虚拟语气
第三章虚拟语气
虚拟语气（the subjunctive mood），又称假设语气，是谓语动词的一种形式，表示说话人叙述的内容与事实相反，在现实中并不存在，或实现的可能性很小。
一、动词的语气
语气用来区别讲话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语中的语气(mood)有三种，分别是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。
1.陈述语气
陈述语气一般用来叙述事实或就事实提出询问，主要用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
Where there is a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。
Can you help me carry the box upstairs你能帮我把箱子搬到楼上吗？
How I missed the life in the countryside!我多么想念乡村的生活啊！
2.祈使语气
祈使语气表示说话人向对方提出请求或下达命令。
Come this way, please!请这边走。
Don't make any noise, will you别吵，行吗？
Do be careful when crossing the street.过马路时一定要小心。
3.虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish it were spring all the year round.但愿四季如春。
May good luck be yours!祝你好运！
二、条件句中的虚拟语气
英语中条件从句有两类，一类是真实条件句，另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句；如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
A．真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him.如果他八点不来，我们就不等他了。If a flood happened in the past, there was usually a great loss of life and property. 过去发生洪水的话，常有很大的生命和财产损失。
We shall go there unless it rains tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们将去那里。
I'll let you use my bike on condition that you keep it clean.如果你能保持车子干净，我就让你用我的自行车。
B．非真实条件句
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气，其构成有三种形式：
与现在事实相反if条件句的谓语：were did
主句的谓：would (couldshouldmight) + do
与过去事实相反if条件句的谓语：had done
主句的谓：would(couldshouldmight) + have done
与将来事实相反if条件句的谓语：didwere
主句的谓：should do would (couldshouldmight) + do were to do
1．表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。
If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends.明天要是星期天的话，我就去看望我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try.我要是你，我就去试试。
If wishes were horses, beggars might ride.
如果幻想能成为马匹，叫花子都有了坐骑
would go if they treated me like a slave.要是他们把我当奴隶对待，我就走。
2．表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去完成时，主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+have done，也可用could, might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道你的电话号码，我就给你打电话了。
If it had not rained this morning, I should have gone shopping.今天早上要是没下雨，我就去买东西了。
The flood might have caused great damages to the people if we had not built so many reservoirs.倘若我们没有修建这么多的水库，洪水就会使人民遭受巨大的损失。
3．表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式：
①weredid
条件从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were），主句用should（第一人称）或would（全部人称）+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。
If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him.明天如果他在这里的话，我就和
他谈谈。
If you dropped the glass, it would break.你要是把杯子掉下来，会打碎的。
If she had time, she could help me.她要是有时间，就会帮我了。
②should do
条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do，可表示有偶然实现的可能性。
If it should rain, the crops could be saved.假如下雨，庄稼可能就有救了。
We would trust him if he should be honest.如果他真是诚实的，那我们就相信他。
③were to do
条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式，常出现在书面语中，其假设成份很大，实现的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.要是我做这项工作，我就会以不同的方式去做。
If the headmaster were to come, what would we say to him假如校长来了，我们对他说什么呢？
对比：
将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比
If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。（常用形式）
If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雪的话，我就留在家里。
（可能性较小）
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天要下雪的话，我就留在家里。（可能性最小）
C．省略if的条件句
在书面语中，非真实条件句中有were, had, should时，可以省略if，而把were, had, should放在主语前，用倒装结构。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay.如果需要的话，我可以立即去。（= If it were necessary......）
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the exam.你要是听了我的建议，就不会考试不及格了。（= If you had taken my advice......）
Should I have time, I would call on her.要是有时间，我就去看她。（= If I should have time......）
D．错综条件句
虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致，这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。
If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now.如果你昨天不看电视，你现在也就不会这么困了。（从句yesterday说明过去，主句now说明现在）
If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour.如果他们今天一早就离开家的话，再过半小时他们就该到了。（从句说明过去，主句说明将来。）
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future.如果你此刻犹豫不决，你将来会吃苦头的。（从句说明现在，主句说明将来）
注意：
在很多情况下，我们也可以用was来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were。
If were here tomorrow...
也可以说成：If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.
也可以说成：I sish I was a bird.
