a r X i v :h e p -e x /0209004v 1 3 S e p 2002ρ0meson production in the pp →ppπ+π?reaction at 3.67GeV/c F.Balestra 1,Y.Bedfer 2,a ,R.Bertini 1,2,L.C.Bland 3,A.Brenschede 4,F.Brochard 2,
b ,M.P.Bussa 1,Seonho Choi 3,
c ,M.L.Colantoni 1,R.Dressler 6,
d ,M.Dzemidzic 3,h ,J.-Cl.Faivr
e 2,a ,A.Ferrero 1,L.Ferrero 1,J.Foryciarz 9,5,e ,I.Fr¨o hlich 4,V.Frolov 7,
f ,R.Garfagnini 1,A.Grasso 1,S.Heinz 1,2,W.W.Jacobs 3,W.K¨u hn 4,A.Maggiora 1,M.Maggiora 1,A.Manara 1,2,D.Panzieri 8,H.-W.Pfa?4,
g ,G.Piragino 1,A.Popov 7,
J.Ritman 4,P.Salabura 5,V.Tchalyshev 7,F.Tosello 1,S.E.Vigdor 3,and G.Zosi 1(DISTO Collaboration)1Dipartimento di Fisica “A.Avogadro”and INFN -Torino,Italy 2Laboratoire National Saturne,CEA Saclay,France 3Indiana University Cyclotron Facility,Bloomington,Indiana,U.S.A.4II.Physikalisches Institut,University of Gie?en,Germany 5M.Smoluchowski Institute of Physics,Jagellonian University,Krak′o w,Poland 6Forschungszentrum Rossendorf,Germany 7JINR,Dubna,Russia 8Universita’del Piemonte Orientale and INFN -Torino,Italy
9H.Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics,
Krak′o w,Poland
Abstract
Total and di?erential cross sections for the exclusive reaction pp→ppρobserved via theπ+π?decay channel have been measured at p beam=3.67GeV/c.The observed total meson production cross section is determined to be(23.4±0.8±8)μb and is signi?cantly lower than typical cross sections used in model calculations for heavy ion collisions.The di?erential cross sections measured indicate a strong anisotropy(～cos2θCM
)in theρ0meson production.
ρ
PACS numbers:PACS numbers:14.40.Cs,13.75.Cs,25.40Ve
The study of the production of vector mesons(such asρ0)in both hadronic and electro-magnetic processes is considered an excellent tool to investigate the properties of the hadrons both inside the nuclear medium and in free space.These properties are closely related to the QCD vacuum structure characterized by the presence of a non-vanishing quark condensate breaking chiral symmetry[1].In QCD inspired models,in-mediumρ0mass modi?cations have been proposed as a signal for chiral symmetry restoration in dense and/or hot baryonic matter[1].Based on these calculations sizable changes in theρ0spectral function have been predicted for near-thresholdρ0production in proton-,pion-and nucleus-nucleus reactions [2,3].Furthermore modi?cations of the in-mediumρ0spectral functions can also rise from ρ?N coupling as indicated by hadronic model calculations[4,5].Such modi?cations could have a signi?cant impact on the role of theρ0as one of the mediators of the nuclear force at small distance,mainly in the tensor part of the interaction[6,7].
A measurement of theρproduction cross sections in pp collisions close to threshold is of particular importance for the understanding of theρ?N coupling.Unfortunately,the largeρwidthΓ=0.15GeV/c2and a small cross section hampered up to now successful ρ0identi?cation for excess energies above threshold?≤1.1GeV[9].In this letter,we report on the?rst measurement of the exclusive total and di?erential cross sections of the ρ0production in proton-proton reactions at?=0.33GeV,measured at the SATURNE II facility at Saclay.
The proton beam of momentum3.67GeV/c was incident on a liquid hydrogen target and charged particles were detected using the DISTO spectrometer,which is described in detail elsewhere[10].This spectrometer consisted of a large dipole magnet(40cm gap size,operating at1.0T·m)which covered the target,located at the center,as well as two sets of scintillating?ber hodoscopes.Outside the magnetic?eld,two sets of multi-wire proportional chambers were mounted,along with segmented plastic scintillator hodoscopes (SH)and waterˇCerenkov detectors(ˇCD)for particle identi?cation.
