ch2
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of a money market instrument?
A. liquidity
B. marketability
C. long maturity
D. liquidity premium
E. C and D
2.The money market is a subsector of the
A. money market.
B. capital market.
C. derivatives market.
D. fixed income market.
E. None of the above.
3.Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)
A. pay a fixed interest rate for life.
B. pay a variable interest rate that is indexed to inflation.
C. provide a constant stream of income in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars.
D. have their principal adjusted in proportion to the Consumer Price Index.
E. C and D
4.Which one of the following is not a money market instrument?
A. a Treasury bill
B. a negotiable certificate of deposit
C. commercial paper
D. a Treasury bond
E. a Eurodollar account
5.T-bills are financial instruments initially sold by ________ to raise funds.
A. commercial banks
B. the U.S. government
C. state and local governments
D. agencies of the federal government
E. B and D
6.The bid price of a T-bill in the secondary market is
A. the price at which the dealer in T-bills is willing to sell the bill.
B. the price at which the dealer in T-bills is willing to buy the bill.
C. greater than the asked price of the T-bill.
D. the price at which the investor can buy the T-bill.
E. never quoted in the financial press.
7.The smallest component of the money market is
A. repurchase agreements
B. Eurodollars
C. savings deposits
D. money market mutual funds
E. commercial paper
8.The smallest component of the bond market is
A. Treasury
B. asset-backed
C. corporate
D. tax-exempt
E. mortgage-backed
9.The largest component of the bond market is
A. Treasury
B. asset-backed
C. corporate
D. tax-exempt
E. mortgage-backed
10.Which of the following is not a component of the money market is
A. repurchase agreements
B. Eurodollars
C. real estate investment trusts
D. money market mutual funds
E. commercial paper
https://www.doczj.com/doc/164624530.html,mercial paper is a short-term security issued by ________ to raise funds.
A. the Federal Reserve Bank
B. commercial banks
C. large, well-known companies
D. the New York Stock Exchange
E. state and local governments
12.Which one of the following terms best describes Eurodollars:
A. dollar-denominated deposits in European banks.
B. dollar-denominated deposits at branches of foreign banks in the U.S.
C. dollar-denominated deposits at foreign banks and branches of American banks outside the U.S.
D. dollar-denominated deposits at American banks in the U.S.
E. dollars that have been exchanged for European currency.
13.Deposits of commercial banks at the Federal Reserve Bank are called __________.
A. bankers' acceptances
B. repurchase agreements
C. time deposits
D. federal funds
E. reserve requirements
14.The interest rate charged by banks with excess reserves at a Federal Reserve Bank to banks needing
overnight loans to meet reserve requirements is called the _________.
A. prime rate
B. discount rate
C. federal funds rate
D. call money rate
E. money market rate
15.Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding municipal bonds?
I) A municipal bond is a debt obligation issued by state or local governments.
II) A municipal bond is a debt obligation issued by the federal government.
III) The interest income from a municipal bond is exempt from federal income taxation.
IV) The interest income from a municipal bond is exempt from state and local taxation in the issuing state.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. I, II, and III only
D. I, III, and IV only
E. I and IV only
16.Which of the following statements is true regarding a corporate bond?
A. A corporate callable bond gives the holder the right to exchange it for a specified number of the
company's common shares.
B. A corporate debenture is a secured bond.
C. A corporate indenture is a secured bond.
D . A corporate convertible bond gives the holder the right to exchange the bond for a specified number of the company's common shares.
E. Holders of corporate bonds have voting rights in the company.
17.In the event of the firm's bankruptcy
A. the most shareholders can lose is their original investment in the firm's stock.
B. common shareholders are the first in line to receive their claims on the firm's assets.
C. bondholders have claim to what is left from the liquidation of the firm's assets after paying the
shareholders.
D. the claims of preferred shareholders are honored before those of the common shareholders.
E. A and D.
18.Which of the following is true regarding a firm's securities?
A. Common dividends are paid before preferred dividends.
B. Preferred stockholders have voting rights.
C. Preferred dividends are usually cumulative.
D. Preferred dividends are contractual obligations.
E. Common dividends usually can be paid if preferred dividends have been skipped.
19.Which of the following is true of the Dow Jones Industrial Average?
A. It is a value-weighted average of 30 large industrial stocks.
B. It is a price-weighted average of 30 large industrial stocks.
C. The divisor must be adjusted for stock splits.
D. A and C.
E. B and C.
20.Which of the following indices is (are) market-value weighted?
I) The New York Stock Exchange Composite Index
II) The Standard and Poor's 500 Stock Index
III) The Dow Jones Industrial Average
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. I and III only
D. I, II, and III
E. II and III only
21.The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is computed by:
A. adding the prices of 30 large "blue-chip" stocks and dividing by 30.
B. calculating the total market value of the 30 firms in the index and dividing by 30.
C. adding the prices of the 30 stocks in the index and dividing by a divisor.
D. adding the prices of the 500 stocks in the index and dividing by a divisor.
E. adding the prices of the 30 stocks in the index and dividing by the value of these stocks as of some base
date period.
Consider the following three stocks:
22.The price-weighted index constructed with the three stocks is
A. 30
B. 40
C. 50
D. 60
E. 70
23.The value-weighted index constructed with the three stocks using a divisor of 100 is
A. 1.2
B. 1200
C. 490
D. 4900
E. 49
24.Assume at these prices the value-weighted index constructed with the three stocks is 490. What would the
index be if stock B is split 2 for 1 and stock C 4 for 1?
A. 265
B. 430
C. 355
D. 490
E. 1000
25.The price quotations of Treasury bonds in the Wall Street Journal show an ask price of 104:08 and a bid
price of 104:04. As a buyer of the bond what is the dollar price you expect to pay?
A. $1,048.00
B. $1,042.50
C. $1,044.00
D. $1,041.25
E. $1040.40
26.The price quotations of Treasury bonds in the Wall Street Journal show an ask price of 104:08 and a bid
price of 104:04. As a seller of the bond what is the dollar price you expect to pay?
A. $1,048.00
B. $1,042.50
C. $1,041.25
D. $1,045.25
E. $1,040.40
27.An investor purchases one municipal and one corporate bond that pay rates of return of 8% and 10%,
respectively. If the investor is in the 20% marginal tax bracket, his or her after tax rates of return on the municipal and corporate bonds would be ________ and ______, respectively.
A. 8% and 10%
B. 8% and 8%
C. 6.4% and 8%
D. 6.4% and 10%
E. 10% and 10%
28.An investor purchases one municipal and one corporate bond that pay rates of return of 7.5% and 10.3%,
respectively. If the investor is in the 25% marginal tax bracket, his or her after tax rates of return on the municipal and corporate bonds would be ________ and ______, respectively.
