《英语（二）》复习资料
语法主要考哪些项目？
英语（二）最常考的语法项目包括：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、比较级、语序、主谓一致、强调句、基本句型。
* 最常考的时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、一般现在时和将来完成时。
* 最常考的非谓语动词：独立结构、动名词作某些动词的宾语、非谓语动词作定语和状语。* 最常考的虚拟语气：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句和主句。
* 最常考的定语从句：where 引导的定语从句、名词/代词+ of + which引导的定语从句。* 名词性从句：what，whether 引导的主语或宾语从句、that 引导的同位语从句。
* 状语从句：now that，in that，in case，as，while 引导的状语从句。
哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？
严格来说，只要是考纲中包括的词都有可能出现在单词拼写大题中，但是从历年考题可以看出，某些词的命中率要高于其它词，有些词甚至反复考过，这说明考生在背单词的时候还是可以在全面覆盖的基础之上突出重点、提高效率的。在这里我们不可能一一罗列重要的词汇，下面是我总结的英语（二）常考单词的特点：
* 绝大部分是长度在5-8个字母之间的中等难度的词，如：victim，gesture等；
* 拼写和读音不完全对称的词，如：dumb，subtle等。
* 个别非常简单、但课文中不是很常见的名词，如：tube.
* 从词性上来看，最常考的依次是名词、形容词、动词、和副词。
在复习这些单词时，一定要以考试大纲为准，而不能只背教材后面的生词表。一方面，教材后面的生词表中包含了不少超刚词，完全不会考到；另一方面，对英语（二）来说，从下册教材生词表中出的单词只占三分之一，不可能涵盖所有要考的内容。同样在复习时一定要讲究准确性，确保背一个记准一个，而不能只是记个大概，最后写出来每个都差不多但每个都有错。
复习建议
针对上述预测，我们如何制定冲刺阶段的复习计划呢？下面是我推荐的三步复习法。
1.第一步，应该抽出半个月到二十天的时间，把书上可能考到的内容好好地总结一下。课文中涉及的重要的语法现象，如带虚拟语气、独立主格的句子，接动名词作宾语的动词，倒装句，强调句，what，that，whether引导的从句等，最好都分类摘抄下来。
2.做完整理工作后，应该进入下一步，即通过一定量的模拟训练来熟悉考试题型、提高实战能力。模拟训练应注意以下几点：
（1）做题时，一定要独立完成。不管做题的过程多么困难，都要硬着头皮去做，只有这样才能在考场上发挥自如。
（2）保持一定的频率也很重要。至少一周应该完成两套题，否则达不到强化的效果。
（3）及时总结。如果做完几套题后反复出现同样的错误，一定要请老师对相关内容作详细的讲解，并针对性地多做巩固练习，直到问题得到真正的解决。
（4）做完十套左右的模拟题后，应该再做几套最近几年的真题。这时你可以对自己的实际水平有一个比较准确的估计。哪些方面是你的长处，哪些方面还存在薄弱环节，并利用最后一两周的时间来进行弥补。
（5）除了做题，这三个月期间应该天天坚持的是背单词。每天抽出半个小时至一个小时，把大纲词汇包括后面的词组至少从头至尾完整地过一遍，有可能考拼写的重点单词要动笔抄写，常用活用的词要记搭配，容易混淆的词放在一起进行比较。
3.最后一周的总复习。考试前的最后一周应该再来一次全面的总复习。复习内容包括第一步中抄下来的课文中的重点句子、第二步作题时纪录下来的常出错的语法项，重点的单词，和总结出来的答题技巧。如果还有时间，也可以把最后做过的真题再做一遍。相信经过精心的计划和充分的准备，此刻的你一定成竹在胸，胜券在握了。
2、重点语法知识讲解
动词的时态和语态一览表
时态
语态
一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时
主动
被动do
are done
did
were done
will do
will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时
主动
被动are doing are
being done
were doing
were being done
will be doing 现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时
主动
被动have done
have been
done
had done
had been done
will have done
will have been
done
现在完成进行时
主动
被动
have been doing
1.1 现在完成时
发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。
现在完成时的标志： so far，by now/ up to now，for three years，since 1995，in the past two decades
1.2 过去完成时
过去的过去。
1）said，reported，thought 等引导的间接引语中。
He missed the train.
He said he had missed the train.
2）hardly…when，no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作
No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder，I would have won.
I wish I had done better in the exam.
1.3 完成进行时
从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直
The water has been running the whole night.
1.4 过去时
过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。
过去时的标志：yesterday，in 1995，last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。
2.非谓语动词
2.1 非谓语动词一览表
非谓语动词形式意义
现在分词
一般式doing 主动，正在进行
被动式being done 被动，正在进行
完成主动式having done 主动，已经完成
完成被动式having been done 被动，已经完成
过去分词done 被动，已经完成
动词不定式
一般式to do 主动，将要进行
被动式to be done 被动，将要进行
完成主动式to have done 主动，已经完成
进行主动式to be doing 主动，正在进行
2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语
I came here to meet you. （目的）
He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）
分词：1）伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语
Walking along the street，he met his old friend. （时间）
Being very tired，my father didn't go out with us. （原因）
Made by hand，the silk shirt is very expensive. （原因）
Seen from the space，the earth looks like a blue ball. （条件）
2.3 非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构
1） Having done their homework，the children began to play. （分词作状语）
2） After having done their homework，the children began to play. （连词+分词）3） After they had done their homework，the children began to play. （状语从句）4） With homework done，the children began to play. （独立结构）
2.4 非谓语动词作定语
1） If there is no choice，there is no decision ___ （make）。（to be made）
2） Do you know the man ____ （ stand） in front of the house？（standing）
3） The question ____ （discuss） at the moment is very important. （being discussed）4） The bridge ____ （build） in the 1950s is still in good condition. （built）2.5 动名词和动词不定式
作主语和表语
动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。Rising early is good for health.
To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
My biggest wish is to go abroad.
Seeing is believing.
作宾语
接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit，acknowledge，avoid，appreciate，consider，delay，enjoy，escape，excuse，forgive，finish，include，involve，mind，put off，postpone，suggest，feel like，look forward to，be used to，be accustomed to，etc.
接动词不定式作宾语的动词：
want，tend，intend，pretend，hope，plan，expect，be supposed to，seem，be likely to，used to，be willing to，desire，force，prefer，start，begin
接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：
1） forget，remember，regret
2） stop，continue
3） need/ want
4） allow doing/ allow sb to do
（1） How can I forget meeting you for the first time？
Sorry，I forgot to lock the door.
（2） I can't stop laughing. Can you stop to give me a hand？
（3） The grass needs cutting. The grass needs to be cut.
（4） We don't allow smoking here. You are not allowed to smoke here.
3.虚拟语气
第一大类：非真实条件下的虚拟语气
时间从句主句
与现在事实相反d id/ were should/could/would + do
与过去事实相反h ad done should/could/would + have done
与将来事实相反w ere to do should do s hould/could/would + do
If I were you，I would be happy to do it.
If we had got the news，we could have prepared earlier.
If the job were to succeed，you should work harder.
第二大类：从句中用过去时或过去完成时的虚拟语气
1） would rather + 从句
2） wish + 从句
3） if only + 从句
4） as if/ as though + 从句
5） It's time + 从句
I would rather you didn't tell me the story now.
I would rather you had told me the story yesterday.
第三大类：从句中用should加动词原形的虚拟语气，其中should可省略。
1） suggest，propose，advise，move（动议），ask，order，require，request，desire，insist，prefer 等动词后接的宾语从句；
2） suggestion，proposal，advice，motion，order，requirement，request，desire，preference 等名词后的同位语从句；
3） important，necessary，essential，imperative，desirable，advisable，preferable 等形容词用在it is … that…句型中；
4） lest，in case，for fear that 等引导的从句中。
It is suggested that the meeting （should） be put off.
It is my suggestion that the meeting （should） be put off.
It is necessary that the meeting （should） be put off.
He came to the office earlier lest he （should） miss the important meeting.
4.定语从句和名词性从句
4.1 定语从句：限制性和非限制性定语从句
引导定语从句
1）关系代词（在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：which，that，who，whom，whose
2）关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when，where，why，how
名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
引导名词性从句：
1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that，whether，if
2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever…
3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when，where，why，how
4.2 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
定语从句对名词进行修饰限制，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that，which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。
1）The story （that） he told me may not be true. 定语从句
2）The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句
4.3 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式？
如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which
形式。
1）The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.
2）The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.
4.4 which 和 as 引导非限制性定语从句
which 和 as 都能引导非限制性定语从句，修饰整个一句话。as有“正如”的意思，而which 没有。
1）He is easy to get angry，which is well known. 他很容易生气，这一点大家都知道。2）He is easy to get angry，as everybody knows. 正如大家都知道的那样，他很容易生气。
2.1 强化练习
1.动词时态强化练习
1. I was hired（hire）by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989.
解析：过去时的被动语态，标志语：1989.
2. However，many people doubt whether this will reduce （reduce）the incidence of abuse.
解析：一般将来时，表示“会减少”的意思。
3. Up to that time，the blues had been（be）an essentially black medium.
解析：过去完成时，标志语：up to that time，表示“过去的过去”。
4. Of these 20，000，just under 2000 are being physically，sexually and psychologically abused（abuse）。
解析：现在进行时的被动。
5. If you do not（not，control）it，it will control you.
解析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中用现在时。
6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you have completed（complete）your study responsibilities.
解析：现在完成时，表示“已经完成”。
7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is（be）a challenge that continues throughout life.
解析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。
8. The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed（witness）the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
解析：一般过去时，标志语：the second half of the nineteenth century.
9. All the worries they might have felt for him were driven（drive）off by the sight of his cheerful face.
解析：一般过去时的被动
10. Attempts to break up this old system have been made （make）in every presidential election in the past one hundred years.
解析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：in the past one hundred years.