The acceptance of all detectors(?2?to?48?horizontally and?±15?vertically)on both sides of the beam,allowed coincident detection of four charged particles with sizable e?ciency.The multi-particle trigger,which was based on the multiplicity of SH elements and the scintillating?bers,selected events with at least three charged tracks in the?nal state.With this trigger many exclusive channels,e.g.ppK+K?,ppπ+π?π0[11,12,13]and pKΛ,pKΣ[14]were simultaneously measured.
The exclusiveρ0meson production(pp→ppρ0)was measured via its dominant(～100%)
π+π?decay channel.Proton and pion identi?cation was achieved by means of conditions de?ned on two dimensional distributions of particle momentum versusˇCerenkov light and energy loss measurements in theˇCD and the SH,respectively.It was found that less than 10%of the pions could be misidenti?ed protons.The selection of the pp→ppπ+π?reaction was based on two kinematical conditions that were checked with Monte Carlo simulations: (a)the four particle missing mass has to be zero(M miss
4p
)2=0±0.015GeV2/c4and(b)
the proton-proton missing mass has to be equal to theπ+π?invariant mass(M miss
pp
)2=
(M inv
π+π?
)2±0.2GeV2/c4.The residual background below the(M miss pp)2bump amounts only to about2%of the total yield and can mainly be attributed to events from the ppπ+π?π0 reaction.
The acceptance of the DISTO spectrometer for the ppπ+π?channel was determined using Monte Carlo simulations,which after digitization,were processed through the same analysis chain as the measured data.The production of a meson X with the given mass M X,in the exclusive reaction pp→ppX→ppπ+π?,was assumed for the?nal state particles generation. Eight linearly independent degrees of freedom are necessary to fully describe a four body
?nal state.We have chosen the following variables:(M inv
p1X )2,(M inv
p2X
)2and three Euler angles
θCM X ,φCM
X
,ψCM
pp
in the center of mass frame(CM)that characterize the ppX system,and
M X,θXπ,φXπwhich describe the X→π+π?decay[13].The spectrometer acceptance has
been determined as a four dimensional function of the variables(M inv
p1X )2,(M inv
p2X
)2,θCM
X
,and
M X,assuming isotropic distributions in the remaining four variables.Symmetry reasons ensure that the distribution ofφCM
X
must be isotropic,and the isotropic assumption for the remaining three variables was corroborated by the measured data.
The simulations indicate a very low acceptance of the apparatus for the X produced in the backward hemisphere in the CM frame.However,since the initial system consists of two identical particles a re?ection symmetry aboutθCM=90?exists,thus the backward data are redundant for the total cross section determination.In the forward hemisphere the detector acceptance was found to be non-zero in every bin over the full kinematically allowed region,thus eliminating the need for any model dependent extrapolations of the cross section into unmeasured regions of phase space.As a result,the acceptance corrections for the DISTO spectrometer are independent of the actual?nal state distributions,except for residual e?ects related to the size of the kinematic bins and the detector resolution,which
FIG.1:Proton-pion invariant mass distributions M inv
pπ
selected according to the absolute value
of the four-momentum transfer t:M inv
p1π+with the lower|t|value(left frame)and M inv
p2π+
with the
larger|t|(right frame).The curves are?ts to the data as explained in the text.
have been accounted for in the estimate of the systematic error.Finally,the data presented below have been corrected on an event-by-event basis,via a weighting factor obtained from the acceptance function for the appropriate kinematic bin.
Compared to the other mesons identi?ed in our experiment[11,12,13]the extraction of theρ0yield from the non resonant background is much more di?cult because of its larger width.Therefore,di?erent selection criteria had to be applied.For each of them the e?ect on the acceptance forρ0and background events has been evaluated using the Monte Carlo simulation mentioned above.A?rst selection was applied on the three body pπ+π?invariant mass M inv
pπ+π?