但倒装句型中的were不可被was来替换。
Were I in your position,I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置，我是不会干这件事的。
E．含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子
叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况：
1．条件暗含在短语中
He would not get such a result without your help.没有你的帮助，他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help中)
But for you, I could not be recovered so soon.要不是有你，我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you中)
This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster.同样的事，如发生在过去，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in the past中)
He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well.他一定是去过那儿，否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or)
2．条件可根据上下文推理出
It would do you no good.这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job如果你放弃这项工作的话)
They could have won.他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话)
Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误完全能避免。（条件可能是if you had been more careful如果你更加小心一点的话）
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you.为什么你不告诉我？我会帮助你的。（条件可能是if you had told me about it如果你当时告诉我的话）
--- Did you go to see him yesterday你昨天去看他了吗？
--- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit.原想去的，但有人到我家来玩了。（条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit如果没人到我家来玩的话）
3．条件用其他形式来表示
She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting.她病了，否则的话就会出席会议了。（条件通过连词otherwiseor表示出来If she had not been ill...）
I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him.我让他自己去那里，但也许我应该和他一道去。（连词but暗示条件）
Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do假若你站在我的立场上，你会怎么办？（用supposesupposingproviding等词表示if）
To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well.如果你同她交谈，你就会知道她的听力不好。（动词不定式带有假设的意思，相当于If you should talk with her...）
Left to himself, he could not have finished the work.要是放任他的话，他是不可能完成工作的。（动词的-ed形式表示条件If he had been left to himself...）
提示：
在很多情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。
You wouldn't know.你不会知道。
I would like to go with you.我愿意和你一起去。
三、虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法
虚拟语气除主要用于非真实条件句外，还可用在部分主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句之中。
A．名词性从句中的虚拟语气
主句中的动词、名词、形容词如表示要求、建议、命令或愿望等含义，与其相关的名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
1．主语从句中的虚拟语气
主语从句通常用于“It is +形容词名词动词的-ed形式+ that ...”结构。主语从句中是否用虚拟语气取决于所用的形容词或动词的-ed形式，其谓语动词常用“should +动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。
①表示建议或命令
It is important that we (should) work out a study plan.重要的是我们要制订出一个
学习计划。
It will be better that we (should) meet some other time.最好我们在另一个时间见面。
It is suggested that each student (should) sing a song in English.有人建议每个学生都要唱一首英文歌曲。
It is demanded that he should leave at once.要求他立刻离开。
②表示惊讶
It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪他竟看不到自己的缺点。
It is a pityshame that I should be at school instead of lying here in hospital.真可惜，我应当在学校而不是躺在医院里。
It is natural that you should forget it first.你起先记不住是很自然的。
必背：
常见的要接含有虚拟语气主语从句的词
形容词：important, necessary, urgent, essential, vital, natural, strange, proper等
动词的-ed形式：arranged, suggested, ordered, required, desired, demanded, proposed等
It is necessary that the program (should) be loaded into the computer.有必要把程序输入电脑。
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time.很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。
2．宾语从句
虚拟语气常用在表示要求、建议、命令或愿望的动词后的宾语从句中。
常见的宾语从句中需用“should+动词原形”的动词有：
一个坚持：insist
两个命令：order,command
三个建议：suggest,advise,propose
四个要求：demand,require,ask,desire
①在suggest（建议）, order(命令), propose(建议), insist（坚持要做）, command (命令)，request（要求），advise（建议）等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用should +动词原形（美国英语常省略should）。
The examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator.考官要求学生不要使用计算器。
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.工人们要求增加百分之十的工资。
They requested that he (should) sing a song.他们要求他唱一首歌。
比较：
动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句，应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。
suggest作“建议”解时，用虚拟语气，作“使想起、暗示”解时，用陈述语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。（暗示）
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。（建议）
insist作“坚决要求”解时，用虚拟语气，作“坚持认为”解时，用陈述语气。He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health.他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。（强调）
He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持每天都要做早操。（要求）
②在动词wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。
一般过去时weredid 表示目前不可能实现的愿望
I wish I were a bird.但愿我是一只小鸟。
I wish I knew the answer.我要是知道答案就好了。
过去完成时had done 表示过去不可能实现的愿望
I wish she had taken my advice.那时她要是接受我的建议就好了。
I wish that I had seen her yesterday.真希望我昨天见过她。
过去将来时wouldcould do表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望
I wish you would stay an hour longer.我希望你再呆一个小时。
I wish it could stop raining.但愿雨能停。
提示：
由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多，在使用上往往容易出错。wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”，表示不可能实现的愿望，后接从句时要用虚拟语气；hope 表示“希望”，指可以实现的希望，后接从句时用陈述语气。
The students hope that their football team will win the game.学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。（可能实现）
I wish I could see him now.我希望现在就能看到他。（不可能实现）
3．表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用“should +动词原形”结构。
My advice is that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。
The demand is that the composition (should) be written on one side only.按照要求作文必须单面誊写。
It is my desire that all the members of the family (should) gather once a year.我的愿望是所有家庭成员一年团圆一次。
The suggestion that education (should) be reformed is reasonable.教育要改革的建议是合理的。
必背：
表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词常见的有
advice 建议
demand 要求
desire 愿望
decision决定
idea 意见
motion 提议
order命令
proposal提议
requirement 要求
request 请求
regulation规章
suggestion 建议
B．状语从句中的虚拟语气
①方式状语从句
由as if或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
a.表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child.这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。（这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
b.表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years.我感觉我们好像认识多年了。（其实并没有认识多年）
c.表示与将来事实不相符，用wouldmightcould
It looks as if it might rain.天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）
对比：
He looks as if he is young.看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻）
He looks as if he were young.看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）
②目的状语从句
a.由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should +动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.请你明天再提醒我这件事，以免我忘记。
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.她一再强调这一点免得他忘记。
We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face for fear that there
should be any misunderstanding.