2.非谓语动词强化练习
1. The mother didn't know who to blame（blame）for the broken glass.
解析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语
2. The children brought（bring）up in this way tend to be healthier.
解析：过去分词作定语，表被动。
3. It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused（focus）on the economy. 解析：过去分词做宾补。
4. Putting（put）food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.
解析：动名词作主语。
5. It seems reasonable to assume that，other things being（be） equal，they would prefer single to shared rooms.
解析：现在分词用在独立结构中
6. This poem，if translated （translate）word for word into Chinese，will make no sense.
解析：连词加过去分词作状语
7. They may have their passports removed（remove），ma king leaving or “escaping” actually impossible.
解析：过去分词作宾补
8. Her body，with hands and feet bound（bind），was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
解析：过去分词用在独立结构中
9. I couldn't help but feel（feel） this is a very strange life.
解析：couldn't help but 后接动词原形
10. Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving（revolve）round the sun.
解析：现在分词作定语
3.虚拟语气强化练习
1. If it hadn't been for your help，we would have been （be） in real trouble. 解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句
2. He would have given you more help，if he had not been （not be） so busy.
解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句
3. It is high time that we took （take） firm measures to protect our environment. 解析：It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式
4. It was imperative that students finish （finish） their papers before July 1st. 解析：It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式
5. They demanded that the right to vote be given （give） to every adult person. 解析：demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式
6. There was a mistake on my paycheck. I should have received （receive） $10 more. 解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。
7. I would rather he bought （ buy） the house next year.
解析：would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。
8. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we had met （meet）them before.
解析：as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。
9. Should she come tomorrow，I _________ take her to the museum. ×正确答案为C
[A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must
解析：与将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。
10. If we _________ everything ready by now，we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 正确答案为A
[A] hadn't got [B] didn't get [C] wouldn't have got [D] wouldn't get 解析：从句与现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过
去完成时。
4.定语从句和名词性从句强化练习
1. Studies have shown _________ teenagers often suffer from depression. 正确答案为A
解析：that 引导宾语从句
[A] that [B] which [C] in which [D] in that
2. It is a well-known fact _________ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction. 正确答案为A
[A] that [B] if [C] when [D] whether
解析：that 引导同位语从句
3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order_________ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. 正确答案为C
[A] which [B] what [C] that [D] in that
解析：that 引导同位语从句
4. It is not yet known _________ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.
正确答案为A
[A] whether [B] if [C] that [D] how
解析：it为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句
5. Such attitudes amount to a belief _________ leisure can and should be put to good use. 正确答案为D
[A] which [B] if [C] whether [D] that
解析：that 引导同位语从句
6. The reason for making a decision is _________ a problem exists，goals are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 正确答案为D
[A] why [B] because [C] where [D] that
解析：that 引导表语从句
7. _________ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 正确答案为A
[A] What [B] Whether [C] That [D] Which
解析：what 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语
8. Very few people understood this contract，_________ was very obscure. 正确答案为B
[A] the language [B] the language of which [C] all it said [D] which it had said
解析：the language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语
9. Often music was played out of doors，_________ nature provided the environment. 正确答案为D
[A] which [B] that [C] in which [D] where
解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语
10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition，_________，to our disappointment，we saw very few high-tech products. 正确答案为A
[A] where [B] which [C] as [D] that
解析：where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语
语法题答题要诀：
1）牢记上述表格；
2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；
3）熟练套用正确形式；
4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。
复习指南：
在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！
三大原则：
1.吃透A课文，看懂B课文；
2.背熟可能考汉译英的句子；
3.关注含有重点语法的句子。
Unit 1
1. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.
2. Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.
3. For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like.
4. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
5. Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
6. Different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.
7. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.
8. The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgment.
9. She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.
10. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
11. Although he thought he was helping us with the job，he was only in the way. Unit 2
12. The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.
13. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
14. Some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
15. This process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.
16. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
17. Very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
18. He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.
19. He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.
20. The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.
21. The research group launched out into a series of new experiments.
Unit 3
22. Each time it is shown，the program starts a nationwide debate on the subject.
23. In addition to this，a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met.
24. In the vast majority of euthanasia cases，what the patient is actually asking for is something else.
25. Euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.
26. Anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.
27. Instructions will be sent immediately on request.
28. Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.
29. She bore the whole burden of raising two children alone.
30. Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.
31. The committee demands that no member （should） be absent.
Unit 4
32. Of these 20，000，just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
33. In one of them，a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
34. I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.
35. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.
36. Many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.
37. So if they do complain，they risk being deported.
38. It is the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
39. The student exploits every possibility to learn English.
40. Our country is launching a campaign against waste.
41. We should be always aware of the status of world affairs.
42. There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for.
Unit 5
43. The new music was built out of materials already in existence.
44. They freely took over elements from jazz，from American country music，and as time went on from even more diverse sources.
45. What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
46. In studio recordings，new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.
47. Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume，the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand
48. Often music was played out of doors，where nature provided the environment.
49 The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society.
50. All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.
Unit 6
51. Robots，becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world，are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
52. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials，preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.
53. Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.
54. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products.
55. These future robots，assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions，will have plenty of work to do.
56. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
57. His words cast a new light on the problem.
58. We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV. Unit 7
59. People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.
60. Generally speaking，the quality of life，especially as seen by the individual，is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual.
61. The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.
62. Experiences of a different nature，be it television watching or bird-watching，can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.
63. Such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.
64. To impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways.
65. It can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes，interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure.
66. The more seriously this is sought，the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.
67. You have to attach a label to a box while posting it.
68. We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country.
69. He always has some positive ideas on company policy.
Unit 8
70. The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.
71. The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.
72. He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.
73. Now that we understand what Jet Lag is，we can go some way to overcoming it.
74. In time，the physiological system will reset itself，but it does take time.
75. It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.
76. That is by no means the best way of proceeding.
77. He didn't take alarm at the news.
78. The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.
79. He didn't want to be tied to a steady job.
Unit 9
80. The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth，the older its population is likely to be—at least，for any future that concerns us now.
81. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added，some of them only recently recognized.
82. There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.
83. Taken together，these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.
84. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere，… that we have grown so old.
85. Long life is altering our society，of course，but in experiential terms.
86. Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts.
87. His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability.
Unit 10
88. A minor-party or independent candidate，… can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.
89. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action，they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
90. The slogan was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation's slow-moving economy.
91. Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics.
92. As in 1980，when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times，the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.
93. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war，but voters remained concerned about the economy.
94. The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world.
95. You should save up money to make provision for the future.
Unit 11
96. Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.
97. It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
98. One experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg，leaving its leg paralysed.
99. Even with these new developments in research，only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage.
100.The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested.
101. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body，we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.
102. I was surprised to see his room in such a litter.
103. The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today.
Unit 12
104. Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies.
105. At its best，daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.
106. As with anything carried to excess，daydreaming can be harmful.
107. There is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.
108. Daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth，power of concentration，and the ability to interact and communicate with others.
109. Daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability.
110. Contrary to popular belief，constant and conscious effort at solving a problem is，in reality，one of the most inefficient ways of coping with it.
111. Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with，he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind.
112. The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them.
113. Daydreaming is highly beneficial to your physical and mental well-being. 114. Escape being impossible，the rabbit turned to confront the dog.
115. The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome.
Unit 13
116. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing，or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
117. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished，the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it.
118. What from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play.
119. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.
120. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population，that is to say，its laborers，will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy.
121. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. 122. Workers seldom commit acts of violence，because they can put their aggression into their work，be it physical like the work of a smith，or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist.
123. They were often compelled to work twelve or fourteen hours a day.
124. The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case. Unit 14
125. The device，though，would do much more than capture a lecture.
126. It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein's shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion.
127. Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw，the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry.
128. It was there，police believe，that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.
129. Her power of persuasion were to no avail.
130. Weinstein's body，with hands and feet bound，was discovered by a hiker in March.
131. Given her fate，the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it：Random Acts of Kindness.
132. The operation fostered hope in the patient.
133. We protested but to no avail.
134. He was firmly convinced that risk accompanies decisions.
Unit 15
135. The computer makes possible a marvellous leap in human proficiency.
136. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are…。
137. There may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom，just as there has always been a tendency to confuse logic with values，and intelligence with insight. 138. To the extent，then，that man fail to distinguish between the intermediate operations of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision，the computer could prove a digression.
139. It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.
140. …before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory，we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation that have come about because men were challenged by error and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found better approaches for dealing with it.
141. For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.
142. Even to speculate on it is a gain.
143. If you persist in ignoring my instructions，I shall have to punish you. 144. His ultimate goal is too distant and shadowy to obtain.
145. Despite their differences，their love will conquer.
146. It has taken him a long time to come to terms with the fact that he won't be able to go to college.
4、解题思路及答题技巧
两大原则：
（1）先做主观题，再做客观题。
（2）按分值合理分配时间。
1.完型填空：
（1）上看下看，左看右看，充分利用上下文。
（2）熟记固定搭配。
For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate _________11 by the fact that most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets.
Japan's _________12 has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large，so that _________13 to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides，Japan's work force was disciplined，so it was capable _________14 applying the information it acquired. Finally，American and European companies，who were _________15 licensers， felt that the Japanese companies might take a large share of the world market _________16 they were not limited by licensing agreement.
Conditions of this sort，_________17 together in one nation，may well be unique，and the case of Japan may therefore not actually demonstrate that licensing is just as efficient as multinational ownership for the _________18 of technology.
In fact，Japan may be finding this method of operation _________19 effective than in the past，as her needs for outside technology now require information which _________20 only a few companies and is more closely held.
11.A. was strengthened B. will be strengthened C. will have been strengthened D. has been strengthened
12.A. position B. location C. place D. point
13.A. entry B. access C. presence D. acceptance
14.A. at B. in C. for D. of
15.A. potential B. feasible C. liable D. inevitable
16.A. until B. before C. if D. after
17.A. came B. come C. will come D. coming
18.A. transformation B. transfer C. transmission D. shift
19.A. much B. little C. less D. more
20.A. sticks to B. belongs to C. draws on D. takes on
答案：11D A B D A 16C D B C B
2.阅读理解：
（1）根据问题来看文章。
（2）围绕中心思想答题。
（3）灵活运用各种猜题技巧。
（4）充分发挥有关背景知识的作用。
例2：（2004下）
NASA，the U.S. space agency，believes there's a good chance that we're not alone in the universe. Last fall，NASA began a new project called the High Resolution Microwave Survey（HRMS）.Its aim：to find evidence of life in one of the billions of galaxies in the universe.