>1.6GeV/c2,for both pπ+π?combinations.It was found that this rejects 35%of the ppπ+π?events,whereas the simulations indicate that only less than4%ofρ0 events are lost by this restriction.
A further investigation of the remaining events shows that,as observed at higher ener-gies[9],most two pion events originate from the pp→?++pπ?channel.Figure1shows the
acceptance corrected pπ+invariant mass distributions for events ful?lling the M inv
pπ+π?
>1.6
GeV/c2condition discussed above.The M inv
p1π+and M inv
p2π+
have been obtained selecting the
events according to the absolute value of the four momentum transfer|t|,from the incom-
ing beam proton to the outgoing pπ+system.M inv
p1π+and M inv
p2π+
denote the invariant mass
of the pπ+pair with smaller and larger momentum transfer,respectively.The prominent
?++peak at M inv
pπ+
=1.231±0.008GeV/c2is visible in both distributions.A?t to the data using a relativistic Breit-Wigner distribution[3]of widthΓ=0.12GeV/c2added onto a third order polynomial background shape indicates that77%of all ppπ+π?events involve ?++production.
In order to reduce the background related to?++production,it was required that the
invariant mass for both pπ+combinations be1.15GeV/c2 pπ+ <1.28GeV/c2and that the three body invariant mass M inv p1π+π? <1.74GeV/c2.With such conditions50%of the π+π?pairs were rejected whereas the simulation showed that only10%of those fromρ0 decay are lost.A similar selection on pπ?invariant mass was judged unnecessary,since events involving?0production are much less abundant than those with?++and therefore will not enhance theρ0signal to background ratio. For the events surviving all the criteria described above,?gure2presents the?nal,accep- tance corrected M inv π+π? distributions for four equal bins in cos(θCM)between cos(θCM)=0.2 and cos(θCM)=1.0,whereθCM is the CM polar emission angle of the di-pion system with respect to the beam axis.The dashed line shows the smoothed M inv π+π? distribution for 0 Theρ0yield has been extracted from a?t to the M inv π+π? distributions using a function σ(m)=BW(m,Γ)·V ps(m)describing theρ0line shape and a third order polynomial background.The BW(m,Γ)is a relativistic Breit-Wigner function with a mass dependent pion decay width of the meson given by[3]:Γ=Γ(m R)·(kπ(m) m ,whereΓ(m R)=0.15 GeV/c2is the fullρ0width at its pole position m R=Mρand kπ(m),kπ(m R)are pion three-momenta in the rest frame of the resonance with mass m and m R,respectively.V ps(m) stands for the phase space available for the direct(no intermediate state)production of the meson with a given mass m.We have calculated V ps(m)by numerical integration of the FIG.2:π+π?invariant mass distributions obtained in four di?erent CM angular bins as indicated on the?gure.The dashed line represents the smoothed invariant mass distribution for the0< cos(θCM)<0.2normalized to the maximum. simulated ppρDalitz distribution including the?++suppression cuts discussed above.As distribution for cos(θCM)≥0.5containing most of an example,?gure3shows the M inv π+π? theρ0yield.The initial background parameters have been obtained by?tting the M inv π+π? ≥0.55GeV/c2normalized to the same maximum distribution for cos(θCM)≤0.4and M inv π+π? (dashed line).The best?t(χ2/ν=1.2)has been obtained with a?xedΓ(m R)=0.15and M R=0.772±0.003GeV/c2(dotted)and background(solid line)which di?ers only very little from its initial shape. In order to extract the angular distribution for theρ0production and to extract the total production yield,a?ner angular