我们开了一个会，面对面谈了这件事，以免发生任何误会.
b.在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.为了能提前完成工作，他们比往常更加努力。
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
③让步状语从句
让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.即使他失败了，仍有一线希望。
I should say the same thing even if he were here.即使他在这里，我还是要这么说。Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.不管他成功还是失败，我们还是要做好自己的事。
However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.不管雨下得多么大，今晚我们还是要去那里。
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.一个人不论其社会地位如何，在法律面前都是平等的。
C．定语从句中的虚拟语气
在It is (high) time (that) ...结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示“到某人该做某事的时间了”。
It is time that the children went to bed.到孩子们睡觉的时间了。
It is high time that we began the meeting.正是我们开会的时间了。
四、其他句型中的虚拟语气
A．If only......
If only位于句首引起的感叹句用虚拟语气，动词用一般过去时表示目前的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望，用would或could表示将来。
If only he knew the answer.他要是知道答案就好了。（用过去时表示现在）
If only I could speak several foreign languages！我要是能讲几种外语就好了！（用wouldcould表示将来）
If only you had told me the truth before. 要是你以前告诉我真相就好了。（用过去完成时表示过去）
注意：if only和wish的用法相同，表示的意愿也基本相同。
If only it would rain.但愿天能下点儿雨！= How I wish it would rain.
If only I had known her earlier!要是我早点儿认识她就好了！= I wish I had known her earlier.
B．would rather
would rather, would prefer, would sooner等后接从句，表示“宁愿”，动词用过去时表示当时和将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况。
I would rather you left today.我宁可你今天走。
I would prefer he didn't stay here too long.我倒希望他不要在这儿呆得太久。
I would rather I hadn't seen that film yesterday.我宁愿昨天没有看那场电影。
提示：
would rather主要有两种用法。
1．后接不带to的不定式
I'd rather play tennis than swim.我宁愿打网球，也不愿游泳。
I'd rather not go to the movies.我宁愿不去看电影。
Which would you rather have, tea or coffee你喜欢喝茶，还是咖啡
2．后接不用连词的that从句
I'd rather you went home now.我希望你现在就回家。
I would rather my daughter attended a public school.我希望我的女儿能上公立学校。
C．表示愿望的感叹句
在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。
Long live the People's Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！
May you be happy!祝您快乐！
God bless you!上帝保佑你！
Success attend you!祝你成功！
The Lord save us!愿主救我们！
D．情态动词用于虚拟语气
部分情态动词的过去形式（could, might, should, would），可以用于非真实条件句以及其他结构中表示虚拟语气。
1．表示想像或猜测
If I could speak French, I would teach you.如果我会说法语，我就能教你。（我不会，所以不能教你）
If you phoned him right now, you might get the matter settled.如果你现在给他打电话，你就可以把问题解决了。
There could be something wrong with the tape recorder.这台录音机可能出毛病了。
He might have said so.他可能这样说过。
Could he have done such a foolish thing他会做这样的傻事吗？
2．表示委婉或客气
虚拟语气（could, would, might +动词原形）可使说话者的口气变得委婉客气。You could answer this email for me.你可以替我回这个电子邮件。
Could you leave me your telephone number and address你能将电话号码和地址留给我吗？
Would you mind opening the window劳驾把窗子打开，好吗？
You might as well put off the discussion till next week.你们不妨把讨论推迟到下个星期。
比较：
would lide to do
愿意，想要
would lide to have done
本来想
I would like (to have) a word with you.我想和你谈一谈。(现在想)
I would like to have talked with you.我原本想和你谈一谈的。（没有谈成）
3．表示惋惜或责备
Given more time, we could have done better.如果给我们更多时间，我们能够干得更好些。（我们并没有得到更多的时间）
You could have got up a little earlier！你完全可以早点儿起来！（实际上没有早起）It was cold yesterday. I should have worn a heavy coat.昨天很冷，我该穿件厚外套的。（但我没穿）
This wall shouldn't have been pained blue.这墙不应该漆成蓝色。（但已漆了）
提示：
当代英语一个显著的变化就是虚拟语气的使用越来越少，许多该用虚拟语气的地方都用陈述语气代替。
He suggested that I went to the hospital at once.他建议我们立刻去医院。（原应用should go）
We shall write down the address lest we forget.我们要把地址记下来，以免忘记。（原应用should forget）
Imagine you are an astronaut.设想你是个宇航员。（原应用were）
第九章名词性从句
由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
一、一、引导名词性从句的关联词
A．that
连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。
I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。
That light travels in straight line is known to all. 众所周知，光是以直线传播的。
It so happens that I know the man. 碰巧我认识那个。
Is it certain that they will win 他们一定会赢吗
B．whether和if
连词whether和if本身有意义（解释是否），在从句中不可省略。
1．whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。
I didn't know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否
参加音乐会。（宾语从句，可用if代替whether）
The question is whether it s worth trying. 问题是值不值得试一试。（表语从句，不可用if代替whether）
Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句，不可用if代替whether）
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。（同位语从句，不可用if代替whether）
2．whether引导的宾语从句可作介的宾语，而if则不能。
It all depends on whether they will support us. 这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。(不用if)
Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩担心是否伤害了她的感情。
3．if既可引导语从句，也可引导宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。
Please let me know if you want to join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（if引导的从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示是否）
Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我一声。（if引导的从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果）
Please let me know whether you want t join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示是否）