A. 7.5% and 10.3%
B. 7.5% and 7.73%
C. 5.63% and 7.73%
D. 5.63% and 10.3%
E. 10% and 10%
29.If a Treasury note has a bid price of $975, the quoted bid price in the Wall Street Journal would be
A. 97:50.
B. 97:16.
C. 97:80.
D. 94:24.
E. 97:75.
30.If a Treasury note has a bid price of $995, the quoted bid price in the Wall Street Journal would be
A. 99:50.
B. 99:16.
C. 99:80.
D. 99:24.
E. 99:32.
31.In calculating the Standard and Poor's stock price indices, the adjustment for stock split occurs:
A. by adjusting the divisor.
B. automatically.
C. by adjusting the numerator.
D. quarterly, on the last trading day of each quarter.
E. none of the above.
32.Which of the following statements regarding the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is false?
A. The DJIA is not very representative of the market as a whole.
B. The DJIA consists of 30 blue chip stocks.
C. The DJIA is affected equally by changes in low and high priced stocks.
D. The DJIA divisor needs to be adjusted for stock splits.
E. The value of the DJIA is much higher than individual stock prices.
33.The index that includes the largest number of actively traded stock is:
A. the NASDAQ Composite Index.
B. the NYSE Composite Index.
C. the Wilshire 5000 Index.
D. the Value Line Composite Index.
E. the Russell Index.
34. A 5.5% 20-year municipal bond is currently priced to yield 7.2%. For a taxpayer in the 33% marginal tax
bracket, this bond would offer an equivalent taxable yield of:
A. 8.20%.
B. 10.75%.
C. 11.40%.
D. 4.82%.
E. none of the above.
35.If the market prices of each of the 30 stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) all change by the
same percentage amount during a given day, which stock will have the greatest impact on the DJIA?
A. The stock trading at the highest dollar price per share.
B. The stock with total equity has the higher market value.
C. The stock having the greatest amount of equity in its capital structure.
D. The stock having the lowest volatility.
E. None of the above.
36.The stocks on the Dow Jones Industrial Average
A. have remained unchanged since the creation of the index.
B. include most of the stocks traded on the NYSE.
C. are changed occasionally as circumstances dictate.
D. consist of stocks on which the investor cannot lose money.
E. B and C.
37.Federally sponsored agency debt
A. is legally insured by the U.S. Treasury.
B. would probably be backed by the U.S. Treasury in the event of a near-default.
C. has a small positive yield spread relative to U.S. Treasuries.
D. B and C.
E. A and C.
38.Brokers' calls
A. are funds used by individuals who wish to buy stocks on margin.
B. a re funds borrowed by the broker from the bank, with the agreement to repay the bank immediately if
requested to do so.
C. carry a rate that is usually about one percentage point lower than the rate on U.S. T-bills.
D. A and B.
E. A and C.
39. A form of short-term borrowing by dealers in government securities is
A. reserve requirements.
B. repurchase agreements.
C. banker's acceptances.
D. commercial paper.
E. brokers' calls.
40.Which of the following securities is a money market instrument?
A. Treasury note
B. Treasury bond.
C. municipal bond.
D. commercial paper.
E. mortgage security.
41.The yield to maturity reported in the financial pages for Treasury securities
A. is calculated by compounding the semiannual yield.
B. is calculated by doubling the semiannual yield.
C. is also called the bond equivalent yield.
D. is calculated as the yield-to-call for premium bonds.
E. Both B and C are true.
42.Which of the following is not a mortgage-related government or government sponsored agency?
A. The Federal Home Loan Bank
B. The Federal National Mortgage Association
C. The U.S. Treasury
D. Freddie Mac
E. Ginnie Mae
43.In order for you to be indifferent between the after tax returns on a corporate bond paying 8.5% and a tax-
exempt municipal bond paying 6.12%, what would your tax bracket need to be?
A. 33%
B. 72%
C. 15%
D. 28%
E. Cannot tell from the information given
44.What does the term "negotiable" mean with regard to negotiable certificates of deposit?
A. The CD can be sold to another investor if the owner needs to cash it in before its maturity date.
B. The rate of interest on the CD is subject to negotiation.
C. The CD is automatically reinvested at its maturity date.
D. The CD has staggered maturity dates built in.
E. The interest rate paid on the CD will vary with a designated market rate.
45.Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae were organized to provide
A. a primary market for mortgage transactions.
B. liquidity for the mortgage market.
C. a primary market for farm loan transactions.
D. liquidity for the farm loan market.
E. a source of funds for government agencies.
46.The type of municipal bond that is used to finance commercial enterprises such as the construction of a new
building for a corporation is called
A. a corporate courtesy bond.
B. a revenue bond.
C. a general obligation bond.
D. a tax anticipation note.
E. an industrial development bond.
47.Suppose an investor is considering a corporate bond with a 7.17% before-tax yield and a municipal
bond with a 5.93% before-tax yield. At what marginal tax rate would the investor be indifferent between investing in the corporate and investing in the muni?
A. 15.4%
B. 23.7%
C. 39.5%
D. 17.3%
E. 12.4%
48.Which of the following are characteristics of preferred stock?
I) It pays its holder a fixed amount of income each year, at the discretion of its managers.
II) It gives its holder voting power in the firm.
III) Its dividends are usually cumulative.
IV) Failure to pay dividends may result in bankruptcy proceedings.
A. I, III, and IV
B. I, II, and III
C. I and III
D. I, II, and IV
E. I, II, III, and IV
49.Bond market indexes can be difficult to construct because
A. they cannot be based on firms' market values.
B. bonds tend to trade infrequently, making price information difficult to obtain.
C. there are so many different kinds of bonds.
D. prices cannot be obtained for companies that operate in emerging markets.
E. corporations are not required to disclose the details of their bond issues.
50.With regard to a futures contract, the long position is held by
A. the trader who bought the contract at the largest discount.
B. the trader who has to travel the farthest distance to deliver the commodity.
C. the trader who plans to hold the contract open for the lengthiest time period.
D. the trader who commits to purchasing the commodity on the delivery date.
E. the trader who commits to delivering the commodity on the delivery date.
51.Based on the information given, for a price-weighted index of the three stocks calculate:
a. the rate of return for the first period (t=0 to t=1).
b. the value of the divisor in the second period (t=2). Assume that Stock A had a 2-1 split during this
period.
c. the rate of return for the second period (t=1 to t=2).
52.Based on the information given for the three stocks, calculate the first-period rates of return (from t=0 to
t=1) on
a. a market-value-weighted index.
b. an equally-weighted index.
53.In order for you to be indifferent between the after tax returns on a corporate bond paying 9% and a tax-
exempt municipal bond paying 7%, what would your tax bracket need to be?