bin size was chosen and the?t procedure outlined above has been applied.The totalρ0yield has been obtained as a sum of yields in the individual angular bins.The total cross section ofσ=(23.4±0.8±8)μb with statistical and systematic errors,respectively,was determined by normalizing the acceptance correctedρ0yield to the simultaneously measured exclusiveηyield of known cross sectionση=135±35μb.The ηyield was obtained using separate acceptance correction matrices but calculated with the same method[13].This procedure to determine the absolute normalization was chosen because it reduced the large systematic uncertainty associated with the determination of the absolute beam intensity and trigger e?ciency.It was checked by detailed Monte Carlo simulations that particle identi?cation e?ciencies and yield reductions due to the analysis cuts applied for the selections of various reactions are understood within15%[13].Finally, the method was veri?ed by comparing the exclusive cross section forωproduction measured in our experiment[13]with other experimental results obtained in a similar energy range. An interpolation between existing data points giveσω=45±7μb[16]in good agreement μb. with our resultσω=50±3+18 ?16 The systematic uncertainty for theρ0cross section contains two almost equal contribu-tions:(a)errors from absolute normalization and(b)uncertainties related to the background subtraction,acceptance corrections,tracking e?ciency and analysis cuts.In particular a pos-sible bias in the analysis due to the?++suppression has been investigated by comparing theρ0intensity obtained with and without the suppression.The observed yield reduction of～10%is reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulations mentioned above,was corrected for and completely included in the systematic errors. Polar angle di?erential cross sections have been proposed[8]as a sensitive observable to extract the strength of nucleonic and mesonic currents responsible in meson exchange models for the vector meson production near the threshold.Therefore,it is particularly interesting for various reaction models to compare the di?erential cross sections for the production ofρ0andωas measured in our experiment[13].The lower part of Figure3shows the ρ0(circles)andω(triangles)production cross section as a function of cosθCM,the polar angle in the CM system of the meson.The vertical error bars re?ect the statistical errors, only.The distributions have been?t with the sum of the?rst three Legendre Polynomials (solid line)P i with the result:dσρ dσω s for both mesons. In conclusion,the production of theρ0meson has been studied in the pp reaction at p beam=3.67GeV/c.A totalρ0cross section ofσ=(23.4±0.8±8)μb has been determined. It is signi?cantly lower than typical cross sections used by the hadronic models(～100μb) for meson production in pA and AA collisions[3,15].Furthermore,the di?erential cross sections exhibit a prominent dσρ [1]G.E.Brown and M.Rho,Phys.Rev.Lett.66,2720(1991). [2]G.Q.Li,C.M,Ko,and G.E.Brown,Phys.Rev.Lett.75,4007(1995). [3]W.Cassing and E.Bratkovskaya,Phys.Rep308,65(1999). [4]R.Rapp and J.Wambach,Adv.Nucl.Phys.25,1(2000). [5]W.Peters et al.,Nucl.Phys.A632,109(1998). B.Friman and H.Pirner,Nucl.Phys.A617,496(1997). [6]R.Machleidt,Advances in Nuclear Physics19,189(1989) [7] D.Jido,E.Oset and J.E.Palomar,nucl-th/0202070 [8]K.Nakayama et al.,Phys.Rev.C57,1580(1998). [9]G.Alexander et al.,Phys.Rev.154,1284(1967). E.Colton et al.,Phys.Rev.D3,1063(1971). [10] F.Balestra et