C．who, whom, whose, what, which
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。
No one knows who he was waiting for. 没人知道他当时在等谁。
We are worrying about what we should do next. 我们正在为下一步该怎么办而烦恼。
Tell me whos house it is. 告诉我这是谁的家。
Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 告诉我你将乘哪列火
D．where, when, how, why
连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我们将在哪儿开会。
She always thinks of how shecan work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. 我急于知道我们什么时候能参观博物馆。
比较：
when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。
Please lt me know when you arrive. 你到的时候，请告诉我一声。（when 引导的是时间状语从句，从句中用一般现在时来表示将来。）
Please let me know when you will arrive. 请告诉我你什么时候到。（when 引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。）
E．whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever
连接代词whoever = anyone who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that 凡是...，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。
Whoever comes to the club is welcome. 不论谁来参加这个俱乐部都欢迎。 Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的就值得做好。
They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. 他们在荒岛找到什么就吃什么。
You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。
I'll take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。
Whosever book is overdue will be fined. 不管谁的书过期未还都要被罚款。
连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。
You may offer he book to whoever wants it. 你可把这本书给任何想要的人。（此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作wants it的主语）
You may offer the book to whomever you like.你可把这本书给任何你喜欢的人。（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）
一、表语从句
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
A．可接表语从句的连系动词
可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。
China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还是他们能否帮我们。
Itappears that he has a taste for music.看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力. At that time, it seemed as if I couldn' t think of the right word anyhow. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。
B．as, as ifthough引导的表语从句
He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有人在敲门。
C．because, why引导的表语从句
I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想这是因为你话说得太多。
That's because he didn't understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（That's
三同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。
A．同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news, doubt, suggestion, information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth, promise, statement, problem, rule等的面。
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come 你在哪儿听说我不能来？
I have no idea whether he'll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。
We haven't yet settled the question where we are going t spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。
It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。
There is no doubt that we will win. 毫无疑问我们会赢的。
注意：
当含有同位语从句的主句谓语部分过短时，可以把谓语动词提前，使同位语从句与名词隔开，以避免头重脚轻的现象。
Word came that Mr President would come and inspect ourschool himself. 有消息说总统先生将亲自来视察我们学校。
B．使用虚拟语气的同位语从句
在一些表示建议、命令、要求的名词后的同位语从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。
This is our only request that this (hould) be settled as soon as possible. 尽快解决这个问题，这是我们唯一的请求。
Photosop的基础知识 一、Photosop是ADOBE公司推出的图形图像处理软件，功能强大，广泛应用于印刷、广告设计、封面制作、网页图像制作、照片编辑等领域。利用Photosop可以对图像进行各种平面处理。绘制简单的几何图形、给黑白图像上色、进行图像格式和颜色模式的转换。 二、Photosop7.0的启动与退出 1、启动Photoshop的方法： 单击开始/程序/Photoshop7.0即可启动.或者打开一个Photoshop文件也能够启动Photoshop. 2、退出Photoshop的方法： 单击关闭按钮或按下CTRL+Q组合键或ALT+F4组合键，都可以退出Photoshop。 三、Photoshop的窗口组成（标题栏、菜单栏、工具栏、工具箱、图像图口、控制面板、状态栏、Photoshop 桌面） 1、标题栏：位于窗口最顶端。 2、菜单栏：其中包括9个菜单。位于标题栏下方。 3、工具栏：位于菜单栏下方。可以随着工具的改变而改变。 4、工具箱：位于工具栏的左下方。 5、图像窗口：位于工具栏的正下方。用来显示图像的区域，用于编辑和修改图像。 6、控制面版：窗口右侧的小窗口称为控制面版。用于改变图象的属性。 7、状态栏：位于窗口底部，提供一些当前操作的帮助信息。 8、Photoshop桌面：Photoshop窗口的灰色区域为桌面。其中包括显示工具箱、控制面板和图像窗口。 四、图像窗口：图像窗口由（标题栏、图像显示区、控制窗口图标） 1、标题栏：显示图像文件名、文件格式、显示比例大小、层名称以及颜色模式。 2、图像显示区：用于编辑图像和显示图像。 3、控制窗口图标：双击此图标可以关闭图像窗口。单击此图标，可以打开一个菜单，选择其中的命令即可。 五、工具箱和工具栏
高中英语语法精讲精练(一倒装句与强调结构 1._______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up 2. Only when he had done it _______ that he had made a mistake. A. he then realized B. did he realize C. before D. he realized 3. Not until he got off the bus ______ that he had got his wallet stolen. A. he found B. did he find C. he had found D. had he found 4. Hardly ______ when it started raining. A. the game had begun B. the game began
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 5. Nowhere else in the world _____ more friendly people than in China. A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find 6. ______ did the students realize they were mistaken. A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until 7. Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it. A. did he make B. he made C. had he made D. he had made 8. --- What happened to his new car? --- No sooner _______ it than someone ran into it.