The search for intelligent life on other planets isn't new. It began almost 100 years ago. That's when scientists built a huge transmitter to send radio waves into space. Scientists thought smart beings on other planets might pick up the signals. Scientists also have sent a message about humans and our solar system to a nearby constellation（星座）。But because the constellation is 25，000 light years away，a return message wouldn't reach Earth for 50，000 years！So don't wait up for an answer. So far，no extraterrestrial （地球外的）beings that we know of have returned our “calls.” But according to Dr. Jill Tarter，an HRMS scientist，we haven't exactly had our ears wide open. “Now，however” says Dr. Tarter，“we've built the tools we need to listen well.”
Last October，Dr. Tarter switched on the largest radio receiver in the world. It's an enormous metal bowl stretching 1，000 feet across a valley in Puerto Rico. Meanwhile，another NASA scientist turned on a huge radio receiver in California's Mojave Desert. NASA hopes these big dishes-and others around the world-will pick up radio signals from new world.
Dr. Frank Drake has been searching for life in outer space for years. He explains the HRMS project this way：To listen to your radio，you move the tuner on the dial until the channels come in loud and clear：Now imagine radio receivers that scan our
galaxy “listening” to 14 million channels every second. That's what NASA's radio receivers in Puerto Rico and California are doing.
But that's not all. Powerful computers hooked to the receivers examine every signal carefully. The computers try to match the signals to ones that scientists already recognize， such as human-made signals. If they can't，Drake and Tarter check on them. “It could prove there is radio technology elsewhere in the universe，” says Dr. Tarter. “And that would mean we're not alone.”
26.NASA scientists started a new project in order to _________.
A. discover life in other galaxies
B. send human beings into space
C. find evidence of a new galaxy
D. confirm the number of galaxies
27.According to Dr. Jill Tarter，the reason why we haven't received any return any return messages from outer space is that _________.
A. our ears are not sharp enough to hear them
B. our equipment hasn't been good enough
C. it takes millions of years for them to reach us
D. it takes quite a long time to send them
28.Dr. Jill Tarter compares the large receiver to _________.
A. the human ear
B. the universe
C. a metal bowl
D. a huge dish
29.According to Dr. Frank Drake，NASA's radio receivers in Puerto Rico and California are _________.
A. trying to check on every channel carefully
B. moving the tuner on the dial for clear channels
C. scanning the universe for possible signals
D. picking up radio signals from new world
30.The best title of this passage is _________.
A. Signals from the Space
B. The Invention of New Radio Receivers
C. The Intelligent Life in Outer Space
D. NASA Listens for Space Neighbors
答案：26 A B A C D
3. 英译汉
先看懂全文大意，再用比较通顺的汉语翻译，不必拘泥于原来英文句内的顺序，在不损害原意的基础上适当地增词和减词。
例3：
I've spent years studying happiness，and one of the most significant conclusions I've drawn is this：there is little correlation between the circumstances of people's lives and how happy they are. A moment's reflection should make this obvious. We all know people who have had a relatively easy life yet are essentially unhappy. And we know people who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy.
The first secret is gratitude. All happy people are grateful. Ungrateful people cannot be happy. We tend to think that being unhappy leads people to complain，but it's truer to say that complaining leads people to unhappiness. The second secret is realizing that happiness is a byproduct of something else. The most obvious sources are those pursuits that give our lives purposes—anything from studying insects to playing baseball. The more passions we have，the more happiness we're likely to experience.
我花了几年的时间来研究快乐，我得出的一个最重要的结论是：人们的生活状况和他们有多快乐没有多少相关性。片刻的思考就会把这点弄明白。我们都认识一些生活相对轻松但根本不快乐的人，我们也认识一些吃了很多苦但仍能总的保持快乐的人。
第一个秘诀就是感激。所有快乐的人都心怀感激，没有感激心情的人不可能快乐。我们往往认为不快乐使得人们抱怨，但是更准确地说应该是抱怨导致人们不快乐。第二个秘诀是认识到快乐是其他事物的副产品。快乐最显而易见的来源是那些使得我们的生活具有目的性的活动——从研究昆虫到打棒球。我们越有激情，我们就越可能体验快乐。
一、历年习题按语法总结
1. 动词
———谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语动词，虚拟语气
1. Lots of empty beer bottles were found under the young man's bed； he __________ heavily.
A. must have drunk
B. must drink
C. should drink
D. had to drink
2. __________ home， she found that she had left the key at the office.
A. To have arrived
B. To arrive
C. While arriving
D. Arriving
3.In deciding __________ a course of action,the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters.
A. what to pursue
B. which to pursue
C. whether to pursue
D. if to pursue
4. __________,they began to get down to business.
A. The holidays are over
B. The holidays were over
C. The holidays being over
D. The holidays had been over
5. __________ nothing to say,the boy shied way from the crowd.
A. Have
B. Having
C. Had
D. Having being
6. The young doctor could not sleep at night,the worsening condition of a patient
__________ him.
A. disturbing
B. disturbed
C. being disturbed
D. to disturb
7. Should she come tomorrow,I __________ take her to the museum.
A. can
B. will
C. would
D. must
8.If we __________ everything ready by now， we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.
A. hadn't got
B. didn't get
C. wouldn't have got
D. wouldn't get
9. __________ for your help,I would not have over come the psychological pressures and tensions.
A. Not been
B. Without being
C. Had it not been
D. Not having been
10.Would't you rather your child __________ successful with his study and won the scholarship？
A. became
B. become
C. would become
D. becomes
11.You needn't __________ him about this since he could find out for himself.
A. tell
B. be telling
C. have told
D. have to tell
12. If you ______ my advice,you wouldn't be in such trouble now.
A. took
B. takes
C. has taken
D. had taken
13. The meeting ______,we left the room quickly for dinner.
A. over
B. was over
C. is over
D. been over
14. All the money ______,Frederick started looking for work.
A. having spent
B. has been spent
C. having been spent
D. had been spent
15. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall.
A. Hardly had be begun
B. Hardly he had begun
C. Hardly he has begun
D. He hardly had begun
16. Much of the carbon in the earth __________（come）from things that once lived.
17. China is not what she __________（use）to be.
18. In the past two decades,research __________（expand）our knowledge about sleep and dreams.
19. Television ads __________ usually __________（repeat）over and over again.
20.Some proverbs _______ （be）in the language for 1,000 years,for example,A friend in need is a friend indeed.
21.The nations that __________ actively __________ （involve）in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China,Russia,and the United States.
22.In 1991,after the Gulf War,Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent,the highest level recorded since polling __________（begin）in the 1930s.
23.Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day
__________ （make）us tolerate crime more than we should.
24.All the worries they might have felt for him __________ （drive） off by the sight of his cheerful face.
25.Little did they realize that they __________（make）an important discovery in science.
26. Some people think relations between people _____ （deteriorate） so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.
27. Let's hurry up. She _____ （must， wait） for us.
28. Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _____ （happen） to her.
29. Many a writer of newspaper articles __________ （turn） to writing novels during the past decade.
30. There __________ （estimate） to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain in 1995.
31. So far， Irving __________ （live） in New York City for ten years.
32. The patient __________ （send） to another hospital before we got there.
33. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning,and __________ （advance） it at night.
34.Cancer research __________ （make） all over the world in the past twenty years.
35.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I __________ （receive） 10more.
36.The second half of the nineteenth century __________ （witness） the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.
37. Once harm __________ （do） to the environment,it takes years to have the system recovered.
38. This project __________ （accomplish） by the end of 2006 will greatly improve the basic facility of the city.
39. Investigations into the cause of the shipwreck show that the ship _________ （sink）the moment it hit the rock .
40. If that sounds like far-fetched fantasy,consider these interesting findings that __________ （emerge） from eight years of sleep and dream research at the VA Hospital.
41. A great number of the body's events __________ （schedule） to occur at a certain time of day.
42. It is these messages that __________ （form） the basis of the child's self-esteem.
43. With all this done,I __________ （free） from all troubles and responsibilities.
44.If you cannot understand,ask:"Would you mind __________（rephrase）the
question,please？"
45. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially make toy weapons __________ （bring） into the classroom.
46. Robots， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning __________（see）in other industries as well.
47. Let us consider the earth as a planet _________（revolve）round sun.
48.A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys __________（do）is ignored by society as of no value or importance.
49.Anyone _________（want）to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.
50.It is a well-know fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ________（control）his direction.
51.As research techniques become more advanced,the number of animals ____（use）in experiments may decrease.
52.Robots， __________ （become） increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world,are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.
53.They were often compelled __________ （work） twelve or fourteen hours a day.
54.It has been proved that their best ideas seem __________ （occur） when they were relaxing.
55.Her body,with hands and feet __________ （bind）,was discovered by a traveler early in the morning.
56.Anyone __________ （want） to live in the new century will have to know about the computer.
57.It has been proved that some people's best ideas seem __________ （occur） when they are relaxing and daydreaming.
58.They may have their passports __________ （remove）, making leaving or "escaping"actually impossible.
59.This poem,if __________ （translate） word for word into Chinese,will make no sense.
60.Robots， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning __________ （see）, although to a lesser degree， in other industries as well.
61.Anyone __________ （want） to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT （information technology）.
62.__________ （tell） that some guest were coming, she shopped all morning in the supermarket.
63.It is said the conference is __________（hold）in this hall next month.
64.As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping _________（test）on animals altogether is a long way away.
65.A life __________（live）without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.
66. When _____ （present） with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.
67. Would you mind _____ （rephrase） the question,please.
68. They used to _____ （work） twelve or fourteen hours a day at that time.
69. An organization is a group of people, and a decision __ （make） today may have consequences far into the future.
70. For managers, every decision has constraints _____ （base） on policies, procedures and laws.
71. As I'll be away for a year, I'd appreciate _____ （hear） from you now and then.
72. What developed was a music readily _____ （take） on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.
73. Many other new techniques are available that enable more research _____ （do） in the test tube.
74. _____ （not, get）enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task.