al.,Nucl.Instr.Meth.A426,385(1999). [11] F.Balestra et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.81,4572(1998). [12] F.Balestra et al.,Phys.Lett.B468,7(1999). [13] F.Balestra et al.,Phys.Rev.C63,024004(2001). [14] F.Balestra et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.83,1534(1999). [15]S.Teis et al.,Z.Phys.A356,421(1997). C.Ernst et al.,Phys,Rev.C58,447(1998). E.Bratkovskaya,Nucl.Phys.A653,301(1999). [16] A.Sibirtsev and W.Cassing,Eur.Phys.J.A7,407(2000). [17]S.Abd El-Samad et al.,Phys.Lett B522,16(2001). FIG.3:Upper frame:Mπ+π?distribution measured for cos(θCM)>0.5.The solid line shows the?t using a relativistic Breit-Wigner function added onto a third order polynomial for the background, 式主语eg:It is right to give up smoking. ②作表语 eg:The important thing is to save lives. ③作宾语 eg:He want to go. ④作宾语补足语feel.hear.listen to.make.lrt.have.see.look at.watch.notice.observe 2下列动词课用于“动词do+believe.consider.count.declare. deny.feel.find.guess.imagine. judge.know,prove.realize. suppose.think 3do https://www.doczj.com/doc/1a5536083.html,mand.dare.determine.direct.disc over.drive.enable.expect.encourage.f https://www.doczj.com/doc/1a5536083.html,rm.invite.oblige.or der.permit.persuade.prepare.recomm enf.remide.request.require.send.teac h.urge.want.warm.wish.4 hope.demand.suggest 动词不定式作宾语补足语⑤作定语 eg Tee farmer thought of ways to protect their crops. ⑥作状语 1作目的状语 2作结果状语3作条件状语 4⑦作独立成分eg:To tell the truth, I don't agree wih you. whos,which,when,how,what ①不定时的一般式 1 eg:I saw him go out.2eg:I plan to attend the meeting ②不定式的进行时式的动作正在进行。 eg:He pretended to be sleeping when I came in.2 。 eg:It is right to give up smoking. ②作表语 eg:The important thing is to save lives. ③作宾语 eg:He want to go. ④作宾语补足语 feel.hear.listen to.make.lrt.have.see.look at.watch.notice.observe 2下列动词课用于“动词 do+ believe.consider.count.declare. deny.feel.find.guess.imagine. judge.know,prove.realize. suppose.think command.dare.determine.direct.disc over.drive.enable.expect.encourage.f 4 hope.demand.suggest 动词不定式作宾语补足语 ⑤作定语 eg of ways to protect their ⑥作状语 1 2作结果状语 3作条件状语 4 ⑦作独立成分 eg:To tell the truth, I ⑧不定式与疑问词 whos,which,when,how, what ①不定时的一般式 1 eg:I saw him go out. 2 eg:I plan to attend the meeting ②不定式的进行时式的动作正在进行。 eg:He pretended to be sleeping when I came in. 2 。 不定式的时态 ③不定式的语态 动或被动依照其含义而定 eg:To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness of life 2 在句中做后置定语修饰名词 3 不定式有副词的句法功能，后置修 饰形容词时常用主动形式。做句子 ④不带 feel.hear.listen to. make.lrt.have.see.look at. watch.notice.observe 2在下列结构的than之后长接不带 定式 would rather.....tham,would wsooner.....than,rather than,do nothing than, do more than,do less than cannot but,cannot choose but,cannot 4疑问句why长直接不带to的不定式连用， 构成以why开头的简短疑问句 eg:why not do sth 5在let fly/go,make believe,make do,I've heard say等固定搭配中不带to的不定式 ⑤不定式的复合结构 1 非谓语动词 1.____little Red Hat, the wolf went to bed and slept. (swallow ) 大灰狼一口吞下了小红帽，然后上床觉觉了。 2.Singing “You don’t know love, Far High”, she threw the tortoise into the river, with tears ____ her eyes. (fill) 唱着“法海你不懂爱”，她把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水 3. “Sorry, the per son ____ are in Grade 2 now. Please dial again two years later. (call) 对不起，您所拨打的用户正在高二，请两年后再拨。” 4. “___puppy love, the teacher always arranges for beautiful girl-student to be his deskmate. (prevent) 为了防止他早恋，老师总是让漂亮的女生和他同桌。 5. There are 2 ways to drive a person crazy, firstly, leave the words ___ . (finish) 有两种方式让人抓狂。一，不把话说完。 6. Have you seen Mr. Zhang___ “Little Apple”？That’s such a beautiful scene that I dare not have my eyes ___ on it. (dance , fix) 你看见过张Sir跳“小苹果”吗？