A. 17.6%
B. 27%
C. 22.2%
D. 19.8%
E. Cannot tell from the information given
54.In order for you to be indifferent between the after tax returns on a corporate bond paying 7% and a tax-
exempt municipal bond paying 5.5%, what would your tax bracket need to be?
A. 22.6%
B. 21.4%
C. 26.2%
D. 19.8%
E. Cannot tell from the information given
55.An investor purchases one municipal and one corporate bond that pay rates of return of 6% and 8%,
respectively. If the investor is in the 25% marginal tax bracket, his or her after tax rates of return on the municipal and corporate bonds would be ________ and ______, respectively.
A. 6% and 8%
B. 4.5% and 6%
C. 4.5% and 8%
D. 6% and 6%
E. None of the above
56.An investor purchases one municipal and one corporate bond that pay rates of return of 7.2% and 9.1%,
respectively. If the investor is in the 15% marginal tax bracket, his or her after tax rates of return on the municipal and corporate bonds would be ________ and ______, respectively.
A. 7.2% and 9.1%
B. 7.2% and 7.735%
C. 6.12% and 7.735%
D. 8.471% and 9.1%
E. None of the above
57.For a taxpayer in the 25% marginal tax bracket, a 20-year municipal bond currently yielding 5.5% would
offer an equivalent taxable yield of:
A. 7.33%.
B. 10.75%.
C. 5.5%.
D. 4.125%.
E. none of the above.
58.For a taxpayer in the 15% marginal tax bracket, a 15-year municipal bond currently yielding 6.2% would
offer an equivalent taxable yield of:
A. 6.2%.
B. 5.27%.
C. 8.32%.
D. 7.29%.
E. none of the above.
59.With regard to a futures contract, the short position is held by
A. the trader who bought the contract at the largest discount.
B. the trader who has to travel the farthest distance to deliver the commodity.
C. the trader who plans to hold the contract open for the lengthiest time period.
D. the trader who commits to purchasing the commodity on the delivery date.
E. the trader who commits to delivering the commodity on the delivery date.
60. A call option allows the buyer to
A. sell the underlying asset at the exercise price on or before the expiration date.
B. buy the underlying asset at the exercise price on or before the expiration date.
C. sell the option in the open market prior to expiration.
D. A and C.
E. B and C.
61. A put option allows the holder to
A. buy the underlying asset at the strike price on or before the expiration date.
B. sell the underlying asset at the strike price on or before the expiration date.
C. sell the option in the open market prior to expiration.
D. B and C.
E. A and C.
62.The ____ index represents the performance of the German stock market.
A. DAX
B. FTSE
C. Nikkei
D. Hang Seng
E. None of the above
63.The ____ index represents the performance of the Japanese stock market.
A. DAX
B. FTSE
C. Nikkei
D. Hang Seng
E. None of the above
64.The ____ index represents the performance of the U.K. stock market.
A. DAX
B. FTSE
C. Nikkei
D. Hang Seng
E. None of the above
65.The ____ index represents the performance of the Hong Kong stock market.
A. DAX
B. FTSE
C. Nikkei
D. Hang Seng
E. None of the above
66.The ____ index represents the performance of the Canadian stock market.
A. DAX
B. FTSE
C. TSX
D. Hang Seng
E. None of the above
67.The ultimate stock index in the U.S. is the
A. Wilshire 5000.
B. DJIA.
C. S&P 500.
D. Russell 2000.
E. None of the above.
68.The ____ is an example of a U.S. index of large firms.
A. Wilshire 5000
B. DJIA
C. DAX
D. Russell 2000
E. All of the above
69.The ____ is an example of a U.S. index of small firms.
A. S&P 500
B. DJIA
C. DAX
D. Russell 2000
E. All of the above
70.The largest component of the money market is ____________.
A. repurchase agreements
B. money market mutual funds
C. T-bills
D. Eurodollars
E. savings deposits
71.Certificates of deposit are insured by the ____________.
A. SPIC
B. CFTC
C. Lloyds of London
D. FDIC
E. all of the above
72.Certificates of deposit are insured for up to ____________ in the event of bank insolvency.
A. $10,000
B. $100,000
C. $50,000
D. $500,000
E. none of the above
73.The maximum maturity of commercial paper that can be issued without SEC registration is ____________.
A. 270 days
B. 180 days
C. 90 days
D. 30 days
E. none of the above
74.Which of the following is used extensively in foreign trade when the creditworthiness of one trader is
unknown to the trading partner?
A. repos
B. bankers acceptances
C. Eurodollars
D. federal funds
E. none of the above
75. A US dollar denominated bond that is sold in Singapore is a ____________.
A. Eurobond
B. Yankee bond
C. Samurai bond
D. Bulldog bond
E. none of the above
76. A municipal bond issued to finance an airport, hospital, turnpike, or port authority is typically a
____________.
A. revenue bond
B. general obligation bond
C. industrial development bond
D. A and B are equally likely
E. B and C are equally likely
77.Unsecured bonds are called ____________.
A. junk bonds
B. debentures
C. indentures
D. subordinated debentures
E. either A or D
78. A bond that can be retired prior to maturity by the issuer is a ____________ bond.
A. convertible
B. secured
C. unsecured
D. callable
E. Yankee
79.Corporations can exclude ____________ percent of the dividends received from preferred stock.
A. 50
B. 70
C. 20
D. 15
E. 62
80.You purchased a futures contract on corn at a futures price of 350 and at the time of expiration the price
was 352. What was your profit or loss?
A. $2.00
B. -$2.00
C. $100
D. -$100
E. None of the above
81.You purchased a futures contract on corn at a futures price of 331 and at the time of expiration the price
was 343. What was your profit or loss?
A. -$12.00
B. $12.00
C. -$600
D. $600
E. None of the above
82.You sold a futures contract on corn at a futures price of 350 and at the time of expiration the price was 352.
What was your profit or loss?
A. $2.00
B. -$2.00
C. $100
D. -$100
E. None of the above
83.You sold a futures contract on corn at a futures price of 331 and at the time of expiration the price was 343.
What was your profit or loss?
A. -$12.00
B. $12.00
C. -$600
D. $600
E. None of the above
84.You purchased a futures contract on oats at a futures price of 233.75 and at the time of expiration the price
was 261.25. What was your profit or loss?
A. $1375.00
B. -$1375.00
C. -$27.50
D. $27.50
E. None of the above
85.You sold a futures contract on oats at a futures price of 233.75 and at the time of expiration the price was
261.25. What was your profit or loss?
A. $1375.00
B. -$1375.00
C. -$27.50
D. $27.50
E. None of the above
86.Distinguish between U.S. Treasury debt and U.S Agency debt.
87.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of common stock ownership, relative to other investment
alternatives.
88.The Dow Jones Industrial Average and the New York Stock Exchange Index have unique characteristics.