75. A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after _____ （convict） of murder.
76. With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn't resist _____ （take） four pounds.
77. When _____ （give） the chance, it is quite possible for him to fulfill the task within ten days.
78. I‘ll be only too pleased _____ （help） out those who are in difficulty.
79. Television is another major instrument of communication, _____ （permit） us to see as well as to hear the performer.
80.There are several means _____ （measure） the length and width of the gap.
81. _____ （seize） Jane by the collar, they dragged her out of the vehicle and locked her up in the dark room.
82.I couldn't help but _____ （feel） this is a very strange life.
83. _____ （use ） economically， one tin of oil will last at least three months.
84.It seems reasonable to assume that, other things _____ （be） equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms.
85. With the strike _____ （settle）, the work on the new assembly line went ahead like wildfire.
86. People appreciate _____ （talk） with him because he is knowledgeable and humorous.
87. Since the author did not stick to the topic, I found his article very _____ （confuse）and hard to follow.
88. You may find yourself _____ （face） one interviewer or panel.
89. _____ （understand） the effects of apartheid it is necessary to think of the daily lives of the people.
90. The domestics can have their passports removed， _____ （make） leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.
91. Miss Hannah Arent was the first person _____ （define） the difference between work and labor.
92. I would rather he _____（buy）the house next year.
93.They demanded that the right to vote _____（give）to every adult person.
94.The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____ （meet） them before.
95.If it hadn't been for your help, we _____ （be） in real trouble.
96.If you had come earlier, you _____ （not miss） the first act of the play.
97.He would have given you more help, if he _____ （not be） so busy.
98. I would recommend that you _____ （think） about doing something similar for yourself.
99. She treats me as if I _____ （be） a stranger.
100. It‘s time something _____ （do） about the traffic problem downtown.
101. It was imperative that students _____ （finish） their papers before July 1st. 102. It is high time that we _____ （take） firm measures to protect our environment. 103. Had he been treated well, he _____ （get over） this disease.
104. If only the board _____ （approve） the proposal and put it into effect.
105. If thalidomide _____ （invent） today, it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.
106. He _________（write） her 10 letters since he met her last years.
107. I think it necessary for him ________ （finish） the work in time.
108. The house is ______ （complete） before his brother's wedding ceremony.
109. You had better ________ （bring） enough money with you.
110. If I hadn't listened to you, I would _______ （make） such a silly mistake. 111. The three players repeatedly denied ________ （take） any drug.
112. People who are entitled to ________ （vote） should be over eighteen.
113. If she ______（catch） the 10 O'clock train, she can get there by lunch time. 2. 从句
———定语从句,名词从句和状语从句
1.It was there, the police believe, _____ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag.
A. until
B. which
C. that
D. when
2.It is not yet known _____ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.
A. whether
B. if
C. that
D. how
3.Such attitudes amount to a belief _____ leisure can and should be put to good use.
A. which
B. if
C. whether
D. that
4. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, , to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech （高技术） products.
A. where
B. which
C. as
D. that
5. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order _____ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. in that
6.Studies have shown _____ teenagers often suffer from depression.
A. that
B. which C .in which D. in that
7. It is becoming increasingly clear to policy-makers schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community.
A. that
B. what
C. when
D. who
9. There is no doubt _____ a large number of people have benefited from heart surgery.
A. what
B. of
C. if
D. that
10. Such people _____ you describe are nowadays.
A. as
B. that
C. who
D. which
11. Was it in that school _____ he developed his interest in physics？
A. which
B. from which
C. where
D. that
12. Why do you blame him for his poor judgment on the matter _____ he really needs is encouragement？
A. when that
B. since that
C. when what
D. now that
13. _____, I couldn't get a job in this company.
A. Try as I might
B. As I might try
C. Try though I might
D. I might try