高中英语语法通霸 第一讲相关概念 考点1，词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词 modal v modal verb 情态动词 au. v auxiliary verb 助动词 adj. adjective 形容词 adv. adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 Interj. Interjection 感叹词 pron pronoun 代词 prep preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj. conjunction 连词 考点2．及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后而不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词 The door opened.（open后面没跟宾语，此时pen是不及物动词，） He opened the door.（open后面有宾语 the door，此时open是及物动词，） 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关健是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 A The meeting began at six．（ begin是不及物动词，） We began the meeting at six．（ begin是及物动词，） B The man walked away（walk是不及物动词，意为“走”） He walked the dog every day．（walk是及物动词，“遛”。）
高中英语语法精讲精练
高中英语语法精讲精练 (一) 倒装句与强调结构 (2) (二) 定语从句 (8) (三) 分词与动名词 (13) (四) 动词不定式 (19) (五) 情态动词 (25) (六) 虚拟语气 (31) (八) 名词性从句和状语从句 (37) (九)冠词、名词 (43) (十)代词、形容词和副词 (49) 答案 (55) 17
(一) 倒装句与强调结构 1._______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up 2. Only when he had done it _______ that he had made a mistake. A. he then realized B. did he realize C. before D. he realized 3. Not until he got off the bus ______ that he had got his wallet stolen. A. he found B. did he find C. he had found D. had he found 4. Hardly ______ when it started raining. 17
A. the game had begun B. the game began C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 5. Nowhere else in the world _____ more friendly people than in China. A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find 6. ______ did the students realize they were mistaken. A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until 7. Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it. 17
高中英语语法讲义第二讲——特殊句式 倒装句 通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。 一.完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。 1.一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here, there, now, then, up, down ,in, out, away, off, in the room, on the wall等置于句首。 Down came the rain and up went the umbrella. Then followed three days of heavy rain. Out rushed the children laughing loudly. Away flew the plane. 2.such 位于句首。 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest sc ientist. 注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。 Such are the facts; no one can deny them. 二．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前 1.so+ be 动词/ 助动词/ 情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。 They love making lots of friends; so do I. 2.neither/nor+ be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也不这样”。 Lily can’t ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy. 3.否定词never, seldom, nor, not, little, hardly, scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。 Not a single mistake did he make. =He d idn’t make a single mistake. 4.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。 Only then did I begin to understand him. Only in this way can we solve the problem. Only after the war did he learn the sad news. 5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。 So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood Such progress did he make that he won much respect.