Discuss how these indices are calculated and any problems/advantages associated with the specific indices.
ch2 Key
1.Which of the following is not a characteristic of a money market instrument?
A. liquidity
B. marketability
C. long maturity
D. liquidity premium
E. C and D
Money market instruments are short-term instruments with high liquidity and marketability; they do not have long maturities nor pay liquidity premiums.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #1
Difficulty: Easy
2.The money market is a subsector of the
A. money market.
B. capital market.
C. derivatives market.
D. fixed income market.
E.None of the above.
Money market instruments are short-term instruments with high liquidity and marketability; they do not have long maturities nor pay liquidity premiums.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #2
Difficulty: Easy
3.Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)
A. pay a fixed interest rate for life.
B. pay a variable interest rate that is indexed to inflation.
C. provide a constant stream of income in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars.
D. have their principal adjusted in proportion to the Consumer Price Index.
E. C and D
TIPS provide a constant stream of income in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars because their principal is adjusted in proportion to the Consumer Price Index.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #3
Difficulty: Easy
4.Which one of the following is not a money market instrument?
A. a Treasury bill
B. a negotiable certificate of deposit
C. commercial paper
D.a Treasury bond
E.a Eurodollar account
Money market instruments are instruments with maturities of one year or less, which applies to all of the above except Treasury bonds.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #4
Difficulty: Easy
5.T-bills are financial instruments initially sold by ________ to raise funds.
A. commercial banks
B. the U.S. government
C. state and local governments
D. agencies of the federal government
E.B and D
Only the U.S. government sells T-bills in the primary market.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #5
Difficulty: Easy
6.The bid price of a T-bill in the secondary market is
A. the price at which the dealer in T-bills is willing to sell the bill.
B. the price at which the dealer in T-bills is willing to buy the bill.
C. greater than the asked price of the T-bill.
D. the price at which the investor can buy the T-bill.
E.never quoted in the financial press.
T-bills are sold in the secondary market via dealers; the bid price quoted in the financial press is the
price at which the dealer is willing to buy the bill.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #6
Difficulty: Easy
7.The smallest component of the money market is
A. repurchase agreements
B. Eurodollars
C. savings deposits
D. money market mutual funds
https://www.doczj.com/doc/164624530.html,mercial paper
According to Table 2.1, Eurodollars are the smallest component of the money market.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #7
Difficulty: Easy
8.The smallest component of the bond market is
A. Treasury
B. asset-backed
C. corporate
D. tax-exempt
E.mortgage-backed
According to Table 2.6, asset-backed debt is the smallest component of the bond market.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #8
Difficulty: Easy
9.The largest component of the bond market is
A.Treasury
B. asset-backed
C. corporate
D. tax-exempt
E.mortgage-backed
According to Table 2.6, Treasury debt is the largest component of the bond market.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #9
Difficulty: Easy
10.Which of the following is not a component of the money market is
A. repurchase agreements
B. Eurodollars
C. real estate investment trusts
D. money market mutual funds
https://www.doczj.com/doc/164624530.html,mercial paper
Real estate investment trusts are not short-term investments.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #10
Difficulty: Easy
https://www.doczj.com/doc/164624530.html,mercial paper is a short-term security issued by ________ to raise funds.
A. the Federal Reserve Bank
B. commercial banks
C. large, well-known companies
D. the New York Stock Exchange
E.state and local governments
Commercial paper is short-term unsecured financing issued directly by large, presumably safe
corporations.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #11
Difficulty: Easy
12.Which one of the following terms best describes Eurodollars:
A. dollar-denominated deposits in European banks.
B. dollar-denominated deposits at branches of foreign banks in the U.S.
C. dollar-denominated deposits at foreign banks and branches of American banks outside the U.S.
D. dollar-denominated deposits at American banks in the U.S.
E.dollars that have been exchanged for European currency.
Although originally Eurodollars were used to describe dollar-denominated deposits in European banks, today the term has been extended to apply to any dollar-denominated deposit outside the U.S.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #12
Difficulty: Moderate
13.Deposits of commercial banks at the Federal Reserve Bank are called __________.
A. bankers' acceptances
B. repurchase agreements
C. time deposits
D. federal funds
E.reserve requirements
The federal funds are required for the bank to meet reserve requirements, which is a way of influencing the money supply. No substitutes for fed funds are permitted.
Bodie - Chapter 02 #13
Difficulty: Easy
线代基本复习题
2010年度第二学期《线性代数》期末考试安排 预计考试时间：2011年5月7日 期末答疑安排 答疑时间：2011.04.27 答疑地点: 平时上课的课 若干公式 |A*|=|A|n-1, A*A=| A|I ，|A T |=|A|，|λA|=λn |A|，?(A)的特征值?(λ) 1 1a b d b c d c a ad bc --????= ? ?--???? 基本问题 ● Ch1计算行列式, 求逆矩阵 ● Ch2判断线性相关性, 求秩, 求最大无关组 ● Ch2解线性方程组(齐次的和非齐次的) ● Ch3求矩阵（方阵）特征值和特征向量 ● Ch3矩阵的对角化 ● Ch4向量组的正交化 ● Ch4二次型的正交标准化 ● Ch4二次型正定性的判断
一、 Ch1计算行列式 ()()()() ()()()()()()123 2131 223322211121 11 20 21212. 0r r r r yr r x y r x y x y x y x y x y y x y x y x y x x y y x y x x y x y x y x y x y x y x x y x y x x y x y x y x xy y x y y x y x ++--++++++= +=+++++-= +-=+??=+??-+-=------ 二、 求逆矩阵 1.7（P34）利用初等行变换求下列矩阵的逆矩阵: (1) 122212221????-????-?? 3232 2121232313 21321 922121020331221001221002121201003621001203322100103301100922112 210099921201099922100199 9r r r r r r r r r r r r r r ------+?? --?????????????? -→---→-????????????---????-?????? ? ???????→-??? ???-??? ? 112 2999122212,212999*********-????????????∴-=-???? ????-?? ??-???? 三、 Ch2判断线性相关性 2.1 （P63）讨论下列向量组的线性相关性 (3) 1234(1,2,1,2), (3,1,0,1),(2,1,3,2),(1,0,3,1)=-=-=-=--αααα ()13422332421234232132103 5210 33211 001 5601 56,,,1033103303 52212102310231103310 33015601 010 0202000 01313r r T T T T r r r r r r r r +-+++---?????? ? ? ?------ ? ? ?=→→ ? ? ? ----- ? ? ?---?????? ----?? ?---- ?→→ ?- ?-??αααα0 110000?? ? ? ? - ???