14. It is a well-known fact ____ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.
A. that
B. if
C. when
D. whether
15. Very few people understood this contract, _____was very obscure.
A. the language
B. the language of which
C. all it said
D. which it had said
16. Management often works hard to set up a situation _____work is done in series.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. what
17. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders ____will happen to his family life.
建筑初步期末考试试题 第一套 一、填空题 1、建筑类型：、、。 2、城市规划包括、人口控制、资源利用、、道路交通、绿化景观以及城市经济、城市生态环境等一些内容。 3、中国古代建筑上的装饰细部大部分都是、斗栱、等结构构件经过艺术加工而发挥其装饰作用的。 4、彩画是我国建筑装饰中的一种重要类型，明清时期最常用的彩画种类有和玺画、和。 5、建筑设计表达的类型有、、文字表达设计说明这三种。 6、建筑设计表达的特点：、、多元性、。 7、中国古代建筑主要采用的是，它的基本做法是以立柱和组成构架。 8、点画线为等细线，主要用来画轴线。 9、建筑空间是一种人为的空间，包括和 10、是建造建筑物的主要目的。而它一旦建成，又必然会对周围的外部环境产生一定的影响。 二、选择题 1、下列哪个不属建筑三要素（） A．建筑功能 B．建筑艺术 C．建筑技术 D．建筑形象
2、建筑设计中需要了解的人体尺度是（） A.人体的活动范围 B.人体的身高 C．人体静态尺度、人体动态尺度D．人与人之间的距离 3、建筑工程制图中长仿宋字的高宽比为（） A．3:1 B．2:1 C．3:2 D．2:3 4、认识色彩的基本途径不包括（） A．日常生活中的接触 B．对色彩的科学研究、色彩资料的收集、研制和创新 C．对色彩的艺术表现 D．对色彩的遐想 5、色彩的三属性不包括（） A．色距 B．色相 C．明度 D．纯度 6、萨伏伊别墅的设计者是（） A．弗兰克·劳埃德·赖特 B．勒·柯布西耶 C．安腾忠雄 D．路德维斯·密斯·凡·德罗 7、平面构图要素中包括（） A．块 B．点 C．面 D．线 8、央视大楼新址的建筑师雷姆库哈斯的建筑善于运用的造型是（） A 曲线 B 体块 C 直线 D 柱形 9. 建筑艺术区别于其他艺术门类的根本特征是（） A. 建筑功能 B. 建筑空间 C. 建筑技术 D. 建筑形象 10. 空间的组织形式不包括（） A. 并列关系 B. 动静关系 C. 主从关系 D. 综合关系 三、名词解释
护理研究：是用科学的方法反复探索护理领域的问题，并用以直接或间接地指导护理实践的过程 假设：假设指对已确立的研究问题，提出一个预期性的结果或暂时的答案，是研究者通过仔细周密的思考，根据相关理论和知识的归纳推理，对要进行研究的问题做出一种因果关系的预测。 指标（观察项目）：是研究中用来反映或说明研究目的的一种现象标志，也是确定研究数据的观察项目，通过指标索取得的各项资料，从中可归纳出研究结果 自变量：指能够影响研究目的的主要因素，自变量不受结果的影响，却可导致结果的产生或影响结果 依变量：是指科研的目的它随自变量改变的影响而改变，也可受其他因素的影响。 外变量：外变量指某些能干扰研究结果的因素，在科研设计中应尽量排除。设立对照组能达到排除外变量的作用。 非实验性研究：指研究设计内容对研究对象不施加任何干预和处理的研。 回顾性研究：是运用临床现有的资料如病历进行分析和总结的一种方法 前瞻性研究：采用随机对比方法进行研究，是一种科学的、合理的研究方法 量性研究：通过数字资料研究现象的因果关系 质性研究：质性研究是研究者凭借研究对象的主观资料和研究者进入当事人的处境中参与分析资料、找出人类生活过程中不同层次的共同特性和内涵，用文字描述报告结果 观察法：研究者通过观察研究对象而收集取得资料的方法 问卷调查法：通过实地调查来寻找和收集资料常有访谈和问卷或填表格等方式，调查所获资料是直接从研究对象处得到 信度：是使用某研究工具重复测量某一研究对象时所得结果的一致程度 重测信度：使用研究工具对研究对象进行第一次测试，隔一段时间以后对同一研究工具进行测量，然后计算2次测量结果的相关系数，这个系数就是重测信度 效度：是指某一研究工具能真正反映它所期望研究的概念的程度 总体：是指性质相同的符合研究要求的所有观察单位的该项变量值的全体 样本：研究工作中的研究对象称为样本。 概率：是描述随机事件发生可能性大小的一个度量也叫几率 抽样误差：样本指标与总体指标的相差 假设：指对已确定的研究问题，提出一个预期的结果或暂时的答案是研究者通过仔细周密的思考，根据相关理论和知识的归纳推理，对要进行研究的问题作出一种因果关系的预测 假设检验（显著性检验）：就是应用统计学的原理由样本之间的差别去推断样本所代表的总体之间是否由差别的一种重要推断方法 率：指某种现象在一定条件下，实际发生的观察单位数与可能发生该现象的观察单位数之比，用来说明某种现象发生的频率大小或强度 摘要：是论文内容高度概括的简短陈述，它使编辑和读者能够迅速和准确的了解论文的主要内容。 关键词：是反映文章主要内容的单词、词组或短语，便于读者了解论文的主题，帮助迅速查到文献 个案研究：是针对噶按护理的资料进行研究，了解资料内涵，探讨未知领域或对新措施、新理论进行深入分析论文的过程，个案研究属于质性研究的一种 研究课题：为了解决一个相对单一并且独立的科学技术问题而确定的研究题目 研究项目：为了解决一个由若干研究课题组成的，彼此之间由内在联系的、比较复杂而且合性较强的科学技术问题而确立的研究题目
《建筑初步》复习提纲 第一章建筑概论 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，了解建筑设计的概念与特点、构成要素、建筑空间、建筑与环境以及学习方法。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 （一）认识建筑（一般） 识记：对建筑形成基本概念 （二）建筑的基本构成要素（重点） 理解：建筑构成要素 建筑设计的基本概念 （三）建筑空间（重点） 理解：建筑功能的集中表现 建筑空间的处理手法 （四）建筑与环境（次重点） 理解：建筑与环境关系 有关环境各要素 有关学科发展知识 （五）建筑设计的学习方法（一般） 识记：学习建筑设计的方法 第二章建筑基本知识 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，了解建筑历史、包括中国古建筑基本知识、西方古典建筑基本知识、及西方近代建筑基本知识。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 （一）中国古典建筑基本知识（重点） 理解：中国古代建筑概述 中国古代建筑基本特征 清式建筑做法名称 （二）西方古典建筑基本知识（重点） 理解：西方古典建筑概述 西方古典建筑柱式及柱式组合 （三）西方现代建筑简介（重点） 理解：现代主义建筑产生 现代主义建筑代表人物及其理论 现代建筑的多样发展 第三章表现技法初步 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，了解建筑基本设计表现技法。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 （一）线条图（一般） （二）水墨渲染图（一般） （三）水彩渲染图（一般）
（四）钢笔徒手图（一般） （五）模型制作（一般） 第四章建筑方案设计方法入门 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，了解建筑设计的学习特点、分析调研方法及方案设计的基本过程。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 （一）认识建筑设计（一般） （二）方案设计的任务分析（重点） （三）方案的构思与选择（重点） （四）方案的调整与深入（一般） （五）方案设计的表达（一般） （六）方案设计中应注意的问题（一般） （七）掌握运用建筑设计基础知识对设计方案进行评价及修改的能力。（重点） 第五章形态构成 一、学习目的与要求 通过本章学习，了解形态构成基本概念、基本方法。 二、考核知识点与考核目标 （一）形的基本要素及特征（一般） （二）基本形和形与形的基本关系（一般） （三）形态构成的基本方法（重点） （四）形态构成中的心理和审美（重点） （五）学习方法和实例分析（一般）
03706 思想道德修养与法律基础 第一章：坚定科学的理想信念P12-35 理想：指人们在实践中形成的具有实现可能性的对未来的向往和追求，是人们的世界观、人生观和价值观在奋斗目标上的集中体现。 信念：指人们在一定的认识基础上确立的对某种思想或事物坚信不疑并身体力行的态度。 理想信念的基本特点具有思想性与实践性、时代性和阶级性、多样性与共同性 马克思主义信仰或理想信念具有 4 个特点：①现实性②科学性③崇高性④健全性 理想信念的基本类型：根据人的社会生活的领域将理想信念大体划分为四个类型： 生活领域、职业领域、道德领域、社会领域的理想信念中 国特色社会主义是我们共同的理想信念： 1、坚定实现中华民族伟大复兴的信心 2、坚定走中国特色社会主义道路的信念 3、坚定对党的领导的信任 大学生在确立自己的理想信念时，应该注意以下几个方面： 1、把崇高的理想和坚定的信念结合起来 2、把个人的理想与社会的理想信念结合起来 3、学会对不同的理想信念进行辨别和选择 正确认识和处理追求理想过程中的问题：①充分认识理想实现过程的长期性、曲折性、艰巨性 ②正确看待理想与现实的矛盾，走出片面性的误区 第二章：倾注对祖国的忠诚与热爱P36-58 什么是爱国主义？ 答：爱国主义是人们对自己祖国的深厚感情，是对自己祖国的一份责任，是将个人的命运和祖国的命运紧密地联系在一起，调整个人与国家、个人与民族关系的道德规范，是一种重大的政治原则，是鼓舞和凝聚各民族的精神支柱。 1、爱国主义最基本的内容是对祖国的忠诚与热爱 2、热爱故土山河是爱国主义的重要内容 3、热爱人民是爱国主义的集中表现 4、热爱自己的国家是爱国主义的必然政治要求 爱国主义的优良传统 1、维互祖国统一，促进民族团结3、开发祖国山河，创造中华文明 2、抵御外来侵略，捍卫国家主权4、心系民生苦乐，推动历史进步 爱国主义的历史作用 1、爱国主义是动员和鼓舞中国人民团结奋斗的一面旗帜 2、爱国主义是推动我国社会历史前进的巨大力量 3、爱国主义是谱写壮丽人生的力量源泉 新时期爱国主义的主题：建设和发展中国特色社会主义 新时期爱国主义的基本特征： 1、爱国主义与爱社会主义的统一 2、爱国主义与拥护中国共产党领导的统一 3、爱国主义与参与经济全球华的统一 4、爱国主义与弘扬民族精神的统一
