OG12阅读点评6~10
提示：文中题目前面的背景色，对应该题目在文章中涉及的内容。其中背景色中的红色字体为解题关键字。题目中的蓝色背景色为解析题目的重点词语。
Passage6
In the two decades between1910and1930,over
ten percent to the Black population of the United States
left the South,where the preponderance of the Black
population had been located,and migrated to northern
(5)states,with the largest number moving,it is claimed,
between1916and1918.It has been frequently assumed,
but not proved,that the majority of the migrants in
what has come to be called the Great Migration came
from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent
(10)factors:the collapse of the cotton industry following
the boll weevil infestation,which began in1898,and
increased demand in the North for labor following
the cessation of European immigration caused by the
outbreak of the First World War in1914.This assump-
(15)tion has led to the conclusion that the migrants’subse-
Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely
(30)of this group and their families.It is perhaps surprising
to argue that an employed population could be enticed
to move,but an explanation lies in the labor conditions
then prevalent in the South.
About thirty-five percent of the urban Black popu-
(35)lation in the South was engaged in skilled trades.Some
were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths.
certain trades,but they were gradually being pushed
out by competition,mechanization,and obsolescence.
(40)The remaining sixty-five percent,more recently urban-
ized,worked in newly developed industries---tobacco.
lumber,coal and iron manufacture,and railroads.
Wages in the South,however,were low,and Black
workers were aware,through labor recruiters and the
(45)Black press,that they could earn more even as unskilled
workers in the North than they could as artisans in the
South.After the boll weevil infestation,urban Black
workers faced competition from the continuing influx
of both Black and White rural workers,who were driven
(50)to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.
Thus,a move north would be seen as advantageous
to a group that was already urbanized and steadily
employed,and the easy conclusion tying their subse-
quent economic problems in the North to their rural
background comes into question.
31.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?
(A)United States Immigration Service reports from1914to1930
(B)Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between1910and1930
(C)The volume of cotton exports between1898and1910
(D)The federal census of1910
(E)Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after1910
答案D
解析：这是一个细节题。准确在文中定位是关键。line(24-28)中利用数据“The federal census”的数据为作者引证。前面虽然也有两处line(7)&line(20)出现数据引用，但是都准确说明没有依据，只是估计，并没有进一步证明。
32.In the of the
argument?
(A)It is actually migrated during
(B)The the Great Migration migrants
(C)It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
(D)It is not true that the term“manufacturing and mechanical pursuits”actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.
(E)Of the Black workers living in southern cities,only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
答案C
解析：
这是一个综合题。题目的意思：在文章中,作者下列哪项是一个可能的反对她的论点？文中说，“许多的研究者用文件证明南部乡下人的最先迁移到南部的城市之后才形成了“大迁徙”，没有人考证是否是同一批迁徙者之后又迁往北部城市line(20-24)”，所以A正确。B选项中的“trace the eventual economic status”在文中并没有提及，但是从文章line(51-55)，可以判断，表述正确。line(30-32)中明确叙述，即使有稳定的工作，也会迁徙。所以C错了，违背了作者的表述。line(28)表述为“roughly encompassing(大概包括)”，所以D表述正确。line(35-39)中表述为，只有一部分的传统垄断性质的行业被机械化和竞争所代替。所以E表述正确。
33.According to the passage,which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in1910?
(A)They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
(B)They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C)They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D)They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.
(E)They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
答案A
解析：
这是一个细节题。line(47-50)叙述了这一状况。“棉铃虫的感染之后，南方地区城里的黑人面临着持续涌入的农村的黑人和白人带来的竞争压力，会使正常的工资面临被削减”。据此可以判断A正确。其他选项在文中均没有提及。
34.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT
(A)wage levels in northern cities
(B)labor recruiters
(C)competition from rural workers
(D)voting rights in northern states
(E)the Black press
答案D
解析：
这是一个细节题。题目的意思：作者认为造成黑人劳工迁徙的可能原因，不包括以下哪一选项？line(47-50)叙述了这一状况。“棉铃虫的感染之后，南方地区城里的黑人面临着持续涌入的农村的黑人和白人带来的竞争压力，会使正常的工资面临被削减”。line(43-47)叙述了黑人劳工迁徙的原因。综上两处，可以判断D错误，D选项在文中并未提及。
35.It can be inferred from the passage that the“easy conclusion”mentioned in line53is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A)People to large cities usually do so for
(B)Most to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as
financially
(C)People less likely to succeed economically in cities with urban
(D)Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.
(E)People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of country seldom undertake a second migration.