高分子第二章习题参考答案 1．下列烯类单体适于何种机理聚合：自由基聚合，阳离子聚合或阴离子聚合？并说明理由。 CH2=CHCl，CH2=CCl2，CH2=CHCN，CH2=C（CN）2，CH2=CHCH3，CH2=C（CH3）2，CH2=CHC5H6，CF2=CF2，CH2=C（CN）COOCH3，CH2=C（CH3）－CH=CH2 参考答案： 自由基聚合：CH2=CHCl，CH2=CCl2，CH2=C（CN）2，CH2=CHC5H6，CH2=C（CH3）－CH=CH2，CF2=CF2，CH2=C（CN）COOCH。 阴离子聚合：CH2=CHCN，CH2=C（CN）2，CH2=CHC5H6，CH2=C （CH3）－CH=CH2，CH2=C（CN）COOCH。 阳离子聚合：CH2=CHCH3，CH2=CHC5H6，CH2=C（CH3）－CH=CH2，CH2=C（CH3）2。 CH2=CHCl：适于自由基聚合，Cl原子是吸电子基团，也有共轭效应，但较弱。 CH2=CCl2：适于自由基聚合，Cl原子是吸电子基团。 CH2=CHCN：适于自由基聚合和阴离子聚合，CN是强吸电子基团，并有共轭效应。 CH2=C（CN）2：适于自由基聚合和阴离子聚合，CN是强吸电子基团。
CH2=CHCH3：适于阳离子聚合，CH3是供电子基团，CH3是与双键有超共额轭效应。 CH2=C（CH3）2：适于阳离子聚合，CH3是供电子基团，CH3是与双键有超共轭效应。 CH2=CHC5H6和CH2=C（CH3）－CH=CH2：均可进行自由基聚合、阳离子聚合和阴离子聚合。因为共轭体系π电子的容易极化和流动。CF2=CF2：适于自由基聚合。F原子体积小，结构对称。 CH2=C（CN）COOCH：适合阴离子和自由基聚合，两个吸电子基，并兼有共轭效应。 2．判别下列单体能否进行自由基聚合，并说明理由。 CH2=C（C5H6）2，ClCH=CHCl，CH2=C（CH3）C2H5，CH3CH=CHCH3，CH2=C（CH3）COOCH3，CH2=CHOCOCH3，CH3 CH=CHCOCH3 参考答案： CH2=C（C5H6）2不能通过自由基聚合形成高分子量聚合物。因为取带基空间阻碍大，形成高分子键时张力也大，故只能形成二聚体。ClCH=CHCl不能通过自由基聚合形成高分子量聚合物。因为单体结构对称，1，2-而取代基造成较大空间阻碍。 CH2=C（CH3）C2H5不能通过自由基聚合形成高分子量聚合物。由于双键电荷密度大不利于自由基进攻。 CH3CH=CHCH3不能通过自由基聚合形成高分子量聚合物。因为为阻
CH2 物理层习题 2.1 典型习题与分析 【1】假定以2400bps 的速率在一条线路上发送10，000字节的文件. a. 计算采用异步通信方式时在比特和时间上的开销。假定发送每个符号时1位开始 位，1位停止位和8比特的数据位，其中数据位中不包含校验位。 b. 计算采用同步通信方式时在比特和时间上的开销。假定数据是以帧的方式发送， 每帧包含1000个字符＝8000比特，同时有48比特的控制位开销。 c. 如果发送100000个字符的文件，上述a, b 的答案又是什么？ d. 如果以9600bps 的速度发送100000个字符的文件，上述a, b 的答案又是什么？ 解答： (a) 额外开销率＝%201 1811=+++，而传输速率为2400b/s ，所以传输时间＝ 67.41240 10000=s 。 (b) 系统的开销率为 %59.0%10048 800048=?+，所以额外开销为4801048=?比特，因此传输一帧所需的时间为 35.32400 8048 =s ，所以总耗时为5.3335.310=?s 。 (c) 异步、同步额外开销不变。 异步情况下的总耗时为41.67? 10=416.7s ，而同步情况下的总耗时为100?3.35=335s 。 (d) 异步情况下的总耗时为 2.10410 /960010000 =s ， 而而同步情况下的总耗时8383.09600 8048=s 。 所以总耗时为83.838383.0100=?s 。 【2】根据RS-232-C 标准，DTE 只有在哪四个电路都处于开状态(ON)的情况下才能发送数据？ 解答： （1） 请求发送RTS(针4) （2） 清送CTS(针5) （3） 数据端接装置就绪DSR(针6) （4） 数据终端就绪DTR(针20) 【3】RS232C 接口如何在两个DTE 的直接连接中应用？ 解答： 当两个DTE 距离较近(50英尺以内)，并且未接DCE 时，可通过采用零调制解调器电缆来使用RS232C 接口。这种连接电缆利用交叉跳变信息线的方法，使得连接在电缆两端的DTE 通过电缆看对方都好像是DCE 一样，从而满足RS232C 接口的要求。零调制解调器电缆中，发送数据的插脚2和接收数据的插脚3交叉相连；插脚1和插脚7是接地信号，可直接连接在一起；插脚6、8和20被连接或跨接在一起，这样只要任何一个信号被激活，其它
Chapter2 Michelle Bodnar,Andrew Lohr April12,2016 Exercise2.1-1 314159264158 314159264158 314159264158 263141594158 263141415958 263141415859 Exercise2.1-2 Algorithm1Non-increasing Insertion-Sort(A) 1:for j=2to A.length do 2:key=A[j] 3://Insert A[j]into the sorted sequence A[1..j?1]. 4:i=j?1 5:while i>0and A[i] 若干公式 |A*|=|A|n-1, A*=A-1 |AT|=|A| |lA|=ln|A|，AX=b 有解, AX=b 有唯一解 基本问题 lCh1计算行列式, 求逆矩阵，求解矩阵方程. lCh2判断线性相关性, 求秩, 求最大无关组 lCh2解线性方程组(齐次的和非齐次的) lCh3向量组的正交化 lCh4求特征值和特征向量 lCh4矩阵的对角化 lCh5二次型的正交标准化 lCh5二次型正定性的判断 一、 Ch1计算行列式 1.13 计算下列行列式 (2) 二、求逆矩阵 1.7利用初等行变换求下列矩阵的逆矩阵: (1) (2)求解X:; 三、 Ch2判断线性相关性 2.1 讨论下列向量组的线性相关性 (3) 四、 Ch2求秩, 求最大无关组 2.2 求下列矩阵的秩 (3) 补充: 最大无关组有 五、 Ch2解线性方程组(齐次的) 2.3 求解下列齐次线性方程组 (1) ; (1) 对方程组的系数矩阵作行初等变换 得简化行阶梯形(Reduced row echelon form, RREF). 对应的同解方程组为, 方程组的解为 . 