那画面太美俺不忍直视。 7.“A Twitter: My look can keep me _____________ until my graduation.God Comment: But can your intelligence? ( study) 一条说说：我的相貌可以让我安心学到毕业。神评论：你的智商可以吗？” 8. ____________with the graduates of Blue Fly Technical School, the graduates of Tsinghua University are not that skillful when ___________excavator. (compare, operate) 和蓝翔毕业生相比，清华毕业生开挖掘机的技能简直弱爆了。 9.___________the exercises, I become crazy. My dear teacher, I have had enough of you! (do) 做完这些练习，我也醉了。亲爱的老师，你够了。 10.Let me __________ a quiet handsome boy. (be ) 我还是做一个安静的美男子算了。 ?①做主语往往用it 作形" 式主语 eg:It is right to give up smoking. 1在下列感官动词和使役动词用于 “动词+宾语+do ”结构 feel.hear.liste n to.make .l rt.have.see .look at.watch .no tice.observe ②作表语 eg:The important thing is to save lives. 2下列动词课用于“动词+宾语+to do+形容词或名词"结构 believe.c on sider.co un t.declare. deny. feel.fi nd.guess.imag ine. judge.k no w,prove.realize. suppose.th ink ③作宾语 eg:He want to go 1作目的状语 ④作宾语补足语 ⑤作定语 不定式的用法 eg ： Tee farmer thought of ways to protect their crops. ⑥作状语 3下列动词课用于“动词+ 宾语+to do ”结构 advise.allow.ask.beg.cause.challe nge comma nd.dare.determi ne.direct.disc over.drive.e nable.expect.e ncourage.f orbid.force.get.i nform.i nvite.oblige.or der.permit.persuade.prepare.recomm en f.remide.request.require.se nd.teac h.urge.wa nt.warm.wish. 4 hope.dema nd.sugges 等候补能接 动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式 eg:To tell the truth, I don't agree wih you. 2作结果状语 3作条件状语 非谓语动词 ⑧不定式与疑问词 whos,which,when,how, what 等连用，在句中， 后面紧跟的动词不定式 不带to 4作原因状语 1表示与谓语动词同时发生 eg:I saw him go out. 不定式的时态 ①不定时的一般式 2表式在谓语动词之后发生 eg:I pla n to atte nd the meeti ng tommow. ②不定式的进行时 动名词 1表示谓语动词的动作发生时，不定 式的动作正在进行。 eg:He prete nded to be sleep ing wher I came in. 2表示在谓语动词之后发生。 eg:He is believed to be com ing. 精选资料，欢迎下载 ⑦作独立成分 非谓语动词语法讲解 一、非谓语动词的概念 动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。 非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done 二、三种形式的含义（基本用法） 不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。 三、非谓语动词的时态和语态 一般式完成式进行式 不定式主动to do to have done to be doing 被动to be done to have been done ing 形式主动doing having done 被动being done having been done 过去分词被动done 四、非谓语动词的否定形式 在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即not / never to do, not / never doing 五、非谓语动词的复合结构 不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth. 动词ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing) 六、非谓语动词的做题步骤 1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了 2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。 3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。 4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing. 学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。 一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较 1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语 a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如： ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk (分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 B b. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth. It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us. 注意：下面几个句型是用动名词： It’s no good / use doing sth. It’s useless doing sth. There is no need to do sth. 2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较 1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如： My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容) 1.____ Little Red Hat, the wolf went to bed and slept. (swallow ) 大灰狼一口吞下了小红帽，然后上床觉觉了。 