动名词 《语法讲解》 一、动名词的句法功能 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。(一)、作主语 1）直接位于句首做主语。 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。 〖注意〗：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数 2）用it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 式）。 3）动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，构成动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 他们前来帮忙对我们来说是极大的鼓舞。 Lao Li’s going there won’t be of much help. 老李去不会有多大帮助。 （二）、作宾语 （1）作动词的宾语 *某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, delay, practise, resist, postpone(推迟)，deny(否认), appreciate (欣赏，感激), escape, excuse, pardon, can’t stan d, put off, give up等。如： Would you mind opening the window?吧窗户打开好吗？ She suggested going to the Great Wall for the spring outing. 她建议去长城春游。 Seeing the picture, he couldn’t help laughing. 看了这幅画，他禁不住大笑起来。*在下面这种结构中也可以用动名词（短语）做宾语：find/think/consider… + it （形式宾语）+ no use/no good/useless… + v.ing（真正宾语）. I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你认为再试一次有好处吗？ *形容词worth后也可接动名词，作为复合谓语的宾语。 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。（2）作介词的宾语 *能接动名词的短语有：think of/about, dream of/about, hear of, prevent/keep/stop…from…, depend on, set about, succeed (in), worry about, burst out,
简单句 谓语动词的变化-时态 So Charles was ahead of the game there, too. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) The marketers are also seeing big opportunities. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 这些以竹为食的动物正面临许多威胁。(CET 4, 2014.12,Translation) The bamboo-eating animals are facing a lot of threats. … the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come… (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) But the Internet ’ s tremendous impact has only ju st begun. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) The royal environmentalist has been promoting radical ideas for most of his adult life. （CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) 谓语动词的变化-情态- 3 - …we can reduce urbanization ’s impact on the environment. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 谓语动词的变化-语态 They are only limited by their curiosity and ambition. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Silicon Valley executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) 谓语动词的变化-否定 Governments don ’ t need informers any more. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) Sports cannot explain these similarities in performance. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section B) 谓语动词的变化-综合 The urbanization wave can ’ t be stopped … (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) 土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版牛津（Oxford）英语词典。(CET 6, 2014.06,Translation) The words tuhao and dama may be included in the new edition of Oxford English Dictionary. 主语宾语表语的变化 名词作主语 Many students entering college have weak skills in mathematics. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section A) That change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. (CET 6, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 1) doing作主语 Finding ways to improve the lives of the remaining 20 percent seems more realistic than trying to restore an imaginary golden age. (CET 4, 2014.12, Reading Comprehension, Section C, Passage 2) to do作主语
Photoshop入门教程 第一课： 这是一个PS高手的体会，希望能对大家有所启迪。 1.不要看到别人的作品第一句话就说：给个教程吧！你应该想这个是怎么做出来的。当你自己想出来，再对照别人的教程的时候，你就知道自己和别人的思路的差异 2.初学者请不要看太多太多的书那会误人子弟的，先找本系统的学，很多人用了很久PS，都是只对部分功能熟悉而已，不系统还是不够的 3.看help,不要因为他们很难而我们自己是初学者所以就不看；帮助永远是最好的参考手册，虽然帮助的文字有时候很难看懂，总觉得不够直观 4.不要被蒙版，通道等词汇所迷惑；通道就是选区，呵呵 5.不要放过任何一个看上去很简单的小问题——他们往往并不那么简单，或者可以引伸出很多知识点；不会举一反三你就永远不等于会了PS 6.会用PS处理相片，并不说明你会设计； 7.学PS并不难，AI，CD等等也不过如此——难的是长期坚持实践和不遗余力的博览群书； 8.看再多PS的书，是学不全PS的，要多实践
浮躁的人容易问：我到底该学什么；——别问，学就对了； 浮躁的人容易问：PS有钱途吗；——建议你去抢银行； 浮躁的人容易说：我要中文版！我英文不行！——不行？学呀！ 浮躁的人分两种：a)只观望而不学的人；只学而不坚持的人； 9.把时髦的技术挂在嘴边，还不如把过时的技术记在心里； 10.学习PS最好的方法之一就是多练习； 11.在任何时刻都不要认为自己手中的书已经足够了； 12.看得懂的书，请仔细看；看不懂的书，请硬着头皮看； 13.别指望看第一遍书就能记住和掌握什么——请看第二遍、第三遍； 14.请把书上的例子亲手到电脑上实践，即使配套光盘中有源文件； 15.把在书中看到的有意义的例子扩充；并将其切实的运用到自己的工作中； 16.不要漏掉书中任何一个练习——请全部做完并记录下思路； 17.当你用PS到一半却发现自己用的方法很拙劣时，请不要马上停手；请尽快将余下的部分粗略的完成以保证这个设计的完整性，然后分析自己的错误并重新设计和工作； 18.别心急，用PS确实不容易；水平是在不断的实践中完善和发展的；
2021年高考英语语法精讲精练专题八动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态，英语中有16种时态。《xx年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般现在时（2）一般过去时（3）一般将来时（4）现在进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去将来时（7）将来进行时（8）现在完成时（9）过去完成时（10）现在完成进行时；此外还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）考查了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived；第71题（短文改错）考查了think变为过去时thought；第75题（短文改错）考查了被动语态，删掉been；第79题（短文改错）考查了将动词过去时的found变为现在时的find。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）考查了allow的一般过去时的被动语态was allowed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将过去时had变为现在时的have；77题（短文改错）考查了将using变为被动used。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了remove的一般现在时的被动语态are removed；第74题（短文改错）考查了将动词goes变成一般过去时went。 各种时态构成表：（以do为例）