六、 Ch2解线性方程组(非齐次的) 2.5 求下列非齐次线性方程组的通解 (1) 对方程组的增广矩阵作行初等变换, 将之化为简化行阶梯形 立刻得到方程组的解 七、 Ch3向量组的正交化 3.5设试用施密特正交化方法把这组向量正交规范化. 正交化: 单位化: 八、 Ch4求特征值和特征向量 4.1求下列矩阵的特征值和特征向量 (3) (3)解特征方程 得特征值. 对于特征值, 解齐次线性方程组. 其系数矩阵 , 可见特征向量为. 对于特征值, . 可见特征向量为(不全为0). 九、 Ch4矩阵的对角化 4.10将下列矩阵对角化, 并求, 使(为对角阵) (1) 解特征方程 得特征值. 对于,, 得特征向量. 选. 对于,, 得特征向量 (k2, k3不全为0). 选.. 令, 则有. 十、 Ch5二次型的正交标准化 5.3 用正交变换化下列二次型为标准形 (2) 二次型的矩阵为. 解特征方程 , 得的特征值,,. 对于特征值, , 取特征向量. 第二章 烷烃 1.用系统命名法命名下列化合物： 1.(CH 3)2CHC(CH 3)2 CHCH 3 CH 32. CH 3CH 2CH CHCH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 3CH(CH 3)2 2，3，3，4－四甲基戊烷 2，4－二甲基－3－乙基己烷 3. CH 3CH 2C(CH 3)2CH 2CH 3 4.CH 3CH 3CH 2CHCH 2CH 2CCH 2CH 3 CHCH 3CH 3 CH 2CH 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3，3－二甲基戊烷 2，6－二甲基－3，6－二乙基辛烷 5.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 . 2，5－二甲基庚烷 2－甲基－3－乙基己烷 7 . 8. 1 2 3 4 5 67 2，4，4－三甲基戊烷 2－甲基－3－乙基庚烷 2.写出下列各化合物的结构式： 1．2，2，3，3－四甲基戊烷 2，2，3－二甲基庚烷 CH 3 C C CH 2CH 3 CH 3 CH 3CH 3 CH 3CH 3 CH 3CHCHCH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 3 3、 2，2，4－三甲基戊烷 4、2，4－二甲基－4－乙基庚烷 CH 3C CHCH 3 CH 3CH 3 CH 3 CH 3CHCH 2CCH 2CH 2CH 3 CHCH 3 CH 3CH 3 5、 2－甲基－3－乙基己烷 6、三乙基甲烷 CH 3 CH 3CHCHCH 2CH 2CH 3 CH 2CH 3 CH 3CH 2CHCH 2CH 3 CH 2CH 3 7、甲基乙基异丙基甲烷 8、乙基异丁基叔丁基甲烷 CH 3CHCH(CH 3)2 CH 2CH 3 CH 3CH 2CH C(CH 3)3 CH 2CHCH 3 CH 3 3.用不同符号表示下列化合物中伯、仲、叔、季碳原子 CH 3 CH CH 2 C CH 3CH 3 CH 2CH 3 C CH 3CH 3 1. 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 CH 2CH 3 2 4 02. 2 4 01 3 3 1 1 1 1 CH 3CH(CH 3)CH 2C(CH 3)2CH(CH 3)CH 2CH 3 2 4.下列各化合物的命名对吗？如有错误的话，指出错在那里？试正确命名之。 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 5.不要查表试将下列烃类化合物按沸点降低的次序排列： (1) 2，3－二甲基戊烷 (2) 正庚烷 (3) 2－甲基庚烷 (4) 正戊烷 (5) 2－甲基己烷 解：2－甲基庚烷>正庚烷> 2－甲基己烷>2，3－二甲基戊烷> 正戊烷 （注：随着烷烃相对分子量的增加，分子间的作用力亦增加，其沸点也相应增加；同数碳原子的构造异构体中，分子的支链愈多，则沸点愈低。） 2－乙基丁烷 正确：3－甲基戊烷 2，4－2甲基己烷 正确：2，4－二甲基己烷 3－甲基十二烷 正确：3－甲基－十一烷 4－丙基庚烷 正确：4－异丙基辛烷 4－二甲基辛烷 正确：4，4－二甲基辛烷 1,1，1－三甲基－3－甲基戊烷 正确：2，2，4－三甲基己烷 第二章烷烃 1、用系统命名法命名下列化合物： （1）CH 3CHCHCH2CHCH3 CH 3 CH2CH3 CH3 （2） (C2H5)2CHCH(C2H5)CH2CHCH2CH3 CH(CH3)2 （3）CH3CH(CH2CH3)CH2C(CH3)2CH(CH2CH3)CH3 （4） （5）（6） 答案: （1）2，5-二甲基-3-乙基己烷（2）2-甲基-3，5，6-三乙级辛烷（3）3，4，4，6-四甲基辛烷（4）2，2，4-三甲基戊烷 （5）3，3，6，7-四甲基癸烷（6）4-甲基-3，3-二乙基-5-异丙基辛烷2.写出下列化合物的构造式和键线式，并用系统命名法命名之。 (1)仅含有伯氢，没有仲氢和叔氢的C 5H 12 (2)仅含有一个叔氢的C 5H 12 (3)仅含有伯氢和仲氢C 5H 12 答案: 键线式构造式系统命名 (1) (2) (3) 3.写出下列化合物的构造简式： (1) 2,2,3,3-四甲基戊烷 (2) 由一个丁基和一个异丙基组成的烷烃： (3) 含一个侧链和分子量为86的烷烃: (4) 分子量为100,同时含有伯,叔,季碳原子的烷烃 答案: (1) 简式：(CH 3)3CC(CH 3)2CH 2CH 3 (2) CH 3(CH 2)3CH(CH 3)2 (3) 依题意CnH 2n+2=86， n=6，该烷烃为 C 6H 14。含一个支链甲烷的异构体为： 或 (4) 依题意CnH 2n+2=100， n=7，该烷烃分子式为C 7H 16。同时含有伯、仲、叔碳原子的烷烃是 (CH 3)3CCH (CH 3)2 4. 试指出下列各组化合物是否相同?为什么? (1) (2) 答案:（1）两者相同,从四面体概念出发,只有一种构型,是一种构型两种不同的投影式。 （2）两者相同,均为正己烷。 5. 用轨道杂化理论阐述丙烷分子中C-C 和C-H 键的形式. 答案：丙烷分子中C-C 键是两个C 以SP 3杂化轨道沿键轴方向接近到最大重叠所 第二章 开 链 烃 问题二 3-1 命名下列各化合物： （1）CH 3CH 2C(CH 3)2CH 2CH 2CH 3 （2）(CH 3)2CH(CH 2)4CH(CH 3)CH 2C(CH 3)3 解：(1) 3,3-二甲基己烷 (2) 2,2,4,9-四甲基癸烷 3-2 写出 C 6H 14的各同分异构体，并命名之。 