答案C
解析：
这是一个同义转述题。明确line(51-55)的叙述的意思，就可以真确选择。“Thus,a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed,and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.”翻译为：“因此，向北部的迁移被认为对一些群体来说是有益的，他们已经城市化，并且拥有稳定的工作。他们将后来在北部的经济问题归结于他们的农村背景，成为了另一个问题。”由此可以确定选项C正确。
36.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)support an alternative to an accepted methodology
(B)present evidence that resolves a contradiction
(C)introduce a recently discovered source of information
(D)challenge a widely accepted explanation
(E)argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
答案D
解析：这是一个综合题。要明确文章的整体意思，然后做出选择。文章开始给出了数据描述迁移这一现象，很多人只是推断，并没有实际研究和调查过可能引起“大迁徙”的实际原因。唯一可以引用的可靠数据时1910年The federal census做的不完全调查。据此可以判断，作者对
现有的一些观点持怀疑态度。并且提出了新的想法：有可能是当时的劳动条件和其他的一些原因导致了这一现象。所以选项D正确。
举例说明1896年，人们判断孩子是否
有价值是依据其对家庭的经济贡献而
定。
year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages
and won an award of$750,000.
The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-
posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana
世纪初，
19世纪末，20世纪得
推行义务教育，禁止雇佣童工政(25)many and complex.The gradual erosion of children’s
productive value in a maturing industrial economy,
value降低的众多因素之一
cash vakue转变的原因：经济的ization’of children’s lives.”Protecting children from the
crass business world became enormously important for
late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans,she
suggests;this sacralization was a way of resisting what
(40)they perceived as the relentless corruption of human
In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s
worth.Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new
“sociological economics,”who have analyzed such tradi-
(45)tionally sociological topics as crime,marriage,educa-
tion,and health solely in terms of their economic deter-
minants.Allowing only a small role for cultural forces
in the form of individual“preferences,”these sociologists表明社会经济学家判断一个人是否
tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by有价值的标准。
(50)the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is
highly critical of this approach,and emphasizes instead
the opposite phenomenon:the power of social values to
transform price.As children became more valuable in
emotional terms,she argues,their“exchange”or“sur-
(55)render”value on the market,that is,the conversion of
their intangible worth into cash terms,became much
greater.
37.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the
(A)earnings of the person at time of death
(B)wealth of the party causing the death
(C)degree of culpability of the party causing the death
(D)amount of money that had been spent on the person killed
(E)amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed
解析：A
line(1-4)举例说明19世纪一对夫妇因为自己两岁孩子的死亡提起告诉。结果被告知由于孩子对于家庭没有经济贡献，因此没有赔偿责任。
38.It can early1800’s
their
(A)needed security and affection
(B)required while working
(C)were important to the economic well-being of a family
(D)were unsuited to spending long hours in school
(E)were financial burdens assumed for the good of society
解析：C
line(1-7)举例前后对比，说明了当时人们观念的改变和形成。line(11-17)说明了观念的转变，并且在19世纪中叶在中上层社会形成了这种观念。对比说明19世纪初期，人们是以孩子是否对家庭有经济贡献来决定它是否是“有用的”。
39.Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage? (A)The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
(B)The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
(C)The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual
(D)The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply,and thus raised the costs,of available child labor.
(E)The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental-death cases.
解析：B
题目的意思：根据社会经济学家的观点，下列哪一个选项可能会被他们认同？
根据选项的意思，说的是在19世纪孩子的cash value上升的原因。文中表述，社会经济学家的观点：人做出选择的过程中扮演次要角色，人的行为主要由经济利益最大化的原则所决定。
选项B是说，孩子的cash value上升是因为他们在一生中的收入将会很大的增加。Ａ选项说，是因为父母的感情投入和抚养费的增加。文中说提供义务教育，那么抚养费用该会降低。选项不正确。C说的是，由于基于人道主义的个体价值观点的传播。这个基于全文的话，答案正确，但是并不是社会经济学家的观点。所以也不选。D选项说，由于义务教育的推行line(20-24)，是使童工数量较少，成本增加，个体价值增加。这个符合逻辑。但是文中也说了禁止使童工line(20-24)。所以不符合逻辑。选项E所表述的内容在文中并没有提及。
40.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)review the literature in a new academic subfield(新的学术分支)
(B)present the central thesis(中心论点)of a recent book
(C)contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
(D)refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon
(E)encourage further work(更进一步的研究)on a neglected historical topic
解析：B
文章通过举例，前后对比说明孩子的cash value的逐步改变。引出依次话题为内容的Viviana Zelizer的新书。并且介绍了它的观点与社会经济学家观点的不同之处。并且强调自己人性化的观点。这里A、E中所呈现的关键字，在文中并没有出现。所以pass.C选项，说的是，对比分析历史的变化。对比分析没有错，但是这里的对比是为了突出作者观点的人性化，而不是重点说明历史的变化。D说的是，反驳对于社会现象的传统解释。这里这个答案是错的。这里是
B正确。
41.It that which of the following statements was
families nineteenth century?