一、一 般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数 1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。 （1）直接加“s”：work→works，take→takes （2）以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”：car ry→carries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”：go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches， finish→finishes
高二英语语法第二讲 GOALS： 1. 现在完成时&现在完成进行时的讲解与练习；2.阅读练习； 3. 完型填空讲解。 现在完成时： 过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。Jack has read the story twice. They have known each other for ten years. 1.句型结构：肯定句___________________________________ 否定句___________________________________ 疑问句____________________________________ 时间状语及其标志：________________________________________________________ __ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2.语法强化定义：（1）强调动作是过去发生的 （2）强调对现在的影响或结果 （3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。 一、练习： 1. “How do you like the song, Two Butterflies?” “Great! I ______ such a beautiful song before.” A. don’t hear B. never hear C. have never heard D. has never heard 2. In the past few years there _______ great changes in my hometown. A. have been B. were C. has been D. are 3. “Kitty, will you go to see Spiderman 3 with us this evening?” “Sorry. I _____ the film already.” A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. see 4. “Why don’t you go to the movie with me, Betty?” “Because I ______it twice.” A. see B. will see C. saw D. have seen 5. “How can you start playing games so soon, Tom?” “I ______ my homework, mom.” A. have finished B. finished C. finishing D. finish 二、用过去时或现在完成时填空： 1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch yet?” “Yes.” “When ________ you __________ (have) it?”“I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.” 2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?” “Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.” 3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.” 4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.” 5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work. 三、用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。 A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________? B: He ____________ to Hainan Island. A: How long ___________ he ___________ there? B: He _____________ there for three days. Where there is a will, there is a way.
Adobe Photoshop基础教程 要点： 1、认识Adobe Photoshop。 2、学习Adobe Photoshop基础知识。 A．学习新建，保存PS文档，了解PS软件工作区结构。 B．认识基础工具：选择工具，框选工具，裁剪工具，吸管工具，画笔工具，橡皮擦工具，油漆桶工具，文字工具，放大镜工具。 C．认识PS图层：。 D．案例详解。 Adobe Photoshop简介 Photoshop是Adobe公司旗下最为出名的图像处理软件之一，集图像扫描、编辑修改、图像制作、广告创意，图像输入与输出于一体的图形图像处理软件，深受广大平面设计人员和电脑美术爱好者的喜爱。 Adobe Photoshop基础知识 1、新建，保存PS文档，了解PS软件工作区结构。 打开PS----文件----新建
文件----存储选择图片格式（一般情况选择 ）。 PS工作区结构。 PS工作区 1.菜单栏。【常用栏：文件（新建，存储，存储为），图像（图像大小，画布大小），窗口（调出工作区各个面板）。】
2.工具栏【常用栏：选择工具（选择编辑对象），框选工具（框选需要编辑或删除的对象），裁剪工具（裁剪画布），吸管工具（吸取画布上任何对象的颜色），画笔工具（涂抹颜色），橡皮擦工具（擦除对象），油漆桶工具（对选定的对象填充颜色），文字工具（编辑文字），放大镜工具（缩放画布）。】 3.图层面板。【常用栏：新建图层，删除图层。】
案例分析 1.将有水印的图片，去水印，加logo。 原图及素材：原图、LOGO图片。 素材-原图 素材-logo
Step 1 打开PS，文件—打开素材原图。 Step 2 去水印,logo. a.用放大镜工具将要修改的细节放大。 b.用吸管工具，吸取logo附近最相近的颜色。 c.用画笔工具，将logo涂抹掉。
高中英语语法精讲精练 (一) 倒装句与强调结构 (2) (二) 定语从句 (7) (三) 分词与动名词 (12) (四) 动词不定式 (17) (五) 情态动词 (22) (六) 虚拟语气 (27) (八) 名词性从句和状语从句 (32) (九)冠词、名词 (37) (十)代词、形容词和副词 (41) 答案 (46)
(一) 倒装句与强调结构 1._______ smoking, he would not have got cancer in the lung. A. Was he given up B. Had he given up C. Did he give up D. If he gave up 2. Only when he had done it _______ that he had made a mistake. A. he then realized B. did he realize C. before D. he realized 3. Not until he got off the bus ______ that he had got his wallet stolen. A. he found B. did he find C. he had found D. had he found 4. Hardly ______ when it started raining. A. the game had begun B. the game began C. did the game begin D. had the game begun 5. Nowhere else in the world _____ more friendly people than in China. A. you will find B. can you be able to find C. you may have found D. can you find 6. ______ did the students realize they were mistaken. A. It was until B. It was not until then C. Not until then D. Not until 7. Not only ______ a promise, but he also kept it. A. did he make B. he made C. had he made D. he had made 8. --- What happened to his new car? --- No sooner _______ it than someone ran into it. A. had he bought B. did he bought C. he bought D. he had bought 9. _______ from the top of the building when the policeman shot at him.