解： 3-3 写出三氯丙烷（C 3H 5Cl 3）所有异构体的结构式。 解： 3-4 命名下列各烯烃： 解：(1) 2,4,4-三甲基-1-戊烯 (2) 4,6-二甲基-3-庚烯 3-5 试判断下列化合物有无顺反异构，如果有，写出其顺反异构体和名称： （1）3-甲基-1-戊烯 （2）2-己烯 解：2-己烯有顺反异构： C C H 3C H CH 2CH 2CH 3H C C H H 3C CH 2CH 2CH 3 H (Z)-2-己烯 (E)-2-己烯 3-6 下列化合物与碘化氢起加成反应时，主要产物是什么？ 异丁烯 3-甲基-2-戊烯 解： 3-7 有一化合物经臭氧化和还原水解后，得一分子乙醛和一分子 3-甲基-2-丁酮 (CH 3)2CHCOCH 3，推测该化合物的结构。 解： 3-8 写出1,3-戊二烯同一分子溴化氢加成反应的方程式。 解：在较高温度和极性溶剂条件下，1,3-戊二烯同溴化氢主要发生1,4加成： CH 2 CH CH CHCH 3 HBr CH 3 CH CH CHCH 3 3-9 画出薄荷醇中的异戊二烯单位。 解： 习题二 1. 用系统命名法命名下列化合物，若是顺反异构体应在名称中标明构型： 解：(1) 2-甲基-4,5-二乙基庚烷 (2) 3-甲基戊烷 (3) 2,4-二甲基-3-乙基戊烷 (4) (顺)-3-甲基-3-己烯 or Z-3-甲基-3-己烯 (6) (Z)-3,5-二甲基-3-庚烯 (7) 2,3-己二烯 (8) 3-甲基-2-乙基-1-丁烯 (9) 2,5,6-三甲基-3-庚炔 (10)1-丁炔银 (11)3-甲基-1,4-戊二炔 (12) 3-甲基-1-庚烯-5-炔 2. 写出下列化合物的结构式： （1）3-甲基-4-乙基壬烷 （2）异己烷 （3）2,3,4-三甲基-3-乙基戊烷 （4）4-甲基-3-辛烯 （5）2-甲基-3-乙基-3-辛烯 （6）(E)-2-己烯 （7）(Z)-3-甲基-2- 戊烯 （8）2,7-二甲基-3，5-辛二炔 （9）(3顺,5反)-5-甲基-1,3,5-庚三烯 （10）顺-3,4-二甲基-3-己烯 解： 第二章例题与思考题 1. 氧化镁（MgO）与氯化钠（NaCl）具有相同的结构。已知Mg的离子半径为0.066nm，氧的离子半径为0.140nm。（1）试求氧化镁的晶格常数。（2）试求氧化镁的密度。 2. 某一原子的配位数（CN）为此原子之邻接原子的数目。以共价键结合的原子其最大的配位数是由其原子所具有的价电子数来决定；而离子键结合的原子其最大的配位数是受其离子半径比所限制。试证明当配位数为6时，其最小半径比为0.41。 3. 假设在高压时可将NaCl强迫变成CsCl，试问体积改变的百分比是多少？（已知CN=6时，Na的离子半径为0.097nm，氯的离子半径为0.181nm） 4. 已知Cu的原子直径为2.56A，求Cu的晶格常数，并计算1mm3Cu的原子数。 5. 已知Al相对原子质量Ar（Al）=2 6.97，原子半径γ=0.143nm，求Al晶体的密度。 6. bcc铁的单位晶胞体积，在912℃时是0.02464nm3；fcc铁在相同温度时其单位晶胞体积是0.0486nm3。当铁由bcc转变为fcc时，其密度改变的百分比为多少？ 7. （1）计算fcc结构的（111）面的面间距（用点阵常数表示）；（2）以几何关系上验证所得结果；（3）欲确定一成分为18%Cr，18%Ni的不锈钢晶体在室温下的可能结构是fcc还是bcc，由x射线测得此晶体的（111）面间距为0.21nm，已知bcc铁的a=0.286nm，fcc铁的a=0.363nm，试问此晶体属何结构？ 8. 在面心立方晶胞中画出[012]和[123]晶向。在面心立方晶胞中画出（012）和（123）晶面。 9. 设晶面（152）和（034）属六方晶系的正交坐标表述，试给出其四轴坐标的表示。反之，求（3 1） 2 1 及（2112）的正交坐标的表示。（练习），上题中均改为相应晶向指数，求相互转换后结果。 10.在一个立方晶胞中确定6个表面面心位置的坐标，6个面心构成一个正八面体，指出这个八面体各个表面的晶面指数，各个棱边和对角线的晶向指数。 11.离子键、共价键、分子键和金属键的特点，并解释金属键结合的固体材料的密度比离子键或共价键固体高的原因？ 12写出立方晶系的{110}、{100}、{111}、{112}晶面族包括的等价晶面，请分别画出。 13. 在立方晶系中的一个晶胞内画出（111）和（112）晶面，并写出两晶面交线的晶向指数。 14 在六方晶系晶胞中画出[1120]，[1101]晶向和（1012）晶面，并确定（1012）晶面与六方晶胞交线的晶向指数。 15.在立方晶系的一个晶胞内同时画出位于（101），（011）和（112）晶面上的[111]晶向。 16. 在1000℃，有W C为1.7%的碳溶于fcc铁的固溶体，求100个单位晶胞中有多少个碳原子？（已知：Ar(Fe)=55.85，Ar(C)=12.01） 17. 试证明密排六方的晶格常数之间关系：c/a=1.633 18. r-Fe在略高于912℃时点阵常数a=0.3633nm，α-Fe在略低于912℃时a=0.2892nm，求：（1）上述温度时γ-Fe和α-Fe的原子半径R；（2）γ-Fe→α-Fe转变时的体积变化率；（3）设γ-Fe→α-Fe转变时原子半径不发生变化，求此转变时的体积变化率，与（2）的结果相比较并加以说明。 19．比较三种典型晶体结构的特征。（Al、α-Fe、Mg三种材料属何种晶体结构？描述它们的晶体结构特征并比较它们塑性的好坏并解释。） 第二章 烷烃 1、用系统命名法命名下列化合物： （1） （2） （3） （4） （5） （6 ） 答案： （1）2，5-二甲基-3-乙基己烷 （2）2-甲基-3，5，6-三乙级辛烷 （3）3，4，4，6-四甲基辛烷 （4）2，2，4-三甲基戊烷 （5）3，3，6，7-四甲基癸烷（6）4-甲基-3，3-二乙基-5-异丙基辛烷 2.写出下列化合物的构造式和键线式，并用系统命名法命名之。 (1) C 5H 12仅含有伯氢，没有仲氢和叔氢的 (2) C 5H 12仅含有一个叔氢的 (3) C 5H 12仅含有伯氢和仲氢 答案： 键线式 构造式 系统命名 (1) (2) (3) 3.