(A)The considerably
(B)The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
(C)Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
(D)Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.
(E)Family members became more economically dependent on each other.
解析：C
题目的意思：从文中可以推断，在19世纪整个世纪中，美国家庭的变化
line(28-32)爱心家庭的形成，也是促使孩子的cash value降低的众多因素之一，line(11-19)叙述孩子的cash value的转变被美国全社会接受。所以选Ｃ。Ａ、Ｂ未提及。Ｄ，家人之间花费大量的时间一起工作。这个没什么关系。E文中有描述：the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)，这里说的是家庭成员之间关系的转变，由以前的看重经济，转变为更加注重family member这中性质。不存在dependent on each other这样的意思。
42.Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
(A)the mortality rate
(B)the nature of industry
(C)the nature of the family
(D)attitudes toward reform movements
(E)attitudes toward the marketplace
解析：D
Line(32-34)明确描述了引起孩子cash value转变的因素有：经济方面的、职业方面的、家庭结构方面的，还有前面提到的孩子的死亡率。综上，选D。
Passage 8
Prior to 1975,union efforts to organize public-sector
clerical workers,most of whom are women,were some-
union efforts to achieve a unionized work force 的原因meant power,both at the bargaining table and in the
legislature.In localities where clerical workers were few
(20)in number,were scattered in several workplaces,and
(30)tion have been among clerical workers.Between 1977
and 1980,the number of unionized government workers
in blue-collar and service occupations increased only
about 1.5percent,while in the white-collar occupations
the increase was 20percent and among clerical workers
(35)in particular,the increase was 22percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization
占this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers
among clerical workers?First,more women have entered
the work force in the past few years,and more of them
plan to remain working until retirement age.Conse-
(40)quently,they are probably more concerned than their
predecessors were about job security and economic bene-
fits.Also,the women’s movement has succeeded in legit-
imizing the economic and political activism of women on
their own behalf,thereby producing a more positive atti-
(45)tude toward unions.The absence of any comparable
increase in unionization among private-sector clerical
workers,however,identifies the primary catalyst-the
structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector
unions themselves.Over the past twenty years,the occu-
(50)pational distribution in these unions has been steadily
shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predomi-
nantly white-collar.Because there are far more women
in white-collar jobs,an increase in the proportion of
female members has accompanied the occupational shift
(55)and has altered union policy-making in favor of orga-
nizing women and addressing women’s issues.
43.According to the passage,the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977were
(A)professionals
(B)managers
(C)clerical workers
(D)service workers
(E)blue-collar workers
解析：A
直接事实题。信息定位“1977”。Line(24-28)数据之间的对比，比例最大的是professionals，结合题目的“most likely to”，所以选A。
44.The author cites(援引v.)union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force(line13-19)in order to account for why
(A)politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B)organizing
(C)early focused on areas where there were large numbers
(D)union public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically
(E)unions workers regardless of the workers’initial
unionization
解析：E
直接事实题。在文中具体位置定位即可。line(9-13)说明了原因。
45.The author’s claim that,since the mid-1970’s,a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers(line23)would be strengthened if the author
(A)described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B)compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C)explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D)indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s
(E)showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to1975have decreased in importance
解析：E
题目中使用虚拟语气。反衬法：以前起作用的因素现在不起作用了，所以只能证明有新策略出现。故选E。
46.According to the passage,in the period prior to1975,each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT
(A)the number of clerical workers in that group
(B)the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
(C)whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered over several workplaces
(D)the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization
(E)whether all the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
解析：B
具体定位题，注释8.1所示的内容，综上可以排除选择答案B。
47.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?
