，随着时代的变化，我们的文化也变化了。
关于归巢孩子，大部分人口统计学家着重在变化的直接解释上，如不断增长的移民人口，住房短缺和房价极高，非婚生孩子的养育问题。
许多心理学家也指出，婴儿潮的父母喜欢和他们越来越少的孩子们保持更加密切的关系，以延长共同居住的时间。最近由德尔韦伯进行的调查(Pulte Homes公司的一个机构)报告显示，当孩子搬出家里，只有大约四分之一的婴儿潮父母感到高兴。
然而，所有这些解释都片面地反映了美国人倾向于扩展家庭，即包括成年子女、祖父母、孙辈和其他亲属，而不仅仅是仅由夫妻和孩子组成的小家庭。
当婴儿潮一代退休巨浪开始来临的时候，美国文化改变的速度也将猛增。富有创意的住房安排是必须的，允许三代能居住在一起，在一个屋檐下或相离很近。在美国，现在大约600万祖父母和他们的孙子孙女在一个屋檐下生活。
无论祖父母生活在附带公寓还是住在隔壁，这些灵活的住房选择同时提供了隐私和方便。祖父母可以在子女工作时和他们的孙子孙女互动，所有人都将受益于这种新的团聚。这些21世纪的住房安排，不但创造性地解决了退休一代的经济问题，而且也解决了归巢子女的住房问题。
不是每一个人都能理解这种多代家庭。有些人因为人格冲突或家庭特征无法理解这一做法。法律上的限制，如建设和区划代码是全国务社区所面临的可怕障碍。
通常情况下，人们要求更多的空间来停放汽车而不是腾出地方来让祖父母居住。房屋建筑商也更感兴趣于销售那些能够满足眼前需要的房屋，而不是销售那些满足越来越多老龄美国人预期需求的房屋。
文化本身也常常会碍事，加强那些由于缺乏独立性的困惑，成年的孩子不想搬出父母家里或者不想长大，或是年老的祖父母回避“自己是一个负担”。
尽管存在这些问题，一旦你和你的朋友开始谈论三代家庭，你就会听到这些障碍是如何被克服的。你也会听到把住房和家庭有创意的安排在一起的好处。你还会听到家庭成员生活在一起的无限满足。
答案详解
6．B [精析]主旨大意题。选项A和原文不符，因为原文提到This epidemic of kids moving back home is first，not“unprecedented，”and second，it's not a bad thing．选项C只是文章涉及的内容，但是不是主旨；选项D和原文不符，原文提到We are now just starting to understand the substantial fiscal and psychological costs of separating the generations into so-called single-family homes with the ideal of a mother，father and two kids．选项8就是整篇文章所讲述的内容。
7．A [精析]细节判断题。选项A在第二段“Yikes! The kids are moving back in!”Thus goes the mantra of the baby boom generation，circa 2007．选项B和原文不符，This epidemic of kids moving back home is first，not“unprecedented，”and second，it's net a bad thing；选项C 犯了以偏盖全的错误，原文中提到Finally，the agrarian history of this country before World War ll allowed kids to live and work around the farm well into adulthood．美国有农业历史，但是当时美国不是一个农业社会；选项D 错误，因为原文提到A recent survey conducted for Del
Webb(a division of Pulte Homes loc．) reports that only about one—quarter of baby boomers are happier once the kids move out．
8．C [精析]细节推理题。我们可以定位在五、六段，选项A和句子We are nationally beginning to recognize the costs the independence the so-called greatest generation foisted on us．相符。选项D和句子Moreover，their system breaks down with the onslaught of their kids’retirement．相符；选项C和原文不符，因为原文提到But their historically unique retirement system mistakenly celebrded independence and ignored the natural state of human beings—that is，interdependence．
9．D [精析]细节推断题。选项D和原文相符，因为原文提到Legal constraints such as building and zoning code surfer mid able obstacles in most communities across the country．选项A、B是子女归巢的原因。选项C没有在原文中提及。
10．A [精析]细节推断题。句子Regarding boomerang kids，most demographers focus on the immediate explanations for the changes，such as the growing immigrant population，housing shortages and high prices，and out-of-wedlock childbearing．表达的就是选项B、C、D的内容，所以这三项都正确。