写出下列化合物的构造简式： (1) 2,2,3,3-四甲基戊烷 (2) 由一个丁基和一个异丙基组成的烷烃： CH 3CHCHCH 2CHCH 3 CH 3 CH 2CH 3CH 3 (C 2H 5)2CHCH(C 2H 5)CH 2CHCH 2CH 3 CH(CH 3)2 CH 3CH(CH 2CH 3)CH 2C(CH 3)2CH(CH 2CH 3)CH 3 (3) 含一个侧链和分子量为86的烷烃: (4) 分子量为100,同时含有伯,叔,季碳原子的烷烃 (5) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane (6) 2,2,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane (7) 2,2,4,4-tetramethylhexane (8) 4-tert-butyl-5-methylnonane 答案： (1) 2,2,3,3-四甲基戊烷 简式：CH3CH2（CH3）2（CH3）3 (2) 由一个丁基和一个异丙基组成的烷烃： (3) 含一个侧链和分子量为86的烷烃: 因为CnH2n+2=86 所以 n=6该烷烃为 C6H14，含一个支链甲烷的异构体为： (4) 分子量为100,同时含有伯,叔,季碳原子的烷烃 (5) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane CH3CH(CH3)CH(C2H5) (6) 2,2,5-trimethyl-4-propylheptane 第二章开链烃 一、学习要求 1.掌握烷烃、烯烃、炔烃的结构、异构和命名。 2.掌握烷烃、烯烃、炔烃的重要化学性质。 3.掌握共轭二烯烃的结构特点及共轭加成反应。 4.熟悉自由基反应机制和亲电加成反应机制。 5.熟悉诱导效应和共轭效应的概念及应用。 二、本章要点 由碳和氢两种元素组成的化合物称烃。烃是最基础、最重要的有机化合物。烃可分为开链烃（链烃）和闭链烃（环烃）两大类。开链烃又可分为饱和烃和不饱和烃。 （一）烷烃 1.碳原子采用sp3杂化，分子中只含σ键的链烃化合物称为烷烃，通式为 C n H2n+2，常用R-H表示。 2.σ键是成键轨道沿轨道对称轴方向重叠形成的化学键，其特点是电子云重叠程度大且呈柱状、对键轴呈圆柱形分布，密集于两原子核间；σ键较稳定，极化度小；成键原子可沿键轴“自由”旋转。 3.烷烃的构造异构为碳链骨架不同而引起的碳链异构。烷烃的立体异构为分子绕碳碳σ键旋转时在空间呈现不同立体形象而产生的构象异构。乙烷的2种典型构象式中，重叠式最不稳定，交叉式最稳定，称优势构象。正丁烷4种典型构象式稳定性大小顺序为：对位交叉式＞邻位交叉式＞部分重叠式＞全重叠式。 4. 烷烃系统命名法要点是选择含侧链最多的连续最长的碳链为主链确定母体名称；从靠近侧链一端对主链碳编号；将取代基的位次、数目和名称写在母体名称前，相同的取代基合并，不同的取代基遵循“基团优先次序高者后列”的原则排序。 5.次序规则的要点为：原子的优先次序直接比较原子序数，原子序数大者优先次序高，原子序数小者优先次序低；原子序数相同的同位素，质量重者优先次序高。基团的优先次序则首先比较键合原子的原子序数，原子序数大者优先次序 2．1、烷烃的通式、同系列和同分异构现象 通式：C n H 2n+2 同系列：具有同一通式、结构和性质相似、相互间相差一个或几个CH 2 的一系列化合物。同系列中的各个化合物互为同系物。相邻同系物之间的差CH 2叫做同系差。同系列是有机化学中的普遍现象，同系列中各个同系物（特别是高级同系物）具有相似的结构和性质 很明显，这两种丁烷结构上的差异是由于分子中碳原子连接方式不同而产生的，我们把分子式相同而构造式不同所产生的同分异构现象叫做构造异构；这种由于碳链的构造不同而产生的同分异构现象又称做碳链异构。同理，由丁烷的两种同分异构体可以衍生出三种戊烷： 随着分子中碳原子数的增加，碳原子间就有更多的连接方式，异构体的数目明显增加，己烷有五个同分异构体，庚烷有9个，辛烷有18个，而癸烷有75个，二十烷有366319个。 分析下面烷烃分子中碳原子和氢原子的连接情况: ( b.p. -0.5℃） 异丁烷 (b.p. –10.2℃) CH 3CH 3CH 3 CH 3 CH 3CH 3CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 2 CH C 正戊烷（b.p. 36.1℃） 异戊烷（b.p. 28℃） 新戊烷（b.p. 9.5℃） CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 3CH 2CH 2CH 3 3CH 3 CH 1° 1° CH 3 CH 3CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 C CH CH 2 1° 2° 3° 4° 其中有的碳只与一个碳原子相连，我们把它叫做一级碳原子，或叫第一（伯）碳原子，可用1°表示；直接与两个碳原子相连的，叫做二级碳原子，或叫第二（仲）碳原子，可用 2°表示；直接与三个碳原子相连的，叫做三级碳原子，或叫第三碳（叔）原子，可用3°表示；直接与四个碳原子相连的，叫做第四（季）碳原子，用4°表示。 氢原子则按其与一级、二级或三级碳原子相连而分别称为第一、第二、第三氢原子或称为伯、仲、叔氢原子。不同类型的氢原子的活泼性不同。 2．2、烷烃的命名 烷烃常用的命名法有普通命名法和系统命名法两种。 2.2.1 普通命名法（习惯命名法） 一般只适用于简单、含碳较少的烷烃，基本原则是： （1）根据分子中碳原子的数目称“某烷”。碳原子数在十以内时，用天干字甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸表示；碳原子数在十个以上时，则以十一、十二、十三、……表示。例如： （2）为了区别异构体，直链烷烃称“正”某烷；在链端第二个碳原子上连有一个甲基且无其它支链的烷烃，称“异”某烷；在链端第二个碳原子上连有两个甲基且无其它支链的烷烃，称“新”某烷。例如：戊烷的三种异构体，分别称为正戊烷、异戊烷、新戊烷。 2.2.2烷基的命名 烷烃分子中去掉一个氢原子形成的一价基团叫烷基。烷基的名称由相应的烷烃命名。常见烷基如下： CH 3— CH 3CH 2— CH 3CH 2CH 2— （CH 3）2CH — CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2 甲基 乙基 丙基 异丙基 丁基 CH 3(CH 2)10CH 3 CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 戊烷 十二烷 戊烷 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH 3CHCH 2CH 3 CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3 正异戊烷 新戊烷线性代数复习题
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有机化学第二章
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