(A)An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B)A structural change in multi-occupational public-sector unions
(C)A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions
(D)An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women
(E)An increase in the number of women in administrative positions
解析：C
直接事实题，在文中定位即可。line(43-45)定位。
48.The main concern of the passage is to
(A)advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B)explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C)evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D)among a of
(E)describe appropriate to organizing different categories
解析：D
主旨题。本文为现象解释型文章。故选择D。
Passage9
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century
that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s
orbit around the Sun.For sometime this theory was
说明同位素的原子的重量使得O18要留
在未蒸发的海水中
period,
sediments.
carbonate shells of marine organisms,shells that were 说明calcium carbonate shells of marine
(25)constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the sur-organisms 是由oxygen atoms drawn rounding ocean.The higher the ratio of oxygen 18to from the surrounding ocean 形成的oxygen 16in a sedimentary specimen,the more land ice
there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate,the
(30)isotope record has two advantages.First,it is a global
record:there is remarkably little variation in isotope
bodies in the solar system.Yet the lack of information
about other possible factors affecting global climate does
not make them unimportant.
49.In the passage,the author is primarily interested in
(A)suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
(B)introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
(C)emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
(D)presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
(E)initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
解析：D
Para1作者叙述了Milankovitch 的理论并且解释为什么不可行。Para2和Para3，作者叙述了科学的进步使得他的理论变得可行，并且得到支持。尽管作者还描述了其他一些能够影响地球气温变化的因素，但是文章最主要的还是说Milankovitch 的理论，并且由于科学的进步使得他变得可行。选项A 、C 、E 没有准确的反应文章的内容。选项Ｂ说对旧理论的质疑。不对。综上，选择Ｄ。Ｄ选项是文章的总旨。
50.The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A)It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B)It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages,despite recent research findings.
(C)It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D)It is one plausible explanation,though not the only one,for the ice ages.
(E)It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages,although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
解析：D
Line(9-16),表述：最近的研究使建立精确的地球冰河时代的精确年代成为一种可能。科学家利用这种发现来测试the basic premise of Milankovitch’s theory：the ice ages是由地球围绕太阳的轨道变化而引起的。注释9.1只是9.1的内容说明了其他的影响气候变化的因素。综上，C选项是错误的，因为已经可以确认了。D选项是可以接受、符合原文的。
51.It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A)It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
(B)It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
(C)It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every100,000years.
(D)It indicated that the ratios of oxygen16and oxygen18in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.
(E)It stretched back for only a million years.
解析：B
line(33-34)作者说明了an isotopic record from ocean sediment的一个优点。因为连续的记录能够非常有利的证明，当地球气候发生变化时。如果它和岩石中取得的记录有差异，海洋同位素记
line(13-15)说明circumstance is true，O16
但是这个事实并没有影响数据的可靠性。选项E不能说明它是无用的。“fluctuations
ice volume hundred thousands years”已经足够证明a meaningful
9.2)。选项Milankovitch’s theory会被削弱，但是这不会影响同位素标记法的价值。选项D表述正确，研究人员需要适应这种方式，但是它不会使记录本身compromise the usefulness。综上，选项A是基本事实，对海洋沉积物的取样的好坏不会发生影响。选项B是一个文中指出的基本优点的取非。
52.According to the passage,which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A)They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
(B)They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C)They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
(D)They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.
(E)They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
解析：C
注释9.3说明the relative volume of land ice可以按照O18和O16的部分来推算出。选项D、E不对，因为文章中没有任何信息来支持这些说法。选项Ｂ不对。line(33-34)中，“a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.”选项A，文章的内容与二氧化碳的含量无关。选项C，这是新方法有效的关键一环。
53.It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A)the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B)less oxygen18than does ocean water
(C)less oxygen18than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
(D)a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
(E)more oxygen16than has precipitation formed from fresh water
解析：B
line(17-21)由此可以得知，蒸发的海水含有少量的O18。选项A明显错误。选项C错误，文中说的是，“从海洋中蒸发的水，是由于大陆冰川的增长。因此,应该有一种组成相似的同位素降水是由蒸发的海水形成的。”选项D、E文中并未提及。选项C月原文的内容不尽一致。选项B基本符合事实。
54.It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
(A)are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B)are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
(C)are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
(D)contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E)reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
解析：E
Line(23-26)说明the calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms是由oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean形成的。根据line(20-27),水中包含多种氧16和氧18的分子,其丰富程度可以根据海洋沉淀物还分析。因此，可以推知选项E正确。
Passage10
Many United States companies have,unfortunately,
Contrary to the general impression,this quest for
不同于初步印象
import relief has hurt more companies than it has
这个寻求进口救济的请求伤害了更多的公司，和他帮助的相比
helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they
当公司开始全球化运行
(15)develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and
他们发展了复杂的市场、生产、和调查网络
research relationships,The complexity of these relation-
ships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief
他们这种复杂的关系使得进口补贴系统的法律不可能
laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under
the same parent company.