名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 第一节知识点讲解 顾名思义，主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如: What I saw was beyond any verbal description. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. Why the company denied the contract is still unknown. When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion. It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing. It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received. Tips: 主语从句的that绝对不能省去。因为句子是不能做主语的，故用that引导。若去掉则没有了主语，而宾语从句的that可省。 主语从句：That he is right is known to all of us. 宾语从句：We all know (that) he is right. 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识
高考英语语法最后30天精讲精练 基本句型 英语的五种基本句型结构： ★主语+ 不及物动词(SV) ★主语+ 连系动词(SVC) ★主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语(SVO) ★主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语(SVOD) ★主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语(SVOC) 1.S + V He works. He is studying. ①主语＋谓语(vi.) ＋状语(从句) The sun sets in the west. He went nowhere ②主语＋谓语(vi.) ＋名词短语 We had come a long way. He waited (for) two years. 2. S + V + C He is a student / in yellow / there… ①主语+ be + 表语表语由下列词充当：名词、形容词、副词、 介词（短语）、动词不定式、分词（短语）、动名词、从句等 ②主语+ 其它连系动词+ 表语这些连系动词包括：appear, continue, feel, go(变成), keep, lie(处于…状态), look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, become, come, fall, get, grow, turn Bob lay sick. His dream comes true. 3. S + V + O An idea struck me. ①主语＋谓语(v. + prep)＋宾语 It depends on the weather. 备用词：act as, agree on / with / to, arrive in (at), come across, base on, break into, suffer from, lead to, prefer to, think of, fire at, reach for, quarrel about, worry about ②主语＋谓语(v. + adv.)＋宾语 I thought over the plan. I thought it over. 备用词：bring out (up), think out, turn off (on , out, down), give in NOTICE:●v + adv. + prep. get along with, add up to, do away with, break away with, keep up with, go ahead with, go through with ●v. + n. + prep make use of, make fun of, catch sight of, take care of, take the place of, take a look at, take pride in
第二讲定语及定语从句 [思维导图] Ⅰ.定语 1．修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。 2．定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。 3．定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。 The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语) 那个漂亮的女孩是她的女儿。 The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语) 正在修复的那幢楼是我们的图书馆。 Ⅱ.定语从句
一、必须掌握的定语从句的3个概念及2种分类 1．定语从句 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。 The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. 那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语) 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 2．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是： (1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词) This is the place which is worth visiting. 这是值得参观的地方。 He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。 (2)一个短语 Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. 许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。 (3)一个分句 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took root in Europe long
派生词部分 语法填空中有些单词变形侧重于考查构词法，主要是派生构成法。 派生法（derivation）是英语中重要的构词法，它借助在词干上加词缀的办法来构成新的单词。一个单词的基本部分称为词干（stem），加在词干前面的部分称为前缀（prefix），加在词干后面的部分成为后缀（suffix）。一般来说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。如：在repayment（偿还）一词中，pay付钱，是词干；re-有“返还”之意，是前缀，改变词义；-ment 是后缀，改变词性为名词。 英语中派生词很多。这里我们只能把常考的派生词按词缀进行归类练习，以提高我们掌握、识记单词的能力。把课本生词表中的生词记牢才是备考的上策。 第 1 讲常见前缀 1.This may sound ____ (convenient), but English people are used to doing so. 2.Meanwhile, the editor was getting ____(patience), for the magazine would soon go to press. 3.If they stay in a museum too long, a feeling of boredom will build up, leading eventually to ____(patience) and fatigue. 4.My motto also makes me become an ____ (depend) person. 5.Faridabad is very poor and most people don’t have air conditioners or even electric fans. Besides, electricity is often cut off____ (expect). 6.Something ____ (believe) happened on the plane. 7.Do not carry too much money or ____ (necessity) credit cards. 8.Although ____ (able) to publish at that time, he circulated(使传阅) three photocopied collections of his work. 9.The student or any other person, may come back to his work tired and ____ (interested). 10.People were ____ (familiar) with this product at the beginning, and made many guesses at how it was produced. 11.Staring out of the window, my mother complained about the ____ (responsible) and cruel person who left his dog with us. 第 2 讲常见名词后缀 1.To my____ (amaze), Life of France and Italy seemed more pleasant and relaxing than that of Toronto. 2.I love Jack a lot but we are getting into a lot of ____ (argue) about our wedding plans. 3.Similar____ (arrange)also exists in some British schools. 4.【2016全国Ⅱ】Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of______ (achieve). 5.【2016全国Ⅲ】Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the______ (develop) of chopsticks. 6.When you stand in front of the mirror, it will use the technology to make its own ____ (judge) of your body type. 7.In ____ (conclude), wise choices and full preparations are reliable measures to reach our goals. 8.I think it necessary for us to discuss this problem with our parents before we make a final ____ (decide).