Passage3
参考译文
在假定的新众议院议长选举后不久，《华盛顿邮报》就发表文章，《沉默权利的无声气度：适合众议员议长的形象》。“它提供了这样一个信息，佩洛西穿着乔治·阿玛尼的衣服，该品牌是意大利中性色调和现代权利结合的王牌，而且这衣服很适合她。“这篇文章至少出现在该报纸的风格一栏，但作者用心理方法全面地分析了佩洛西行头的选择，声称一套阿玛尼西服为女人提供了工具，她们在与男孩们玩的时候不必假装成男孩。
我敢打赌佩洛西是一个不戏弄任何人的女人。”
然后是《纽约时报》1月份在其周四的风格栏目中，打出了《向权利说时尚》的标题。文章注意到佩洛西，尽管仅仅上任一个月，却向众议院投票提议增加最低工资，干细胞研究和医疗药品价格的调整，文章说：“她看起来新颖而与众不同，虽然她的行头低调而且过度依赖西装，但是却给国会带来了一股新颖之风。”
类似的文章还出现在《巴尔的摩太阳报》和《芝加哥论坛报》上。文中提到了其他女政治家和她们的时尚选择，如参议员希拉里·克林顿的发型和黑色长裤套装的偏爱，或佛罗里达州众议员黛比·瓦塞尔曼·舒尔茨的发型。问题是，过分关注严肃的女政治家的服装选择是否会让她们显得不那么严肃了。另一个问题是，是否需要宝贵的报纸空间来报道这样的新闻。毕竟，除了极少数例外，人们很少关注男性政治家的穿衣选择。
位于波士顿德丰学院的社会妇女学教授——盖尔·戴恩斯说，一些记者和编辑还没有想出办法来报导那些摒弃陈旧观念的女政治家。戴恩斯指出：“要成为一个女政治家，你必须制定战略，努力工作，但最重要的是你穿的是哪个设计师设计的衣服。这是一个让当权妇女显得不那么让人害怕的方法。对于那些仍然困惑如对待强大女性的人来说，穿衣选择可以使当权女性处于安全区。
拉特格斯大学主任伊格尔顿政治研究所的露丝·曼德尔说，文章似乎有返古意味，回到了那个妇女只是配偶，而不是竞争者的时代。“专注于女性的打扮，衣服的剪裁，这轻视了妇女本身的价值，她们所发挥的重大作用，以及妇女向权利进发的深层含义，即：我们正在向共同领导的真正民主国家前进。”
问题是媒体还没有完全理解这一概念。美国宾夕法尼亚大学安南伯格传播学院的
霍尔·凯瑟琳·贾米森教授说道：“一个上升到领导地位的女人在任何时候都将穿着得体。它强调了妇女的能力，而不是一个分心的事物。你理所当然地认为这是不值得评论的了。”贾米森认为媒体报导女政治家穿衣风格的根本动机在于“新闻天生就对谈论变化有兴趣，男人看起来都一个样子。有权势的男子都有统一的服装，我们都知道它是什么样子。唯一可以变化的地方就是衬衫或者领带颜色的变化。”因为女性有更多的时尚选择，他们的变化比较明显，因此能够让他人分析她们的变化。现在，佩洛西的“服饰”已经确定，媒体就不会再关注她的穿衣了。希拉里·克林顿也是如此。贾米森说“希拉里现在有一套她自己的穿衣风格。她还没有改变发型或黑色长裤套装。这就是我们关于她穿什么衣服的定义，现在关于她的报导也应该结束了。”
项目卓越新闻主任汤姆·罗森斯蒂尔认为，关于女政治家外表的报导是和她们的简介相符的。女政治家必将从这种愚蠢的报道中幸存，同时有些人争辩道这些报导都没有什么大害。但是，这些女政治家是年轻妇女的榜样，也给时装模特和名人在制定女性美和价值标准上提供了一种选择。
戴恩斯担忧，当媒体强调妇女的外表时，这就会在较大范围内使贬值和限制妇女观点得到延续。戴恩斯评论女政治家时说道：“这些享有特权的妇女是幸运的，但对于那些想要获得成功的年轻妇女来说，外表会影响到机遇。”
答案详解：
11．A [精析]主旨题。全文主要讲述了媒体对于女政治家穿衣的报导，以及人们对此的不同反应。因此，选项A符合大意。选项B、C、D都是文章谈论的一部分，不能够概括文章大意。
12. B [ 精析 ] 细节推断题。选项A和句子“First there was a Washington Post article published shortly after the elections on the presumptive new House speaker, Muted Tones of Quiet Authority: A Look Suited to the Speaker. "It offered the information that" Pelosi's suit was by Giorgio Armani--the Italian master of neutral tones and modern power dressing--and she wore it well. 相符，选项B句子While noting that Pelosi, barely in her new job a month, had brought the House to votes on a looking preternaturally fresh，with a wardrobe that，while still subdued and over-reliant on suits，has seldom spruced the halls of Congress．”相符，选项D在文中没有提及。
13. C [精析]细节推理题。从句子After all，with rare exceptions，male politicians are seldom scrutinized fort heir choice of suits．中，我们可以推断选项C正确，选项O没有提及，选项
A、B主语有些局限化，文中是普通大众，不仅仅是男性政治家。