满足所有子公司的战略需求
(20)Internationalization increases the danger that foreign
国际化增加了担忧
companies will use import relief laws against the very
国外的公司会利用进口补贴的法律来还击
companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a
法律所保护的公司
United States-owned company establishes an overseas
美国国有公司建立了海外计划工厂
plant to manufacture a product while its competitor
来生产一种产品那些竞争对手在美国境内生产的同类产品
(25)makes the same product in the United States.If the
competitor can prove injury from the imports---and
如果竞争者能够减少进口的损失
that the United States company received a subsidy from
并且美国公司从外国政府收到补贴来建立自己的海外工厂
a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the
United States company’s products will be uncompeti-
美国境内的公司的产品在美国就不在有竞争力
(30)tive in would be subject to
duties.
Perhaps the when the ITC
investigated allegations that Canadian companies were
当ITC调查断言，加拿大公司受到美国盐业的损害
injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
通过倾销rock salt
(35)rock salt,used to de-ice roads.The bizarre aspect of the
用于路面解冻
complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United
奇怪的指控，由美国运行的外国公司
States operations was crying for help against a United
大声求援抵抗美国公司通过外国的运行方式
States company with foreign operations.The“United
States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a
美资公司控诉收到伤害的是荷兰公司的补贴
(40)Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the
加拿大公司下属的一家Chicago firm
second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
是国内第二大岩盐生产商
55.The passage is chiefly concerned with
(A)arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations
(B)warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences
(C)demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms
receive from the United States government
(D)advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports
(E)recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices
解析：B
主旨题。题目：文章主要是讲述的内容。文章主要讲述的是进口补贴美国国内的企业造成的损失。line(12-14)的对比可以看出来。
56.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?
(A)A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.
(B)A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.
(C)A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.
(D)The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.
(E)The company requesting import relief has been barred from exporting products to the country of its foreign competitor.
解析：D
直接事实题。在文中准确定位即可。line(3-11)用数据说明了，投诉最少的是由于外国公司的贸易补贴引起的。
57.The last of the following functions in the passage?
(A)It far and suggests additional areas of research.
(B)It based on the evidence presented earlier.
(C)It which the results expected by the author of
not
(D)It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.
(E)It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.
解析：E
最后一段引用实例“Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt”说明前面的描述。
58.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?
(A)Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.
(B)Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.
(C)Companies that are United States-owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate. (D)Companies that are not United States-owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.
(E)Companies in the United States that import raw materials may have to pay duties on those materials.
解析：D
直接事实题。line(20-22)表明内容，直接定位选择D。
59.The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to be true of United States trade laws?
(A)They will eliminate the practice of“dumping”products in the United States.
(B)They will enable manufacturers in the United States to compete more profitably outside the United States.
(C)They will affect United States trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.
(D)Those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company.
(E)Those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result.
解析：D
文章通过举例进口交易受到不公平的对待，而像ITC投诉。以及举例说明美国国有企业的海外建厂对国内厂家造成不利的影响，并具体举例说明，随着经济的全球化，企业建立复杂的市场、生产和调查网络，使得法律只能保护一部分的利益不受损害，而不能兼顾line(14-19)。
60.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the complaint mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A)The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation.
(B)The complaint violated the intent of import relief laws.
(C)The response of the ITC to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant.
(D)The ITC did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case.
(E)Each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest.