中国古代建筑之美 谢耀华 中国建筑具有悠久的历史传统和光辉的成就。我国古代的建筑艺术也是美术鉴赏的重要对象。中国古代建筑自新石器时代萌芽，商周时初步成型，秦汉至南北朝基本定型，隋唐至南宋成熟兴盛，元明持续发展至清代渐趋衰落，其发展过程历时数千年，其间的汉、唐、明三代，是中国古代建筑发展史上的三个高峰。 一、古代建筑类型； 中国古代建筑种类繁多。在漫长的历史发展过程中，不同类型的建筑为满足人们各种不同的需求而产生，并不断地发展完善。依据不同类型的建筑所具有的不同性质，可将其分为以下几种类型（出示图片）：宫殿、宗教建筑、陵墓、园林、住宅、桥梁等。 宫殿、 宗教建筑、 陵墓、 园林、 民居、 桥梁 二、中国古代建筑的之美: (一)独特的木框架结构体系 这是中国古代建筑在建筑结构上最重要的一个特征。它的基本做法是以立柱和横梁组成房屋的框架，屋顶与房檐的重量通过梁架传递到立柱上，墙壁只起隔断的作用，而不是承担房屋重量的结构部分，各构件之间的结点用榫卯相结合，构成了富有弹性的框架。四根柱子组成“间”，柱子之间填筑门窗和围护墙壁，“墙倒屋不塌”这句古老的谚语，概括地指出了中国建筑这种框架结构最重要的特点。同时，由于房屋的墙壁不负荷重量，门窗设置有极大的灵活性。 在大型木构架建筑的屋顶和屋身的过渡部分，还有一种我国古代建筑所特有的重要构件，称为斗拱。它是由斗形木块和弓形的横木组成，纵横交错，逐层向外挑出，形成上大下小的托座。这种构件既有支承荷载梁架的作用，又有装饰作用 （二）独特的群体组合形式 1、中国古建筑以“间”为单位，再以这种单体建筑组成“庭院”，进而以庭院为单元组成各种形式的组群。 中国古代建筑在平面布局方面有一种简明的组织规律，这就是每一处住宅、宫殿、官衙、寺庙等建筑，都是由若干单座建筑和一些围廊、围墙之类环绕成一个个庭院而组成的。一般地说，多数庭院都是前后串连起来，通过前院到达后院，这是中国封建社会“长幼有序，内外有别”的思想意识的产物。家中主要人物，或者应和外界隔绝的人物（如贵族家庭的少女），就往往生活在离外门很远的庭院里，这就形成一院又一院层层深入的空间组织。宋朝欧阳修《蝶恋花》词中有“庭院深深深几许？”的字句，古人曾以“侯门深似海”形容大官僚的居处，就都形象地说明了中国建筑在布局上的重要特征。 2、庭院式的组群与布局，一般都是采用均衡对称的方式，沿着纵轴线（也称前后轴
2018年10月自考《护理学研究》真题 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.世界上第一份护理研究报告是关于 A.控制医院内感染 B.分析护理教育的缺陷 C.改进护理工作的程序 D.对护理人员合理安排 2.在获取研究对象的知情同意时，如需他人代行其知情同意权，正常的代行顺序为 A.子女一配偶一父母 B.配偶一子女一父母 C.父母一子女一配偶 D.配偶一父母一子女 3.某研究者根据其所获取到的一篇文献后面所列出的参考文献，逐一进行追查检索，得到原文，然后再从这些原文后所列的参考文献目录逐一扩大文献信息范围。这种文献检索方法是 A.追溯法 B.顺查法 C.倒查法 D.抽查法 4.在“体重与血压关系的探讨”这一研究中，“体重”是 A.自变量 B.外变量 C.依变量 D.干扰变量 5.某研究者在选择观察机体缺氧程度的指标时，选择的是血氧饱和度而不是呼吸和面色，这是因为研究者特别考虑到了指标的 A.准确性 B.客观性 C.灵敏性 D.可行性 6.在使用四格表专用公式进行X2检验时，要求四格表中每个格子的理论数T要大于或等于 A.3 B.4 C.5 D.6 7.某研究者在MEDLINE数据库中对文献发表年代进行界定后再检索，那么他应该寻找的代表“出版年”的字段是 A.AU B.TI C.PT D.PY 8.在不知道研究对象分组情况的前提下进行研究过程中指标的观测、数据的收集和结论的判断，这种方法是 A.随机化 B.盲法 C.预试验 D.设立对照 9.类实验研究设计中一定要有 A.对照组 B.随机分组 C.干预措施 D.随机取样 10.对特定人群进行定期随访，观察疾病或某种特征在该人群及个体中的动态变化是 A.普查 B.抽样调查 C.现况调查 D.纵向研究 11.通过使用脸谱、阶梯等形象图形，用于测评人们对某种经历的感受，例如疼痛、乏力、恶心、呼吸困难等的测评量表是 A.评定量表 B. Likert量表 C.语义差异量表 D.视觉类似物量表 12.某英国医师从1951年开始对居住在英国的注册医师就吸烟与医师发生肺癌的关系进行长达20年的研究，此研究属于 A.回顾性研究 B.病例对照研究 C.队列研究 D.现况调查
1、建筑具有长、宽、高三个方向的尺寸。 2、建筑结构的分类一般有那两种分法？ ①按材料分为： 砌体结构混凝土结构钢结构混合结构（钢结构和混凝土结构）木结构。 ②按结构受力特征分为： 框架结构、剪力墙结构、框剪结构、筒体结构、框筒结构、筒中筒结构、束筒结构。 3、房屋的集中形成了街道、村镇和城市。 4、建筑既满足人们的物质需要，又满足了人们的精神需要。它既是一种技术产品。又是一 种艺术创作。 5、建筑的功能：①人体活动尺度的要求②人的生理要求③使用过程和特点的要求 （工业建筑中不是取决于人的活动，而是取决于设备的数量和大小；设备的要求比人的生理要求更严格——冷冻车间，纺织厂湿度；使用过程以产品的工艺流程来确定） 6、影响建筑的因素： ①社会生产方式的变化使建筑不断发展——中世纪的教堂曾经是当时居民的生活中心，是城镇的标志和象征。 ②社会思想意识民族文化特征——民族或地区的文化特征都是在长期的社会发展中形成的， 在一定的历史条件下，建筑和雕刻、绘画等常常形成艺术上的统一风格。 ③地区自然条件的影响——建筑与周围自然环境的结合，造成了丰富多彩的地方特色，即使在同一个国家或民族内，处于市区和处于水乡的建筑也会表现出不同的风貌。 承重墙体系-------既起承重作用又起分隔作用。 7、柱、梁板和拱券结构是人类最早采用的两种结构形式。 8、建筑美观基本原则： ①比例：建筑的各种大小、高矮、长短、宽窄、厚薄、深浅等的比较关系。 ②尺度：建筑与人体间的大小关系和建筑各部分之间的大小关系，而形成的一种大小感。 ③对比：对比的反义词是调和，调和也可以看成是极微弱的对比。在艺术处理中常常用形状、色彩等的过渡和呼应来减弱对比的程度。调和的东西容易使人感到统一和完美，但处理不当会使人感到单调和呆板。 ④韵律：有规律的排列和重复的变化，犹如乐曲中的节奏，给人一种明显的韵律感。 ⑤均衡：建筑的前后左右各部分之间的关系，要给人安定、平衡和完整的感觉。 ⑥稳定：建筑物的上下关系在造型上所产生的一定艺术效果。 9、建筑空间：建筑的空间组织是建筑功能的集中体现。古典建筑倾向于造型艺术，近代建 筑强调建筑是空间的艺术。 10、建筑空间与建筑功能：建筑空间是建筑功能的集中体现。建筑的功能要求以及人在建筑 中的活动方式，决定着建筑空间的大小、形状、数量及其组织形式。 ①空间的大小和形状：平面形状决定着空间长、宽两个向量；一般建筑空间的剖面以矩形为主，剖面的高度直接影响楼层的高度。 ②空间组织：①流通空间与滞留空间②公共空间和私密空间③主导空间与从属空间。 （空间组织形式：①并列关系②序列关系③主从关系④综合关系） 11、建筑空间处理手法： ①空间的限定：①垂直要素限定：通过墙、柱、屏风、栏杆等垂直构件的围合形成空间 ②水平要素限定：通过顶面或地面等不同形状、材质和高度对空间进行限定。 ③各要素综合限定：通过水平和垂直等各种要素的综合运用。 ②空间形状与界面的处理是决定空间的性格、品质的重要因素。 界面在限定空间中必然涉及①限定空间的形状②对界面本身如何处理。
全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试思想道德修养与法律基础试题03706 一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分） 1．人们在一定认识基础上确立的对某种思想或事物坚信不疑并身体力行的态度是（ B ） A.理想 B.信念 C.人生观 D.价值观 2.由于成长环境和性格等方面的不同，人们会形成不同的理想信念；即使同一个人，也会形成关于社会生活不同方面的 许多理想信念。这说明，理想信念具有（ D ） A.片面性 B.政治性 C.共同性 D.多样性 3.在中华民族的历史上，从戚继光抗击倭寇到郑成功收复台湾，从三元里人民抗英到全民族抗日战争等，这些都表现了 中华民族爱国主义优良传统中（ D ） A.维护祖国统一，促进民族团结的精神 B.心系民生苦乐，推动历史进步的精神 C.开发祖国山河，创造中华文明的精神 D.抵御外来侵略，捍卫国家主权的精神 4.不同时代有不同时代的任务，这一任务反映到爱国主义的内容上就是特定时代条件下爱国主义的主题。我国新时期爱国主义的主题是（ D ） A.争取民族独立，实现救亡图存 B.加强国防建设，维护世界和平 C.加强国际交流，提升国际地位 D.建设和发展中国特色社会主义 5.在中华民族悠久的历史上，启迪和指引历代优秀人物壮丽人生的一个共同思想因素是（ C ） A.功利主义 B.爱国主义 C.民主主义 D.社会主义 6.人们对人生目的、人生态度、人生价值的根本看法和观点是（ C ） A.自然观 B.历史观 C.人生观 D.世界观 7.人生价值是自我价值和社会价值的统一。评价一个人社会价值的大小，第一位的是看他（ A ） A.对社会的责任和贡献 B.从社会获得的尊重和满足 C.是否选择了正确的人生价值目标 D.从事创造性的实践活动的思想动机 8.下列选项中，正确运用了人际交往的基本方法和技巧的是（ C ） A.时刻提防、猜疑他人 B.冷漠严肃，不苟言笑 C.宽容待人，诙谐幽默 D.尽量拉近人际空间距离 9.道德的功能是指道德作为社会意识的特殊形态对于社会发展所具有的功效和能力。道德具有多方面的功能，其中反映 社会现实特别是反映社会经济关系的功效和能力是道德的（ B ） A.调节功能 B.认识功能 C.教育功能 D.评价功能 10.重视道德修养的自觉性，强调一个人在独处、没有外在监督的情况下也能做到严于律己、保持操守。这种道德修养的 方法叫作（ A ） A.慎独 B.学思并重 C.积善成德 D.由学而进 l1.为保障我国社会主义市场经济的健康发展，我国社会主义道德建设的重点应该是（ C ） A.集体主义 B.爱国主义 C.诚实守信 D.为人民服务 12.在我国社会主义初级阶级，社会主义集体主义道德原则具有多层次的道德要求。其中最基本的道德要求是（ D ） A.无私奉献、一心为公 B.损公肥私、损人利己 C.先公后私、先人后己 D.公私兼顾、不损公肥私 13.在家庭生活中努力劳动、不辞辛苦、不懒惰，且爱惜财物、合理支出、不浪费。这是家庭美德中（ D ） A.尊老爱幼的要求 B.男女平等的要求 C.夫妻和谐的要求 D.勤俭持家的要求 14.人们在公共的领域、公有的环境、公用的场所中，彼此开放透明且相互关联的共同活动，称为（ C ） A.经济生活 B.私人生活 C.公共生活 D.文化生活 15.乘车、登机、坐船时主动购票、自觉排队；出行时自觉遵守交通规则，不闯红灯；游览观光、购物、提款时按先后顺 序，不插队等。这是社会公德中（ A ） A.文明礼貌的要求 B.爱护公物的要求 C.助人为乐的要求 D.保护环境的要求 16.从业人员在职业活动中，自觉遵守规章制度，秉公办事、平等待人、清正廉洁，不谋私利，不滥用职权，不损人利己， 不假公济私等。这是职业道德中（ C ） A.爱岗敬业的要求 B.诚实守信的要求 C.办事公道的要求 D.服务群众的要求