2.Singing “You don’t know love, Far High”, she threw the tortoise into the river, with tears ____ her eyes. (fill) 唱着“法海你不懂爱”，她把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水 3. “Sorry, the person ____ are in Grade 2 now. Please dial again two years later. (call) 对不起，您所拨打的用户正在高二，请两年后再拨。” 4. “___puppy love, the teacher always arranges for beautiful girl-student to be his deskmate. (prevent) 为了防止他早恋，老师总是让漂亮的女生和他同桌。 5. There are 2 ways to drive a person crazy, firstly, leave the words ___ . (finish) 有两种方式让人抓狂。一，不把话说完。 6. Have you seen Mr. Zhang___ “Little Apple”？That’s such a beautiful scene that I dare not have my eyes ___ on it. (dance , fix) 你看见过张Sir跳“小苹果”吗？那画面太美俺不忍直视。 7.“A Twitter: My look can kee p me _____________ until my Comment: But can your intelligence? ( study) 一条说说：我的相貌可以让我安心学到毕业。神评论：你的智商可以吗？” 8. ____________with the graduates of Blue Fly Technical School, the graduates of Tsinghua University are not that skillful when ___________excavator. (compare, operate) 和蓝翔毕业生相比，清华毕业生开挖掘机的技能简直弱爆了。 exercises, I become crazy. My dear teacher, I have had enough of you! (do) 做完这些练习，我也醉了。亲爱的老师，你够了。 me __________ a quiet handsome boy. (be ) 我还是做一个安静的美男子算了。 非谓语动词 1.____ Little Red Hat, the wolf went to bed and slept. (swallow ) 大灰狼一口吞下了小红帽，然后上床觉觉了。 2.Singing “You don’t know love, Far High”, she threw the tortoise into the river, with tears ____ her eyes. (fill) 唱着“法海你不懂爱”，她把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水 3. “Sorry, the per son ____ are in Grade 2 now. Please dial again two years later. (call) 对不起，您所拨打的用户正在高二，请两年后再拨。” 4. “___puppy love, the teacher always arranges for beautiful girl-student to be his deskmate. (prevent) 为了防止他早恋，老师总是让漂亮的女生和他同桌。 5. There are 2 ways to drive a person crazy, firstly, leave the words ___ . (finish) 有两种方式让人抓狂。一，不把话说完。 6. Have you seen Mr. Zhang___ “Little Apple”？That’s such a beautiful scene that I dare not have my eyes ___ on it. (dance , fix) 你看见过张Sir跳“小苹果”吗？那画面太美俺不忍直视。 7.“A Twitter: My look can keep me _____________ until my graduation.God Comment: But can your intelligence? ( study) 一条说说：我的相貌可以让我安心学到毕业。神评论：你的智商可以吗？” 8. ____________with the graduates of Blue Fly Technical School, the graduates of Tsinghua University are not that skillful when ___________excavator. (compare, operate) 和蓝翔毕业生相比，清华毕业生开挖掘机的技能简直弱爆了。 9.___________the exercises, I become crazy. My dear teacher, I have had enough of you! (do) 做完这些练习，我也醉了。亲爱的老师，你够了。 10.Let me __________ a quiet handsome boy. (be ) 我还是做一个安静的美男子算了。 非谓语动词 1. little Red Hat, the wolf went to bed and slept. (swallow ) 大灰狼一口吞下了小红帽，然后上床觉觉了。 2.Singing “You don’t know love, Far High”, she threw the tortoise into the river, with tears her eyes. (fill) 唱着“法海你不懂爱”，她把那只乌龟扔进了河里，眼里满是泪水 3.“Sorry, the person are in Grade 2 now. Please dial again two years later. (call) 对不起，您所拨打的用户正在高二，请两年后再拨。” 4.“ puppy love, the teacher always arranges for beautiful girl-student to be his deskmate. (prevent) 为了防止他早恋，老师总是让漂亮的女生和他同桌。 5.There are 2 ways to drive a person crazy, firstly, leave the words . (finish) 有两种方式让人抓狂。一，不把话说完。 6.Have you seen Mr. Zhang “Little Apple”？That’s such a beautiful scene that I dare not have my eyes on it. (dance , fix) 你看见过张Sir 跳“小苹果”吗？那画面太美俺不忍直视。 7.“A Twitter: My look can keep me until my graduation.God Comment: But can your intelligence? ( study) 一条说说：我的相貌可以让我安心学到毕业。神评论：你的智商可以吗？” 8.with the graduates of Blue Fly Technical School, the graduates of Tsinghua University are not that skillful when excavator. (compare, operate) 和蓝翔毕业生相比，清华毕业生开挖掘机的技能简直弱爆了。 9.the exercises, I become crazy. My dear teacher, I have had(完整word版)非谓语动词思维导图
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