解析：B
文章本身就是讲关于进口保护的法律的问题。最后一段开始就用“the
”说明是最后一段表达的是不好的意思，即对违背import relief
。例子：加拿大公司侵犯了美国公司的权利，加拿大公司却是美资的海外
本身是保护那些美国本土企业不会因为进口行为而经济行为受到外国企业的损害。
Reading A.Read 1.Vocabulary 2.Sentence, look for main sentence, and know the main idea. Long sentence practice: a.Many anthropologists see this as proof of the Bering Strait migration theory, which holds that between 11000 and 6000 year ago, ancestors of Native America across a land bridge that had jointed the two continents. (定语从句) b.Nothing that tribal legends locate Apache origins squarely in the American Southwest, he offers an alternative explanation of newfound genetic link. (现在分词短语做状语) c.Stanford University linguist Merritt Rulen has discovered striking similarities between et, a nearly extinct language spoken in central Siberia, and various languages of the Athabaskan group, traditionally spoken by Native American living along the western edge of North America, including the Apache in he southwestern United States. (同位语从句，过去分词短语做状语) d.In the first quarter of the twentieth century, some women scientists who engaged in research worked at the most prestigious institutes of the period and enjoyed more career mobility than women researchers would experience again for several decades. (长定语从句在中间) e.Sabin, an anatomist at the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research noted for her research on the lymphatic system, is one important example. (同位语从句加过去分词) f.To have maintained an active role in research institutions, women would have had to share some of the decision-making power: they needed to be part of hiring, promotion and funding decisions. (表目的的不定式提前，冒号句) g.As a result, they found it almost impossible to provide opportunities for a younger set of female colleagues seeking employment in a research setting, to foster their productivity and facilitate their productivity and facilitate their career mobility, and eventually to allow them access to the top ranks. (it is impossible to do sth., and to do sth., and to do sth.…三个并列成分) h.Even those with very high professional aspirations accepted subordinate status as assistants if doing so seemed necessary to gain access to research position and too often these were the only position offered them in their chosen careers. (if 后面的句子很复杂，分析一下) i.Thus they could easily become highly visible targets for elimination from the staff, especially if their behavior was judged in the least imprudent. j.Women’s awareness that they were unequal colleagues, included in professional settings only on the sufferance of male colleagues, who held the positions of power, conflicted with their belief in meritocracy. （定语从句，过去分词） k.She relates that, during her ten years in the department, men were given at least six positions that she was qualified for and wanted desperately, but for which she was not even considered because she was a woman. （定语从句）
托福阅读评分标准解析 托福阅读评分标准解析, 备考前先了解评分规则,今天给大家带来了托福阅读评分标准解析，希望能够帮助到到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 一.托福阅读评分标准 新托福阅读每篇题量为12-14题，每篇阅读除了最后一道题为2分外，其余题目分值都是1分，所以托福阅读总的原始分值为45分。所以。同学们如果在考试中因为时间问题迫不得已要舍弃一道题目时，尽量不要舍弃小结题。一般情况下，这类题目是多选题，6个中选择3个，选错一个扣一分，错2个或3个不得分。具体的评分标准如下表： 如果阅读遇到加试，也有可能会影响阅读成绩。那么阅读加试是如何影响阅读成绩的呢?考试中只有一部分考生会遇到阅读加试，没有遇到加试的考试成绩不会有变动，按照上述评分标准来评分。但是参加加试的考生成绩可能会因为加试题目的情况，成绩产生一些变动，具体细则如下： (1)如果考试正确率比加试正确率高，说明考题偏容易，也就是高分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是
给一些高分的学生减分。给哪些学生减分呢?当然是加试做得不好的学生。 (2)如果考试正确率比加试正确率低，说明考题偏难，也就是低分档的学生比较多，那么ETS将给分数的分布作相应的调整，也就是给一些低分的学生加分。给哪些学生加分呢?当然是加试做得好的学生。 (3)如果考试正确率和加试正确率持平，实现了正态分布，考生的分数则不需要调整了。 之所以分数有波动是因为ETS为了在考生水平有波动的情况下，仍然能够给予考生一个相对较为公平的分数 怎么样排除托福阅读的错误选项.托福阅读中的题目类型比较丰富，其中一种托福阅读题型要求大家排掉错误的选项，那么面对这种托福阅读题该怎么办呢?下面就来看看看具体方法。 排除题这种托福阅读题型很好辨认，每篇阅读0-2题，比较简单，一般就是在题干中会出现一个大写的单词EXCEPT、NOT、LESS。这是特别不受我们中国同学待见的一种题，因为从逻辑思维的角度上来说，要想从四个选项中把错误的那一个给找出来，我们要在大脑
SECTION 2 40 Questions Read each passage carefully and then answer the questions about it. For each question, decide on the basis of the passage which one of the choices best answers the question. When I was a boy, there was one permanent ambition among my comrades in our village on the west bank of the Mississippi River. That was, to be a steamboat-man. We had transient ambitions of other sorts, but they were only transient. When a circus came and went, it left us all burning to become clowns; the first minstrel show that came to our section left us all 5suffering to try that kind of life; now and then we had a hope that if we loved and were good., God would permit us to be pirates. These ambitions faded out, each in its turn; but the ambition to be a steamboat-man always remained. From Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain 1.The author’s intent in this passage is to A explain how he chose his adult profession