《房屋建筑学》 第一章建筑概述作业练习题一．判断题 1.古代人居住的茅草屋不美观，因为缺乏艺术性，不算建筑物。（） 2.大多数桥梁属于构筑物。（） 3.中国古代建筑，主要以木结构为主。（） 4.古代欧洲的公共建筑，以砖石结构居多。（） 5.建筑的文化主要体现在民族性，地域性方面。（） 6.大型性的建筑就是规模大的建筑。（） 7.工业建筑就是所有的厂房。（） 8.建筑高度就是指从地面到屋顶的总高度。（） 9.建筑模数的规定是绝对不能违背的。（） 10.建筑设计规范主要是国家标准或行业标准，设计时当严格遵循。（） 11.埃菲尔铁塔比一般输电塔高，属于构筑物。（） 12.将建筑分级和分类，是为了加以区别描述。（） 13.超过24米的居住建筑都属于高层建筑。（） 14.流水别墅的设计师是莱特。（） 15.建筑艺术是造型和色彩的艺术。（） 二．选择题 1．我国采用的建筑基本模数M值为。（） A．M=80mm B．M=100mm C．M=120mm D．M=200mm 2．（）是古代欧洲柱式建筑。 A．太阳神庙 B．圣索菲亚大教堂 C．雅典卫城的帕提农神庙 D．山岳台建筑 3. 民用建筑包括居住建筑和公共建筑，其中（）属于居住建筑。 A. 托儿所 B. 宾馆 C. 公寓 D. 疗养院 4. 下列的（）不属于建筑物?（） A. 长途车站候车楼 B. 纪念碑 C. 围墙 D. 赵州桥 5. 建筑物的耐久年限主要是根据建筑物的（）而定的。 A．承重结构材料B．重要性 C．层高D．质量标准 6. 建筑艺术区别于其它造型艺术（如绘画、雕刻等）的重要标志在于（）。
A、建筑艺术作品一般比较大 B、建筑有使用功能的要求 C、建筑有技术性的要求 D、完成建筑作品投资较大 7. 关于民用建筑高度与层数的划分的叙述，( )是错误的。 A．10层的住宅为高层建筑。 B．住宅超过100米时为超高层建筑。 C．公共建筑不论层数，高度超过22米者为高层建筑。 D．公共建筑超过100米时为超高层建筑。 8. 建筑物的耐久等级为3类时其耐久年限为（）年，适用于一般性建筑。 A．50 B．80 C．30 D．15 9. 建筑是建筑物和构筑物的统称，（）属于建筑物。 A. 住宅、堤坝等 B. 学校、输电塔等 C. 工厂、水池等 D. 工厂、展览馆等 10. 我国建筑业全面贯彻的主要方针是（）。 A 百年大计、质量第一 B 第建筑工业化 C 工程建筑监理 D 适用、安全、经济、美观 三．填空题 1.构成建筑的基本要素是建筑功能、建筑技术、（）、（）、（）和建筑环境。 2．按建筑的规模和数量可分为（）和（）。 3．建筑技术是主要是指建筑材料技术、（）和（）。 4．建筑文化主要是指建筑的民族性、（）和（）。 5．公共建筑高度小于（）米者为单层和多层建筑，大于（）米者为超高层建筑。 6．建筑物的耐火等级共分为（）级。 7. 标准设计的目的在于提高建筑设计、（）和（）的效率、降低成本和保证质量，促进建筑工业化。 8. 从广义上讲，建筑是指（）与（）的总称。 9．模数数列指以（）、（）、（）扩展成的一系列尺寸。 10．建筑物按使用功能分为（）和（）两大类。 四．简答题 1．建筑艺术体现在哪些方面，举例说明。 2．建筑文化体现在哪些方面，举例说明。 3．建筑技术包括哪些方面，举例说明。 4．建筑物和构筑物的区别在哪里，以桥梁或塔式建造物举例说明。 5．为什么说，建筑具有环境的属性，举例说明。 6．举例说明中国古建筑的主要结构体系。 7．举例说明欧洲古代公共建筑的结构体系特点。
2017年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 护理学研究试卷 一、单项选择题：本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。在每小题列出的备选项中 只有一项是最符合题目要求的，请将其选出。 1.下列研究对象的权利属于护理研究的“公正原则”的是 A.隐私权 B.充分认知的权利 C.自主决定权 D.不被剥削或利用的权利 2.按照文献的级别，期刊论文属于 A.一次文献 B.二次文献 C.三次文献 D.零次文献 3.按照变量值的性质，身高、体重属于 A.二项分类变量 B.有序分类变量 C.多项分类变量 D.连续型变量 4.根据研究的对象和要解决问题的性质，“唐山市市区及区级以上医院护理人员死因资料的减寿分析”的研究中研究问题的类别为 A.调查研究 B.实验观察 C.资料分析 D.经验体会 5.某研究的研究假设为“吸烟会增加肺癌的发生率”，此研究假设为 A.有方向性假设 B.无效假设 C.无方向性假设 D.统计学假设
6.量性研究的结果陈述形式是 A.引述 B.评论 C.数字 D.故事 7.在进行医学文献创造性阅读过程中，在某个地方有意识地停顿下来，以己经阅读的内容为基础，设想以后的内容，再与文献中后面的内容对比，检验自己的想象力、判断力和创造力。这种文献阅读方法是 A.质疑法 B.推测法 C.比较法 D.反馈法 8.实验性研究和非实验性研究的根本区别在于 A.是否设立对照组 B.是否有干扰因素 C.是否随机抽样 D.有无干预 9.在研究设计时将研究对象自身在干预前后的情况进行比较的方法是 A.随机对照 B.自身对照 C.组间对照 D.配对对照 10.从总体中随机抽取的部分观察单位是 A.抽样 B.总体 C.样本 D.随机 11.入院率偏倚属于 A.选择性偏倚 B.报告偏倚 C.测量偏倚 D.回忆偏倚
思想道德修养与法律基础试题 一、单项选择题（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分） 1．人们在一定认识基础上确立的对某种思想或事物坚信不疑并身体力行的态度是（ B ） A.理想 B.信念 C.人生观 D.价值观 2.由于成长环境和性格等方面的不同，人们会形成不同的理想信念；即使同一个人，也会形成关于社会生活不同方面的 许多理想信念。这说明，理想信念具有（ D ） A.片面性 B.政治性 C.共同性 D.多样性 3.在中华民族的历史上，从戚继光抗击倭寇到郑成功收复台湾，从三元里人民抗英到全民族抗日战争等，这些都表现了 中华民族爱国主义优良传统中（ D ） A.维护祖国统一，促进民族团结的精神 B.心系民生苦乐，推动历史进步的精神 C.开发祖国山河，创造中华文明的精神 D.抵御外来侵略，捍卫国家主权的精神 4.不同时代有不同时代的任务，这一任务反映到爱国主义的内容上就是特定时代条件下爱国主义的主题。我国新时期爱国主义的主题是（ D ） A.争取民族独立，实现救亡图存 B.加强国防建设，维护世界和平 C.加强国际交流，提升国际地位 D.建设和发展中国特色社会主义 5.在中华民族悠久的历史上，启迪和指引历代优秀人物壮丽人生的一个共同思想因素是（ C ） A.功利主义 B.爱国主义 C.民主主义 D.社会主义 6.人们对人生目的、人生态度、人生价值的根本看法和观点是（ C ） A.自然观 B.历史观 C.人生观 D.世界观 7.人生价值是自我价值和社会价值的统一。评价一个人社会价值的大小，第一位的是看他（ A ） A.对社会的责任和贡献 B.从社会获得的尊重和满足 C.是否选择了正确的人生价值目标 D.从事创造性的实践活动的思想动机 8.下列选项中，正确运用了人际交往的基本方法和技巧的是（ C ） A.时刻提防、猜疑他人 B.冷漠严肃，不苟言笑 C.宽容待人，诙谐幽默 D.尽量拉近人际空间距离 9.道德的功能是指道德作为社会意识的特殊形态对于社会发展所具有的功效和能力。道德具有多方面的功能，其中反映 社会现实特别是反映社会经济关系的功效和能力是道德的（ B ） A.调节功能 B.认识功能 C.教育功能 D.评价功能 10.重视道德修养的自觉性，强调一个人在独处、没有外在监督的情况下也能做到严于律己、保持操守。这种道德修养的 方法叫作（ A ） A.慎独 B.学思并重 C.积善成德 D.由学而进 l1.为保障我国社会主义市场经济的健康发展，我国社会主义道德建设的重点应该是（ C ） A.集体主义 B.爱国主义 C.诚实守信 D.为人民服务 12.在我国社会主义初级阶级，社会主义集体主义道德原则具有多层次的道德要求。其中最基本的道德要求是（ D ） A.无私奉献、一心为公 B.损公肥私、损人利己 C.先公后私、先人后己 D.公私兼顾、不损公肥私 13.在家庭生活中努力劳动、不辞辛苦、不懒惰，且爱惜财物、合理支出、不浪费。这是家庭美德中（ D ） A.尊老爱幼的要求 B.男女平等的要求 C.夫妻和谐的要求 D.勤俭持家的要求 14.人们在公共的领域、公有的环境、公用的场所中，彼此开放透明且相互关联的共同活动，称为（ C ） A.经济生活 B.私人生活 C.公共生活 D.文化生活 15.乘车、登机、坐船时主动购票、自觉排队；出行时自觉遵守交通规则，不闯红灯；游览观光、购物、提款时按先后顺 序，不插队等。这是社会公德中（ A ） A.文明礼貌的要求 B.爱护公物的要求 C.助人为乐的要求 D.保护环境的要求 16.从业人员在职业活动中，自觉遵守规章制度，秉公办事、平等待人、清正廉洁，不谋私利，不滥用职权，不损人利己， 不假公济私等。这是职业道德中（ C ）
园林工程技术专业建筑初步作业 姓名 班级 学号 指导教师 建筑风格
巍峨圣马可广场 壮观的圣马可大教堂坐落于广场东边，圣马可广场即由此而得名。教堂始建于公元829年，为千年的古迹瑰宝，值得游客一再走访。邻近的总督府原是建于9世纪的防御堡垒，后毁于祝融，现存的外貌始于14至15世纪，其建筑之华丽，充分展现出昔日共和国时期之国威。大运河环绕该区而流，在南弯道两旁府邸林立，乘船游河能遍览水都风华。 圣马可广场东侧是圣马可大教堂和四角形钟楼，西侧是总督府和圣马可图书馆，广场有数以万计的鸽子及演奏乐队，时不时还有戴着奇异面具的小丑经过。圣马可广场的南侧有一座附属的小广场，小广场南临威尼斯大运河敞口的泻湖，河边有两根威尼斯著名的白色石柱，一根柱子上雕刻的是威尼斯的守护神圣狄奥多，另一根柱子上雕刻有威尼斯另一位守护神圣马可的飞狮，这两根石柱是威尼斯官方城门，威尼斯的贵宾都从石柱中间进入城市。这里也曾经是威尼斯执行死刑的地方。 圣马可教堂（Basilica di San Marco）不仅只是一座教堂，它也是一座非常优秀的建筑，同时也是一座收藏丰富艺术品的宝库。 圣马可教堂其实是融合了东、西方的建筑特色，从外观上来欣赏，它的五座圆顶仿自土耳其伊斯坦堡的圣索菲亚教堂，结构上有着典型的拜占庭风格，采用的帆拱的构造；正面的华丽装饰是源自巴洛克的风格；整座教堂的平面呈现出希腊式的集中十字，是东罗马后期的典型教堂形制。 内部的艺术收藏品来自世界各地的，因为从1075年起，所有从海外返回威尼斯的船只都必须缴交一件珍贵的礼物，用来装饰这间「圣马可之家」。 编辑本段建筑特色 教堂的圣马可广场 前身是建于九世纪用来供奉威尼斯的守护者─圣徒圣马可的小 教堂，在火灾后重建，于1073年完成主结构，至于教堂的正面五个入口及其华丽的罗马拱门是陆续完成于十七世纪，在入口的拱门上方则是五幅描述圣马可事迹的镶嵌画，分别是「从君士坦堡运回圣马可遗体」、「遗体到达威尼斯」、「最后的审判」、「圣马可的礼赞」、「圣马可运入圣马可教堂」等五个主题，金碧辉煌。 正面中央拱门上方有四匹复制的青铜马，真品收藏在教堂内，是西元前四世纪的青铜作品，威尼斯人在1204年从君士坦丁堡(现在的土耳其伊斯坦堡)掠夺来的，虽然曾被拿破仑带回巴黎，但后来又回到了威尼斯。教堂内部从地板、墙壁到天花板上，都是细致的马赛克镶画作，主题涵盖了十二使徒的布道、基督受难、基督与先知以及圣人的肖像等，这些画作都覆盖着一层闪闪发亮的金箔，使得整座教堂都笼罩在金色的光芒里，难怪教堂又被称之为黄金教堂。