14. C [精析]细节推理题。返回句子when the media emphasize the appearance of women，it perpetuates attitudes in the larger world that devalue and limit women．我们可以推理选项C正确。其他三项都排除。
15.B [精析]推理细节题。我们定位在倒数第三段，句子“Clinton now has a range of what she wears，”Jamieson says．“She hasn't been changing hairstyles or her pantsuits．That is our definition of what she wears，and that should end it，”这和选项B相符，选项A和句子You take for granted that it would not be worthy of comment any more．有出入，这只是大众的想法，但不是Jamieson的想法，选项C和句子tm underscores her competence and is not a distraction．有出入，选项D也和句子Because women have greater fashion options，changes they make are more obvious and invite analysis．不符，人们愿意对女政治家穿衣作评论，女政治家本身不愿意这样。
Part B
答案详解
1．R [精析]原文是“hottest field”即热门话题，与之相近意思的是日项。本句意思是：幸福成为了热门话题，但是难以定义。
2．F[精析]原文是"The golden rule of economics has always been that well—being is a simple function of income。”可知，人们将收入与幸福联系起来，与之相近的是F项。
3．M [精析]原文是“After a certain income cap，we simply don't get any happier．”与之相近的是M项。本句意思是：基于经济学家的理论：收入和幸福紧密相连，国家和个人都想着提高收入，但是事实不是这样的。
4．J [精析]原文是“And it isn't what we have，but whether we have more than our neighbor，that really matters．”与之相近意思的是J项，Mr．Joneses意思是与自己社会地位相等的人,邻居。
5．T[精析]原文是"So the news last week that in 2006 top hedge-fund managers took home $ 240 million，minimum，probably didn't make them any happier，it just made the rest of us Jess so．”，可知，对冲基金经理的高收入是我们更不快乐，与之相近意思的是T项。
6．A [精析]原文是Countries as diverse as Bhutan，Australia，China，Thailand and the UK are coming up with happiness indexer，to be used alongside GDP as a guide to society's progress，可是，一些国家提出用幸福指数和国内生产总值来衡量社会的发展，所以与之相近意思的是A项。
7．H [精析]原文是“Never mind'’that the world's top happiness，“researchers recently gathered at a conference in Rome to debate whether joy is even measurable．”，可知，最近幸福研究人员在罗马召开会议来讨沦快乐是否可衡量，与之相近意思的是H项。
8．K[精析]原文是“The l8th—century British Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham argued that public policy should try to maximize happiness．”与之相近意思的是N项。optimize"使最优化”。
9．B [精析]原文是“There was just no way to measure happiness objectively．”与之相近意思的是B项，本句意思是：国家政策应该和多数人的幸福相关，多年前英国启蒙运动思想家Jeremy Bentham就提出了此观点，许多著名的经济学家也同意此观点，但是这项政策无法实行，因为幸福无法被客观事物所衡量。
10．C [精析]原文是“One of the early revelations of happiness research，from Richard Easter in at the University of Southern California，was that…”与之相近意思的是C项，preliminary interpretation意思是“先前的解释”。
11．S [精析]原文是“while the rich are typically happier than the poor，the happiness boost from extra cash isn't that great once one rises above the poverty line。”，与之相近意思的是S项，escalate意思是“增加，提高”。