B describe the life of a steamboat-man C convey some of his childhood aspirations D compare the merits of several different occupations E present a social history of the Mississippi 2.According to the passage, the author considered all of the following as possible careers EXCETP A steamboat-man B clown C minstrel D writer E pirate 3.As it is used in line 3,the word “transient” means A appealing B relative C short-lived D disastrous E equal 4.The author most likely uses the phrase “ all burning to become clowns” in order to A provide an example of the boys’ fleeting ambitions B illustrate the lack of cultural life in Mississippi. C encourage his readers to follow similar career paths D clarify why the boys all wanted to be steamboat-men E show the kind of people that traveled on steamboats
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
Passage 1 There were moments of waiting. The youth thought of the village street at home before the arrival of the circus parade on a day in the spring. He remembered how he had stood, a small thrillful boy, prepared to follow the band in its faded chariot. He saw the yellow road, the lines of expectant people, and the sober houses. He particularly remembered an old fellow who used to sit upon a cracker box in front of the store and pretend to despise such exhibitions. A thousand details of color and form surged in his mind. Someone cried, "Here they come!" There was rustling and muttering among the men. They displayed a feverish desire to have every possible cartridge ready to their hands. The boxes were pulled around into various positions and adjusted with great care. The tall soldier, having prepared his rifle, produced a red handkerchief of some kind. He was engaged in knitting it about his throat with exquisite attention to its position, when the cry was repeated up and down the line in a muffled roar of sound. "Here they come! Here they come!” Gun locks clicked. Across the smoke-infested fields came a brown swarm of running men who were giving shrill yells. They came on, stooping and swinging their rifles at all angles. A flag, tilted forward, sped near the front. 1. In the first paragraph, the youth is primarily concerned with (A) reliving a fond childhood memory (B) describing a turning point in his life. (C) preparing for the upcoming battle. (D) planning his day at the circus. (E) watching a soldier tie a handkerchief. 2. What is meant by the exclamation "Here they come!" in line 12? (A) A band in a chariot is approaching. (B) The circus is coming to town (C) The enemy soldiers are advancing (D) A group of men selling handkerchiefs is on its way. (E) The youth's family is arriving to save him. 3. The tone of the passage undergoes a change from the first to the second paragraph that can best be described as a movement from (A) anger to amusement. (B) reminiscence to anticipation. (C) informality to formality (D) reluctance to fear. (E) respect to indifference.
2020年12月13日托福阅读答案解析12月13日托福阅读词汇题： Obviously=clearly Widespread=common Dense=thick Thus=consequently resultant Shallow=small depth exercise Profound=very strong Emergence=rise Tactic=strategy Adjacent to=near to Parallel=match 12月13日托福阅读第一篇 题材划分：生物类 主要内容：板块运动能够改变生物多样性，提到生物区的划分，少于百分之二十的物种相似度就是不同的区越多说明那里的多样性越高。比如板块分开的时候，多样性增加，反之亦然。一个山脉能够把原本的湿润风给挡了，就变成沙漠不适合生长了。或者一个障碍的形
成能够把本来的一个物种分成两个，一南一北，等到在合并的时候， 发现北部的能够到南部生活，但南部的很少到北部生活。 相似TPO练习推荐 TPO31- Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations 相关背景知识： Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook was the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or "cladogenesis," as opposed to "anagenesis" or "phyletic evolution" occurring within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation.There is research comparing the intensity of sexual selection in different clades with their number of species. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another： allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion. All forms of natural speciation have taken place over the course of evolution; however, debate persists as to the relative importance of each mechanism in driving biodiversity. One example of natural speciation is the diversity of the three-spined stickleback, a marine fish that, after the last
SSAT阅读考试五大文章体裁解析 SSAT考试中的阅读部分相对来说是比较有难度的，因为这 部分的文章风格多变，内容有意思做题正确率却不高，今天太傻留学SSAT考试频道就为考生解析下SSAT阅读考试五大文章体裁，希望考生能针对不同的文章采用不同的答题方法。 SSAT阅读文章既区别又联系。不同文章我们需共同对待的 东西有三点：文章的main idea，作者写文章的purpose，作者写文章的语言风格tone。下面我们就这些问题进行讨论。 SSAT阅读最常考的文体有五类：小说，诗歌，传记，争论，说明文。从目的出发，我们一起分析。 小说的写作目的是什么呢?举个例子，SSAT一篇阅读文章叫Talking With Sorrow，这篇小说节选讲的是一个失声的小姑娘 跟朋友倾诉自己的感受。内容很简单，但是这样的故事又想表现什么呢?如果读完后问自己这样一个问题，我高兴的宣布，你越 来越接近小说的精髓了。小说是在塑造人物的过程中反映一个现实，陈述一个道理，表达一些感慨。所以这篇文章不是想表现一次交谈，而是通过对人物的刻画展示给我们坚强乐观，勇于面对的品格。所以读小说即要好好揣摩人物。 诗歌是种很美的文体，朦胧中我们理解了一些，又貌似说不清楚。这是大部分人对诗歌的印象。重点就出现在我们说不清楚