B 变异：即使是同质的事物个个体也不是完全相同的，各个体之间的差异，称为变异。 变量：是指研究工作中所遇到的各种因素。变量是可以观察到或测量出来的。在研究工作中变量可分为自变量、依变量和外变量等。 表面效度：是由评估人根据自己对所要测量的概念的理解，尽其判断能力之所及来判断工具是否适当。 报道性文摘：是以原文为基础，写出的文摘要基本上能反映文献的中心内容、观点、方法、数据及结论。其内容较详细 标准差表示实验数据的离散程度，通过计算标准差值来反映均数中各值的波动范围【离散程度】。标准差值越小则均数的代表性越好，收集到的资料可靠性越大。 C 重测信度：使用研究工具对研究对象进行第一次测试，隔一段时间以后对同一研究工具进行测量，然后计算2次测量结果的相关系数，这个系数就是重测信度 参考文献指文章最后列出的作者直接阅读过的文献目录，他是论文的一个重要组成部分。说明论文写作是言之有据的。也是论文科学性的表现 测量法是指选用测量工具收集科研资料的方法 抽查法：是指根据研究课题的特点，选择有关该课题的的文献信息最可能出现或最多出现的时间段，利用检索工具进行重点检索的方法 抽样误差：在抽样时，由于总体中的个体存在差异，因此，从某个总体中随机抽样所的样本指标和总体指标往往不相等，这种样本指标与总体指标的相差成为抽样误差 抽样：是从总体中抽取一定数量的观察单位组成样本，然后用样本信息推断总体特征 抽象性定义：从抽象的概念意义上对变量共同的本质属性进行概括。。 D 对照：只将条件相同.诊断方法译一致的研究对象分为两组，一组是对照组，另一组为实验组，最后进行比较。 等级资料：是指按照等级制度分组，清点各组的观察单位个数，编制有序变量的频数表，所得到的资料即为等级资料。 倒查法：由近到远，从新到旧，逆着时间的顺序利用检索工具进行文献检索的方法，对于一些有新内容的老课题，使用这种方法可以在短时间内获得一些新资料。 E 二次文献：是将大量无序的一次文献进行搜集整理，著录其特征，并按一定的顺 F 发展研究：是运用已有的科学技术知识，将基础研究与应用研究的成果发展新材料、新产品、新设计、新方法，或者对现有的材料、设备、方法进行本质上的、原理方面的改善而进行的系统创造性活动。 访谈法：是指研究者通过与研究对象进行面对面的、有目的的会谈，直接从研究对象处获取资料的方法。 非实验性研究是指研究设计对研究对象不加任何干预和处理的研究，研究结果可 非规范化语言，也成自然语言，指对检索语言中的各种同义词，近义词，多义词，同形异义词等不加处理，是从文献中抽取出来有实质内容的词 分类途径是以文献的内容在学科分类体系中的位置作为查找文献的途径。 G 关键词——是反映文章主要内容的单词、词组或短语，便于读者了解论文的主题，帮助迅速查到文献 概率——是描述随机事件发生可能性大小的一个度量也叫几率 概率抽样：使用随机的方法抽取样本，是总体中的每一个研究个体都有相同的概率被抽中 观察法:是有研究者通过观察研究对象而收集取得资料的方法 规范法语言也称受控语言，是指对检索语言的概念加以控制和规范，把检索语言中的各种同义词、近义词、多义词、同形异义词等进行规范化处理，是每个检索词只能表达一个概念 概念框架：如果研究暂时暂时找不到相应的理论作为依据，则可以利用普遍被人们接受的命题或学说对变量之间的关系进行说明，此时这些命题的组合就成为该研究的概念框架 概念模式：解释现象，陈述命题，反映哲理的一系列抽象的，相关的结构。 国际联机检索是指用户根据自身的检索目的和要求，利用计算机通过国际通讯网络，对数据库存储的信息进行查询，检出所需文献，并将检索结果输出。它是一种人机对话式的情报检索服务方式。 个案研究是针对个案护理的资料进行研究，控讨未知领域，或对新措施、新理论进行深入分析写出论文的过程 。个案研究属于质性研究的一种。 干预：即研究者对研究对象人为施加的干预措施。又称处理因素。 干扰因素，使所有干扰因素能均匀分到实验组或对照组内，这样可使研究结果不受研究者主观因素或其他方面误差的影响，并使所抽取样本能够代表整体。 构成比是指一事物内部某一组成部分的观察单位数与改事物各组成部分的观察单位总数之比，用来说明一事物内部各组成部分所占的比重或分布。 H 护理研究：是用科学的方法反复探索护理领域的问题，并用以直接或间接地指导护理实践的过程 荟萃分析：对已有的研究报告分析，对公开发表的具备同类主题的相关研究报告进行编码，统计分析，总结的过程 护理文献综述：是对护理文献资料的综合评述，指作者在阅读大量原始文献后，对文献中提出或讨论的某些护理问题的进展情况，经过将各种资料归纳、总结、对比、分析和评价即吧多篇相关文献综合加工，加上自己的观点而写成的一种专题性的学术论文 护理研究论文：是指按照护理研究设计方案，有目的的、有计划的、有步骤的完成某项护理研究课题而获得第一手研究资料，并通过资料整理、分析后撰写的学术论文。 护理经验论文：是护理人员将其对某一护理问题通过长期的护理实践积累而总结出来的护理经验和体会，汇成文字而写成的专业文章。 护理综述论文：护理文献综述是对护理文献资料的综合评述，指作者在阅读大量原始文献后，对文献中提出或探索的某些护理问题的进展情况，通过将各种资料归纳、总结、对比、分析和评价，即把多篇相关文献综合加工，加上自己的观点而写成的一种专题性的学术论文。 核心期刊是指在同类期刊中，学术价值较高，情报信息量大，文摘率，引文率很高，深受本学科专家和读者关注的期刊 混杂性偏倚：是指在研究过程中，由于一个或多个混杂因素的影响，缩小或夸大了研究因素与疾病或事件之间的联系，从而使两者之间的真正联系被错误的估计，此时出现的偏倚即为-~ 回顾性研究：指运用临床现有的资料如病历，进行分析和总结的一种研究方法 I 《IM 》：美国《医学索引》（Index Medicus,简称IM ）于1879年创刊，由美国国立医学图书馆（National Library of Medicine,简称NLM ）编辑出版，它是世界著名的题录式医学文献检索工具，是医护科技人员需要掌握的工具之一。 零次文献：指的形成一次文献之前的信息、知识、情报二次文献：是对一次文献进行收集、分析、整理并将其外部特征或内部特征按一定的规则加以编排，供读者检索一次文献之用 率：指某种现象在一定条件下，实际发生的观察单位数与可能发生该现象的观察单位数之比，用来说明某种现象发生的频率大小或强度 理论框架：利用已有的理论对研究中各概念或变量之间的相互关系作说明，则该理论就是该研究的理论框架。 量性研究：是在护理研究中经常被选用的一种研究方法，是按照预先设计的的研究方案进行研究，通过观察指标获得数据资料，用科学方法来验证模式或理论，用数据资料来描述结果的研究方法。 J 基础研究--以研究自然现象、探索自然规律为目的，旨在增加技术知识、发现新的探索领域的创造性活动 假设检验【显著性检验】：就是应用统计学的原 理由样本间的差别去推断样本所代表的总体之间是否有差别的一个重要方法。 假设：假设指对已确立的研究问题，提出一个预期性的结果或暂时的答案，是研究者通过仔细周密的思考，根据相关理论和知识的归纳推理，对要进行研究的问题做出一种因果关系的预测。 计量资料：用测量方法获得数据，对各观察单位用定量方法测定某项指标量的大小，这类资料一般有度量衡等单位，如病人血压、体重、尿量、身高等。 计数资料：将全体观察单位，按照某种性质或特征分组，再分别清点各组中观察单位的个数，这样得到的数据资料，就是计数资料。 检索语言：文献检索中用来描述文献特征和表达检索概念的一种专门的人工语言，是掌握文献检索技能必备基础知识 检索工具：按一定科学，一定主题进行收集、整理相关文献，并给文献以检索标识及时报到二次文献，具有储存、检索和报道信息的功能 计算机信息检索是指用户根据特定的信息需要，利用计算机查询相关的机读数据库以获取所需的情报信息 K 科学是反映自然、社会、思维等客观规律的知识体系。 科学研究是一种有系统的探索和解决问题的活动，并能从中获得客观规律和产生新知识，进而阐明实践与理论的关系 科技成果鉴定：是指有关科技行政管理机关聘请同行专家，按照规定的形式和程序， 对科技成果进行审查和评价，并作出相应的结论 科学技术档案：在科学研究活动中所形成的应归档案保存的科技文件资料信息：是事物存在和运动状态及特征的反映，不同的事物、不同的运动状态和特征会产生不同的信息 包括图纸、图表、文字材料、计算材料、照片、影片、录像、录音带等。 M 盲法：是指在不知道研究对象分组情况的前提下进行研究过程中指标的观测、数据的收集和结论的判断，目的是减少可能来自于研究者或受试者主观因素所导致的偏移。 命题：对两个货两个以上的概念之间所存在的某种关系的概述，如，放松技术可降低焦虑程度，命题可指出概念之间相互关系的方向，强弱，顺序等特征，一系列命题的组合构成了框架的核心内容 N 内在一致性是指组成研究工具的各项目之间的同质性或内在相关性，内在相关性越大或同质性越好，说明组成研究工具的各项目都能共同来测量同一问题或指标，也就是说明工具的内在一致性越好，信度越高。 P 普查：是根据研究目的在特定时间内对特定范围的所有对象进行调查或检查。 Q 情报：是针对一定对象的需要而传递有参考价值的新信息和新知识。 前瞻性研究：是从研究对象的现存对象开始，随着时间的推移，追踪研究对象的某种状况的变化情况或者某些因素随着时间的推移对研究对象的的影响效果的一种研究方法。 S 随机分组：是按机遇原则进行分组，使每个受试对象都有等同机会被抽取进入实验组或对照组，目的是排除干扰因素，使所有干扰因素能均匀分到实验组或对照组内，这样可使研究结果不受研究者主观因素或其他方面误差的影响，并使所抽取样本能够代表整体。 索引是指将书刊资料所刊载的文章的题目、作者、出处以及所论及的主题等进行著录，并按一定的原则和方法编排而成的检索工具 三次文献：是科技人员再利用二次文献的基础上，对一次文献阅读、分析选择具有实质意义的文献，进行系统的推理，概括、论述而写成的 随机误差：是指随机抽样研究中由于个体间差异所导致的样本值与总体值之间的误差，他是不可避免的。 T 统计描述：是指用各种统计学手段对观测数据的数量特征进行客观如实地描述和表达