12．L [精析]原文是“once one rises above the poverty line．”与之相近意思的是L项，本句意思是：理查德·伊斯特林之前对幸福做出的解释是，财富让人们觉得更加幸福，但是一旦人们生活在贫困线以上，人们的幸福感就不像之前那样增加了。
13．I [精析]原文是“we get used to being richer darn quick，and take it for granted or compare it to what others have，not what we used to have…”与之相近意思的是I项，adapt to"适应”。
14．O [精析]原文是“keeping up with the Joneses is hard-wired into our brains，thanks to our pack-creature roots．”与之相近意思的是O项，本句意思是：他们喜欢和他人比较，并且努力地想要赶超和自己社会地位相同的人。
15．D[精析]原文是“many happiness researchers ay‘work less，play more’is the formula
for happiness，”与之相近意思的是D项，formula for happiness"幸福法则”。
16．G [精析]原文是“Human beings do want a European—style safety net…”，与之相近意思的是G项safety scheme"安全计划”。
17．N [精析]原文是“The economics of happiness has Gwen us a couple of fairly hard and fast rules about well—being…”，与之相近意思的是N项，acquaint with"熟悉，了解”。
18．E [精析l原文是“being truly poor is bad'’，与之相近意思的是E项，terrible"可怕的”。
19．Q [精析]原文是“time with friends and family are good'’，与之相近意思的是Q 项，joyful“快乐的”。
20，P [精析]原文是"Today's dreadful life choice will likely be tomorrow's happy accident．”，与之相近意思的是P项，本句意思是：我们应该绕开复杂的信息，运用幸福的简单法则，也就是贫穷是痛苦的，和朋友、家人呆在一起是快乐的，过去做的决定以后想起来或许也是快乐的体验。
答案详解
1．the liars’words．
[精析]根据文章第三段but online systems examine only the liar's words．When we're looking at language，we're looking at the tool of the lie 我们可以找出答案。
2．Liars also tend to use fewer first—person references(such as the pronoun“I”)and more third—person references(such as“he'’and“they'’)．
[精析]我们可以从第四段中找出答案。
3．using shorter sentences and asking more question
[精析]我们可以从文章第五段中找到答案。More surprising，Hancock and his colleagues have ob—
served that the targets Of liars also exhibit distinctive language patterns．For instance，people who are being deceived often use shorter sentences and ask more questions．Even though they may not be aware that they are being lied to，people seem to exhibit subconscious suspicions．4．To identify the patterns of deceit．
[精析]根据常识我们可以知道，实验结果最终是为了证实这项仪器是否能够有效地工作。
5．Perhaps this is because people are reluctant to put their lies in writing．
[精析]我们从最后一段可以找到原因，因为“An e-mail generates multiple copies，”he says．“，twill last longer than something carved in rock．Part m V ocabulary and Structure
答案详解
1. A [译文]许多经济学家相信一旦房屋价值降低，手头拮据的消费者就会降低开支。
[精析]形容词辨析题。Best retched"手头拮据，没有足够的钱”；saturated“极湿的，湿透的；<化>(溶液)饱和的”；overproduce—produce in excess；produce more than needed or wanted，overpopulated“(城市等)人口过密的”。因此，只有选项A符合题
意。
2．D [译文]任何一个民主党总统都试图使美国摆脱伊拉克泥潭，但是所有人都面临着顽强的抵抗。
[精析]动词辨析题。knockout'‘(拳击)击倒对方，(非正式)令人倾慕的人／物，轰动的事物”；distinguish'‘区别，辨别”；overture'‘(向某人做出的)友好表示、姿态或提议”；