的地方。我们要明确一点，诗歌是为了更好的表达，每一首诗都包含诗人的感慨感悟和感想。读诗的过程中带一点想象，体会美感的同时把诗人表达的东西落到实处，这便是读懂了。 传记是表现人的不是表现事的。但是了解人的过程又在读事，重点细节要关注。 争论表达的就是一个观点，这个观点是灵魂，游走在文章的每一角落。 说明文最简单，读懂topic就好，但是细节不容小觑。 以上内容简要为考生分析了SSAT阅读考试五大文章体裁不 同的特点，希望能为考生正确答题提供一定的参考，建议大家在基础阅读阶段多读多分析，为学习解题技巧做好铺垫。 原文地址：https://www.doczj.com/doc/10572302.html,/ssat/teacher/2015/1103/20083.html SSAT考试频道：https://www.doczj.com/doc/10572302.html,/ssat/
托福阅读TPO1题目解析 TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！ 所以关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO1Timberline Vegetation on Mountains的题目分析。 Timberline Vegetation on Mountains 山上树带界线的植被 1.The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters,trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs,herbs,and grasses.This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line.In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge,usually because of a lack of moisture. 2.The upper timberline,like the snow line,is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions.It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to4,500meters in the dry subtropics and3,500-4,500meters in the moist tropics.Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.There are some areas, however,where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline.Species of birch,for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. 3.At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed.This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes,which tend to attain greater heights on ridges,whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys.This is because middle-and upper-latitude timberlines are strongly influenced
在备考S SAT的过程中，阅读部分作为考试的难点所在，需要我们多花些时间练习，不断通过SSAT考试练习题加强熟练度。这样才有机会拿到好成绩。下面我们来看一下阅读部分的美国S SAT考试真题。希望对您的备考有所帮助。 美国SSAT考试难点较多，如果不早点准备的话，很难应付考试。S SAT阅读部分一直被认为是考试中的难点所在。下面是阅读部分的SSAT考试真题演练，我们可以提前了解一下。 Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the wealth that Spain had been taking from the lands it had claimed in the Americas. Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to England's treasury and diminishing Spain's omnipotence. Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against England's theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Armada, in January 1586. Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled one hundred and thirty sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than nineteen thousand robust soldiers and eight thousand sailors. Although some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada could withstand any battle with England. The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9,1588, but bad weather forced it back to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable. The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada lay at anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away, their crews in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again on August 8. Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage. During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships
3月13日托福阅读答案解析2016年3月13日托福阅读真题词汇题汇总： dramatically=striking perplexing=puzzling tending=taking 挀愀爀攀of conducive=favorable 琀漀 quest＝search prevail＝dominant
generally＝usually thereby＝consequently exceptional＝extraordinary suitable=appropriate 3月13日托福阅读真题第一篇 题材划分：地质类 主要内容：北美海面某种dramatically heat 的现象。这种先现象还导致海面上升(有题问为什么上升)。然后用洋流来解释，但是这解释有问题，因为科学家发现洋流带来30%热才能增温。但是不管是表层海水还是底层海水的检测都发现根本没这么多热，所以就进入第二段比较了厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜，厄尔尼诺是太平洋赤道带海洋和大气互相作用后失去平衡的气候现象，还说暖流移动，使cool area变
暖，还和Indian比较，Indian ocean 是cool area，有deep sea和sea surface。史前距今五百万年的Eocene 时期在极地仍然会出现温暖的季节.厄尔尼诺还和trade wind减弱相关。拉尼娜是海面温度异常偏冷的现象，拉尼娜和wind trade 增强相关，主要是tropical ocean和atmosphere的共同作用。最后还讲了greenhouse gas也可能是造成heat的原因，但是要测五百万年前的二氧化破浓度的挑战性就超级难，所以证据不足不确定。有个题问了第三段和第四段的作用还是关系。 相似TPO练习推荐： TPO-23 Urban Climates TPO-10 Variations in the Climate 相关背景知识： El Ni漀is the warm phase of the El Ni漀Southern Oscillation (commonly called ENSO) and is associated with a band of warm ocean water that develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific (between approximately the International Date Line and 120°W), including off the Pacific coast of South America. El Ni漀Southern Oscillation refers to the cycle of warm and cold temperatures, as measured by sea surface temperature, SST, of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean. El Ni漀is accompanied by high air pressure in the western Pacific and low air pressure in the east ern Pacific. The cool phase of ENSO is called “La Ni愀” with SST in the eastern Pacific below average and air pressures high in the eastern and low in western Pacific.